Isotopes of radium

Isotopes of radium (88Ra) | Main isotopes[1] | Decay

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| abun­dance | half-life (t1/2) | mode | pro­duct
223Ra | trace | 11.43 d | α | 219Rn
224Ra  | trace  | 3.6319 d | α | 220Rn
225Ra  | trace  | 14.9 d | β− | 225Ac
α[2] | 221Rn
226Ra | trace  | 1599 y | α | 222Rn
228Ra  | trace  | 5.75 y | β− | 228Ac

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Radium (88Ra) has no stable or nearly stable isotopes, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. The longest lived, and most common, isotope of radium is 226Ra with a half-life of 1600 years. 226Ra occurs in the decay chain of 238U (often referred to as the radium series). Radium has 34 known isotopes from 201Ra to 234Ra.

In the early history of the study of radioactivity, the different natural isotopes of radium were given different names, as it was not until Frederick Soddy's scientific career in the early 1900s that the concept of isotopes was realized.[3] In this scheme, 223Ra was named actinium X (AcX), 224Ra thorium X (ThX), 226Ra radium (Ra), and 228Ra mesothorium 1 (MsTh1).[4] When it was realized that all of these are isotopes of the same element, many of these names fell out of use, and "radium" came to refer to all isotopes, not just 226Ra,[5] though mesothorium 1 in particular was still used for some time, with a footnote explaining that it referred to 228Ra.[6] Some of radium-226's decay products received historical names including "radium",[7] ranging from radium A to radium G, with the letter indicating approximately how far they were down the chain from their parent 226Ra.[a]

In 2013 it was discovered that the nucleus of radium-224 is pear-shaped.[10] This was the first discovery of an asymmetrical nucleus.

## List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide
[n 1] | Historic
name  | Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da)[11]
[n 2][n 3] | Half-life[1]
| Decay
mode[1]
[n 4] | Daughter
isotope
[n 5] | Spin and
parity[1]
[n 6][n 7] | Isotopic
abundance

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Excitation energy[n 7]
201Ra  |  | 88  | 113  | 201.012815(22)  | 20(30) ms  | α | 197Rn  | (3/2−)  |
201mRa  |  | 263(26) keV  | 6(5) ms  | α  | 197Rn  | 13/2+  |
202Ra  |  | 88  | 114  | 202.009742(16)  | 4.1(11) ms  | α  | 198Rn  | 0+  |
203Ra  |  | 88  | 115  | 203.009234(10)  | 36(13) ms  | α  | 199Rn  | 3/2−  |
203mRa  |  | 246(14) keV  | 25(5) ms  | α  | 199Rn  | 13/2+  |
204Ra  |  | 88  | 116  | 204.0065069(96)  | 60(9) ms  | α (99.7%)  | 200Rn  | 0+  |
205Ra  |  | 88  | 117  | 205.006231(24)  | 220(50) ms  | α  | 201Rn  | 3/2−  |
205mRa  |  | 263(25) keV  | 180(50) ms  | α  | 201Rn  | 13/2+  |
206Ra  |  | 88  | 118  | 206.003828(19)  | 0.24(2) s  | α  | 202Rn  | 0+  |
207Ra  |  | 88  | 119  | 207.003772(63)  | 1.38(18) s  | α (86%)  | 203Rn  | 5/2−#  |
β+ (14%)  | 207Fr
207mRa  |  | 560(60) keV  | 57(8) ms  | IT (85#%)  | 207Ra  | 13/2+  |
α (?%)  | 203Rn
208Ra  |  | 88  | 120  | 208.0018550(97)  | 1.110(45) s  | α (87%)  | 204Rn  | 0+  |
β+ (13%)  | 208Fr
208mRa  |  | 2147.4(4) keV  | 263(17) ns  | IT  | 208Ra  | (8+)  |
209Ra  |  | 88  | 121  | 209.0019949(62)  | 4.71(8) s  | α (90%)  | 205Rn  | 5/2−  |
209mRa  |  | 882.4(7) keV  | 117(5) μs  | α (90%)  | 205Rn  | 13/2+  |
β+ (10%)  | 209Fr
210Ra  |  | 88  | 122  | 210.0004754(99)  | 4.0(1) s  | α  | 206Rn  | 0+  |
210mRa  |  | 2050.9(7) keV  | 2.29(3) μs  | IT  | 210Ra  | 8+  |
211Ra  |  | 88  | 123  | 211.0008930(53)  | 12.6(12) s  | α  | 207Rn  | 5/2−  |
211mRa  |  | 1198.1(8) keV  | 9.5(3) μs  | IT  | 211Ra  | 13/2+  |
212Ra  |  | 88  | 124  | 211.999787(11)  | 13.0(2) s  | α (?%)  | 208Rn  | 0+  |
β+ (?%)  | 212Fr
212m1Ra  |  | 1958.4(20) keV  | 9.3(9) μs  | IT  | 212Ra  | 8+  |
212m2Ra  |  | 2613.3(20) keV  | 0.85(13) μs  | IT  | 212Ra  | 11−  |
213Ra  |  | 88  | 125  | 213.000371(11)  | 2.73(5) min  | α (87%)  | 209Rn  | 1/2−  |
β+ (13%)  | 213Fr
213mRa  |  | 1768(4) keV  | 2.20(5) ms  | IT (99.4%)  | 213Ra  | (17/2−)  |
α (0.6%)  | 209Rn
214Ra  |  | 88  | 126  | 214.0000996(56)  | 2.437(16) s  | α (99.94%)  | 210Rn  | 0+  |
β+ (0.059%)  | 214Fr
214m1Ra  |  | 1819.7(18) keV  | 118(7) ns  | IT  | 214Ra  | 6+  |
214m2Ra  |  | 1865.2(18) keV  | 67.3(15) μs  | IT (99.91%)  | 214Ra  | 8+  |
α (0.09%)  | 210Rn
214m3Ra  |  | 2683.2(18) keV  | 295(7) ns  | IT  | 214Ra  | 11−  |
214m4Ra  |  | 3478.4(18) keV  | 279(4) ns  | IT  | 214Ra  | 14+  |
214m5Ra  |  | 4146.8(18) keV  | 225(4) ns  | IT  | 214Ra  | 17−  |
214m6Ra  |  | 6577.0(18) keV  | 128(4) ns  | IT  | 214Ra  | (25−)  |
215Ra  |  | 88  | 127  | 215.0027182(77)  | 1.669(9) ms  | α  | 211Rn  | 9/2+#  |
215m1Ra  |  | 1877.8(3) keV  | 7.31(13) μs  | IT  | 215Ra  | (25/2+)  |
215m2Ra  |  | 2246.9(4) keV  | 1.39(7) μs  | IT  | 215Ra  | (29/2−)  |
215m3Ra  |  | 3807(50)# keV  | 555(10) ns  | IT  | 215Ra  | (43/2−)  |
216Ra  |  | 88  | 128  | 216.0035335(86)  | 172(7) ns  | α  | 212Rn  | 0+  |
EC (<1×10−8%)  | 216Fr
217Ra  |  | 88  | 129  | 217.0063227(76)  | 1.95(12) μs  | α  | 213Rn  | (9/2+)  |
218Ra  |  | 88  | 130  | 218.007134(11)  | 25.91(14) μs  | α  | 214Rn  | 0+  |
219Ra  |  | 88  | 131  | 219.0100847(73)  | 9(2) ms  | α  | 215Rn  | (7/2)+  |
219mRa  |  | 16.7(8) keV  | 10(3) ns  | α  | 215Rn  | (11/2)+  |
220Ra  |  | 88  | 132  | 220.0110275(82)  | 18.1(12) ms  | α  | 216Rn  | 0+  |
221Ra  |  | 88  | 133  | 221.0139173(05)  | 25(4) s  | α  | 217Rn  | 5/2+  | Trace[n 8]
CD (1.2×10−10%)[n 9] | 207Pb
14C
222Ra  |  | 88  | 134  | 222.0153734(48)  | 33.6(4) s  | α  | 218Rn  | 0+  |
CD (3.0×10−8%)  | 208Pb
14C
223Ra[n 10] | Actinium X  | 88  | 135  | 223.0185006(22)  | 11.4352(10) d  | α  | 219Rn  | 3/2+  | Trace[n 11]
CD (8.9×10−8%)  | 209Pb
14C
224Ra  | Thorium X  | 88  | 136  | 224.0202104(19)  | 3.6316(14) d  | α  | 220Rn  | 0+  | Trace[n 12]
CD (4.0×10−9%)  | 210Pb
14C
225Ra  |  | 88  | 137  | 225.0236105(28)  | 14.82(19) d  | β− | 225Ac  | 1/2+  | Trace[n 13]
α (2.6×10−3%)[2] | 221Rn
226Ra | Radium[n 14] | 88  | 138  | 226.0254082(21)  | 1600(7) y  | α[n 15] | 222Rn | 0+  | Trace[n 16]
CD (2.6×10−9%)  | 212Pb
14C
227Ra  |  | 88  | 139  | 227.0291762(21)  | 42.2(5) min  | β− | 227Ac  | 3/2+  |
228Ra  | Mesothorium 1  | 88  | 140  | 228.0310686(21)  | 5.75(3) y  | β− | 228Ac  | 0+  | Trace[n 12]
229Ra  |  | 88  | 141  | 229.034957(17)  | 4.0(2) min  | β− | 229Ac  | 5/2+  |
230Ra  |  | 88  | 142  | 230.037055(11)  | 93(2) min  | β− | 230Ac  | 0+  |
231Ra  |  | 88  | 143  | 231.041027(12)  | 104(1) s  | β− | 231Ac  | (5/2+)  |
231mRa  |  | 66.21(9) keV  | ~53 μs  | IT  | 231Ra  | (1/2+)  |
232Ra  |  | 88  | 144  | 232.0434753(98)  | 4.0(3) min  | β− | 232Ac  | 0+  |
233Ra  |  | 88  | 145  | 233.0475946(92)  | 30(5) s  | β− | 233Ac  | 1/2+#  |
234Ra  |  | 88  | 146  | 234.0503821(90)  | 30(10) s  | β− | 234Ac  | 0+  |
This table header & footer:

* view

1. ^ mRa - Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ^ ( ) - Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. ^ # - Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. ^ Modes of decay:  CD: | Cluster decay

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EC: | Electron capture
IT: | Isomeric transition
5. ^ Bold symbol as daughter - Daughter product is stable.
6. ^ ( ) spin value - Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
7. ^ a b # - Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
8. ^ Intermediate decay product of 237Np
9. ^ Lightest known nuclide to undergo cluster decay
10. ^ Used for treating bone cancer
11. ^ Intermediate decay product of 235U
12. ^ a b Intermediate decay product of 232Th
13. ^ Intermediate decay product of 237Np
14. ^ Source of element's name
15. ^ Theoretically capable of β−β− decay to 226Th
16. ^ Intermediate decay product of 238U

## Actinides vs fission products

[edit]

Actinides and fission products by half-life

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Actinides[12] by decay chain | Half-life
range (a)  | Fission products of 235U by yield[13]
4n | 4n \+ 1 | 4n \+ 2 | 4n \+ 3 | 4.5–7%  | 0.04–1.25%  | <0.001%
228Ra№ |  |  |  | 4–6 a |  | 155Euþ |
248Bk[14] |  |  |  | > 9 a |  |  |
244Cmƒ | 241Puƒ | 250Cf  | 227Ac№ | 10–29 a | 90Sr  | 85Kr  | 113mCdþ
232Uƒ |  | 238Puƒ | 243Cmƒ | 29–97 a | 137Cs  | 151Smþ | 121mSn
| 249Cfƒ | 242mAmƒ |  | 141–351 a  |

No fission products have a half-life
in the range of 100 a–210 ka ...

| 241Amƒ |  | 251Cfƒ[15] | 430–900 a
|  | 226Ra№ | 247Bk  | 1.3–1.6 ka
240Pu  | 229Th  | 246Cmƒ | 243Amƒ | 4.7–7.4 ka
| 245Cmƒ | 250Cm  |  | 8.3–8.5 ka
|  |  | 239Puƒ | 24.1 ka
|  | 230Th№ | 231Pa№ | 32–76 ka
236Npƒ | 233Uƒ | 234U№ |  | 150–250 ka | 99Tc₡ | 126Sn
248Cm  |  | 242Pu  |  | 327–375 ka |  | 79Se₡
|  |  |  | 1.33 Ma | 135Cs₡
| 237Npƒ |  |  | 1.61–6.5 Ma | 93Zr  | 107Pd
236U  |  |  | 247Cmƒ | 15–24 Ma |  | 129I₡
244Pu  |  |  |  | 80 Ma  |

... nor beyond 15.7 Ma[16]

232Th№ |  | 238U№ | 235Uƒ№ | 0.7–14.1 Ga

* ₡, has thermal neutron capture cross section in the range of 8–50 barns
* ƒ, fissile
* №, primarily a naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM)
* þ, neutron poison (thermal neutron capture cross section greater than 3k barns)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
2. ^ a b Liang, C. F.; Paris, P.; Sheline, R. K. (2000-09-19). "α decay of 225Ra". Physical Review C. 62 (4). American Physical Society (APS): 047303. Bibcode:2000PhRvC..62d7303L. doi:10.1103/physrevc.62.047303. ISSN 0556-2813.
3. ^ Nagel, Miriam C. (September 1982). "Frederick Soddy: From alchemy to isotopes". Journal of Chemical Education. 59 (9): 739. Bibcode:1982JChEd..59..739N. doi:10.1021/ed059p739. ISSN 0021-9584.
4. ^ Kirby, H.W. & Salutsky, Murrell L. (December 1964). The Radiochemistry of Radium (Report). crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department. p. 3 - via University of North Texas, UNT Digital Library. Alternate source: https://sgp.fas.org/othergov/doe/lanl/lib-www/books/rc000041.pdf
5. ^ Giunta, Carmen J. (2017). "ISOTOPES: IDENTIFYING THE BREAKTHROUGH PUBLICATION (1)" (PDF). Bull. Hist. Chem. 42 (2): 103–111.103-111&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Giunta&rft.aufirst=Carmen+J.&rft_id=https://acshist.scs.illinois.edu/awards/OPA%20Papers/2017-Giunta.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+radium" class="Z3988">
6. ^ Looney, William B. (1958). "Effects of Radium in Man". Science. 127 (3299): 630–633\. Bibcode:1958Sci...127..630L. doi:10.1126/science.127.3299.630. ISSN 0036-8075. JSTOR 1755774. PMID 13529029.630-633&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1755774#id-name=JSTOR&rft_id=info:bibcode/1958Sci...127..630L&rft_id=info:pmid/13529029&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126/science.127.3299.630&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.aulast=Looney&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1755774&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+radium" class="Z3988">
7. ^ Mitchell, S. A. "Is Radium in the Sun?". Popular Astronomy. 21: 321–331\. Bibcode:1913PA.....21..321M.321-331&rft_id=info:bibcode/1913PA.....21..321M&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft_id=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1913PA.....21..321M&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+radium" class="Z3988">
8. ^ Kuhn, W. (1929). "LXVIII. Scattering of thorium C" γ-radiation by radium G and ordinary lead". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 8 (52): 628. doi:10.1080/14786441108564923. ISSN 1941-5982.C"+γ-radiation+by+radium+G+and+ordinary+lead&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=628&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/14786441108564923&rft.issn=1941-5982&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+radium" class="Z3988">
9. ^ Kinsey, R. R. (December 18, 1997), "The radioactive series of radium-226" (PDF), The NUDAT/PCNUDAT Program for Nuclear Data - via CERN
10. ^ Hills, Stephanie (8 May 2013). "First observations of short-lived pear-shaped atomic nuclei". CERN.
11. ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
12. ^ Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after polonium (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap is radon-222 with a half life of less than four days). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.
13. ^ Specifically from thermal neutron fission of uranium-235, e.g. in a typical nuclear reactor.
14. ^ Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248". Nuclear Physics. 71 (2): 299. Bibcode:1965NucPh..71..299M. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4.
"The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk248 with a half-life greater than 9 [years]. No growth of Cf248 was detected, and a lower limit for the β− half-life can be set at about 104 [years]. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 [years]."
15. ^ This is the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "sea of instability".
16. ^ Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives significantly in excess of 232Th; e.g., while 113mCd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of 113Cd is eight quadrillion years.

* Isotope masses from:
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.0013-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info:bibcode/2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon,+Olivier&rft.au=Blachot,+Jean&rft.au=Wapstra,+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft_id=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+radium" class="Z3988">
* Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
* Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A, 729: 3–128, Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.0013-128&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001&rft_id=info:bibcode/2003NuPhA.729....3A&rft.aulast=Audi&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Bersillon,+Olivier&rft.au=Blachot,+Jean&rft.au=Wapstra,+Aaldert+Hendrik&rft_id=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+radium" class="Z3988">
* National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory.
* Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

### Notes

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1. ^ Radium emanation = 222Rn, Ra A = 218Po, Ra B = 214Pb, Ra C = 214Bi, Ra C1 = 214Po, Ra C2 = 210Tl, Ra D = 210Pb, Ra E = 210Bi, Ra F = 210Po, and Ra G = 206Pb.[8][9]

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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Isotopes § List

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* Table of nuclides
* Categories: Isotopes
* Tables of nuclides
* Metastable isotopes
* Isotopes by element

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