Israel–Lebanon relations

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Bilateral relations

Israel–Lebanon relations

Israel |
Lebanon

Israel–Lebanon relations have experienced ups and downs since their establishment in the 1940s.

Lebanon did take part in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War against Israel, but Lebanon was the first Arab League nation to signal a desire for an armistice treaty with Israel in 1949. Lebanon did not participate in the Six-Day War in 1967, nor the Yom Kippur War in 1973 in any significant way, and until the early 1970s, Lebanon's border with Israel was the calmest frontier between Israel and any of the other adjacent Arab League states.

The most turbulent period in binational relations was during the 1970s and 1980s, upon the Lebanese Civil War. During the first stages of the war, Israel allied with major Christian Lebanese militias which led the Lebanese government during the early 1980s. The countries effectively reached normalization of relations with U.S.-brokered May 17 Agreement in 1983, but it had been annulled by Lebanon after power takeover by Druze and Shiite militias in early 1984. Israel also supported the secessionist Free Lebanon State during 1979–1984 and its successor South Lebanon Army.

Israeli law enforcement treats Lebanon as an "enemy state".[1] Israeli citizens or any other person who holds any passport bearing stamps, visas, or seals issued by Israel are strictly prohibited from entry to Lebanon and may be subject to arrest or detention for further inspection.[2][3][4] In 2008, a Pew Research Center survey found that negative views concerning Jews were most common in Lebanon, with 97% of Lebanese having unfavorable opinion of Jews.[5] In a 2011 survey again by the Pew Research Center on the Muslim-majority Middle Eastern countries polled held strongly negative views of Jews, only 3% of Lebanese reported having a positive view of Jews.[6]

## Timeline

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### 1940s–1975

[edit]

Lebanon played a small part in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, where its army only participated in the battle of al-Malikiya on 5–6 June 1948. During Operation Hiram, Israel captured 15 villages in Southern Lebanon up to the Litani River. While one Israeli general proposed capturing Beirut, which he claimed could be done in 12 hours, Israel's Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion refused permission. The armistice agreement between Lebanon and Israel[7] was relatively straightforward. Unlike the other armistice agreements, there was no clause disclaiming the Blue Line as the international border between Lebanon and the former British Mandate of Palestine (unrelated to the now government of Palestine) continued to be treated as the de jure international border. As a result, Israeli forces withdrew from the villages it had seized during offensive operations in October 1948.

Unlike in other Arab states, the Jewish population of Lebanon grew after the 1948 founding of the State of Israel, mostly due to large Christian population in Lebanon.

In the early 1950s, direct flights linking Beirut with East Jerusalem were not uncommon. In 1951, Middle East Airlines, Lebanese national flag-carrier, expanded its regional network to include East Jerusalem, Jordan. Also, Air Liban, another Lebanese airline carrier, had flight routes linking Beirut with Jerusalem since 1945. However, the 1967 Six-Day War disrupted Middle East Airlines' operations for about two weeks, and led to the suspension of flights to Jerusalem. Lebanon played a minor role in the Six-Day War, carrying out a single air raid on the first day of the war in which it lost one aircraft.[8]

During the Yom Kippur War, Lebanon sent radar units to Syria for air defense, but refrained from participating in the war.[9]

Following Black September in Jordan in 1970–71, the PLO relocated from Jordan to Southern Lebanon, from where it had carried out attacks against Israel. Israel did not refrain from targeting Lebanese infrastructure when retaliating for fedayeen attacks, notably in the 1968 raid on Beirut Airport.[10] This turned Lebanon, which had largely stayed out of the Arab-Israeli armed conflicts, into a battleground between Israel and Palestinian fedayeen.

### Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)

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The Lebanese Civil War began in 1975 when Phalangist gunmen ambushed a bus, killing the 27 Palestinian passengers onboard. The complexities of the war were tied to Lebanon's sectarian political structure dividing Shia and Sunni Muslims and Christians.

In 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon in the middle of the civil war after a gunman from Abu Nidal's organization attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov. The Israeli Prime Minister blamed the PLO for the incident, and used it as an excuse to begin Operation Peace for Galilee and the 1982 Lebanon War.[11] During the invasion Israel allied with the Phalangist Christian militant group against the PLO and Shia militias. UN Children's Fund (UNICEF) wrote that from the beginning of the Israeli attack on June 4 to August 15, 1982, 29,506 Lebanese and Palestinians had been killed as a result of the Israeli bombardments, 80% of them civilians.[12] Several thousand people were arrested and kept in Israeli-controlled prisons. The Israeli army cut off electricity and water supply to West Beirut, depriving at least 300,000 civilians of water and electricity for about three months.[13] The MacBride Commission published a report in 1983 which said that the scale of the destruction showed that the Israeli army had blanket-bombed areas instead of attacking defined targets.[14][13] Their bombardment of residential neighborhoods of West Beirut was extensive, and there was widespread destruction of civilian properties.[13] In cases of hospital destruction, the commission said there were no weapons or ammunition in the establishments, yet the Gaza hospital was bombed heavily for three hours.[13]

After the PLO was ejected from Lebanon's capital Beirut in the summer of 1982, Israel hoped to help put Christian Bachir Gemayel in power as Lebanese president. Bachir Gemayel flew to the Israeli coastal town of Nahariya to talk with Menachem Begin and Ariel Sharon. Begin and Sharon proposed that Israel and Lebanon establish full diplomatic relations, but Gemayel proposed a kind of formal non-aggression pact. When Sharon reminded Gemayel that Israel controlled most of Lebanon at that time and that it would be wise to follow Israel's instructions Gemayel held out his hands and replied "Put the handcuffs on. [...] I am not your vassal."[15] Gemayel left Israel without making any formal agreement. Before the elections, he was assassinated by the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, throwing Lebanon again into crisis.

Following the assassination of Lebanese President by oppositional factions, the Israeli army occupied Beirut, and allowed the Lebanese Forces (LF) to enter the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps, where the LF carried out a massacre of mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites. Between 1,390 and 3,500 civilians were massacred.[13] It sparked international outrage for Israel's actions, particularly because the PLO had already been removed from Lebanon. The Kahan Commission by the Israeli government found Defense Minister Ariel Sharon personally responsible for the bloodshed. The incident led to his resignation as Defense Minister, however he remained in the Israeli Cabinet and would later become Israeli Prime Minister in 2001.

Israel and Lebanon signed an agreement on May 17, 1983 which was a peace treaty in all but name.[16] Lebanon signed the agreement under American and Israeli pressure, but it was opposed by Syria. The agreement was conditional on Syrian withdrawal, which did not occur until April 2005. Much of the content of the treaty was contained in secret protocols and memoranda, and it did not win expected Jordanian and Saudi endorsement. The Lebanese legislature ratified the treaty by a margin of 80 votes, but in a very weak and unstable domestic position, president Amine Gemayel abrogated the peace treaty on March 5, 1984 under unrelenting Syrian pressure and takeover of West Beirut by Druze and Shiite militias, after the U.S. Marines withdrew and after Israel had begun withdrawing from Lebanon.

### The 1990s

[edit]

The Lebanese Civil War gradually came to a halt after the 1989 Taif Agreement. Furthermore, the success of the 1991 Persian Gulf War created new opportunities for Middle East peacemaking. In October 1991, under the sponsorship of the United States and the then Soviet Union, Middle East peace talks were held in Madrid, where Israel and a majority of its Arab neighbors conducted direct bilateral negotiations to seek a just, lasting, and comprehensive peace based on UN Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338 (and 425 on Lebanon) and the concept of "land for peace." Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and representatives of the Palestinians continued negotiating until the Oslo interim peace accords were concluded between Israel and the Palestinians in September 1993 and Jordan and Israel signed an agreement in October 1994. In March 1996, Syria and Israel held another round of Madrid talks; the Lebanon track did not reconvene.

During this time, Israel continued to militarily occupy 10% of Lebanese land, in a southern strip called the South Lebanon Security Belt. In response, the militant Shia group Hezbollah formed with Syrian and Iranian backing. They conducted guerrilla warfare against Israel to resist the occupation. In 1990, the Israeli army burned down olive groves to "deprive Hezbollah guerrillas of cover".[17] The Israeli army planted some 130,000 land mines throughout the strip, making farming deadly.[17] As tensions continued to grow, in 1993 Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin launched "Operation Accountability", with the intention of cutting Hezbollah's supply lines, destroying its camps, and forcing Lebanese civilians to flee north.[18] In early April 1996, Israel conducted the military operation "Grapes of Wrath" in response to Hezbollah's actions on Israeli military bases in south Lebanon. The 16-day operation caused hundreds of thousands of civilians in south Lebanon to flee their homes. On April 18, several Israeli shells struck refugee compounds, killing 102 civilians sheltered there.

Throughout the 1990s, discontent had been growing in Israel about the occupation of parts of Lebanon. Discontent increased as a result of a 1997 helicopter crash that killed 73 Israeli soldiers bound for Lebanon. Ehud Barak campaigned for prime minister on a platform of withdrawing from Lebanon. On June 28, 1999 Farid Abboud, the Lebanese ambassador to the U.S., addressed the Los Angeles World Affairs Council[19] to give an update on the peace process.[20] Finally, on May 23, 2000, the Israeli military carried out a withdrawal of Israeli troops from the south and the Bekaa valley, effectively ending 22 years of occupation. The SLA collapsed and about 6,000 SLA members and their families fled the country, although more than 2,200 had returned by December 2001. With the withdrawal of Israeli forces, many in Lebanon began calling for a review of the continued presence of Syrian troops, estimated in late 2001 at approximately 25,000.

The destruction of Lebanese infrastructure that the Israeli military left behind, particularly water infrastructure, was devastating to Southern Lebanon. The Lebanese government turned to organizations such as the Arab Fund, the Kuwait Fund, and the Council for Development and Reconstruction, who invested around $50 million to rebuild water networks, and $63 million to rebuild schools, hospitals, and electricity infrastructure that had been destroyed.[17]

### Post-withdrawal period (2000s)

[edit]

On June 16, 2000, the UN Security Council adopted the report of the Secretary General verifying Israeli compliance with UNSCR 425 and the withdrawal of Israeli troops to their side of the demarcated Lebanese-Israeli line of separation (the "Blue Line") mapped out by UN cartographers. (The international border between Lebanon and Israel is still to be determined in the framework of a peace agreement.) In August, the Government of Lebanon deployed over 1,000 police and soldiers to the former security zone, but Hezbollah also maintained observation posts and conducted patrols along the Blue Line. While Lebanon and Syria agreed to respect the Blue Line, both have registered objections and continue to argue that Israel has not fully withdrawn from Lebanese soil. As regional tension escalated with the Palestinian intifada in September 2000, Hezbollah cited Blue Line discrepancies when it reengaged Israel on October 7, taking three Israeli soldiers captive in an area known as Shebaa Farms. This largely unpopulated Israeli-controlled territory along the border between Lebanon and Syria is claimed by Lebanon, although the United Nations and Israel agree that Shebaa Farms is part of Syria.[21] Hezbollah sought to use the captives for leverage to release Lebanese prisoners.

### Cedar Revolution

[edit]

Since the beginning of the Cedar Revolution, hopes had increased of an Israel-Lebanon peace treaty. In a May 2005 Newsweek interview, Saad Hariri said "We would like to have peace with Israel. We don't want wars. We hope that the peace process moves ahead with us, with the Syrians, with all the Arab countries", but he added that Lebanon would not sign a separate peace treaty as Jordan and Egypt have done. Other Lebanese leaders draw an even harder line.

### 2006 Lebanon War

[edit]

Results of Israeli bombing in Baalbek

Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora said in August 2006 that Lebanon would be the "last Arab country to make peace with Israel" because of the large number of civilians who were killed in the 2006 Lebanon War.[22] Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, proclaimed "Death to Israel" and promises the "liberation" of Jerusalem.

It was uncovered in the cache of diplomatic cables released by WikiLeaks that, in 2008, Lebanese Defense Minister had sent messages to Israel via the United States stating the Lebanese Army would refrain from getting involved in a future conflict between Israel and Hezbollah and that the army, as quoted in the cables "will move to pre-position food, money, and water with these units so they can stay on their bases when Israel comes for Hezbollah — discreetly, Murr added."[23] Additionally, he advised Israel to ensure not to "bomb bridges and infrastructure in the Christian areas." According to former U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon Michele Sison, the dispatcher of the cable, "Murr offered some ideas aimed at avoiding turning the Christian population against Israel when the next war with Hezbollah occurs... Murr also outlined his orders to the Lebanese Army when/if Israel invades to counter Hezbollah."

### General calm with sporadic border incidents (2010s)

[edit]

IDF soldier rescues a Lebanese elderly woman in November 2010.

On August 3, 2010, a clash took place near the Lebanese border village of Odaisseh between the Israel Defense Forces and Lebanese Armed Forces after an Israeli patrol operating on the border clashed with Lebanese troops. Israel claimed that the troops had stayed within Israel, while Lebanon claimed that the soldiers had crossed the border to uproot trees. An ensuing firefight resulted in the deaths of three Lebanese soldiers and one senior Israeli commander; two Israeli soldiers and five Lebanese soldiers were also wounded. A Lebanese journalist was also killed. Israeli artillery and helicopter gunships then struck several Lebanese Army posts and the Lebanese Army's southern headquarters, destroying several military vehicles.

On November 13, 2010, Israeli Defense Forces patrolling along the Israeli northern border detected an 80-year-old Lebanese woman whose clothes had tangled in the Lebanese side of the border fence. The elderly woman was caught in a part of the fence which was adjacent to a mine field and when it became clear the Lebanese Army could not assist her, the IDF stepped in. A joint military force of engineering, scouts and Golani troops, pulled the woman into Israeli territory while the Lebanese Army observed the rescue operation.[24] After making sure the woman was not injured UNIFIL representatives contacted the Lebanese Army and coordinated her return to Lebanon via the Rosh HaNikra Crossing.

On December 15, 2013, a Lebanese soldier shot and killed an IDF soldier at the Rosh HaNikra Crossing.

On 2 September 2019, a day after rocket strikes toward Israeli's border, Hassan Nasrallah said Hezbollah would begin targeting Israeli drones flying in Lebanese airspace, and announced there were "no more red lines" in the fight against Israel. If attacked again, he said, Hezbollah would strike "deep inside" Israel.[25]

### Beirut explosion in 2020

[edit]

Main article: 2020 Beirut explosion

Following the devastating explosion in Beirut in August 2020, the Israeli city of Tel Aviv highlighted their city hall with the Lebanese flag, with desire to share solidarity despite the two nations having no official relations.[26] Israel also offered to aid Lebanon via a third party.[27] Many Lebanese and Israelis had reacted skeptically.[28][26]

### Israeli invasion of Lebanon (2024–present)

[edit]

Main article: Israeli invasion of Lebanon (2024–present)

President Lula da Silva receiving repatriated Brazilian nationals from Lebanon on 6 October 2024. Brazil has the highest number of Lebanese descendants and expatriates in the world.

On 1 October 2024, Israel launched its sixth invasion of Southern Lebanon, following nearly a year of conflict with Hezbollah.[29] This escalation occurred after Hezbollah joined the Israel–Hamas war, attacking northern Israel and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights. The hostilities caused significant displacement on both sides. Israel had previously conducted extensive aerial bombing in Lebanon, including attacks on infrastructure and the assassination of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah.[30][31] These actions resulted in significant casualties, with over 800 Lebanese deaths reported in a single week in late September.[32]

The invasion led to the Lebanese Armed Forces retreating from parts of the Blue Line.[33] By 26 November, a ceasefire agreement mediated by France and the United States was signed and took effect the following day, though sporadic attacks persisted.[34] Israel reported 56 soldiers and 2,762 Hezbollah fighters killed, while Lebanon claimed that 2,720 people, predominantly civilians, died due to Israeli actions.[35][36]

## Alleged spying arrests in Lebanon

[edit]

In the period of April 2009 – July 2010, Lebanese authorities arrested almost 100 people suspected of spying on behalf of Israel. Many were expected to receive the death penalty, which the Lebanese cabinet announced it intended to carry out.[citation needed] Yet, it ended up not being the case, and death penalties were sequently de facto suspended in Lebanon, substituted with life imprisonment as the maximum penalty.[37][38]

One such instance is the case of Ali al-Jarrah, a Lebanese man who has accused of spying for Israel for 25 years.[39] He was recruited by Israel to photograph Hezbollah supply routes and frequently moved between the Lebanon-Syria border.[39] In 2011, a military court in Lebanon sentenced al-Jarrah to life in prison.[39]

## Maritime border dispute

[edit]

Main article: Israeli–Lebanese maritime border dispute

In 2010, Israel discovered massive deposits of natural gas off its coast in the Mediterranean Sea. While Israel's find is within its territorial exclusive economic zone, the dispute stems from the possibility that the gas field spans to Lebanon's boundary. A general principle in such a situation is the rule of capture where each side is permitted to lift as much as it can on its side. Israel has already started exploration and construction on its side, while Lebanese authorities have not yet officially demarcated its exclusive economic zone or initiated a process of attracting bids for exploration rights.[40] Lebanese Energy Minister Gebran Bassil warned that Lebanon would not allow Israel or any company "serving Israeli interests" to drill gas "that is in our territory". Beirut had previously warned the American Noble Energy company not to approach its territory. In response, Israeli Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau warned Lebanon that Israel was willing to use force to protect the gas reserves discovered off its shores.[41]

On 17 August 2010, the Parliament of Lebanon passed a law authorising exploration and drilling of offshore oil and gas fields. The law called for the establishment of a treasury and a committee to oversee exploration and drilling. Speaker Nabih Berri's advisor, Ali Hamdan, said that he expected rights to be up for auction by the end of 2011. "This is definitely a major cornerstone in Lebanon's oil policy... and will help Lebanon divide its reserves into blocks an eventually bring in tenders and start looking into power-sharing agreements."[42]

U.S.-mediated negotiations hosted by the UN over the dispute began October 12, 2020.[43] These negotiations led to an agreement resolving the Israeli–Lebanese maritime border dispute, signed on October 27, 2022.[44][45]

## See also

[edit]

* Canaanism
* History of the Jews in Lebanon
* Independent Israel–Syria peace initiatives
* Israeli–Lebanese conflict
* Jewish migration from Lebanon post-1948
* Maronites in Israel
* Palestinians in Lebanon
* Shebaa farms, small disputed area situated near the tripoint of Israel, Lebanon and Syria

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Abukhater, Maher (17 April 2014). "Israeli arrest of Arab citizen over Lebanon visit angers rights groups". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
2. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-03-09. Retrieved 2016-03-09.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
3. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-03-11. Retrieved 2016-03-09.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
4. ^ "Lebanon". travel.state.gov. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
5. ^ "Unfavorable Views of Jews and Muslims on the increase in Europe" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-18. Pew Global Attitudes Research September 17, 2008, page 10
6. ^ "Muslim-Western Tensions Persist". PEW Global Attitudes Report. 21 July 2011. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
7. ^ "TEXT OF AN ARMISTICE AGREEMENT BETWEEN LEBANON AND ISRAEL". United Nations Security Council. 23 March 1949. Archived from the original on 2008-01-10. Armistice Agreement UN Doc S/1296 23 March 1949
8. ^ "Notes on the history of airtravel in Lebanon". Retrieved 2014-03-04.
9. ^ Rabinovich, I. The War for Lebanon, 1970–1985. p.105. "Lebanon was perceived as Israel's one harmless neighbour, a state that since 1949 had not taken part in the Arab–Israeli wars …"
10. ^ Fisk, Robert (2002). "3". Pity the Nation: The Abduction of Lebanon. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press / Nation's Books. p. 74\. ISBN 1-56025-442-4.
11. ^ Bird, Kai (2014). The Good Spy: The Life and Death of Robert Ames. Random House. p. 288\. ISBN 9780307889775.
12. ^ "Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence" (PDF). International Center for Transitional Justice.
13. ^ a b c d e "Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence" (PDF). International Center for Transitional Justice.
14. ^ MacBride, Sean; AK, Asmal; B, Bercusson; R. A, Falk; G, De la Pradelle; S, Wild (1983). Israel in Lebanon. London: Ithaca Press.
15. ^ Shlaim, Avi (2001). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 415\. ISBN 0-393-32112-6.
16. ^ "Israel-Lebanon Draft Peace Agreement, 1983". www.mideastweb.org. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
17. ^ a b c Amery, Hussein (2002). Water Wars in the Middle East: A Looming Threat. The Geographical Journal.
18. ^ Lockery, Neill (1999). The Difficult Road to Peace. UK: Ithaca Press. p. 162.
19. ^ "Los Angeles World Affairs Council > Home". www.lawac.org.
20. ^ "Farid Abboud: Peace Process". Archived from the original on September 21, 2007.
21. ^ Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 425 (1978) and 426 (1978), May 22, 2000.
22. ^ Hatoum, Leila (2006-08-31). "Siniora vows to be last in making peace with Israel". The Daily Star (Lebanon). Retrieved 2012-11-15.
23. ^ Daragahi, Borzou; Lutz, Meris (December 3, 2010). "Lebanon defense chief worked with U.S. against Hezbollah, leaked cable says". Los Angeles Times.
24. ^ Einav, Hagai (14 November 2010). "IDF rescues Lebanese woman caught in border fence". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
25. ^ "'bold, brave' attack". timesofisrael. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
26. ^ a b Kibrik, Roee (September 8, 2020). "The real reasons Israel showed solidarity with Lebanon after the Beirut blast | Opinion". Haaretz.
27. ^ Hendrix, Steve (August 6, 2020). "After recent tensions, Israel offers aid for devastated Beirut". The Washington Post.
28. ^ "'We'll light up Tel Aviv…with our rockets': Lebanese rebuff Israeli solidarity". www.timesofisrael.com. 6 August 2020.
29. ^ Newby, Vanessa (2024-10-01). "Israel has invaded Lebanon six times in the past 50 years – a timeline of events". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2024-12-13. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
30. ^ "Hezbollah confirms its leader Hassan Nasrallah was killed in an Israeli airstrike". Associated Press. 28 September 2024. Archived from the original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
31. ^ Mroue, Bassem; Lidman, Melanie (28 September 2024). "Hezbollah confirms its leader Hassan Nasrallah was killed in an Israeli airstrike". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 October 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
32. ^ Stroul, Dana (23 September 2024). "Israel and Hezbollah Are Escalating Toward Catastrophe". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Archived from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
33. ^ Gebeily, Maya; Azhari, Timour; Stewart, Phil (29 September 2024). "Lebanese troops pull back from border as Israeli ground invasion looms". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 October 2024. Retrieved 6 October 2024.
34. ^ "Israel-Hezbollah ceasefire takes effect, bringing a halt to fighting after almost 14 months". The Times of Israel. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
35. ^ "Global Coalition of NGOs Call for Immediate Ceasefire in Lebanon". The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy. 2024-11-14. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
36. ^ "Lebanon Says Death Toll Tops 2,600 Since Israel Intensified Strikes". www.barrons.com. Agence France Presse. 2024-11-06. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
37. ^ "Lebanon to release convicted Israeli spy". Retrieved 2016-06-27.
38. ^ "The Advocates for Human Rights" (PDF). www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org.
39. ^ a b c Worth, Robert F. (18 February 2009). "Lebanese in Shock Over Arrest of an Accused Spy". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
40. ^ "Potential Lebanese- Israeli Conflict over Natural Gas Revisited". www.yalibnan.com. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
41. ^ Goldstein, Tani (24 June 2010). "Landau: Israel willing to use force to protect gas finds". Ynetnews. Retrieved 2016-06-27.
42. ^ "Al-ManarTV:: Lebanon Grants Palestinians Right to Work, Passes Offshore Drilling Law 17/08/2010". Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
43. ^ Lazaroff, Tovah; Nahmias, Omri (1 October 2020). "First Israeli-Lebanese talks in 30 years to be held on maritime dispute". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
44. ^ Gebeily, Maya; Lubell, Maayan (2022-10-27). "Israel, Lebanon finalise maritime demarcation deal without mutual recognition". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
45. ^ "Lebanon and Israel agree maritime deal despite decades of hostility". Financial Times. 2022-10-28. Retrieved 2022-10-28.

This article incorporates public domain material from Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs. "Background Note: Lebanon". U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State. Retrieved January 31, 2012.

## External links

[edit]

* Israel-Lebanon Offshore Oil & Gas Dispute – Rules of International Maritime Law Martin Waehlisch, ASIL Insight (American Society of International Law), Vol. 15, Issue 3, Dec. 5, 2011.

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Jews and Judaism in Lebanon

History|

* Lebanon
* Jewish migration from Lebanon post-1948
* Byzantine Empire
* Palestine

Groups|

| People|

* Lebanese Jews
* Lebanese people of Jewish descent
* Diaspora

|

Politics|

* Antisemitism
* Zionism and Anti-Zionism
* Israel–Lebanon relations

Tribes|

* Asher
* Issachar
* Naphtali
* Zebulun

Synagogues|

* Aley
* Maghen Abraham

* Inactive / Former
* Bhamdoun
* Deir el Qamar
* Sidon

* List of Lebanese Jews
* List of synagogues

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