Isotopes of silicon

Isotopes of silicon (14Si) | Main isotopes[1] | Decay

|

| abun­dance | half-life (t1/2) | mode | pro­duct
28Si  | 92.2%  | stable
29Si  | 4.7%  | stable
30Si  | 3.1%  | stable
31Si  | trace | 2.62 h | β− | 31P
32Si  | trace  | 153 y | β− | 32P
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Si)

* [28.084, 28.086][2]
* 28.085±0.001 (abridged)[3]

* view
* talk
* edit

Silicon (14Si) has 25 known isotopes, with mass numbers ranging from 22 to 46. 28Si (the most abundant isotope, at 92.23%), 29Si (4.67%), and 30Si (3.1%) are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is 32Si, which is produced by cosmic ray spallation of argon. Its half-life has been determined to be approximately 150 years (with decay energy 0.21 MeV), and it decays by beta emission to 32P (which has a 14.27-day half-life)[1] and then to 32S. After 32Si, 31Si has the second longest half-life at 157.3 minutes. All others have half-lives under 7 seconds.

A chart showing the relative abundances of the naturally occurring isotopes of silicon.

## List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide
[n 1] | Z | N | Isotopic mass (Da)[4]
[n 2][n 3] | Half-life[1]
[n 4] | Decay
mode[1]
[n 5] | Daughter
isotope
[n 6] | Spin and
parity[1]
[n 7][n 4] | Natural abundance (mole fraction)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Excitation energy  | Normal proportion[1] | Range of variation
22Si  | 14  | 8  | 22.03611(54)#  | 28.7(11) ms  | β+, p (62%)  | 21Mg  | 0+  |  |
β+ (37%)  | 22Al
β+, 2p (0.7%)  | 20Na
23Si  | 14  | 9  | 23.02571(54)#  | 42.3(4) ms  | β+, p (88%)  | 22Mg  | 3/2+#  |  |
β+ (8%)  | 23Al
β+, 2p (3.6%)  | 21Na
24Si  | 14  | 10  | 24.011535(21)  | 143.2 (21) ms  | β+ (65.5%)  | 24Al  | 0+  |  |
β+, p (34.5%)  | 23Mg
25Si  | 14  | 11  | 25.004109(11)  | 220.6(10) ms  | β+ (65%)  | 25Al  | 5/2+  |  |
β+, p (35%)  | 24Mg
26Si  | 14  | 12  | 25.99233382(12)  | 2.2453(7) s  | β+ | 26Al  | 0+  |  |
27Si  | 14  | 13  | 26.98670469(12)  | 4.117(14) s  | β+ | 27Al | 5/2+  |  |
28Si  | 14  | 14  | 27.97692653442(55)  | Stable | 0+  | 0.92223(19)  | 0.92205–0.92241
29Si  | 14  | 15  | 28.97649466434(60)  | Stable | 1/2+  | 0.04685(8)  | 0.04678–0.04692
30Si  | 14  | 16  | 29.973770137(23)  | Stable | 0+  | 0.03092(11)  | 0.03082–0.03102
31Si  | 14  | 17  | 30.975363196(46)  | 157.16(20) min  | β− | 31P | 3/2+  |  |
32Si  | 14  | 18  | 31.97415154(32)  | 157(7) y  | β− | 32P  | 0+  | trace | cosmogenic
33Si  | 14  | 19  | 32.97797696(75)  | 6.18(18) s  | β− | 33P  | 3/2+  |  |
34Si  | 14  | 20  | 33.97853805(86)  | 2.77(20) s  | β− | 34P  | 0+  |  |
34mSi  | 4256.1(4) keV  | <210 ns  | IT  | 34Si  | (3−)  |  |
35Si  | 14  | 21  | 34.984550(38)  | 780(120) ms  | β− | 35P  | 7/2−#  |  |
β−, n?  | 34P
36Si  | 14  | 22  | 35.986649(77)  | 503(2) ms  | β− (88%)  | 36P  | 0+  |  |
β−, n (12%)  | 35P
37Si  | 14  | 23  | 36.99295(12)  | 141.0(35) ms  | β− (83%)  | 37P  | (5/2−)  |  |
β−, n (17%)  | 36P
β−, 2n?  | 35P
38Si  | 14  | 24  | 37.99552(11)  | 63(8) ms  | β− (75%)  | 38P  | 0+  |  |
β−, n (25%)  | 37P
39Si  | 14  | 25  | 39.00249(15)  | 41.2(41) ms  | β− (67%)  | 39P  | (5/2−)  |  |
β−, n (33%)  | 38P
β−, 2n?  | 37P
40Si  | 14  | 26  | 40.00608(13)  | 31.2(26) ms  | β− (62%)  | 40P  | 0+  |  |
β−, n (38%)  | 39P
β−, 2n?  | 38P
41Si  | 14  | 27  | 41.01417(32)#  | 20.0(25) ms  | β−, n (>55%)  | 40P  | 7/2−#  |  |
β− (<45%)  | 41P
β−, 2n?  | 39P
42Si  | 14  | 28  | 42.01808(32)#  | 15.5(4 (stat), 16 (sys)) ms[5] | β− (51%)  | 42P  | 0+  |  |
β−, n (48%)  | 41P
β−, 2n (1%)  | 40P
43Si  | 14  | 29  | 43.02612(43)#  | 13(4 (stat), 2 (sys)) ms[5] | β−, n (52%)  | 42P  | 3/2−#  |  |
β− (27%)  | 43P
β−, 2n (21%)  | 41P
44Si  | 14  | 30  | 44.03147(54)#  | 4# ms [>360 ns]  | β−?  | 44P  | 0+  |  |
β−, n?  | 43P
β−, 2n?  | 42P
45Si[6] | 14  | 31  | 45.03982(64)#  | 4# ms  |  |  | 3/2−#  |  |
46Si[6] | 14  | 32  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
This table header & footer:

* view

1. ^ mSi - Excited nuclear isomer.
2. ^ ( ) - Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
3. ^ # - Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
4. ^ a b # - Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
5. ^ Modes of decay:  IT: | Isomeric transition

|

n: | Neutron emission
p: | Proton emission
6. ^ Bold symbol as daughter - Daughter product is stable.
7. ^ ( ) spin value - Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

## Silicon-28

[edit]

Silicon-28, the most abundant isotope of silicon, is of particular interest in the construction of quantum computers when highly enriched, as the presence of 29Si in a sample of silicon contributes to quantum decoherence.[7] Extremely pure (>99.9998%) samples of 28Si can be produced through selective ionization and deposition of 28Si from silane gas.[8] Due to the extremely high purity that can be obtained in this manner, the Avogadro project sought to develop a new definition of the kilogram by making a 93.75 mm (3.691 in) sphere of the isotope and determining the exact number of atoms in the sample.[9][10]

Silicon-28 is produced in stars during the alpha process and the oxygen-burning process, and drives the silicon-burning process in massive stars shortly before they go supernova.[11][12]

## Silicon-29

[edit]

Silicon-29 is of note as the only stable silicon isotope with a nonzero nuclear spin (I = 1/2).[13] As such, it can be employed in nuclear magnetic resonance and hyperfine transition studies, for example to study the properties of the so-called A-center defect in pure silicon.[14]

## Silicon-34

[edit]

Silicon-34 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 2.8 seconds.[1] In addition to the usual N = 20 closed shell, the nucleus also shows a strong Z = 14 shell closure, making it behave like a doubly magic spherical nucleus, except that it is also located two protons above an island of inversion.[15] Silicon-34 has an unusual "bubble" structure where the proton distribution is less dense at the center than near the surface, as the 2s1/2 proton orbital is almost unoccupied in the ground state, unlike in 36S where it is almost full.[16][17] Silicon-34 is one of the known cluster decay emission particles; it is produced in the decay of 242Cm with a branching ratio of approximately 1×10−16.[18]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
2. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Silicon". CIAAW. 2009.
3. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
4. ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
5. ^ a b Crawford, H. L.; Tripathi, V.; Allmond, J. M.; et al. (2022). "Crossing N = 28 toward the neutron drip line: first measurement of half-lives at FRIB". Physical Review Letters. 129 (212501): 212501. Bibcode:2022PhRvL.129u2501C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.212501. PMID 36461950. S2CID 253600995.
6. ^ a b Yoshimoto, Masahiro; Suzuki, Hiroshi; Fukuda, Naoki; Takeda, Hiroyuki; Shimizu, Yohei; Yanagisawa, Yoshiyuki; Sato, Hiromi; Kusaka, Kensuke; Ohtake, Masao; Yoshida, Koichi; Michimasa, Shin’ichiro (2024). "Discovery of Neutron-Rich Silicon Isotopes 45,46Si". Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. 2024 (10). Oxford University Press (OUP). doi:10.1093/ptep/ptae155. ISSN 2050-3911.
7. ^ "Beyond Six Nines: Ultra-enriched Silicon Paves the Road to Quantum Computing". NIST. 2014-08-11.
8. ^ Dwyer, K J; Pomeroy, J M; Simons, D S; Steffens, K L; Lau, J W (2014-08-30). "Enriching 28 Si beyond 99.9998 % for semiconductor quantum computing". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 47 (34): 345105. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/47/34/345105. ISSN 0022-3727.
9. ^ Powell, Devin (1 July 2008). "Roundest Objects in the World Created". New Scientist. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
10. ^ Keats, Jonathon. "The Search for a More Perfect Kilogram". Wired. Vol. 19, no. 10. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
11. ^ Woosley, S.; Janka, T. (2006). "The physics of core collapse supernovae". Nature Physics. 1 (3): 147–154\. arXiv:astro-ph/0601261. Bibcode:2005NatPh...1..147W. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.336.2176. doi:10.1038/nphys172. S2CID 118974639.147-154&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118974639#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:bibcode/2005NatPh...1..147W&rft_id=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.336.2176#id-name=CiteSeerX&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/nphys172&rft_id=info:arxiv/astro-ph/0601261&rft.aulast=Woosley&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Janka,+T.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+silicon" class="Z3988">
12. ^ Narlikar, Jayant V. (1995). From Black Clouds to Black Holes. World Scientific. p. 94\. ISBN 978-9810220334.
13. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
14. ^ Watkins, G. D.; Corbett, J. W. (1961-02-15). "Defects in Irradiated Silicon. I. Electron Spin Resonance of the Si- A Center". Physical Review. 121 (4): 1001–1014\. Bibcode:1961PhRv..121.1001W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.121.1001. ISSN 0031-899X.1001-1014&rft.date=1961-02-15&rft.issn=0031-899X&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103/PhysRev.121.1001&rft_id=info:bibcode/1961PhRv..121.1001W&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=G.+D.&rft.au=Corbett,+J.+W.&rft_id=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.121.1001&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+silicon" class="Z3988">
15. ^ Lică, R.; Rotaru, F.; Borge, M. J. G.; Grévy, S.; Negoiţă, F.; Poves, A.; Sorlin, O.; Andreyev, A. N.; Borcea, R.; Costache, C.; De Witte, H.; Fraile, L. M.; Greenlees, P. T.; Huyse, M.; Ionescu, A.; Kisyov, S.; Konki, J.; Lazarus, I.; Madurga, M.; Mărginean, N.; Mărginean, R.; Mihai, C.; Mihai, R. E.; Negret, A.; Nowacki, F.; Page, R. D.; Pakarinen, J.; Pucknell, V.; Rahkila, P.; Rapisarda, E.; Şerban, A.; Sotty, C. O.; Stan, L.; Stănoiu, M.; Tengblad, O.; Turturică, A.; Van Duppen, P.; Warr, N.; Dessagne, Ph.; Stora, T.; Borcea, C.; Călinescu, S.; Daugas, J. M.; Filipescu, D.; Kuti, I.; Franchoo, S.; Gheorghe, I.; Morfouace, P.; Morel, P.; Mrazek, J.; Pietreanu, D.; Sohler, D.; Stefan, I.; Şuvăilă, R.; Toma, S.; Ur, C. A. (11 September 2019). "Normal and intruder configurations in Si 34 populated in the β − decay of Mg 34 and Al 34". Physical Review C. 100 (3): 034306. arXiv:1908.11626. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.100.034306.
16. ^ "Physicists find atomic nucleus with a 'bubble' in the middle". 24 October 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
17. ^ Mutschler, A.; Lemasson, A.; Sorlin, O.; Bazin, D.; Borcea, C.; Borcea, R.; Dombrádi, Z.; Ebran, J.-P.; Gade, A.; Iwasaki, H.; Khan, E.; Lepailleur, A.; Recchia, F.; Roger, T.; Rotaru, F.; Sohler, D.; Stanoiu, M.; Stroberg, S. R.; Tostevin, J. A.; Vandebrouck, M.; Weisshaar, D.; Wimmer, K. (February 2017). "A proton density bubble in the doubly magic 34Si nucleus". Nature Physics. 13 (2): 152–156\. arXiv:1707.03583. doi:10.1038/nphys3916.152-156&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info:arxiv/1707.03583&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038/nphys3916&rft.aulast=Mutschler&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Lemasson,+A.&rft.au=Sorlin,+O.&rft.au=Bazin,+D.&rft.au=Borcea,+C.&rft.au=Borcea,+R.&rft.au=Dombrádi,+Z.&rft.au=Ebran,+J.-P.&rft.au=Gade,+A.&rft.au=Iwasaki,+H.&rft.au=Khan,+E.&rft.au=Lepailleur,+A.&rft.au=Recchia,+F.&rft.au=Roger,+T.&rft.au=Rotaru,+F.&rft.au=Sohler,+D.&rft.au=Stanoiu,+M.&rft.au=Stroberg,+S.+R.&rft.au=Tostevin,+J.+A.&rft.au=Vandebrouck,+M.&rft.au=Weisshaar,+D.&rft.au=Wimmer,+K.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+silicon" class="Z3988">
18. ^ Bonetti, R.; Guglielmetti, A. (2007). "Cluster radioactivity: an overview after twenty years" (PDF). Romanian Reports in Physics. 59: 301–310\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 September 2016.301-310&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bonetti&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Guglielmetti,+A.&rft_id=http://www.rrp.infim.ro/2007_59_2/10_bonetti.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Isotopes+of+silicon" class="Z3988">

## External links

[edit]

* Silicon isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project's

* v
* t
* e

Isotopes of the chemical elements

| Group | 1 | 2 |  | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Period | Hydrogen and
alkali metals  | Alkaline
earth metals  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Pnicto­gens  | Chal­co­gens  | Halo­gens  | Noble gases
① |

Isotopes § List

1  |  |

Isotopes § List

② |

Isotopes § List

3  |

Isotopes § List

4  |  |

Isotopes § List

5  |

Isotopes § List

6  |

Isotopes § List

7  |

Isotopes § List

8  |

Isotopes § List

9  |

Isotopes § List

③ |

Isotopes § List

11  |

Isotopes § List

12  |  |

Isotopes § List

13  |

Isotopes § List

14  |

Isotopes § List

15  |

Isotopes § List

16  |

Isotopes § List

17  |

Isotopes § List

④ |

Isotopes § List

19  |

Isotopes § List

20  |  |

Isotopes § List

21  |

Isotopes § List

22  |

Isotopes § List

23  |

Isotopes § List

24  |

Isotopes § List

25  |

Isotopes § List

26  |

Isotopes § List

27  |

Isotopes § List

28  |

Isotopes § List

29  |

Isotopes § List

30  |

Isotopes § List

31  |

Isotopes § List

32  |

Isotopes § List

33  |

Isotopes § List

34  |

Isotopes § List

35  |

Isotopes § List

⑤ |

Isotopes § List

37  |

Isotopes § List

38  |  |

Isotopes § List

39  |

Isotopes § List

40  |

Isotopes § List

41  |

Isotopes § List

42  |

Isotopes § List

43  |

Isotopes § List

44  |

Isotopes § List

45  |

Isotopes § List

46  |

Isotopes § List

47  |

Isotopes § List

48  |

Isotopes § List

49  |

Isotopes § List

50  |

Isotopes § List

51  |

Isotopes § List

52  |

Isotopes § List

53  |

Isotopes § List

⑥ |

Isotopes § List

55  |

Isotopes § List

56  |  |

Isotopes § List

71  |

Isotopes § List

72  |

Isotopes § List

73  |

Isotopes § List

74  |

Isotopes § List

75  |

Isotopes § List

76  |

Isotopes § List

77  |

Isotopes § List

78  |

Isotopes § List

79  |

Isotopes § List

80  |

Isotopes § List

81  |

Isotopes § List

82  |

Isotopes § List

83  |

Isotopes § List

84  |

Isotopes § List

85  |

Isotopes § List

⑦ |

Isotopes § List

87  |

Isotopes § List

88  |  |

Isotopes § List

103  |

Isotopes § List

104  |

Isotopes § List

105  |

Isotopes § List

106  |

Isotopes § List

107  |

Isotopes § List

108  |

Isotopes § List

109  |

Isotopes § List

110  |

Isotopes § List

111  |

Isotopes § List

112  |

Isotopes § List

113  |

Isotopes § List

114  |

Isotopes § List

115  |

Isotopes § List

116  |

Isotopes § List

117  |

Isotopes § List

118
⑧ |

Isotopes § List

Uue

119  |

Isotopes § List

Ubn

120
|  |  |  |

Isotopes § List

57  |

Isotopes § List

58  |

Isotopes § List

59  |

Isotopes § List

60  |

Isotopes § List

61  |

Isotopes § List

62  |

Isotopes § List

63  |

Isotopes § List

64  |

Isotopes § List

65  |

Isotopes § List

66  |

Isotopes § List

67  |

Isotopes § List

68  |

Isotopes § List

69  |

Isotopes § List

70  |
|  |

Isotopes § List

89  |

Isotopes § List

90  |

Isotopes § List

91  |

Isotopes § List

92  |

Isotopes § List

93  |

Isotopes § List

94  |

Isotopes § List

95  |

Isotopes § List

96  |

Isotopes § List

97  |

Isotopes § List

98  |

Isotopes § List

99  |

Isotopes § List

100  |

Isotopes § List

101  |

Isotopes § List

102

* Table of nuclides
* Categories: Isotopes
* Tables of nuclides
* Metastable isotopes
* Isotopes by element

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template