Israeli war crimes in the Gaza war

Violations of laws of war by Israeli forces in the Gaza war

For broader coverage of this topic, see War crimes in the Gaza war and Israeli war crimes.

* v
* t
* e

Gaza war

* Timeline
* Outline

* * *

Background

* History of Gaza
* Zionism
* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* History of Hamas
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip

* * *

October 7 attacks
Military engagements

* Re'im
* Sderot
* Sufa
* Nahal Oz
* Ofakim
* Zikim

Civilian attacks

* Nova music festival massacre
* Netiv HaAsara
* Alumim
* Be'eri
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nir Oz
* Nir Yitzhak
* Nirim

* * *

Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
Military engagements

* Beit Hanoun
* Gaza City
* Jabalia I
* Khan Yunis
* Al-Qarara
* Shuja'iyya I
* Shuja'iyya ambush
* Shuja'iyya II
* Insurgency in the northern Gaza Strip
* Hamad
* Zana
* Rafah
* Tal al-Sultan
* Khan Yunis II
* Khan Yunis III
* North Gaza
* Netzarim Corridor clashes
* Shuja'iyya III
* May 2025 Gaza offensive
* Khan Yunis IV
* Beit Hanoun II
* Deir al-Balah

Civilian attacks

* Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip
* Refugee camps
* Jabalia
* 31 October
* al-Fakhoora school
* al-Shati refugee camp
* al-Maghazi
* Schools
* Palestinians evacuating Gaza
* Health facilities
* al-Ahli Arab Hospital
* al-Shifa Hospital
* Kamal Adwan Hospital
* Nasser Hospital
* Attacks on religious sites
* Rafah strikes
* Flour Massacre
* Kuwait Roundabout
* Attack on journalists in Lebanon
* IDF killing of hostages in Shuja'iyya
* Killing of Hind Rajab
* Tel al-Sultan
* al-Mawasi (May)
* al-Sardi school
* Nuseirat
* al-Mawasi (June)
* al-Shati and Tuffah
* al-Awda school
* al-Mawasi (July)
* al-Shati (July)
* Khan Yunis (July)
* Khadija school
* Hamama school
* al-Tabaeen school
* Deir al-Balah
* al-Mawasi (September)
* al-Jawni school
* Deir al-Balah mosque
* Rufaida school
* al-Aqsa hospital (Killing of Shaban al-Dalou)
* Abu Hussein school
* Beit Lahia (19 October)
* Beit Lahia (29 October)
* Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting
* al-Mawasi (December)
* Nuseirat (December)
* March 2025 Israeli strikes
* Rafah paramedic massacre
* April 2025 Shuja'iyya
* Gaza European Hospital
* Killing of al-Najjar children
* Fahmi al-Jarjawi school
* 2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings
* Al-Baqa Cafe

* * *

War crimes and effects

* War crimes and crimes against humanity report
* Palestinian war crimes
* Hostage crisis
* 2023 prisoner exchange
* Israeli war crimes
* Israeli blockade of Gaza
* Famine
* AI-assisted targeting
* Mass detentions
* South Africa v. Israel
* Gaza genocide
* ICC arrest warrants
* Gaza Strip mass graves
* Torture
* Executions and assassinations
* Killing of journalists
* List of journalists
* Gaza humanitarian crisis
* Children
* Healthcare collapse
* Premature babies

* * *

Impacts and repercussions

* Diplomatic impact
* 2023 ceasefire
* 2025 ceasefire
* Calls for a ceasefire
* Economic impact
* 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests
* Hamas–Popular Forces conflict (Popular Forces Administration)

* * *

Other theaters
West Bank conflicts

* Israei incursions in the West Bank
* 2024
* 2025
* Tulkarm
* Tulkarm Camp strike
* PA–West Bank militias conflict
* July 2024 unrest
* 2024 PA operation in Tubas
* 2024–2025 PA operation in Jenin

Red Sea/Yemen

* Attacks on vessels
* MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Galaxy Leader
* Marlin Luanda
* MV Rubymar
* MV Tutor
* MT Sounion
* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Operation Poseidon Archer
* Operation Aspides
* 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel
* July 2024 Israeli attack
* September 2024 Israeli attacks
* December 2024 Israeli attack
* March–May 2025 US attacks
* Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes
* Saada prison airstrike
* 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire
* 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport
* May 2025–present Israeli attacks

Attacks on US bases

* Iranian airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
* Tower 22 drone attack
* February 2024 US airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
* 2024 Homs airstrikes
* 2024 Masyaf raid

Israel–Hezbollah conflict

* Israeli invasion of Lebanon
* Odaisseh
* Maroun al-Ras
* Ayta ash-Shab
* Kafr Kila
* Ramyah

Iran–Israel proxy war

* 2024 Iran–Israel conflict
* Damascus Iranian consulate airstrike
* April Iranian strikes
* April Israeli striles
* October Iranian strikes
* October Israeli strikes
* Iran–Israel war
* Iranian nuclear sites strikes
* Al Udeid Air Base strike
* Ceasefire

Assassinations and deaths of prominent individuals

* Saleh al-Arouri
* Marwan Issa
* Fuad Shukr
* Ismail Haniyeh
* Ibrahim Aqil
* Hassan Nasrallah
* Hashem Safieddine
* Yahya Sinwar
* Mohammad Bagheri
* Hossein Salami

* * *

See also

* Background
* Antisemitism
* Anti-Palestinianism
* Islamophobia
* Misinformation
* Protests
* university campuses
* All Eyes on Rafah
* Israeli document leak scandal
* Israeli public diplomacy
* Proposed U.S. takeover of the Gaza Strip

* v
* t
* e

Gaza–Israel conflict

* Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Palestinian rocket attacks
* Israeli airstrikes on the Gaza Strip
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Israeli war crimes
* Palestinian war crimes

* * *

* 1956 Rafah massacre
* Khan Yunis massacre
* First Intifada
* Second Intifada
* Gaza cross-border raid
* Summer Rains
* Autumn Clouds
* 2006 shelling of Beit Hanoun
* Gaza–Egypt border breach
* Hot Winter
* 2008–2009 Gaza War
* March 2010 clashes
* 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign
* Southern Israel cross-border attacks
* March 2012 clashes
* 2012 Gaza War
* 2014 Gaza War
* Shuja'iyya
* Beach bombing incidents
* Deif family killings
* 2018–2019 border protests
* November 2018 clashes
* May 2019 clashes
* November 2019 clashes
* 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis
* 2022 clashes
* May 2023 clashes
* Gaza war
* October 7 attacks
* Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
* Gaza genocide

Since the beginning of the Gaza war in 7 October 2023, the Israeli military and authorities have been charged with committing war crimes, such as the collective punishment of the Palestinian people, attacks on civilians in densely populated areas (including bombings of hospitals and medical facilities, refugee camps, schools and educational institutions, and municipal services); the torture and executions of civilians; sexual violence including rape; and genocide. Further war crime charges against Israel include forced evacuations, mistreatment and torture of Palestinian prisoners, and the destruction of cultural heritage. Humanitarian organizations such as Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, B'tselem, and Oxfam, as well as human rights groups and experts, including the UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry and United Nations special rapporteurs, have documented these actions.[1]

Israel has faced legal charges for its conduct in the war. At the International Court of Justice, Israel was charged with committing genocide in Gaza.[2][3] In May 2024, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants against Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Israeli defence minister Yoav Gallant for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including using starvation as a weapon of war.[4]

While Israel has faced international condemnation for its alleged war crimes, it has also maintained continued support from the United States.[5] In October 2023, U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken indicated the Biden administration had no red lines for Israeli actions where it would stop military support.[6][7] As Israel's largest supplier of weapons, the U.S. has been accused of complicity in Israel's war crimes.[8]

## Proportionality and distinction

[edit]

Palestine Tower destroyed in Gaza, October 2023.

Israel's adherence to the principles of distinction and proportionality, as required by the laws of war, has been questioned.[9][10] The former principle requires armies to distinguish between legitimate military targets and protected civilians.[11] The latter principle requires that when attacking a legitimate military target the expected harm caused to civilians or civilian objects must be proportional and not excessive (disproportionate) in relation to the military advantage anticipated.[12]

Human Rights Watch has stated that the overall civilian death toll, and Israel's use of powerful weapons in Gaza's densely populated neighbourhoods, raised "serious questions" about the legality of Israel's conduct.[10] Human Rights Watch further argued that a higher proportion of casualties among women and children is indicative of a lack of proportionality, demonstrating what they describe as "a disregard toward Palestinian lives".[10] Amnesty International accused Israel of war crimes. In a report they published they analyzed five incidents between 7 and 12 October where the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) targeted residential areas in Gaza. It found that in several cases the IDF struck targets with no evidence of military activity and that these attacks were "indiscriminate" in nature. Anonymous IDF officials cited in a report by +972 Magazine indicated a "loosening of constraints" in the rules of engagement, and that in numerous cases the IDF struck targets despite no evidence of military activity. The report claims that the rationale behind such attacks was "to harm Palestinian civil society" and, according to one source cited by the report, to "lead civilians to put pressure on Hamas".[13]

Experts cited by The Washington Post argue that certain Israeli airstrikes show that Israel has a tolerance for civilian casualties "orders of magnitude greater" than that of the US in its war against ISIS.[14] United Nations (UN) officials and human rights groups have argued that Israel has not done enough to protect civilians.[10] In March 2024, the UN said that more children were killed in Gaza in four months than in four years of all the wars around the world combined.[15] Philippe Lazzarini, head of the UN's agency for Palestinian refugees, declared: "This war is a war on children".[15]

Three men carry a dead woman to the Indonesia Hospital in Jabalia refugee camp, October 2023.

Emanuela-Chiara Gillard, an associate fellow at Chatham House, argued that, given the size and nature of the 7 October attacks, Israel has the right of self-defence that could include its stated military aim of destroying Hamas. She added that Hamas has threatened to repeat its assault and eradicate the state of Israel.[10] According to The Economist, the law of armed conflict and international humanitarian law grant Israel flexibility when it comes to taking military action against Hamas, but in its view, Israel's "definition of military targets is being stretched to breaking-point".[9]

Amichai Cohen, an Israeli lawyer, alleges that Israel does not deliberately target civilians but that Hamas's tactics make it hard to take action without affecting civilians.[9] Jill Goldenziel, an American law professor, argued that if Israel conducted every strike legally and with utmost precision, civilian casualties in war would still remain. She stated that the goal of a proportionality analysis is to decide whether attacks are excessive.[16] Israeli security officials state that their proportionality criteria in this conflict are unchanged and that they receive legal advice in relation to strikes.[10] Other Israeli officials, speaking anonymously, acknowledged that Israel has struck "private residences and public structures, like the Gaza Parliament and the Islamic University", which would not previously have been considered valuable enough to justify the risk to civilian life.[10]

In April 2024, Human Rights Watch found that Israel violated international law by launching an airstrike on an apartment building in Gaza, killing 106 people, including 54 children, as there were no viable military targets in the area.[17]

In June 2024, the UN Human Rights Office described possible violations of the rules of proportionality and distinction during the Nuseirat refugee camp massacre.[18] Later the same month, the UN Human Rights Office released a report on six Israeli attacks in which the IDF may have "systematically violated the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack".[19] Following the Al-Tabaeen school attack, Tariq Kenney-Shawa, a policy fellow at Al-Shabaka suggested the attack violated the laws of proportionality.[20] In response to an Israeli social media campaign that stated "there are no innocent civilians" in Gaza, Mark Kersten, a professor at University of the Fraser Valley, stated, "It is exactly what atrocity perpetrators say".[21] In June 2024, a UN Commission of Inquiry found the scale of Israel's killing of Palestinians constituted a crime against humanity.[22]

By August 2024, data from Gaza indicated the war was one of the deadliest of the twenty-first century.[23] Pope Francis suggested Israel's attacks on Lebanon and Gaza were disproportionate.[24]

## Indiscriminate attacks

[edit]

Main articles: Bombing of the Gaza Strip and Attacks on religious sites during the Israeli invasion of Gaza

Further information: Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war and Israeli airstrikes on municipal services in the Gaza Strip

See also: Tel al-Sultan massacre

Aerial view showing the destruction of Rafah in January 2025

In the first two days of the war, the Israeli Air Force attacked 1,500 targets in Gaza. Ynet reported that Netanyahu then demanded to know why they hadn't hit 5,000, saying "I'm not interested in targets ... Take down houses, bomb with everything you have."[25] In the first week of the war, the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) carried out 6,000 airstrikes across Gaza, killing over 3,300 civilians and injuring over 12,000 people.[26][27] The strikes hit specifically protected locations, including hospitals, markets, refugee camps, mosques, educational facilities, and entire neighbourhoods.[28] A group of UN special rapporteurs asserted that Israel's airstrikes are indiscriminate and amount to collective punishment. They stated that these airstrikes are "absolutely prohibited under international law and amounts to a war crime".[29]

During two airstrikes on 10 and 22 October 2023, the IDF used Joint Direct Attack Munitions in attacks described by Amnesty International as "either direct attacks on civilians" or "indiscriminate attacks".[30][31] On 24 October, UN Secretary-General António Guterres called for an immediate ceasefire, after stating Israel had committed "clear violations" of international humanitarian law.[32] On 13 November 2023, Israel shelled the Gaza Reconstruction Committee, leading three Arab states to condemn the attack, with Jordan calling it "a heinous war crime to add to Israel's criminal record."[33] On 12 January 2024, the spokesperson for the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights stated Israel's attacks were failing to account for distinction, proportionality and precautions, thus leaving Israel exposed to liability for war crimes.[34]

In February 2024, the IDF bombed and destroyed the Belgium government's Gaza development office.[35] In response, Belgium summoned the Israeli ambassador and condemned the "destruction of civilian infrastructure" as a violation of international law.[36][a] On 6 February, the UN stated an Israeli assault on Rafah could lead to war crimes.[38]

On 22 March 2024, Al Jazeera released a video retrieved from an Israeli drone showing four unarmed Palestinians in Khan Younis who were killed by Israeli air attacks. Two were killed instantly, and the others were killed while trying to stumble and crawl away.[39] Al-Jazeera reported that "it is clear from the pictures that these Palestinians were unarmed and posed no threat to anything or anyone".[40] This footage was described by the UN's special rapporteur Francesca Albanese as a part of the "colossal amount of evidence" of war crimes committed in Gaza by Israel. According to the IDF, they had encountered militants in civilian clothes retrieving previously hidden weapons in that area.[41]

Amnesty International called Israel's indiscriminate attacks illegal and a violation of international law. Secretary General of Amnesty International Agnès Callamard said the 16-year-old "illegal blockade has made Gaza the world's biggest open-air prison", and the international community must now act to avert it from becoming a giant cemetery.[42] Human Rights Watch reported that Israel has completely shut down communications and put lives at risk in Gaza by carrying out relentless airstrikes and damage to the main communications infrastructure, electricity cuts, fuel blockades, and deliberate shutdowns through technical measures. Deborah Brown, senior technology researcher at Human Rights Watch, said a deliberate shutdown, or restriction of Internet access, is a human rights violation and can be deadly during a crisis. A complete disruption of communications, such as that experienced in Gaza, can provide cover for crimes and impunity, while further undermining humanitarian efforts and putting lives at risk.[43]

Following reports about Israel's use of automated systems for target selection, experts in international humanitarian law stated they were alarmed by accounts that the IDF authorized killing up to 20 uninvolved civilians for getting a single militant, even if they were low-ranking or had low military importance.[44] In May 2024, Amnesty International called for war crimes investigations into three Israeli airstrikes that had killed 44 civilians.[45] The same month, following the Al-Mawasi refugee camp attack, Finnish Foreign Minister Elina Valtonen stated that the orders of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and international humanitarian law must be respected.[46] In June 2024, UNRWA chief Philippe Lazzarini termed the destruction of UNRWA's Gaza headquarters as "blatant disregard of international humanitarian law".[47] In June 2024, Doctors Without Borders suggested Israel was violating international humanitarian law, stating, "We can no longer accept the statement that Israel is taking 'all precautions'".[48] The European Union warned Israel in August 2024 that "targeting critical life-saving infrastructure constitutes a war crime".[49] The IDF stated it would investigate whether there was a breach of international law following an army commanders' order to destroy a water reservoir in Rafah.[50][b]

### Refugee camps

[edit]

Main article: Attacks on refugee camps in the Gaza war

See also: Nuseirat refugee camp massacre

Damaged buildings in the Gaza Strip on 12 November 2023

On 9 October 2023, the IDF carried out a mass-casualty airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp market.[52] The attack resulted in the deaths of over sixty civilians and extensive damage to the market.[52] As a result of Israeli airstrikes in other areas, displaced individuals sought refuge in the camp, causing the market to be densely populated at the time of the strike.[53] An airstrike on 31 October 2023 that killed 106 civilians near the Nuseirat refugee camp was deemed an apparent war crime by Human Rights Watch.[54] On 1 November, following two airstrikes on the Jabalia refugee camp, the United Nations Human Rights Office stated, "We have serious concerns that these are disproportionate attacks that could amount to war crimes."[55]

On the same day, the IDF carried out an airstrike on the densely populated Al-Shati refugee camp.[56] Palestinian media reported that this strike resulted in numerous civilian casualties and the destruction of four mosques, including the al-Gharbi mosque, Yassin mosque, and al-Sousi mosque, all of which were confirmed destroyed by satellite footage.[57] The airstrikes in the Al-Shati camp were described as a "massacre against an entire neighborhood" by the Ministry of Health.[58][59]

On 24 December 2023, 68 people were killed in an airstrike on the Al-Maghazi refugee camp. According to Al Jazeera, the vast majority of victims were civilians. They also noted that the camp was one of the areas the IDF had previously told Gazans to evacuate to. Hamas called the attack a "massacre" and a "war crime".[60] Israel later determined that incorrect munitions were used in the attack and expressed regret that non-combatants were harmed.[61]

### Schools and shelters

[edit]

Further information: Attacks on schools during the Israeli invasion of Gaza

See also: Al-Sardi school attack and Al-Tabaeen school attack

On 17 October 2023, an Israeli airstrike hit a UNRWA school sheltering 4,000 refugees in the Al-Maghazi refugee camp, killing six and injuring dozens. Philippe Lazzarini, the UNRWA Commissioner-General, called it "outrageous" and said that it showed "a flagrant disregard for the lives of civilians".[62][63] The UN accused Israel of lethally bombing three of its shelters on 2 November 2023.[64] On 27 December 2023, the UN stated Israel had killed 142 UN employees in Gaza thus far.[65] On 12 January 2024, the UN Secretary-General for Human Rights stated that at least 319 internally displaced persons were killed and 1,135 injured in UNRWA shelters.[66]

On 24 January 2024, the UN accused Israel of firing two tank shells into a refugee facility in Khan Younis, killing nine people and wounding 75.[67][68][69] Israel denied bombing the facility.[70][c] Thomas White, a senior UN official in Gaza, called the attack part of "a consistent failure to uphold the fundamental principles of international humanitarian law".[72] The Palestinian Ministry of Education reported that 65 UN schools in Gaza had been damaged or destroyed, which the Save the Children's director for Palestine called "beyond unconscionable".[73]

In June 2024, the Foreign Ministry of Jordan condemned the Al-Sardi school attack, stating, "These actions and crimes… contradict all human and moral values and represent war crimes against the international community as a whole."[74] In response to the Al-Sardi school attack, UNRWA chief Philippe Lazzarini stated that attacking UN buildings showed a "blatant disregard of international humanitarian law".[75] Following the Al-Tabaeen school attack in August 2024, the foreign ministry of Jordan called it a "a flagrant violation of international law and of all humanitarian values," while the government of Turkey stated it was a "crime against humanity".[76][77] In September 2024, an Israeli airstrike killed six UN employees at a shelter for displaced people, leading UN secretary general Antonio Guterres to call it a "dramatic violation" of international humanitarian law.[78]

Analyses by CNN, The New York Times, and Sky News all found that Israel had bombed areas it had previously told civilians to evacuate to.[79][80][81] The New York Times found that Israel had dropped 2,000-pound bombs in areas where civilians were ordered to evacuate to.[80] CNN stated it had verified at least three locations Israel bombed after telling civilians it was safe to go there.[81] An NBC News investigation found Palestinians were killed in airstrikes in seven areas that the military had designated as safe zones.[82]

### Places of worship

[edit]

Main article: Attacks on religious sites during the Israeli invasion of Gaza

Further information: Church of Saint Porphyrius airstrike

A mosque destroyed by an Israeli airstrike, Khan Younis, 8 October 2023

Under the Rome Statute, it is a war crime to intentionally attack places of worship in non-international conflicts, as long as they are not "used by a party to a conflict for acts harmful to the enemy".[83] On 19 October, the Israeli Air Force damaged the Church of Saint Porphyrius in an attack which targeted a nearby command-and-control center, according to the Israeli military.[84] Hundreds of Christians and Muslims were sheltering in the church and the strike killed 16 people.[85] The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem condemned it as "a war crime that cannot be ignored".[86] Following an investigation, Amnesty International stated the church strike was indiscriminate and should be investigated as a war crime.[87]

On 16 December 2023, the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem stated the Israeli army had killed two women sheltering at the Holy Family Parish, stating, "They were shot in cold blood inside the premises of the Parish, where there are no belligerents."[88] Pope Francis described the Israeli attack on the church as terrorism.[89]

### Residential areas

[edit]

An independent United Nations expert said that both Israel's widespread bombing of homes and civilian sites in Gaza and the indiscriminate firing of rockets by Hamas are "war crimes". Balakrishnan Rajagopal stated Israeli strikes had destroyed or damaged 45% of homes in the Palestinian territory, causing "enormous cost in human lives". The UN Special Rapporteur stated targeting of residential areas is strictly prohibited under international law. He further stated that engaging in military actions with the knowledge that it will result in the deliberate destruction of civilian residences and infrastructure, leading to the uninhabitability of entire cities, constitutes a violation of international law.[90]

A +972 Magazine investigation found the Israeli army had expanded authorization for bombing non-military targets.[13] Research conducted by Dr. Yagil Levy at the Open University of Israel confirmed the +972 report, stating Israel was "deliberately targeting residential blocks to cause mass civilian casualties".[91]

### Lebanon

[edit]

Main article: Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)

On 5 November 2023, an Israeli airstrike hit a car near Ainata, Lebanon, killing three children and their grandmother, and injuring their mother. The Israeli military admitted to striking the vehicle.[92] Human Rights Watch stated that their killings should be investigated as an apparent war crime.[93] Najib Mikati, Lebanon's caretaker prime minister, called the attack a "heinous crime" and said that Lebanon would file a complaint to the UN Security Council.[92] Following an Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus, the Lebanese Foreign Ministry called it a "breach of international law and a serious violation of the Vienna agreements for diplomatic and consular relations".[94] The UN Human Rights Office said the attack "violated the prohibition on the use of armed force against another state".[95]

### Humanitarian aid

[edit]

See also: Humanitarian aid during the Gaza war § Killing of aid workers

The Gaza war has been deadliest conflict for United Nations workers in world history.[96][97] By March 2024, at least 196 UN relief workers had been killed and more than 150 facilities attacked in the Gaza Strip.[98][99]

Following the death of one of their aid workers — the fifth American aid worker killed in Gaza — the American Near East Refugee Aid released a statement: "We demand an independent investigation into his death, which threatens our team’s ability to function safely and deliver aid to civilians facing starvation".[100] In March 2024, Israel bombed a United Nations food distribution center, killing one UN staff member and wounding 22 others.[101][d] It was one of the UN's last remaining distribution centers, leading the organization's humanitarian aid chief Martin Griffiths to state that aid teams "must be protected".[103][104]

A New York Times investigation showed six Western aid groups had humanitarian sites hit by Israeli strikes, even though the locations were shared with the IDF.[105][106] In April 2024, Belgium recalled its ambassador to Israel after an Enabel aid worker and his son were killed by an Israel airstrike. The Belgian Foreign Minister Hadja Lahbib reacted by stating, "Bombing civilian areas and populations is contrary to international law."[107] The Quincy Institute found fourteen incidents where Israel attacked humanitarian aid workers, despite being identified as civilians.[108]

#### Flour massacre

[edit]

Main article: Flour massacre

On 29 February 2024, more than 100 people seeking aid were killed in Gaza City during an incident that became known as the flour massacre.[109] Belgian Deputy Prime Minister Petra de Sutter stated the massacre was a "flagrant violation of international humanitarian law".[110] Josep Borrell stated it was a serious violation of international humanitarian law.[111] The Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the attack a crime against humanity.[112] The Omani Foreign Ministry called the attack a violation of international law.[113] Amnesty International announced it was launching an investigation.[114] The United Nations Human Rights Office also called for an investigation, stating it had "recorded at least 14 incidents involving shooting and shelling of people gathered to receive desperately needed supplies".[115]

#### World Central Kitchen drone strikes

[edit]

Main article: World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack

On 1 April 2024, an Israeli drone fired three consecutive missiles at three cars belonging to the World Central Kitchen (WCK), killing seven aid workers who had been distributing food in the northern Gaza.[116] The president of Refugees International called the killings "part of a clear pattern" and a war crime.[117] Doctors Without Borders stated the killings were an example of how "international humanitarian law is not respected".[118] The Polish Foreign Ministry stated, "Poland objects to the disregard for international humanitarian law".[119] The Cyprus Foreign Ministry stated, "[International humanitarian law] principles are absolute: humanitarian aid workers must always be respected and protected."[120] Ben Saul, a UN special rapporteur, stated, "It could well be a violation of international humanitarian law".[121] Jose Andres, the founder of World Central Kitchen, stated Israel needed "to stop this indiscriminate killing."[122]

#### Gaza aid distribution massacres

[edit]

Main article: 2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings

On 27 May 2025, the Gaza Humanitarian Foundation (GHF), an American and Israeli-backed organization, began distributing aid in Tel al-Sultan, Rafah. Thousands of Palestinians gathered, leading to chaotic scenes.[123] Reports emerged of Israeli tanks opening fire on the crowd, resulting in at least three deaths and 48 injuries. The IDF claimed they fired warning shots to control the situation, while a UN spokesperson indicated that most injuries were due to gunfire from the IDF. The next days saw escalating violence.[124][125] On 31 May, three Palestinians were killed while attempting to reach the aid center. By 1 June, it was reported that 32 civilians were killed and over 250 wounded at the aid site. The Palestine Red Crescent Society confirmed retrieving at least 23 bodies and numerous injured individuals from the area.[126] By 2 June, at least 75 civilians were killed and more than 400 others were injured by Israeli forces.[127][128] By 12 June, at least 223 Palestinians were killed and more than 1,800 others were injured while trying to reach the aid distribution centers.[129]

These incidents have drawn international condemnation. UN Secretary-General António Guterres called for an independent investigation into the shootings.[130] The head of UNRWA, Philippe Lazzarini, condemned the US-backed aid model in Gaza, saying it is a “distraction from atrocities” and "a waste of resources".[131]

### Bombing Israeli hostages

[edit]

On 10 November 2023, an Israeli airstrike hit three hostages, Corporal Nik Beizer, Sergeant Ron Sherman, and Elia Toledano, unintentionally killing them. The IDF conducted an investigation and, in September 2024, they concluded that there was a high probability that the airstrike caused their deaths. The IDF stated they were unaware of the hostages’ presence in the targeted tunnel complex at the time of the operation.[132][133][134]

## Summary executions

[edit]

See also: Executions and assassinations during the Gaza war

Summary execution refers to the killing of persons who are not actively taking part in hostilities, even if otherwise they are combatants. It includes killing unarmed, surrendering or wounded people instead of giving the benefit of a fair trial.[135] Regarding summary executions in Gaza, Middlesex University professor William Schabas stated, "It's not really important to demonstrate that they're civilians. Summary executions even of fighters, even of combatants is a war crime."[136]

OHCHR stated on 20 December it had received allegations of Israeli soldiers summarily killing at least eleven unarmed men in Rimal.[137] Al Jazeera reported the number summary execution of 15 people during an apartment raid. The execution was witnessed by the families of the men.[138] Euro-Med Monitor stated they believe this is part a pattern of "systematic" killing. They added that "In at least 13 of field executions, we corroborated that it was arbitrary on the part of the Israeli forces."[139] On 26 December 2023, Euro-Med Monitor submitted a file to the International Criminal Court and the UN that documented dozens of cases of summary executions carried out by Israeli forces, and called for an investigation.[140][141][142]

In March 2024, video of an Israeli soldier bragging about killing an elderly deaf man hiding under his bed was released. The Council on American-Islamic Relations condemned the killing as an execution and war crime.[143][144] The Israeli military stated they would begin a probe into the incident.[145]

Defense officials told Haaretz that the Israeli army had created kill zones in Gaza, in which any person who crossed an "invisible line" was killed.[146] Israeli soldiers gave testimony to +972 Magazine stating soldiers were given authorization to shoot Palestinian civilians at will.[147]

### Children

[edit]

Mark Perlmutter, an American doctor working in Gaza, stated Israeli snipers were deliberately targeting children. He stated "No toddler gets shot twice by mistake by the 'world's best sniper.' And they're dead-center shots."[148] In a letter addressed to US President Joe Biden, a group of American doctors and nurses returning from Gaza stated, "Every one of us on a daily basis treated pre-teen children who were shot in the head and chest".[149]

In October 2024, The New York Times reported compiled testimony from 44 doctors, nurses, and paramedics who treated multiple cases of preteen children with gunshot wounds to the head or chest in Gaza. The Israeli army reacted to the experiences of these health care workers with a statement that did not directly confirm whether investigations into the shootings of children had been conducted or if any soldiers faced disciplinary action for firing at them.[150] In response to claims alleging that the report was based on "fabricated evidence", The New York Times issued a statement defending the integrity of the piece, emphasizing that it had undergone rigorous editing and verification, including consultations with experts and the use of supporting photographs, which they deemed "too horrific for publication."[151] In an interview with Mother Jones, Dr. Feroze Sidhwa explained the circumstances of the children's death, stating, "On the occasion when the child survived long enough and there was family... to ask what happened—they would say, the kids were just playing. I never heard from a family that they were in a crossfire".[152]

### Mass graves

[edit]

Main article: Gaza mass graves

A mass grave with 283 bodies was uncovered in April 2024 at Khan Younis's Nasser medical complex in Gaza City. Further mass graves with several hundreds of bodies were found in the courtyard of Al-Shifa Hospital.[153][154] Reports indicated that some of the bodies were found with their hands and feet tied.[155][156] Following the discovery of the mass graves, UN human rights chief Volker Türk called for an independent investigation on the intentional killing of civilians by the Israeli Defense Forces. He stated the "intentional killing of civilians, detainees, and others who are hors de combat is a war crime."[157][158] A spokesperson for the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights described the discoveries, stating, "Some of them had their hands tied, which of course indicates serious violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, and these need to be subjected to further investigations".[159] William Schabas, a Canadian expert on international human rights law, stated mass graves have "always been an indication that war crimes have been committed".[160]

### Assassinations

[edit]

Following the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh, the Iraqi foreign ministry stated the killing was a "flagrant violation of international law and a threat to security and stability in the region".[161]

## Abuse and humiliation of detainees

[edit]

Main article: Torture during the Gaza war

See also: Palestinians in Israeli custody and Mass detentions in the Gaza war

Multiple pieces of video evidence depicting the degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees has surfaced. One of the videos show Israeli soldiers in the occupied West Bank who were dragging and assaulting detainees after surrounding them. Many of the detainees had been stripped naked, having both their arms and feet bound, and beaten with the butts of rifles and trampled. Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor described this as a "flagrant violation of international laws related to the protection of civilians".[162]

Further video evidence shows Israeli soldiers transporting Palestinians from Ofer Prison, all of whom are blindfolded and stripped completely naked.[163] In another video uploaded by an Israeli soldier, a blindfolded and bound Palestinian is shown kneeling on the ground. The soldier taunts him in Arabic, telling him "صباح الخير يا قحبة" (Good morning, whore) before repeatedly kicking and spitting on him.[164] Human Rights Watch director, Omar Shakir, stated the blindfolding and stripping of Palestinian detainees represented a war crime.[165][166]

On 20 December 2023, Amnesty International called for an investigation into mass detentions, disappearances, inhumane treatment, and detainee deaths.[167] In February 2024, the BBC published a report detailing documented instances of Israeli soldiers abusing and humiliating Palestinian detainees. According to Mark Ellis, an expert on international criminal tribunals, the report showed possible violations of laws regarding prisoners of war.[168] After the Israeli military dismissed one of the reservists shown in the video, Sir Geoffrey Nice, an expert on war crimes, stated a wider investigation was needed beyond the dismissal.[169] In March 2024, the United Nations stated that Israel had detained and tortured its employees in Gaza, extracting forced confessions.[170][171] A Bellingcat analysis found instances of a collection of images and videos showing the IDF degrading Palestinian detainees. Queen’s University Belfast war crimes professor Luke Moffett stated these showed potential war crimes.[172] CNN reported of an Israeli military base in the Negev desert that functions as a detention center for Palestinians who are exposed to inhumane treatment.[173] In July 2024, Amnesty International stated Israel needed to end the indefinite detention of Palestinian prisoners without trial, stating it was a "flagrant violation of international law".[174]

### Sexual violence

[edit]

Main article: Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Gaza war

On February 19, 2024, a group of United Nations special rapporteurs published a report calling for an investigation into violations against Palestinian women and girls in Gaza and the West Bank by Israeli forces.[175] The report presented evidence of wartime sexual violence committed against them during the Gaza conflict, detailing how they endured inhumane treatment by the IDF, including being denied essential items such as menstrual products, food, and medicine. They were also subjected to physical abuse, including severe beatings, sexual assaults, threats of rape, and other forms of sexual violence.[176][177] In addition, female detainees were stripped and searched by male Israeli soldiers.[178][179] The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a press release on the same day, stating that Israeli troops had photographed female detainees in “degrading circumstances” and that the photos had been uploaded online.[178][180][181] Reem Alsalem, the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, criticized that sexual violence against Palestinians is often not reported and investigated. She stated, "Rape and other forms of sexual violence can constitute war crimes, crimes against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide! It must stop!"[182]

Physicians for Human Rights-Israel also described the sexual humiliation of detainees, including sexual insults and urination on prisoners.[183] The Palestinian Prisoner's Society stated men had been subjected to severe sexual assault, including attempted rape and violating strip searches.[184]

In June 2024, a detailed and legally mandated investigative report by the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory concluded that "The frequency, prevalence and severity of sexual and gender-based crimes perpetrated against Palestinians since 7 October across the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) indicate that specific forms of Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) are part of Israeli Security Forces (ISF) operating procedures."[185]

A June 2024 investigation by The New York Times detailed reports that Israeli interrogators at the Sde Teiman detention camp inserted hot metal sticks into detainees' anuses. One detainee reportedly died from the resulting injuries.[186] An April 2024 Haaretz investigation found that prisoners in Ktzi'ot Prison were routinely stripped and humiliated, and they were also deliberately struck in the testicles while undergoing naked checks with a metal detector.[187] In August 2024, a video emerged from the same detention camp depicting the gang rape of a prisoner.[188] At the same time, Ibrahim Salem, who appeared in one of the first leaked photos from Sde Teiman, was released after being held there for 52 days without charge.[189] He reported widespread torture, including by medical staff, as well as electrocution during interrogations, sexual abuse, constant beatings, forced stripping, genital grabbing, and frequent occurrences of rape committed by both male and female soldiers. Children were also subjected to rape.[190][191] In one instance, a prisoner in his 40s was handcuffed and forced to bend over a desk while a female soldier inserted her fingers and other objects into his rectum. If the prisoner moved, a male soldier positioned in front of him would beat him and compel him to remain in that position. According to Salem, "Most of the prisoners will come out with rectal injuries [caused by the sexual assault]."[189] In an interview with CNN, Salem stated that Palestinians were transported "like animals" to Israeli prisons on trucks, and described being hit in the genitals with metal detectors, as well as raped with a baton.[191]

Save the Children reported receiving credible reports of sexual violence from children who had been detained by the IDF.[192]

In March 2025, the UN Human Rights Commission published a report on sexual and gender-based abuses perpetrated by Israel against the Palestinian people, which concluded that sexual abuse of Palestinians is "committed either under explicit orders or with implicit encouragement by Israel's top civilian and military leadership."[193]

## Destruction of religious, cultural and historic sites

[edit]

Main article: Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip

The Holy Family Church, one of the buildings damaged by Israel.

A report in early November 2023 listed over 100 significant cultural heritage sites with religious, cultural and historical importance that Israel had partly or completely destroyed.[194][195][196][197][198]

In January 2024 BBC has verified 74 cases where religious sites were damaged or destroyed, of which 72 were mosques and two were churches.[199] I n October 2024, the Palestinian Authority's Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs in Gaza estimated that 814 mosques and three churches were destroyed since the war started and a further 148 mosques damaged with the repair costs of over 350 million dollars.[200]

The Nation wrote that the destruction of the Great Omari Mosque in particular, originally a fifth-century Byzantine church, was "a crime against cultural heritage. But more importantly... part of a campaign of total annihilation... a deliberate element of the Israeli campaign to erase all traces of Palestinian life.".[201]

### Destruction of cemeteries

[edit]

See also: Israeli razing of cemeteries and necroviolence against Palestinians

Tunisian Cemetery

Al-Batsh*

Shajaiye small*

Sheikh
Ijlin*

Sheikh Radwan*

Sheikh Shaaban

St. Por- phyrius

Al-Tuffah*

Ali ibn-Marwan

Al-Falouja

Beit
Hanoun*

Beit Lahia*

New Bureij

Khan Yunis Central

Bani Suheila* 1.7km east of Khan Younis

Map of the 12 northernmost cemeteries that Israel has damaged or destroyed in the Gaza Strip so far during the war.
*approximate location

Israel has damaged or destroyed at least 19 cemeteries across the Gaza Strip, in some cases, creating dirt roads across them or establishing military positions.[202][200]

The intentional destruction of religious sites without military necessity is a possible war crime.[203][204] The Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs in Gaza stated that the Israeli military was guilty of desecrating graves, exhuming bodies and committing acts of violence against those who died, such as stealing their remains and mutilating them.[200]

On 21 December, bulldozers destroyed a cemetery in the Al-Saha neighborhood in eastern Gaza.[205][206] On 6 January 2024, Palestinians in Tuffah reburied bodies after the Israeli army reportedly exhumed them and smashed their graves.[207] Gazans in Khan Younis reported the Israeli army raided a cemetery and took corpses.[208][209] The Khan Younis cemetery was reportedly bulldozed over, tombstones crushed, and the human remains were visible.[210] Muna Haddad, a human rights lawyer, stated, "What is happening is... considered a war crime of 'committing outrages upon personal dignity' under the Rome Statute."[202] On 27 January 2024, Israeli forces escorted CNN into Gaza in an attempt to explain the destruction of Bani Suheila cemetery. According to the IDF a tunnel ran through the cemetery, but during the three hour visit, Israeli commanders failed to prove their claim.[211] Moreover, the IDF did not allow CNN to see any alleged entrance to the tunnel inside the cemetery, and later provided drone footage of two tunnel entrances, both located outside the cemetery. CNN broadcast footage of completely destroyed, and dug-up cemetery grounds.[212]

On 3 of October 2024, the Israeli air force bombed and destroyed a cemetery in Lebanon's Bashoura neighbourhood.[213]

## Collective punishment

[edit]

Main article: 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip

See also: Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present) and Structural abuse

> It is an entire nation out there that is responsible. It is not true this rhetoric about civilians not being aware, not involved. It's absolutely not true. They could have risen up. They could have fought against that evil regime which took over Gaza in a coup d'etat.

— Isaac Herzog[214]

Collective punishment refers to punishing a whole group of people for an act committed by some of its members. Such punishment targets innocent people along with those who can be held responsible for the punished act.[215] In the Gaza war this refers to punishing all Palestinian civilians in Gaza for crimes committed by a number of Hamas militants.[216] Collective punishment constitutes a war crime prohibited by treaty in both international and non-international armed conflicts.[217][218][219]

Several actions taken by the Israeli army, including its blockade on electricity, food, fuel and water, were characterized as collective punishment, therefore a war crime.[217][218] Israel's president Isaac Herzog accused the residents of Gaza of collective responsibility for the war.[220][e][222] Doctors Without Borders international president Christos Christou said millions of civilians in Gaza faced "collective punishment" due to Israel's blockade on fuel and medicine.[223][224]

In an interview with The New Yorker, human rights expert Sari Bashi noted the historical uniqueness of Israeli officials openly admitting they are engaging in collective punishment.[225] On 18 October, UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated Hamas' attacks "cannot justify the collective punishment of the Palestinian people."[226] On 24 October, Human Rights Watch criticized Israel's refusal to allow fuel or water into a Gaza, terming it a war crime.[227] On 29 October, Karim Ahmad Khan stated Israel's impeding aid to Gaza may constitute a crime under the International Criminal Court.[228] On 7 December, Khan again stated "wilfully impeding relief supplies" may constitute a war crime under the Rome Statute.[229] On 20 January 2024, the IDF dropped leaflets with hostages' images on Rafah, stating, "Do you want to return home? Please make the call if you recognise one of them."[230] On 25 January 2024, the Gaza Health Ministry reported that Israeli troops had fired upon and killed twenty civilians seeking humanitarian aid in Gaza City.[231][232]

On 31 January 2024, Haaretz reported that Israeli army commanders were ordering troops to burn down and destroy unoccupied buildings in Gaza.[233] According to Human Rights Watch: "Unlawful and wanton excessive destruction of property that is not militarily justified, is also a war crime."[234] On 16 April 2024, a spokesperson for the UN Human Rights Office stated, "Israel continues to impose unlawful restrictions on the entry and distribution of humanitarian assistance, and to carry out widespread destruction of civilian infrastructure".[235] The Irish foreign minister Micheál Martin called Israel's actions "fully disproportionate and... a breach of humanitarian law in terms of the destruction of Gaza".[236]

### Water access

[edit]

As part of Israel's blockade on Gaza, water supplies from Israel were cut off.[237][238] Article 51 of the Berlin Rules on Water Resources bars combatants from removing water or water infrastructure to cause death or force its movement.[239] The EU's chief diplomat Josep Borrell called Israel's cutting off water, electricity and food as "not in accordance with international law".[240] On 14 October, the UNRWA announced Gaza no longer had clean drinking water, and two million people were at risk of death from dehydration.[241] On 15 October, Israel announced it had resumed supplying water to a single location in southern Gaza to "encourage" movement.[242][243] Aid workers in Gaza refuted water was available.[244] By 16 October, civilians drank seawater and water contaminated with sewage to survive.[245] In July 2024, Oxfam published a report titled Water War Crimes in which it started that Israel was "systematically weaponizing water against Palestinians" in violation of international law.[246]

### Starvation

[edit]

Main article: Gaza Strip famine

Israel imposed a "complete siege" on Gaza in the first ten days of the war, due to alleged security concerns that weapons, fuel, and armaments would be transferred to Hamas in the guise of humanitarian aid.[247][248] Israel later allowed the delivery of limited humanitarian aid following security checks.[249] Israel's restriction of the flow of food, fuel, water, and other humanitarian aid was criticized as a war crime by human rights organizations and termed a "targeted starvation campaign" by United Nations rights experts.[250][251]

Tom Dannenbaum, co-director of the Center for International Law & Governance at the Fletcher School at Tufts University, wrote that the order "commands the starvation of civilians as a method of warfare, which is a violation of international humanitarian law and a war crime".[252] Oxfam issued a statement that accused Israel of using starvation as a weapon of war, saying "International Humanitarian Law (IHL) strictly prohibits the use of starvation as a method of warfare and as the occupying power in Gaza, Israel is bound by IHL obligations to provide for the needs and protection of the population of Gaza".[253] Oxfam further stated that attacks on civilian infrastructure were part of the crime of using starvation as a weapon of war.[254]

Geoffrey S. Corn, Chair of Criminal Law and Director of the Center for Military Law and Policy at Texas Tech University School of Law, and Sean Watts, professor in the Department of Law at the United States Military Academy at West Point, write that sieges are subject to the same laws of war as other military tactics such as distinction and proportionality.[255] Watts previously wrote that Article 23 of the Fourth Geneva Convention "requires that parties to a conflict allow passage of a limited class of relief supplies for civilians...only if the parties are satisfied no advantage will result 'to the military efforts or economy of the enemy'", but that if the law is interpreted to allow "incidental" starvation of civilians proportional to anticipated military advantage, it "reduces the rule's humanitarian effect, perhaps to the vanishing point".[256]

In March 2024, the European Union's top diplomat, Josep Borrell, stated Israel was using starvation as a weapon of war.[257] Similarly, the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights, Volker Türk, stated, "The extent of Israel’s continued restrictions on entry of aid into Gaza, together with the manner in which it continues to conduct hostilities, may amount to the use of starvation as a method of war, which is a war crime".[258]

Human Rights Watch stated Israel was committing a war crime by using starvation as a method of warfare.[259] Alex de Waal stated it was the worst man-made famine in 75 years.[260] Luis Moreno Ocampo, the former chief prosecutor for the ICC, stated, "Stopping aid in particular to destroy civilian life – with intention to destroy a historical community – is genocide."[261] In April 2024, the United Nations human rights office stated Israel was placing "unlawful restrictions" on humanitarian aid.[262]

EuroMed Monitor described the situation as a war of starvation against civilians in the Gaza Strip. EuroMed noted living conditions had reached catastrophic levels by Israel cutting off all food supplies to the Northern half, and bombing and destroying factories, bakeries, food stores, water stations, and tanks throughout the entire enclave. EuroMed additionally noted Israel deliberately focused its attacks on targeting electrical generators and solar energy units, on which commercial facilities and restaurants depend, to maintain the minimum possible level of their work. Israel also targeted the agricultural areas east of Gaza, flour stores, and fishermen's boats, as well as relief organizations' centers, including those belonging to the UNRWA. As a result, over 90% of the children in Gaza suffered from varying health issues, including malnutrition, anemia, and weakened immunity.[263] Israeli snipers reportedly targeted people waiting for humanitarian aid.[264]

The ICJ ruled as part of the interim measures that Israel facilitate the flow of aid and lessen humanitarian suffering in Gaza.[265] In its March 2024 interim ruling, the ICJ stated, "The court observes that Palestinians in Gaza are no longer facing only a risk of famine (...) but that famine is setting in."[266]

Aid groups complain about the level of aid, blaming harsh war conditions, strict inspections and limits on the number of crossing points while Israel says that the restrictions are necessary to ensure that weapons and supplies do not fall into the hands of Hamas.[267] Three reports, a leaked internal State Department memorandum, an internal assessment by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the report of the Independent Task Force on the Application of National Security Memorandum-20 to Israel, confirm that Israel's blocking of humanitarian aid has triggered the legal requirement to halt military aid.[268] A report from Refugees International revealed that Israeli authorities have "erected unnecessary hurdles, complicated logistical processes, and an unpredictable vetting system, rendering the inspection regime overwhelmingly burdensome with layers of bureaucracy and inspection and limited working hours".[265] Israeli professor Neve Gordon wrote of Israel’s history of restricting food access in the Gaza Strip "controlling and managing the population through food insecurity."[269] The UN and Human Rights Watch said the Israeli government is using starvation of civilians as a method of warfare in the Gaza Strip, a war crime.[270][271]

### Crop destruction

[edit]

As of summer 2024, over 60% of Gaza's farmland had been damaged or destroyed.[272][273] Crop destruction is considered a war crime under the Geneva conventions article 54.[274] By November 2024 over 70% of farmland had been hit and over 90% of cattle, killed.[275] 52.5% of agricultural wells and 44.3% of greenhouses have also been damaged.[276]

### Violations of medical neutrality

[edit]

See also: Attacks on health facilities during the Gaza war and Killing of health workers in the Gaza war

Palestine Red Crescent ambulance destroyed by an Israeli airstrike

Israel is alleged to have broken medical neutrality, a war crime under the Geneva Conventions as hospitals are given special protection under international humanitarian law.[277][278] These attacks have been carried out in a manner that aid groups and international bodies are increasingly referring to as systematic.[279] According to Gaza officials, the IDF deliberately targeted ambulances and health facilities with airstrikes.[280][281] In a statement, the Palestine Red Crescent demanded "accountability for this war crime".[282] The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, UNRWA, and Medecins Sans Frontieres reported the deaths of their medical personnel.[283][284] On 14 October, the World Health Organization said the killing of health care workers and the destruction of health facilities "denies civilians the basic human right of life-saving health" and is prohibited by International Humanitarian Law.[285][286] On 17 October, WHO stated 51 health facilities had been attacked by Israel.[287][288] On 4 November, the Gaza Health Ministry stated 105 medical facilities had been deliberately targeted.[289]

On 21 October, the Ministry of Health noted Israel had attacked 69 health facilities, 24 ambulances, put 7 hospitals out of commission, and killed 37 medical staff.[290] Health workers and aid groups said several hospitals in Gaza were hit by airstrikes and shelling. The Palestine Red Crescent Society accused Israel of "deliberately" carrying out airstrikes "directly around" Gaza's second-largest hospital, al-Quds Hospital, in north Gaza, to force them to evacuate the facility. The World Health Organization (WHO) found it impossible to evacuate the hospital. According to CNN, even those who evacuated south have not been safe.[291] On 30 October 2023, a Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital, located in the south of Gaza, was struck by a "direct hit", causing damage and injuries.[292]

On 3 November, an Israeli airstrike hit an ambulance convoy departing from al-Shifa Hospital carrying, according to a Palestinian Health Ministry spokesman, 15-20 critically injured patients.[293] The Israeli military confirmed the strike, saying one of the ambulances was being used by a "Hamas terrorist cell", and was close to their position.[294] In response, Yanis Varoufakis noted, "Even if the ambulance was carrying a Hamas overlord, bombing it violates the Geneva Convention."[295] UN chief António Guterres stated he was "horrified" by the attack.[296] In prior weeks, Israel had released an animated video stating Al-Shifa hospital contained a hidden, top-secret underground military center.[297] This was flatly denied, with Hamas stating Israel was using "prefabricated" evidence to pre-empt a military strike on a hospital.[298] Laws of war provide limited protections to medical facilities used in such capacities.[299] HRW stated the strikes were apparently unlawful and should be investigated as a possible war crime.[300]

During the Siege of Gaza City, Israeli snipers reportedly fired on the intensive care unit in Al-Quds Hospital, killing one person and wounding 28.[301] Doctors in Al-Shifa Hospital reported snipers at the outskirts of the complex were firing at "any moving person".[302] Fabrizio Carbone, the Middle East regional head of the International Committee of the Red Cross, stated Israel's attacks on al-Shifa Hospital could not continue, stressing patients and hospital staff should be "protected in line with the laws of war".[303] In response to the Al-Shifa Hospital siege, Human Rights Watch stated Israel's actions against hospitals need to be investigated as war crimes.[304] Jennifer Cassidy, a legal expert at University of Oxford, stated Israel's siege on al-Shifa was a war crime "plain and simple".[305] Following an Israeli attack on Indonesia Hospital, the Indonesian Foreign Minister called it a clear violation of international humanitarian law.[306]

Photos of Palestinian healthcare workers killed during fighting in Gaza, 25 November 2023

On 18 November 2023, two people were killed while traveling in a clearly identified Doctors Without Borders evacuation convoy in Gaza City.[307] Doctors Without Borders termed it a "deliberate attack."[308] On 16 December, the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor called for an international investigation into Israeli war crimes at the Kamal Adwan Hospital.[309] On 17 January 2024, Israeli fire damaged the Jordanian field hospital, leading the Jordanian army to call it a "flagrant breach of international law".[310] On 19 January, Jordan stated Israel had "deliberately" targeted the hospital.[311] The World Health Organization stated on 24 January it had recorded 660 Israel attacks on healthcare facilities, calling them "a flagrant violation of international humanitarian law".[312] On 31 January, Doctors Without Borders stated Israel had conducted "systematic attacks on health facilities" which they stated was unprecedented for their organization.[313]

On 8 February 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent accused the IDF of deliberately killing one of their paramedics.[314] On 11 February, the Red Crescent accused the IDF of deliberately targeting and killing two of their paramedics sent to rescue Hind Rajab, calling the killing a war crime.[315][316] In response to an Israeli attack at the Al-Aqsa Hospital on 31 March 2024, WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stated, "The ongoing attacks and militarisation of hospitals must stop. International humanitarian law must be respected."[317] In May 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent stated an Israeli attack on their ambulances near Rafah was a war crime.[318] Following the attack, WHO stated, "Health workers are protected under international humanitarian law".[319] In June 2024, the UN Human Rights Office discussed the killing of health workers in Gaza, stating, "These killings have occurred against the backdrop of systematic attacks on hospitals and other medical facilities in violation of the laws of war".[320] In July 2024, the government of Turkey stated that images showing Israel using the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital as a military base indicated violations of international humanitarian law and threatened to take Israel to court.[321]

In October 2024, a UN inquiry accused Israel of committing serious violations of international law during the conflict, including attacks on medical personnel and facilities.[322] The inquiry alleged that Israeli actions contributed to the collapse of Gaza's healthcare system, citing restrictions on medical evaluations and damage to healthcare infrastructure.[323]

#### Rafah humanitarian convoy attacks

[edit]

Main article: Rafah paramedic massacre

In March 2025, the United Nations said that Israeli troops killed 15 Palestinian aid workers in southern Gaza and buried them in a mass grave. On March 23, the PRCS said it lost contact with an ambulance sent to the scene of an Israeli airstrike. A convoy sent to retrieve the medics subsequently went missing as well.[324][325] The IDF claimed that it fired on "suspicious vehicles" that were driving with their lights off. However, video taken by one of the men killed by Israel showed clearly marked ambulances driving with both headlights and flashing emergency lights.[326] The U.N. said that it was prevented from accessing the site where the medics went missing for several days. On March 29, one of the bodies was found and 14 more were recovered the next day, buried alongside their emergency vehicles.[325] According to eyewitness accounts, some of the bodies were found with their hands or legs tied and appeard to have been shot in the head.[327] According to an OCHA spokesperson, "The available information indicates that the first team was killed by Israeli forces on 23 March, and that other emergency and aid crews were struck one after another over several hours as they searched for their missing colleagues."[325] The Gaza health ministry claimed, "They were executed, some of them handcuffed and had sustained head and chest injuries. They were buried in a deep hole to prevent their identities from being identified."[327]

### Protected status

[edit]

Israel alleges medical facilities are used to store weapons and have been used as a base of fire, and that hospitals' special protection is lost if that is the case.[328] However, the IDF has not presented hard evidence to support their claims.[329] Israel also does not have the power to unilaterally decide if a hospital has lost protected status.[329] According to International Criminal Court prosecutor Karim Khan, the bar for evidence that a hospital, school, or place of worship is being used for military purposes is very high.[330] The burden of proof also lays with the Israelis.[331] Jessica Wolfendale, an expert in military ethics at Case Western Reserve University, stated that even if Israel had been able to prove Shifa concealed a military operation, international law remains in place, as, "Steps need to be taken to protect the innocent."[331] A hospital attack is also still illegal under international law if it harms civilians disproportionately to the military objective.[331]

Ardi Imseis, an international law expert at Queen's University at Kingston, stated, "Until such time that the Israelis provide proof that it has been converted into a military object, the civilian nature of the object does not change."[332] Human Rights Watch stated, "The Israeli government has put forward no evidence that would justify stripping hospitals of their special protections."[333][334][335] The OHCHR stated, "Even if Israel contends that a medical facility has lost its protection... it must nevertheless comply with the principles of precautions and proportionality."[336]

## Targeting of journalists

[edit]

See also: Killing of journalists in the Gaza war

Al Jazeera's Gaza correspondent Hossam Shabat was assassinated by Israel on 24 March 2025

On 1 November 2023, Reporters Without Borders (RSF) asked the International Criminal Court (ICC) to begin a priority war crimes investigation into the killing of nine journalists.[337] RSF noted that of the 41 journalists killed in the first month of the conflict, 36 among them were Palestinian reporters killed by Israeli strikes in the Gaza Strip.[338]

Jodie Ginsberg, the president of the Committee to Protect Journalists, called for an ICC investigation into the killing of journalists in Gaza, stating the killings "appear to have been targeted".[339] On 27 January 2024, the International Federation of Journalists wrote an open-letter to Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant stating they would take Israel to court if it did not comply with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) order to avoid targeting journalists.[340] In February 2024, the deputy director of the International Federation of Journalists stated, "There appears to have been a systematic campaign to kill and terrify and maim journalists in Gaza".[341]

On 13 February 2024, Al Jazeera stated Israel had attacked two of its journalists in Gaza. They called it "a full-fledged crime added to Israel's crimes against journalists, and a new part in the series of the deliberate targeting of Al Jazeera's journalists".[342] A representative from Media Defence stated, "Journalists are civilians so they are entitled to all the protections that civilians should have in times of conflict".[343] The director of the International Press Institute stated, "We see journalists clearly targeted… Our organisation has been monitoring press freedom for almost 75 years and this is the worst attack we have seen on journalists in any conflict".[344]

Following the Israeli killing of Samer Abu Daqqa, Al Jazeera stated it was referring the incident to the ICC.[345] In June 2024, a Forbidden Stories investigation into Israel's killing of journalists suggested that some of the killings were deliberate.[346] The investigation further found that Israeli tanks were likely responsible for an attack on the Agence France Press building in Gaza, described by investigators as "likely targeted".[347] In September 2024, RSF stated there were 31 credible cases where journalists were directly targeted by the Israeli army.[348]

### Killing of Issam Abdallah

[edit]

See also: Issam Abdallah § Death

A protestor holding up a sign of Issam Abdallah during mass demonstrations in London, 29 October 2023

RSF conducted a preliminary investigation into the killing of Issam Abdallah, a Reuters photojournalist killed in Lebanon. They found that the strike on a clearly marked vehicle marked "Press" was purposely targeted and that the fire had come from Israel.[349] An investigation by the Agence France Press found Abdallah's killing was used with tank shells of Israeli origin and were deliberate and targeted.[350] Amnesty International stated the attack was a likely war crime and that "Israel must not be allowed to kill and attack journalists with impunity."[351] Human Rights Watch stated the attack was apparently deliberate and constitutes a war crime.[352] A study by the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research found it likely "that a Merkava tank, after firing two tank rounds, also used its machine gun against the location of the journalists".[353]

A February 2024 report by the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon concluded that an Israeli tank killed Abadallah when it fired at "clearly identifiable journalists", and that this broke international law.[354] The report "assessed that there was no exchange of fire across the Blue Line at the time of the incident", with no records of any exchange of fire across the border for the 40 minutes before the tank firing.[354] The Israel Defense Forces responded to the United Nations report by claiming that Hezbollah attacked them, so tank fire was used to retaliate.[354] The report concluded that the attack was a violation of UNSCR 1701 and international law.[355]

## Forced evacuation

[edit]

Main article: Gaza Strip evacuations

Return of displaced Palestinians from the south to the northern Gaza Strip during the ceasefire in January 2025

On 13 October, the Israeli army ordered the evacuation of 1.1 million people from north Gaza, saying that they needed to separate the civilian population from the militants embedded among them, and that the population would be allowed to return after the war.[356] Gazan officials initially asked residents to ignore the order, with the Interior Ministry stating Israel sought to "displace us once again from our land".[357] The evacuation was characterized as a forcible transfer by Jan Egeland, a Norwegian diplomat involved with the Oslo Accord.[358] Egeland stated, "There are hundreds of thousands of people fleeing for their life — [that is] not something that should be called an evacuation. It is a forcible transfer of people from all of northern Gaza, which according to the Geneva Convention is a war crime."[358] UN Special rapporteur Francesca Albanese warned of a mass ethnic cleansing in Gaza.[359] Israeli historian Raz Segal termed it a "textbook case of genocide."[360] The action was condemned by the UN, Doctors Without Borders, UNICEF, and the IRC.[361]

On 14 October, the World Health Organization issued a statement condemning Israel's order to evacuate 22 hospitals in northern Gaza, calling it a "death sentence".[362][363] Doctors noted both the southern Gaza Strip's lack of hospital beds and the impossibility of transporting patients, such as newborns in incubators and patients on ventilators.[364] Nevertheless, on 22 October, the IDF dropped leaflets in northern Gaza stating anyone who did not comply with the evacuation would be considered a "terrorist".[365] On 20 December, Human Rights Watch stated the risk of forced displacement was growing.[366] On 12 January, the Assistant Secretary General for Human Rights stated that Israel's compelled evacuations had failed to ensure protections required under international law, thus constituting a potential war crime.[66] In March 2024, Forensic Architecture stated that Israel's "humanitarian evacuations" might amount to the war crime of forced displacement.[367]

In March 2024, Paula Gaviria Betancur, the UN Special Rapporteur on the rights of internally displaced persons, stated ahead of Israel's planned Rafah offensive: "Any evacuation order imposed on Rafah under the current circumstances, with the rest of Gaza reduced to rubble, would be a flagrant violation of international humanitarian and human rights law."[368] French president Emmanuel Macron told Netanyahu that a forced transfer of the population from Rafah would be a war crime.[369] In May 2024, Volker Türk condemned Israel's evacuation orders in Rafah, stating, "This is inhumane. It runs contrary to the basic principles of international humanitarian and human rights laws".[370] A UNOCHA spokesperson said of the Rafah evacuation: "There are strong indications that this is being conducted in violation of international humanitarian law".[371]

## Buffer zone

[edit]

Israel sought to create an expanded buffer zone in Gaza. Satellite analysis by researchers at Hebrew University found the buffer zone was already in advanced stages.[372] By January 2024, Israel had destroyed more than 1,000 buildings for the planned zone.[373] In April 2024, UNOSAT found that around 90 percent of the 4,000 buildings on Gaza's eastern border had been damaged or destroyed.[374] The Palestinian Center for Human Rights stated such civilian properties were protected under international humanitarian law.[375] Shaul Arieli, a former IDF colonel and expert on Israeli borders, stated that the creation of a permanent buffer zone was illegal, since Israel is prohibited from altering the boundaries of Gaza as an occupying power.[376] Geoffrey Nice, a war crimes prosecutor, stated, "It is unjustified, by any view, under international law."[377] Volker Türk, the UN human rights chief, stated, "Extensive destruction of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly, amounts to a grave breach of the Fourth Geneva Convention, and a war crime."[378] An analysis by Haaretz found the buffer zone could occupy as much as 16 percent of Gaza's overall territory.[379] A May 2024 Al Jazeera investigation found the buffer zone had taken 32 percent of Gaza's territory.[380]

## Looting

[edit]

During the war, soldiers looted Palestinian homes in Gaza, reportedly taking "whatever is easy and accessible".[381] On 21 February 2024, Yifat Tomer-Yerushalmi, the IDF's Military Advocate General, stated that some soldiers' actions — including looting and the removal of private property — had "crossed the criminal threshold".[382] Tomer-Yerushalmi stated such cases were under investigation.[383] The Council on American-Islamic Relations called the looting a war crime and demanded the Biden administration to condemn them.[384] The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 explicitly prohibits the looting of civilian property during wartime.[385][386][387] In August 2024, Yuval Green, an IDF paratrooper returning from Gaza, stated he had witnessed widespread abuses against Palestinians in Gaza, including looting and the destruction of homes.[388]

## Additional theaters of war

[edit]

### Yemen

[edit]

Further information: Red Sea crisis

In July 2024, Israel bombed the Hodeidah port during its conflict with the Houthis. Human Rights Watch termed the strikes a possible war crime, as they appeared to be an indiscriminate or disproportionate attack on civilians.[389]

### Lebanon

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) § Killing of Lebanese civilians.[edit]

In September 2024, thousands of wireless communication devices exploded throughout Lebanon and Syria in an attack attributed to Israel, killing dozens of people, including civilians and Hezbollah militants. Lama Fakih, a director of the Human Rights Watch, said that the explosions would constitute an indiscriminate attack if the IDF had no way of accurately determining the location of the explosive devices since there would be no distinction between civilians and military targets. UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk said that the attacks violated international human rights since the IDF did not have knowledge regarding the users of the devices or their location and surroundings during the explosions.[390]

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human rights, 232 Syrian refugees were killed by the IDF in Lebanon since the start of the Israel-Hamas war.[391]

### West Bank

[edit]

Further information: Israeli incursions in the West Bank during the Gaza war

During the war, the Israeli military was increasingly active in the West Bank. According to Amnesty International, Israel violated international humanitarian law by using disproportionate force during arrest raids, blocking medical assistance to people with life-threatening injuries, attacking paramedics, and conducting unlawful killings.[392] Erika Guevara Rosas, Amnesty's director of global research, stated, "These unlawful killings are in blatant violation of international human rights law and are committed with impunity".[393] Ben Saul, UN special rapporteur on human rights, stated that a November 2023 IDF killing of two boys appeared to be a war crime.[394] On 5 March 2024, the Palestinian Red Crescent stated that it had recorded 427 violations against its medical mission by Israel in the West Bank, terming these a violation of international humanitarian law.[395]

Following the demolition of a Palestinian activist's family home in East Jerusalem — part of a broader wave of forced displacement in the West Bank[f] — the European Union External Action Service stated, "Such acts are in violation of International Humanitarian Law".[397] George Noll, head of the U.S. Office of Palestinian Affairs, condemned the demolition.[398] Following the Israeli approval of around 3,500 new illegal settlements in the West Bank, UN human rights chief Volker Türk stated the transfer of Israel's population into the occupied territories was a "war crime under international law".[399][400] Following the announcement that Israel was seizing 800 hectares of Palestinian land in the West Bank, the Federal Foreign Office stated, "The settlements violate international law and fuel further tensions in this extremely fragile situation."[401] French president Emmanuel Macron condemned the expanded settlements, stating they "are contrary to international law".[402] The UN Human Rights Office stated they were "alarmed" by Israel's expanded settlements and stated they "fly in the face of international law".[403]

BBC News reported in May 2024 that 11 soldiers of the Kfir Brigade (which is primarily active in the West Bank) posted on social media 45 photos and videos showing detained Palestinians; the Israeli Defence Forces did not respond when asked about the individual incidents or individual soldiers involved and identified, instead broadly stating: "In the event of unacceptable behavior, soldiers were disciplined and even suspended from reserve duty."[404] BBC News further reported that the soldiers did not obscure their identities, with some of them posting under names of Yohai Vazana, Ofer Bobrov, Sammy Ben, and Ori Dahbash.[404] According to BBC News, the "detained Palestinians are frequently shown blindfolded and restrained, having been forced to either lie on the floor, or squat, with their hands bound behind their backs", with some detainees being covered in Israeli flags.[404] Jan Egeland, the head of the Norwegian Refugee Council, stated, "The failure to hold Israel accountable has allowed its forces to violate IHL [international humanitarian law] without consequence".[405]

In September 2024, Israeli soldiers pushed three corpses from a rooftop during a raid on Qabatiya.[406]

## Use of white phosphorus on civilians

[edit]

Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International's Crisis Evidence Lab shared evidence that Israeli military units striking in Gaza and Lebanon have employed white phosphorus artillery rounds; Israel denied the report, calling the accusation "unequivocally false", although it has since admitted to its use.[407][408] White phosphorus munitions are allowed on battlefields for specific purposes such as creating smokescreens, generating illumination, and marking targets. They are not banned as chemical weapons under international conventions due to these legitimate uses.[407][409] However, white phosphorus is also considered an incendiary weapon, and Protocol III of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons prohibits their use against military targets located among civilians, although Israel is not a signatory.[410] White phosphorus ignites when exposed to atmospheric oxygen, and on contact can cause deep and severe injuries, potentially leading to multiple organ failure, and even minor burns can be fatal. According to Human Rights Watch, the use of white phosphorus is "unlawfully indiscriminate when airburst in populated urban areas, where it can burn down houses and cause egregious harm to civilians", and "violates the requirement under international humanitarian law to take all feasible precautions to avoid civilian injury and loss of life".[411] According to Amnesty International weapons investigator Brian Castner, whether employing white phosphorus constitutes a war crime depends on the intended target and intended use, but that "generally, any attacks that fail to discriminate between civilians and military forces can potentially be a violation of the laws of war".[412]

On 31 October, after an investigation, Amnesty International stated that a 16 October Israeli white phosphorus attack was indiscriminate, unlawful, and "must be investigated as a war crime", due to its use on the populated Lebanese town of Dhayra, which injured at least nine civilians.[413][414] On 2 November, Amnesty International stated its investigations into four incidents on 10, 11, 16 and 17 October showed Israel had used white phosphorus munitions.[415] In Lebanon, Israel's white phosphorus bombs have destroyed over 4.5 million sq m of forest in southern Lebanon with the economic loses being valued at nearly 20 million dollars.[416] An investigation by the Washington Post uncovered that white phosphorus used in an October attack that injured 9 people in Lebanon were supplied by the US.[417] In June 2024, Human Rights Watch verified the unlawful use of white phosphorus munitions over five populated residential municipalities.[418] According to the Lebanese Health Ministry, at least 173 people have needed medical intervention for white phosphorus exposure.[408] In October 2024, a leaked UN report stated the Israeli military entered a Unifil base and used white phosphorus, injuring 15 peacekeepers.[419]

## Killing of surrendered people

[edit]

### Surrendered Palestinians

[edit]

On 10 October, the Israeli Defence Force published a video that appeared to show IDF soldiers shooting four surrendering Palestinians.[420][421] Footage analysis indicated the men appeared to be surrendering, with three men getting on the ground with their arms raised, one waving a piece of white clothing. None of them appeared to be armed at the time of the shooting, while a subsequent video showed the bodies had been moved, with weapons placed near them on the ground. The analysis concluded the four men were unarmed Palestinians who left Gaza through a breach in the separation wall.[420] An IDF spokesman said he had no comment.[420] Killing surrendered civilians or combatants is a war crime.[422][423]

In video footage dated 8 December 2023, the Israeli military is seen killing two Palestinians from the West Bank's Far'a refugee camp in what B'Tselem described as "illegal executions". One man holding a canister was shot, and was then gunned down while he laid bleeding on the ground. A second man, who was completely unarmed and hiding under a car, was shot and killed instantly. The Israeli military later said they would investigate the attacks.[424]

Human rights groups documented multiple instances of civilians in Gaza being shot by Israeli soldiers while waving white flags.[425] The Human Rights Watch Israel-Palestine director stated Israel had a "track record of unlawfully firing at unarmed people who pose no threat with impunity – even those waving white flags".[426][g] In early January, a video surfaced dating to 12 November showing displaced Palestinians evacuating Gaza City, including a woman and her child. Despite the group clearly carrying white flags, the woman was reportedly shot and killed by an Israeli sniper.[428]

On 24 January 2024, British network ITV released footage of an Israeli sniper shooting and killing a man carrying a white flag whom the journalist had interviewed only moments before his death.[429] Both the Norwegian Refugee Council and Amnesty International termed it a possible war crime.[430] An IDF senior commander later stated, "There are mistakes, it is war."[431]

According to a witness interviewed by Al Jazeera, the corpses of 30 people were found on 31 January 2024 inside a schoolyard in northern Gaza, with the bodies reportedly blindfolded, and their legs and hands tied.[432][433][434] The Council on American-Islamic Relations said the incident should be probed and added to South Africa's ICJ case against Israel.[435] The Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs called it a "violation of all relevant international norms and laws".[436] The Canadian-Palestinian former peace negotiator Diana Buttu stated the incident was "clearly a war crime".[437] In March 2024, a man in Zeitoun was deliberately run over by an Israeli tank while handcuffed, according to the Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor.[438][439]

Footage obtained by Al Jazeera English showed two men waving white flags being killed by Israeli forces, then buried by army bulldozers.[440] The IDF confirmed the killing of the two men, stating they had been acting in a "suspicious manner" and didn't respond to warning shots; they said they buried them with bulldozers as they feared they were carrying explosives.[441] The Palestine Red Crescent Society condemned Israel's actions as "extrajudicial killings".[442] The Council on American-Islamic Relations called the killings a "heinous war crime".[443]

### Surrendered Israeli hostages

[edit]

Further information: Killing of Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka

On 15 December, the IDF released a statement announcing that they had killed three of their own hostages by friendly fire. According to the Israeli military, they "mistakenly identified three Israeli hostages as a threat" during operations in Shuja'iyya and subsequently fired at them, killing them.[444][445][446] According to an Israeli military official on 16 December, the three hostages were shirtless and waving a white flag. The official claimed that one soldier responded to this by "open[ing] fire" and "declar[ing] that they're terrorists"; more Israeli forces fired, killing two hostages "immediately" and wounding the third hostage, who appealed for help in Hebrew.[447] The wounded hostage was pursued into a nearby building by IDF soldiers, where he was killed despite continued pleas for help.[448] Though he claimed that the soldiers were "under pressure" when this happened, Lieutenant General Herzi Halevi also stated that "It is forbidden to shoot at someone who raises a white flag and seeks to surrender", a sentiment echoed by the former head of Mossad, Danny Yatom.[449] Nahum Barnea wrote that the killing of the hostages, unarmed and waving a white flag, was a "war crime" and that "international law is very clear on the issue".[450][451] A preliminary IDF investigation found the soldiers were told to open fire on all fighting-age men who approached them, after a number of incidents where militants disguised themselves as civilians to approach soldiers.[452]

## Perfidy by the IDF

[edit]

Further information: Perfidy

### Israeli forces disguised as civilians

[edit]

On 30 January 2024, Israeli forces entered the Ibn Sina hospital in Jenin disguised as medics and civilians while carrying concealed rifles.[453] After entering the hospital they drew their weapons and killed three militants — one member of Hamas and two members of Palestinian Islamic Jihad — one of whom was a patient.[454][455][456] The International Committee of the Red Cross expressed concern that the raid was a violation of international humanitarian law.[457] Aurel Sari, a professor at the University of Exeter, stated, "By disguising themselves as civilians and as medical personnel, the Israeli forces involved in the operation appear to have resorted to perfidy in violation of the applicable rules."[458] Tom Dannenbaum, a professor of international law, stated, "Someone who is paralyzed is incapacitated in that respect, so an attack on that individual would be prohibited. Violating that prohibition would be a war crime."[459] The Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the shootings a crime against humanity.[460] The Independent Commission for Human Rights called the attack "an assault on an institution protected by international law".[461] OHCHR stated it was a "seemingly planned extrajudicial execution."[462]

The IDF initially said the raid had been a "joint IDF, ISA, and Israel Police counterterrorism activity", and later said that none of their soldiers were physically present during the raid.[463] A panel of human rights experts appointed by the UN Human Rights Council stated the raid could constitute a war crime and recommended an investigation.[464]

In June 2024, UN experts condemned Israel's use of perfidy during the Nuseirat refugee camp massacre, stating Israeli forces "entered Nuseirat disguised as displaced persons and aid workers in a humanitarian truck. They violently raided the area, assaulting residents with intense ground and air attacks that spread terror, death and despair."[465]

### Use of human shields

[edit]

Further information: Human shields in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict § 2023–2024 Israel–Hamas war

On 17 January 2024, Israeli soldiers were recorded using a Palestinian shop-owner in Dura, Hebron, West Bank, as a human shield.[466][467] In an interview with Reuters, the shop-owner stated, "He (the first soldier) told me that he will use me as a human shield, that young people shouldn't hurl stones."[468] On 9 February, the Palestinian Red Crescent Society stated that an ambulance crew in Beita, Nablus, West Bank had been detained by Israeli forces and used as human shields.[469] A 21-year-old man from Gaza City stated to Al Jazeera that he had been used as a human shield by Israeli forces.[470] In June 2024, Israeli forces tied a wounded man to the front of their jeep, eliciting condemnation for the IDF's use of Palestinian human shields.[471] In July 2024, footage showed Israeli soldiers apparently using Palestinian human shields to enter buildings.[472]

In August 2024, sources stated that Israeli forces were using Palestinians as human shields when they entered tunnels and buildings in Gaza.[473] An investigation found that Israeli regularly used Palestinian human shields in the Gaza Strip to avoid putting Israeli soldiers in danger.[474]

In February 2025, according to a report by Israeli outlet 'the Hottest Place in Hell', in May 2024, an IDF officer used an 80-year-old Palestinian man as a human shield to inspect in Gaza for booby traps, while threatening to blow off his head by tying an IED command-wire to his neck. Later, the elderly man and his wife were shot dead by Israeli forces.[475][476]

According to Haaretz, an anonymous senior IDF officer revealed that the Israeli army used Palestinians as human shields at least six times per day and stressed that each brigade has at least 36 human shields.[477]

## Genocide

[edit]

Main articles: Gaza genocide and South Africa's genocide case against Israel

Further information: Palestinian genocide accusation

This section is an excerpt from Gaza genocide.[edit]

[[File: |thumb|]]

According to a United Nations Special Committee,[478] Amnesty International,[479] Médecins Sans Frontières,[480] B'Tselem,[481] Physicians for Human Rights–Israel,[482] International Federation for Human Rights,[483] genocide studies and international law scholars,[484] and other experts, Israel is committing genocide in Gaza against the Palestinians during its ongoing blockade, invasion, and bombing of the Gaza Strip.[485][486] The acts of genocide described by experts and human rights organisations include large-scale killing and use of starvation as a weapon of war. Other such genocidal acts include destroying civilian infrastructure, killing healthcare workers and aid-seekers, using mass forced displacement, committing sexual violence, and preventing births.

By August 2025, the Gaza Health Ministry had reported that at least 60,138 people in Gaza had been killed—1 out of every 37 people—averaging 91 deaths per day.[487] Most of the victims are civilians,[488][489] of whom at least 50% are women and children.[490][491] Compared to other recent global conflicts, the numbers of known deaths of journalists, humanitarian and health workers, and children are among the highest.[492] Thousands more dead bodies are thought to be under the rubble of destroyed buildings.[489][493] A study in The Lancet estimated 64,260 deaths due to traumatic injuries by June 2024, while noting a larger potential death toll when "indirect" deaths are included.[494][495] As of May 2025, a comparable figure for traumatic injury deaths would be 93,000 (77,000 to 109,000), representing 4–5% of Gaza's prewar population.[496][h] The number of injured is greater than 100,000;[498] Gaza has the most child amputees per capita in the world.[499]

An enforced Israeli blockade has heavily contributed to starvation and the threat of famine in Gaza. Projections show 100% of the population is experiencing "high levels of acute food insecurity", with about half a million people experiencing catastrophic levels as of July 2025.[487] Early in the conflict, Israel cut off Gaza's water and electricity supply. As of May 2024, 84% of its health centers have been destroyed or damaged.[500] Israel has also destroyed numerous culturally significant buildings, including all of Gaza's 12 universities, 80% of its schools,[501][502] and numerous mosques, churches, museums, and libraries.[503] Over 1.9 million Palestinians—85% of Gaza's population—have been forcibly displaced.

The government of South Africa has instituted proceedings, South Africa v. Israel, against Israel at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), alleging a violation of the Genocide Convention.[504] In an initial ruling, the ICJ held that South Africa was entitled to bring its case, while Palestinians were recognised to have a right to protection from genocide.[505] The court ordered Israel to take all measures within its power to prevent the commission of acts of genocide, to prevent and punish incitement to genocide, and to allow basic humanitarian service, aid, and supplies into Gaza.[506][507][508] The court later ordered Israel to increase humanitarian aid into Gaza and to halt the Rafah offensive.[509][510]

Some scholars of international law and genocide studies,[511] United Nations experts,[512] UN Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories Francesca Albanese,[513] and Human Rights Watch have cited statements by senior Israeli officials that indicate or may indicate an "intent to destroy" Gaza's population in whole or in part, a necessary condition for the legal threshold of genocide to be met.[512][514][515] Other scholars of international law and genocide studies have argued that there is insufficient evidence of specific "intent to destroy".[516] The Israeli government has denied South Africa's allegations and has argued that Israel is defending itself.[508][517]

## Arms transfers

[edit]

See also: Nicaragua v. Germany

States transferring weapons to Israel faced charges of violations of international law. In February 2024, a group of more than a dozen United Nations special rapporteurs stated that any export of weapons or munitions to Israel was "likely to violate international humanitarian law."[518] The UN experts stated that parties signed to the Arms Trade Treaty have additional obligations to deny arms exports if the weapons could be used for serious violations of international humanitarian law.[519] The group called for an arms embargo.[520] In a statement, Human Rights Watch stated that the United Kingdom's refusal to suspend arms transfer to Israel put it "at risk of failing to prevent and being complicit in serious violations of international law, including war crimes and crimes against humanity".[521] In March 2024, Nicaragua filed a lawsuit at the International Court of Justice against Germany, stating that its financial and military support to Israel was facilitating genocide in Gaza.[522]

Canadian Foreign Minister Melanie Joly was sued by the Canadian Lawyers for International Human Rights group for authorizing the export of weapons used by Israel to violate international law.[523] Soon after, Joly stated the Canadian government was no longer issuing new weapons export licenses to the Israeli military.[524] The Government of Denmark was sued by Oxfam, Amnesty International, Action Aid, and Al-Haq for their arms transfers to Israel, with the organizations stating, "Denmark violates international rules on arms trade and risks becoming complicit in violations of international humanitarian law – including war crimes – and a plausible genocide."[525] In March 2024, Human Rights Watch and Oxfam stated that Israel was committing violations of international humanitarian law with weapons provided by the United States.[526]

After the UK Foreign Office minister Andrew Mitchell stated Israeli compliance with international humanitarian law was under review, the UK shadow foreign secretary David Lammy stated arms export licenses should be denied if "there is a clear risk that the items might be used to commit or facilitate a serious violation of international humanitarian law".[527] 600 UK lawyers, including three former justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, stated the UK's arming of Israel was a breach of international law.[528] Following reports the UK Foreign Office found Israel had violated international humanitarian law, Geoffrey Nice stated, "Countries supplying arms to Israel may now be complicit in criminal warfare."[529]

In May 2024, Amnesty International called on all states to cease weapons transfers to Israel and Palestine while there is "a risk they could be used to commit or facilitate serious violations of international law".[530] In June 2024, a group of thirty UN experts stated arms and ammunitions manufacturers transferring weapons to Israel may be complicit in violations of international law.[531]

## International reactions

[edit]

See also: International reactions to the Gaza war

### Governments

[edit]

#### Heads of state

[edit]

Numerous heads of state criticized Israel's war crimes. Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan criticized Western countries for their complicity as Israel committed war crimes.[532] Colombian President Gustavo Petro termed Israel's campaign as a genocide.[533] Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi and King Abdullah II of Jordan both condemned the collective punishment of Gaza.[534] Irish President Michael D. Higgins demanded the al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion be investigated as a war crime.[i][538] Chilean President Gabriel Boric condemned Israel's "collective punishment" the Gazan civilian population.[539][540] South African President Cyril Ramaphosa condemned the collective punishment of Gaza.[541] Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva stated, "It's not a war, it's a genocide."[542]

Belgian deputy Prime Minister Petra De Sutter called for sanctions against Israel and an EU ban on countries responsible for war crimes.[543] On 10 November 2023, Norwegian prime minister Jonas Gahr Støre stated Israel's actions violated international laws of war.[544] Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez described the Israeli actions in Gaza as "indiscriminate killing" and stated he had "serious doubts" Israel was following international law.[545][546] Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas called Israel actions in Gaza a genocide.[547] Irish PM Leo Varadkar stated Israel was committing collective punishment.[548] Qatari prime minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani called for an international investigation into Israeli war crimes.[549][550] On 12 December 2023, Joe Biden described Israel's attacks as "indiscriminate".[551]

#### Foreign ministers

[edit]

Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi stated Israel was collectively punishing Gaza.[552] Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi described Israeli actions in Gaza as crimes against humanity.[553] Abdulla Shahid, Foreign Minister of the Maldives, warned the evacuation of northern Gaza could amount to the "war crime of forcible transfer".[554] Iranian Foreign Minister Hossein Amirabdollahian described the events as genocide and a crime against humanity.[555] Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov criticized Israel's "indiscriminate" force and "flagrant" violations of international humanitarian law, stating the conflict risked creating a crisis that would last "many decades, if not centuries".[556][557]

Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad termed Israeli actions as a genocide.[558] In a joint statement, the Foreign Ministers of nine Arab countries — the United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Egypt and Morocco — described Israeli actions as collective punishment.[559] Oman's Foreign Minister, Sayyid Badr Albusaidi, called for a war crimes investigation into Israeli action in Gaza.[560] Qatari foreign minister, Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani, stated Israel's Al-Shifa Hospital siege was a "war crime and a blatant violation of international laws".[561] Ayman Safadi, the Jordanian foreign minister, stated Israel's actions fit within the legal definition of genocide.[562] The Egyptian Foreign Ministry stated Israel was engaged in collective punishment through its sieges, indiscriminate targeting of civilians, and starvation.[563]

On 9 January 2024, David Cameron, the British foreign secretary, stated he was "worried" Israel had breached international law in Gaza.[564] On 14 January 2024, Cameron said that "Israel is acting in self-defence" and denied that Israel is committing war crimes in Gaza.[565] On 14 February, Italian foreign minister Antonio Tajani described Israel's attack on Gaza as disproportionate.[566] Pietro Parolin, the Vatican's Secretary of State, described Israel's response as disproportionate.[567] Quoting Giora Eiland, the EU's top diplomat Josep Borrell stated Israel's objective appeared to be to "turn Gaza into a place that is temporarily or permanently impossible to live in".[568] Borrell later suggested the EU should consider sanctions on Israeli ministers Bezalel Smotrich and Itamar Ben-Gvir for "incitement to war crimes".[569] Micheál Martin, the Irish foreign minister, stated the 7 October attacks and Israel's actions in Gaza both "represents the blatant violation of international humanitarian law on a mass scale".[570]

#### Other officials

[edit]

Ione Belarra, the Spanish minister of social rights, accused the EU and the US of "being complicit in Israel's war crimes."[571] Belarra further called for Israel to be denounced before the International Criminal Court for genocide in the Gaza Strip.[572] The Workers Party of Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva officially classified Israeli actions in Gaza as genocide.[573] The Parliament of Sri Lanka sent a letter to the UN secretary general, stating, Israel's "indiscriminate bombings in hospitals, amounts to a war crime under international law and the Geneva Convention."[574] U.S. officials reported alarm at Israeli claims of the "inevitability" of civilian deaths, after they used the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as historical examples.[575] On 20 December 2023, HuffPost reported US officials were urging Switzerland against a Geneva Convention conference.[576] Eran Etzion, the former deputy head of Israel's National Security Council, stated, "If a soldier or an officer is expected to commit something that might be suspected as a war crime, they must refuse."[577]

U.S. Senator Chris Van Hollen accused Israel of committing "textbook war crimes".[578] French Senator Guillaume Gontard stated that the Israeli prime minister was "using hunger as a weapon" in Gaza.[579] Australian Senator Mehreen Faruqi stated, "Israel is committing war crime after war crime in broad daylight and is getting away with it."[580]

Vanessa Frazier, the Maltese ambassador to the UN, stated Israel's blocking of humanitarian aid "may amount to a crime against humanity and a war crime".[581] Qatari diplomat Sheikha Alya Ahmed Saif Al-Thani stated the Al-Shifa Hospital siege was a war crime.[582] Nicolas de Rivière, the French ambassador to the United Nations, called for an immediate ceasefire, stating, "It has to stop. What’s happening right now is totally contrary to the Geneva Conventions."[583] In a confidential memo, the Dutch defense attaché stated Israel was violating international law by "deliberately causing massive destruction to the infrastructure and civilian centers" of Gaza to restore deterrence against Iran and Hezbollah.[584]

### Humanitarian organizations

[edit]

On 6 December, Oxfam stated the international community, and in particular, Israel's allies, were "complicit in the mass death, forcible displacement, starvation and deprivation being inflicted upon more than 2 million people."[585] The International Federation for Human Rights stated Israel's actions in Gaza constituted an unfolding genocide and called for the arrest of Israeli government officials.[586] A group of 31 Palestinian human rights organizations, led by Al-Haq, wrote to UN chief António Guterres stating UN aid agencies were in breach of international law by aiding Israel's war objectives.[587] The Norwegian Refugee Council stated any push of Gazans into Egypt would be a war crime or crime against humanity.[588] The Non-Aligned Movement, a body of 120 countries, issued a statement calling Israel's war on Gaza "illegal".[589]

In February 2024, Amnesty International warned that states arming Israel risked violating international law, stating, "By providing arms to Israel, EU states and the US are violating their responsibility to prevent genocide and contributing to war crimes and crimes against humanity."[590] Agnes Callamard, the head of Amnesty, wrote for Foreign Affairs, stating international law was in its "death throes" due to the "culmination of years of erosion of the international rule of law and global human rights system".[591] The Israel-Palestine director for Human Rights Watch stated that years of no accountability for Israel had led to "this flagrant disregard for the most basic principles" of international law.[592] In March 2024, the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights stated that Europe and the U.S. were allowing Israel to commit crimes "with the absence of mechanisms that would compel it to abide by the rules of international humanitarian law".[593] Physicians for Human Rights–Israel stated it was preparing to take the Israeli military to court for its "indiscriminate" bombing of Gaza, stating Israel was failing to fulfill its "obligation according to international humanitarian law".[594]

In May 2024, the World Council of Churches condemned Israel's "violations of international humanitarian law".[595] The International Committee of the Red Cross urged adherence to the Geneva Conventions in August 2024, stating they were being ignored in Gaza and elsewhere.[596]

### United Nations

[edit]

Independent United Nations experts[j] condemned the IDF's actions in Gaza, saying Israel had resorted to "indiscriminate military attacks" and "collective punishment".[598] Israeli authorities said that the airstrikes are intended to degrade the military infrastructure that is frequently constructed in close proximity to residential areas and civilian establishments.[599] They also denounced the "deliberate and widespread killing and hostage-taking of innocent civilians" by Hamas, calling them "heinous violations of international law and international crimes".[597] Israel's forced evacuation of northern Gaza also drew international condemnation. On 13 October 2023, Paula Gaviria Betancur, UN Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, called it a "crime against humanity".[600] On 14 October, Francesca Albanese, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories, characterized it as a "repeat of the 1948 Nakba", noting Israeli public officials' open advocacy for another Nakba.[601] On 16 November, UN experts reported that "grave violations" committed by Israeli forces against the Palestinians of Gaza "point to a genocide in the making" and called on the international community to prevent this unfolding genocide.[602] The OHCHR expressed concern regarding reports of "mass detentions, ill-treatment and enforced disappearances of possibly thousands of Palestinians" in the north of Gaza.[603][604]

On 23 February 2024, the OHCHR stated that any transfer of weapons to Israel must be halted immediately as their use in Gaza is "likely to violate international humanitarian law".[605] On 27 March, Albanese stated that there are "reasonable grounds" to believe that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza through the use of unlawful weaponry, the destruction of civilian infrastructure and man made starvation, which has been accompanied by "a pervasive anti-Palestinian narrative and dehumanization emanating from the uppermost tiers of Israeli society."[606] In March 2024, Betancur stated the world "must abandon the fiction that Israel will respect the principles of international humanitarian and human rights law in its military operations".[607] Balakrishnan Rajagopal [de], the UN special rapporteur on the right to adequate housing, stated Israel's destruction of housing and civilian infrastructure amounted to a war crime and crime against humanity.[608][k] UN Human Rights chief Volker Türk stated Israel's collective punishment and forcible evacuation of Gazans were both war crimes.[610]

According to UNRWA, its staff faced "torture, ill-treatment, abuse, and sexual exploitation" at the hands of Israeli authorities. The organization also accused Israel of extracting forced confessions from its staff of being involved with Hamas through torture.[611][612][613]

A group of UN experts warned of "a genocide in the making" in Gaza.[614] Pedro Arrojo-Agudo, the UN special rapporteur on water and sanitation, stated that under Article 7 of the Rome Statute, cutting off basic supplies, such as water, was a crime against humanity.[615] Martin Griffiths stated the humanitarian crisis in Gaza was intolerable and that "international humanitarian law appears to have been turned on its head".[616] Philippe Lazzarini called Israel's killing of United Nations workers a "blatant disregard of international humanitarian law".[617] The United Nations special rapporteurs on extrajudicial executions and torture signed a joint statement urging a war crimes investigation.[618] The OHCHR stated it had "serious concerns" about Israel's compliance with international law.[619] Tlaleng Mofokeng, the special rapporteur on health, stated Israel had violated special medical protections in an "unrelenting war" on health.[620]

Speaking about Israel's planned Rafah offensive, the UN secretary-general Antonio Guterres stated, "International humanitarian law lies in tatters".[621] A week later, Guterres condemned Israel's blocking of humanitarian aid, stating, "Nothing justifies the collective punishment of the Palestinian people".[622] In September 2024, Guterres stated Israel had committed "very dramatic violations of the international humanitarian law" and described a "total absence of an effective protection of civilians."[623]

On 8 June 2024, the United Nations added Israel, Hamas, and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad to a blacklist of countries and organizations that have committed abuses against children in armed conflict.[624] Regarding Israel being put on the list, President Netanyahu said the United Nations had put itself on the "blacklist of history".[625] Israel-UN Reperesentative Gilad Erdan also condemned the designation, describing it as "simply outrageous and wrong", despite Israel being responsible for overwhelming majority of civilian fatalities in the war, and having killed over 15,500 children by June.[626][627] Chris Sidoti, a member of the independent United Nations Commission of Inquiry, stated, "The only conclusion you can draw is that the Israeli army is one of the most criminal armies in the world".[628]

## Lawsuits and investigations

[edit]

### Investigations

[edit]

The UK's Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office opened an investigation into Israeli violations of international humanitarian law.[629] Court documents cited by Amnesty International indicated the UK office was unable to determine if Israel was in compliance with international law, but concluded there were "serious concerns" about legal breaches.[630] In February 2024, the U.S. State Department announced it was investigating the 31 October 2023 Jabalia refugee camp airstrike and Israel's possible use of white phosphorus in Lebanon.[631] Alice Jill Edwards, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Torture, stated she was investigating torture and mistreatment of Palestinian detainees by the Israeli army.[632]

Following the release of footage showing airstrikes killing five Palestinian men walking along a dirt road in Gaza, the IDF announced the incident was being investigated by its "fact finding" body for potential crimes by its forces.[633] A US State Department official said, "Israel has an obligation to investigate credible allegations of law of war violations".[634] In April 2024, the U.S. Secretary of State denied it had "double-standards" regarding Israel, stating the U.S. was "looking at" alleged violations of international humanitarian law.[635] In an internal U.S. State Department memo, senior officials stated they did not find Israel's assurances that it's using U.S. weapons in accordance with international humanitarian law "credible or reliable".[636] On 29 April, the United States reported a finding that five Israeli units committed human rights violations before the Gaza war.[637] In May 2024, the U.S. State Department found it was "reasonable to assess" that U.S. made weapons had been used by Israel "in instances inconsistent" with international humanitarian law.[638] In June 2024, Israel's top military lawyer stated 70 possible legal violations were under investigation.[639] The military did not disclose the full list of investigations.[640]

In July 2024, Israeli state prosecutors stated they were seeking a probe into National Security minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, as a measure to show the International Court of Justice it was complying with its orders to investigate individuals responsible for inciting genocide.[641] In September 2024, Behadrei Haredim, an Israeli Orthodox news site, reported that Israeli officials had shared its investigatory findings related to 7 October with the United States, except for evidence collected from IDF soldiers, fearing the evidence could be used in The Hague.[642] In October 2024, Belgium opened an investigation of one of its dual citizens suspected of committing war crimes in the Gaza Strip.[643]

### Lawsuits

[edit]

#### ICC lawsuits

[edit]

Further information: International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Israeli figures

On 9 November 2023, three Palestinian civil rights groups filed a lawsuit against Israel with the International Criminal Court.[644] The groups charged Israel with war crimes, apartheid, and genocide, calling for the ICC to issue arrest warrants for top Israeli officials.[645] On 10 November, President Gustavo Petro announced Colombia was cosponsoring an Algerian ICC suit charging Israel with war crimes.[646] On 14 November, Human Rights Watch called on the ICC to investigate Israeli attacks on hospitals and ambulances.[647] A group of lawyers representing victims of Israeli attacks filed a suit in the ICC, charging Israel with genocide.[648] South African foreign minister Naledi Pandor called on the ICC to speed up its investigation of Israeli war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, and stated warrants of arrest should be issued for Benjamin Netanyahu.[649] On 16 November, South African president Cyril Ramaphosa stated South Africa had referred Israel to the ICC for war crimes.[650] On 17 November, Karim Ahmad Khan stated the ICC had received a joint request by South Africa, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Comoros, and Djibouti to investigate alleged Israeli war crimes.[651] On 28 November, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan stated Israeli officials should stand trial in international courts for war crimes.[652] On 20 December, DAWN provided the ICC prosecutor with a list of 40 Israeli commanding officers to be charged with war crimes.[653]

On 22 December 2023, Reporters Without Borders filed an ICC complaint against Israel for "probable war crimes".[654] On 6 January, a group of 100 Chilean lawyers filed a complaint at the ICC accusing Netanyahu of committing war crimes.[655] On 18 January, the foreign ministries of Mexico and Chile referred Israel to the ICC for potential war crimes.[656][657][l] In October 2024, a Dutch lawyer submitted the names of 1,000 IDF soldiers to the ICC, stating they had participated in war crimes.[658]

In April 2024, the government of Israel indicated concern that the ICC might soon issue arrest warrants for senior Israeli officials for alleged violations of international humanitarian law in Gaza.[659] In May 2024, prosecutors from the ICC reportedly interviewed two medics from Al-Shifa Hospital and Nasser Hospital about possible crimes committed in Gaza.[660] Later the same month, Reporters Without Borders filed its third Gaza complaint at the ICC.[661] The ICC chief prosecutor requested arrest warrants for Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and defense minister Yoav Gallant in May 2024; however, the court accepted amicus curiae observations on jurisdictional issues.[662] In November 2024, it was announced that the ICC had issued arrest warrants for Netanyahu, Gallant, and a senior Hamas official, accusing them of war crimes during and after the October 7 attacks.[663]

#### ICJ lawsuit

[edit]

Main article: South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)

This section is an excerpt from Gaza genocide § International Court of Justice application.[edit]

Stances of states:

South Africa

Countries that have supported South Africa's case

Countries that have opposed South Africa's case

Israel

South Africa has instituted proceedings at the International Court of Justice pursuant to the Genocide Convention, accusing Israel of committing genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity against Palestinians in Gaza.[664][504][665] South African president Cyril Ramaphosa compared Israel's actions to apartheid.[666] Several international organisations and other nations supported South Africa's suit.[667][668]

In an application filed on 29 December 2023, South Africa argued that Israel's actions "are genocidal in character because they are intended to bring about the destruction of a substantial part of the Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group".[504][669] South Africa requested that the ICJ issue a legal order on an interim basis requiring Israel to "immediately suspend its military operations in and against Gaza".[504].[669] In a statement to the ICJ during the proceedings, the South African ambassador to the Netherlands, Vusi Madonsela,[670] argued that the current assault on Gaza is not an individual event but the escalation of "Israel's 25-year apartheid, 56-year occupation, and 16-year siege imposed on the Gaza Strip".[671]

On 26 January 2024, the ICJ issued a preliminary ruling finding that the rights asserted in South Africa's filing were "plausible" and issued an order requiring that Israel take all measures in its power to prevent acts of genocide, prevent and punish incitement to genocide, and allow basic humanitarian services into Gaza.[506][505]

On 6 March 2024, South Africa asked the ICJ to order additional measures against Israel because Gazans are facing mass starvation.[672] In May, the court issued what some experts considered to be an ambiguous order but which was widely understood as requiring Israel to immediately halt its offensive in Rafah.[673] Israel rejected this interpretation and continued with its offensive operations.[509]

In May 2024, the ICJ ordered Israel to avoid any attack on Rafah which threatened the people of Gaza in whole or in part. After Israel continued with its offensive on Rafah, Norway’s Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide stated it was in "material breach" of the ICJ ruling and international humanitarian law.[674]

#### CCR lawsuit against Joe Biden

[edit]

Main article: Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al

On 13 November 2023, the New York-based Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) sued Joe Biden for allegedly failing in his duties, defined under national and international laws, to prevent Israel committing genocide in Gaza.[675] The complaint, filed on behalf of Palestinians in Gaza and the US, alleged that Israel's "mass killings", targeting of civilian infrastructure and forced expulsions amounted to genocide.[675][676] The CCR said that the US and other countries had a duty to do all they could to stop the killing. "As Israel's closest ally and strongest supporter, being its biggest provider of military assistance by a large margin and with Israel being the largest cumulative recipient of US foreign assistance since World War II, the United States has the means available to have a deterrent effect on Israeli officials now pursuing genocidal acts against the Palestinian people in Gaza," the complaint argued.[675]

The suit, filed in federal court in California, asked the court to bar the US from providing weapons, money and diplomatic support to Israel.[675] It also sought a declaration that the president, the secretary of state, Antony Blinken, and the defense secretary, Lloyd Austin, were required "to take all measures within their power to prevent Israel's commission of genocidal acts against the Palestinian people of Gaza." Genocide scholar William Schabas said in a declaration in the lawsuit that in his view there was a "serious risk of genocide" and that the US was "in breach of its obligation" under the 1948 Genocide Convention and international law.[676][677]

On 31 January 2024, the case was dismissed. The judge said that the US Constitution limited his actions, that he would have preferred to have issued the injunction and urged President Biden to rethink U.S. policy, writing "it is plausible that Israel's conduct amounts to genocide."[678]

#### Hague lawsuit

[edit]

On 4 December 2023, Human rights organisations Oxfam Novib, PAX Nederland, and The Rights Forum had taken the Dutch State to court to stop the export of parts for F-35 fighter jets arguing that they contribute to violations of international law in Gaza. Oxfam argued that the export "made the Netherlands complicit in violations of the laws of war and the collective punishment of the civilian population of Gaza".[679] On 15 December 2023, The Hague ruled that the state could keep exporting arms to Israel.[680] On 12 February 2024, the court of appeal in The Hague ruled that "There is a clear risk that Israel's F-35 fighter jets might be used in the commission of serious violations of international humanitarian law." The judges wrote, "Israel does not take sufficient account of the consequences of its attacks for the civilian population. Israel's attacks on Gaza have resulted in a disproportionate number of civilian casualties, including thousands of children" and that, " The Netherlands is a party to several international regulations which stipulate that if a clear risk of serious violations of international humanitarian law exists, the Netherlands has the obligation to prevent the export of military equipment." The court ordered that deliveries must stop within seven days.[681]

#### High Court lawsuit

[edit]

On 6 December 2023, Palestinian human rights organisation Al-Haq and UK-based Global Legal Action Network (GLAN) have commenced legal proceedings against the UK after written requests to suspend arms sales to Israel, citing alleged breaches of international law and UK rules, were repeatedly ignored. The filed papers detail allegations of indiscriminate attacks on civilians, starvation, forced displacement, and the serious risk of genocide, including statements from members of the Knesset and military leaders. The action is supported by the International Centre of Justice for Palestinians (ICJP) and a press briefing was held with GLAN, Al-Haq and ICJP and with Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) and a member from Oxfam.[682][683] The NGOs' lawyers submitted more than 100 pages of witness statements to the High Court in August 2024.[684]

#### Federal Court of Australia lawsuit

[edit]

On 5 December 2023, Palestinian human rights groups, Al-Haq, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights (PCHR) have launched legal action in the Federal Court of Australia. The human rights groups seek access to all permits allowing the export of arms and weapons to Israel that have been granted by the Minister for Defence since 7 October 2023. The application is supported by the Australian Centre for International Justice (ACIJ).[685][686]

#### Canadian Global Affairs Ministry lawsuit

[edit]

On 5 March 2024, Canadian Lawyers for International Human Rights (CLIHR), Al-Haq and a group of Palestinian-Canadians, have sued the Global Affairs Ministry for exporting military goods and technology to Israel during the Gaza conflict. They argue that the exports could be used in alleged human rights violations against Palestinians. The legal action accuses Canada's Foreign Minister Mélanie Joly of authorising the export of military goods and technology to Israel, amounting to at least at least C$28.5m ($21m), that could be used to commit violations of international law.[687]

#### Other

[edit]

In June 2024, a group of South Korean civil society organizations sued top Israeli government officials for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.[688]

The Hind Rajab Foundation has brought legal action in several countries against Israeli soldiers allegedly responsible for war crimes.[689]

## See also

[edit]

* Risk factors for genocide
* Social cleansing
* War and genocide

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Two weeks after the bombing, the Belgian Minister of Development Cooperation Caroline Gennez stated Israel had still not responded to a request for an investigation.[37]
2. ^ Mark Zeitoun, the director of Geneva Water Hub, stated the destruction of the Canada water reservoir was "certainly a breach of international humanitarian law".[51]
3. ^ The following day, Thomas White, the affairs director of UNRWA, stated, "This is not an isolated incident. This is happening all across Khan Younis and has been a pattern in other parts of Gaza."[71]
4. ^ In reaction to news of the bombing, the US Secretary of State said that Israel should not bomb "clearly marked" humanitarian facilities.[102]
5. ^ The Financial Times later silently deleted Herzog's quote from its article, cf. archive copy of the article from the evening of 13 October.[221]
6. ^ On 27 December 2023, UNOCHA stated that since 7 October, 1,208 people had been displaced due settler violence, 393 due to lacking Israeli building permits, 95 on punitive grounds, and 483 due to army demolitions.[396]
7. ^ The director stated that in prior cases, "There were statements that they would be investigated but no one was held into account".[427]
8. ^ As of January 2025, a comparable estimate for traumatic injury deaths would be around 80,000.[497]
9. ^ The perpetrator of this alleged war crime is disputed. While not a definitive conclusion, as of 23 October 2023, independent analysts asserted the explosion was caused by an errant rocket fired from within Gaza.[535][536][537]
10. ^ Francesca Albanese, Pedro Arrojo-Agudo, Balakrishnan Rajagopal [de], Aua Baldé, Gabriella Citroni, Angkhana Neelapaijit, Grażyna Baranowska, Ana Lorena Delgadillo Pérez, Reem Alsalem, Mama Fatima Singhateh, Morris Tidball-Binz [de], Ian Fry [de], Javaid Rehman, Siobhán Mullally, Ashwini K. P. [de], Tomoya Obokata, Fernand de Varennes [de], Michael Fakhri, Irene Khan, Mary Lawlor, Dorothy Estrada-Tanck, Ivana Radačić [hr], Elizabeth Broderick, Meskerem Geset Techane, Melissa Upreti, Farida Shaheed, Mohamed Abdelsalam Babiker [de], Clément Nyaletsossi Voule, Attiya Waris, Vitit Muntarbhorn, Barbara G. Reynolds [de], Bina D'Costa, Catherine S. Namakula, Dominique Day, Miriam Ekiudoko, Isha Dyfan, Alexandra Xanthaki, José Francisco Calí Tzay, Richard Bennett [de], Obiora C. Okafor, David Richard Boyd, Livingstone Sewanyana, Alice Jill Edwards, Muluka-Anne Miti-Drummond [de], Ravindran Daniel, Sorcha MacLeod, Chris Kwaja, Carlos Salazar Couto, and Surya Deva [de].[597]
11. ^ Rajagopal stated, "If the International Criminal Court does not act very soon, we need a special tribunal for Gaza and action by States".[609]
12. ^ Both countries representatives stated the referral was in part due to the increased violence and previous numerous reports from the United Nations.

## References

[edit]

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449. ^ Said, Summer; Cloud, David S.; Keller-Lynn, Carrie (16 December 2023). "Israel Says Its Soldiers Killed Israeli Hostages as They Held Up White Flag". WSJ.
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468. ^ Holton, Kate. "Palestinian says Israeli soldiers used him as human shield in West Bank". Reuters. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
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478. ^ "A genocide is unfolding before our eyes: History will not forgive our inaction, UN Special Committee warns General Assembly 4th Committee report". Question of Palestine. Archived from the original on 10 April 2025. Retrieved 9 April 2025. "Our report leaves no room for ambiguity. A genocide is unfolding before our eyes. Failing to act now—failing to put an end to this atrocity crime— will tear apart the very foundation of the international rule of law we have collectively built to protect peace, security, and the well-being of all. Our inaction today is setting a perilous precedent for tomorrow. Think about it."
479. ^ Amnesty International report 2024, p. 13: "This report focuses on the Israeli authorities' policies and actions in Gaza as part of the military offensive they launched in the wake of the Hamas-led attacks on 7 October 2023 while situating them within the broader context of Israel's unlawful occupation, and system of apartheid against Palestinians in Gaza, the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Israel. It assesses allegations of violations and crimes under international law by Israel in Gaza within the framework of genocide under international law, concluding that there is sufficient evidence to believe that Israel's conduct in Gaza following 7 October 2023 amounts to genocide."
480. ^ Médecins Sans Frontières 2025 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMédecins_Sans_Frontières2025 (help): "Our decision to describe what’s happening in Gaza as a 'genocide' is based on nearly two years of extensive, firsthand information from our teams, who are witnessing massive levels of death and destruction by Israeli forces, a campaign of ethnic cleansing and the almost total dismantling of the health care system."
481. ^ B'Tselem 2025, p. 86 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFB'Tselem2025 (help): "The review presented in this report leaves no room for doubt: since October 2023, the Israeli regime has been responsible for carrying out genocide against the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip. Killing tens of thousands of people; causing bodily or mental harm to hundreds of thousands more; destroying homes and civilian infrastructure on a massive scale; starvation, displacement, and denying humanitarian aid — all this is being perpetrated systematically, as part of a coordinated attack aimed at annihilating all facets of life in the Gaza Strip."
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484. ^

* Mohyeldin & Hamdan 2024 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMohyeldinHamdan2024 (help)
* De Vogli et al. 2025, Supplementary appendix pp. 3–4 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDe_VogliMontomoliAbu-SittahPappé2025 (help)
* van Laarhoven, Peek & Walters 2025 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFvan_LaarhovenPeekWalters2025 (help)
* Tharoor 2025 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTharoor2025 (help)
* Swart 2025, p. 3 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSwart2025 (help): "South Africa's actions led to an ever-growing consensus in international legal circles that Israel is committing genocide"

485. ^

* "Rights expert finds 'reasonable grounds' genocide is being committed in Gaza". UN News. United Nations. 26 March 2024. Archived from the original on 28 March 2025. Retrieved 2 April 2025.
* "UN Special Committee finds Israel's warfare methods in Gaza consistent with genocide, including use of starvation as weapon of war". OHCHR. 14 November 2024. Archived from the original on 8 May 2025. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
* "'It Is Important to Call a Genocide a Genocide,' Consider Suspending Israel's Credential as UN Member State, Experts Tell Palestinian Rights Committee". UN News. United Nations. 31 October 2024. Archived from the original on 5 November 2024.
* "UN experts accuse Israel of genocidal acts and sexual violence in Gaza". BBC News. 14 March 2025. Archived from the original on 15 March 2025.

486. ^

* Burga 2023
* Corder 2024
* Quigley 2024b
* Dumper & Badran 2024, p. 2 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDumperBadran2024 (help): "In this context we should not overlook the latest turning point in the history of Palestine – the attack by Hamas on 7th October 2023 on Israeli settlements adjacent to Gaza and the subsequent genocidal war that the state of Israel has carried out in the Gaza Strip."
* Speri 2024 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSperi2024 (help)
* Narea 2024 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNarea2024 (help)
* Albanese 2024, p. 1: "By analysing the patterns of violence and Israeli policies in its onslaught on Gaza, the present report concludes that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the threshold indicating that Israel has committed genocide has been met"
* International Federation for Human Rights 2024 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFInternational_Federation_for_Human_Rights2024 (help): "One year ago, the FIDH International Board, its governing body elected by all its member organisations, recognised, after extensive debate and examination, that Israel was carrying out genocide against the Palestinian people in Gaza"
* Lawless 2024 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLawless2024 (help)

487. ^ a b UN OCHA 2025.
488. ^ Schwarz 2024.
489. ^ a b Tantesh & Graham-Harrison 2024.
490. ^ Spagat, Mike (28 May 2024). "Gaza Ministry of Health releases detailed new casualty data amidst confusion of UN's death numbers in Gaza". Action On Armed Violence. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
491. ^ Graham-Harrison 2024a.
492. ^

* Amnesty International report 2024, p. 16
* Buschek, Christo; Christoph, Maria; Kalisch, Muriel; Kollig, Dajana; Obermaier, Frederik; Retter, Maria (25 June 2024). "(S+) The Gaza Project: Sie berichten aus der Todeszone – viele kostet das ihr Leben" [(S+) The Gaza Project: They report from the death zone – many lose their lives]. Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
* "Gaza: At Least 3,100 Children Aged Under Five Killed With Others at Risk as Famine Looms". Save the Children. 10 October 2024. Archived from the original on 4 November 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
* Sridhar, Devi (29 December 2023). "It's not just bullets and bombs. I have never seen health organisations as worried as they are about disease in Gaza". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
* Salzenstein, Léopold (21 March 2024). "Behind the numbers: Gaza's unprecedented aid worker death toll". The New Humanitarian. Archived from the original on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
* Fayyad, Huthifa (17 September 2024). "Nearly 1,000 Palestinian health workers killed by Israeli forces in Gaza named". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 16 January 2025.

493. ^ Massoud & Fick 2023.
494. ^ Jamaluddine et al. 2025: "We estimated 64,260 deaths (95% CI 55 298–78 525) due to traumatic injury during the study period, suggesting the Palestinian MoH under-reported mortality by 41%. ... Our findings underestimate the full impact of the military operation in Gaza, as they do not account for non-trauma-related deaths resulting from health service disruption, food insecurity, and inadequate water and sanitation."
495. ^ Bloxham 2025, pp. 23–24: "When considering the total 'excess mortality,' we need to add the Palestinians who have died because of the blockade in combination with the IDF's destruction of health and sanitation and food infrastructure. As public health experts noted, in many wars, 'most deaths' are 'due to the indirect [sic] impacts of war: malnutrition, communicable disease, exacerbations of noncommunicable disease, [and] maternal and infant disorders.'117 'Indirect' would be the wrong word for this conflict given the nature of Israeli policies, including the systematic obstruction of supplies into Gaza."
496. ^ "How many people have died in Gaza?". The Economist. 8 May 2025. Archived from the original on 29 May 2025. "The researchers found that the overlap was so small that the true number of deaths was probably 46-107% higher than the official ministry total. If you assume that the ratio has stayed the same since last June (and not fallen, as systems caught up during the ceasefire, say) and apply them to the current tally, it would suggest that between 77,000 and 109,000 Gazans have been killed, 4-5% of the territory's pre-war population (see chart)."
497. ^ Bloxham 2025, p. 23.
498. ^ Cite error: The named reference `Gaza genocide Khadder & Haq 2024` was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
499. ^ "Gaza: 'Sickening normalisation' of suffering, amid attacks on people and aid convoys". UN News. United Nations. 13 December 2024. Archived from the original on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
500. ^ Neuman, Baba & Wood 2024.
501. ^ OHCHR 2024b.
502. ^ Stack & Shbair 2024.
503. ^

* "In Gaza, Palestinians hold Ramadan prayers by ruins of mosque". Reuters. 15 March 2024. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024.
* Kansara, Reha; Nour, Ahmed (29 January 2024). "Israel-Gaza war: Counting the destruction of religious sites". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024.
* Saber, Indlieb Farazi (14 January 2024). "A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 August 2024.
* El Chamaa, Mohamad (1 December 2023). "Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural beacons and communal spaces". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023.
* Moutafa, Laila Hussein (12 December 2023). "Opinion: When libraries like Gaza's are destroyed, what's lost is far more than books". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024.

504. ^ a b c d Application Instituting Proceedings (PDF), Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide (S. Afr. v. Isr.), No. 192 (ICJ 29 December 2023), archived from the original on 5 January 2024.
505. ^ a b Donoghue 2024, 5:10 ("The court decided that the Palestinians had a plausible right to be protected from genocide, and that South Africa had the right to present that claim in the court."); Order, S. Afr., No. 192 (ICJ 26 January 2024), ¶ 54 ("In the Court's view, the facts and circumstances mentioned above are sufficient to conclude that at least some of the rights claimed by South Africa and for which it is seeking protection are plausible. This is the case with respect to the right of the Palestinians in Gaza to be protected from acts of genocide and related prohibited acts identified in Article III, and the right of South Africa to seek Israel's compliance with the latter's obligations under the Convention.").
506. ^ a b Order, S. Afr., No. 192 (ICJ 26 January 2024).
507. ^ Simon, Scott; Peralta, Eyder (27 January 2024). "ICJ finds genocide case against Israel 'plausible', orders it to stop violations". NPR. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
508. ^ a b Casciani 2024a.
509. ^ a b Casciani 2024b.
510. ^ Marsi, Siddiqui & Motamedi 2024.
511. ^

* Mohyeldin & Hamdan 2024 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMohyeldinHamdan2024 (help)
* Sultany 2024, pp. 5–15 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSultany2024 (help)

512. ^ a b "Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people". OHCHR (Press release). 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023. "Grave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making, UN experts said today. They illustrated evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to "destroy the Palestinian people under occupation", loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure."
513. ^ Albanese 2024, pp. 13–14.
514. ^

* Burga 2023
* Soni 2023, p. 81
* International State Crime Initiative 2023

515. ^ Extermination and Acts of Genocide: Israel Deliberately Depriving Palestinians in Gaza of Water (Report). Human Rights Watch. 19 December 2024. Archived from the original on 9 February 2025. Retrieved 20 January 2025. "Israeli authorities' and forces' actions to deprive the population of Gaza of access to water amount to acts of genocide under the Genocide Convention and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Specifically, their actions amount to deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring about the physical destruction of the Palestinian population in Gaza. Genocidal intent may also be inferred from Israeli authorities' and forces' continued actions to deprive Palestinians in Gaza of water, despite clear data and warnings from the United Nations since October and orders from the International Court of Justice calling for the provision of water since January, alongside Israeli authorities' statements, and therefore these acts may amount to the crime of genocide."
516. ^ Speri 2024. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSperi2024 (help)
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* Burga, Solcyré (13 November 2023). "Is What's Happening in Gaza a Genocide? Experts Weigh In". Time. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
* Buschek, Christo; Christoph, Maria; Kalisch, Muriel; Kollig, Dajana; Obermaier, Frederik; Retter, Maria (25 June 2024). "(S+) The Gaza Project: Sie berichten aus der Todeszone – viele kostet das ihr Leben" [(S+) The Gaza Project: They report from the death zone – many lose their lives]. Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
* Carl, Traci (29 December 2023). "South Africa accuses Israel of genocide in a U.N. court". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
* Casciani, Dominic (16 May 2024). "Israel-Gaza: What did the ICJ ruling really say?". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 May 2024. Retrieved 17 May 2024.
* Casciani, Dominic (28 May 2024). "Israel-Gaza: What does ICJ ruling on Israel's Rafah offensive mean?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 May 2024.
* Chao-Fong, Léonie; Belam, Martin; Ahmad, Reged (29 December 2023). "Israel-Gaza war live: Israel hits back at South Africa after it launches genocide case at UN's top court". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
* Clayton, Freddie (27 May 2024). "Isolated Israel argues U.N. court ruling leaves door open to Rafah offensive". NBC News. Archived from the original on 27 November 2024.
* Conley, Julia (3 January 2024). "100+ Global Rights Groups Urge Support for South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at ICJ". Common Dreams. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
* Corder, Mike (2 January 2024). "South Africa's genocide case against Israel sets up a high-stakes legal battle at the UN's top court". ABC News. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
* Donoghue, Joan (25 April 2024). "Joan Donoghue – Former President of the International Court of Justice". HARDtalk (Interview). Interviewed by Stephen Sackur. BBC. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
* El Chamaa, Mohamad (1 December 2023). "Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural beacons and communal spaces". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023.
* Fayyad, Huthifa (17 September 2024). "Nearly 1,000 Palestinian health workers killed by Israeli forces in Gaza named". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 16 January 2025.
* Graham-Harrison, Emma (25 February 2024). "Gaza death toll set to pass 30,000, as Israel prepares assault on Rafah". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024.
* Haque, Adil Ahmad (24 May 2024). "Halt: The International Court of Justice and the Rafah Offensive". Just Security. Archived from the original on 17 November 2024.
* "World Court to hear Genocide Case Against Israel". Human Rights Watch. 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
* "International Expert Statement on Israeli State Crime". statecrime.org. International State Crime Initiative. 2023. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
* Jamaluddine, Zeina; Abukmail, Hanan; Aly, Sarah; Campbell, Oona M. R.; Checchi, Francesco (9 January 2025). "Traumatic injury mortality in the Gaza Strip from Oct 7, 2023, to June 30, 2024: a capture–recapture analysis". The Lancet. 405 (10477). Elsevier: 469–477\. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02678-3.
* Jimoh, Abdullahi (4 January 2024). "Over 100 Global Organisations Rally for South Africa's Genocide Case Against Israel at ICJ". News Central TV. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
* Khadder, Kareem; Haq, Sanna Noor (22 October 2024). "More than 100,000 Palestinians have been injured in Gaza since last October, according to health ministry". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024.
* Marsi, Federica; Siddiqui, Usaid; Motamedi, Maziar (28 March 2024). "ICJ orders Israel to stop preventing 'delivery of urgently needed' aid". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
* Massoud, Bassam; Fick, Maggie (23 December 2023). "Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 January 2024.
* Moutafa, Laila Hussein (12 December 2023). "Opinion: When libraries like Gaza's are destroyed, what's lost is far more than books". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024.
* Neuman, Scott; Baba, Anas; Wood, Daniel (1 June 2024). "In Gaza, months of war have left Palestinians with barely the necessities to survive". NPR. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024.
* "UN experts deeply concerned over 'scholasticide' in Gaza". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. United Nations. 18 April 2024. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024.
* "South Africa's ICJ Case Against Israel Backed by Over 1,000 Organizations". The Palestine Chronicle. 10 January 2024. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
* Quigley, John (3 July 2024). "The Lancet and Genocide By "Slow Death" in Gaza". Arab Center Washington DC. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
* Rifai, Sulaiman Lebbe (24 January 2024). "The Genocide in Gaza and the Contempt of International Law: Some Reflections". doi:10.2139/ssrn.4704652. S2CID 267982579. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
* Roelf, Wendell; Sterling, Toby (29 December 2023). "South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
* Saber, Indlieb Farazi (14 January 2024). "A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 13 August 2024.
* "Gaza: At Least 3,100 Children Aged Under Five Killed With Others at Risk as Famine Looms". Save the Children. 10 October 2024. Archived from the original on 4 November 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
* Salzenstein, Léopold (21 March 2024). "Behind the numbers: Gaza's unprecedented aid worker death toll". The New Humanitarian. Archived from the original on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
* Schwarz, Franziska (16 August 2024). ""Düsterer Meilenstein": UN benennt Zahl der täglichen Toten im Gazastreifen" ["Gloomy milestone": UN names number of daily deaths in the Gaza Strip]. Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). Archived from the original on 23 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
* Shamim, Sarah (11 January 2024). "Which countries back South Africa's genocide case against Israel at ICJ?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
* Simon, Scott; Peralta, Eyder (27 January 2024). "ICJ finds genocide case against Israel 'plausible', orders it to stop violations". NPR. Archived from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
* Soni, S. (December 2023). "Gaza and international law: The global obligation to protect life and health". South African Journal of Bioethics and Law. 16 (3): 80–81\. doi:10.7196/SAJBL.2023.v16i3.1764.
* Spagat, Mike (28 May 2024). "Gaza Ministry of Health releases detailed new casualty data amidst confusion of UN's death numbers in Gaza". Action On Armed Violence. Archived from the original on 10 July 2024. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
* Sridhar, Devi (29 December 2023). "It's not just bullets and bombs. I have never seen health organisations as worried as they are about disease in Gaza". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
* Stack, Liam; Shbair, Bilal (6 May 2024). "With Schools in Ruins, Education in Gaza Will Be Hobbled for Years". New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024.
* Tanielian, Melanie S. (5 February 2024). "The Silent Slow Killer of Famine: Humanitarian Management and Permanent Security". Journal of Genocide Research: 1–9\. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2310866.
* Tantesh, Malak A.; Graham-Harrison, Emma (15 August 2024). "Gaza rubble likely to conceal untold horrors to swell 40,000 death toll". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
* Taub, Amanda (30 May 2024). "What the I.C.J. Ruling Actually Means for Israel's Offensive in Rafah". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
* Wintour, Patrick (29 May 2024). "How a single comma is allowing Israel to question ICJ Rafah ruling". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024.
* "Gaza: 'Sickening normalisation' of suffering, amid attacks on people and aid convoys". UN News. United Nations. 13 December 2024. Archived from the original on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
* "Reported impact snapshot | Gaza Strip, 28 August 2024 at 15:00". OCHA. 28 August 2024. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024.
* "A/79/363: Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 20 September 2024. Archived from the original on 11 December 2024.
* "Reported impact snapshot – Gaza Strip (3 April 2025)". Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 3 April 2025. Archived from the original on 8 April 2025.

## External links

[edit]

* "A Cartography of Genocide" via Forensic Architecture (25 October 2024)

* v
* t
* e

War crimes

* List of war crimes

International
humanitarian law|

| Sources|

* Lieber Code
* Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
* Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
* Geneva Protocol
* Geneva Conventions
* 1864
* First (1949)
* Second (1949)
* Third (1949)
* Fourth (1949)
* Protocol I (1977)
* Protocol II (1977)
* Responsibility to protect
* Rome Statute
* International Criminal Court

|

Topics|

* Civilians and non-combatants
* Civilian casualties
* Command responsibility / Superior orders
* Distinction
* Hors de combat
* Intent
* Joint criminal enterprise
* Medical neutrality
* Military necessity
* Prisoners of war
* Proportionality
* Protected persons
* Ruse de guerre
* Safe conduct

War crimes by type|

* Attacks on humanitarian workers / parachutists‡
* Child soldiers
* Collective punishment
* Criminal orders
* Death flights
* Death marches
* Desecration of graves
* Destruction of the healthcare system
* Enforced disappearances
* Extrajudicial killings
* Hostage-taking
* Human trophy collecting
* Indiscriminate attacks
* Looting
* Massacres
* Mass killings
* No quarter
* Perfidy
* Starvation
* Torture
* Use of human shields
* Wartime sexual violence

War crimes
committed by...|

* Australia
* Croatia
* Germany
* Wehrmacht
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Palestinians
* Russia
* Soviet Union
* Serbia
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* United Kingdom
* United States

War crimes by war|

* Afghanistan wars
* Soviet–Afghan War
* Second Chechen War
* Iraq War
* Korean War
* 2006 Lebanon War
* Libyan civil war (2011)
* Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
* Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
* First war
* Second war
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* 2008–2009
* 2023–present
* by Israel
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* War in Donbas
* Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Second Sino-Japanese War
* Manchukuo
* Sri Lankan civil war
* Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
* Syrian civil war
* Tigray war‎
* World War I
* World War II
* Allied
* Axis
* Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
* Yugoslav Wars
* Kosovo War

Related topics|

* War crimes trials
* War crime apologia
* List of global issues
* Post-conflict reception of war criminals

| Other international crimes|

* Atrocity crimes
* Crimes against humanity
* Crimes of aggression
* Genocide

|

‡ Does not apply to airborne forces (i.e. paratroopers)

* Category

‹ The template below (Gaza war) is being considered for merging with Palestinian civilians killed in the Gaza war. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›

* v
* t
* e

Gaza war

* Timeline
* Outline

Background:

* History of Gaza
* Zionism
* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* History of Hamas
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip

Engage-
ments|

| Hamas-led
attack on
Israel|

| Attacks on civilians|

* Netiv HaAsara
* Alumim
* Be'eri
* Elhanan Team
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nir Oz
* Nir Yitzhak
* Nahal Oz
* Nirim
* Nova music festival
* Death Shelters
* Psyduck music festival

|

Battles|

* Nir Am
* Re'im
* Sderot
* Sufa
* Zikim
* Israeli female tank crew fight

General topics|

* Allegations of genocide
* Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees
* Baby beheading hoax
* Denial
* Sexual and gender-based violence
* "Screams Without Words"
* Bearing Witness to the October 7th Massacre
* Screams Before Silence

Israeli
invasion
of Gaza|

* Beit Hanoun
* Gaza City
* Khan Yunis
* Netzarim Corridor
* Rafah
* Background
* Shuja'iyya
* May 2025 Gaza offensive
* Deir al-Balah

Attacks on
refugee camps|

* Jabalia
* 31 October
* Al-Shati
* Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes
* Al-Maghazi
* Tel al-Sultan attack
* Al-Mawasi (May)
* Nuseirat rescue and massacre
* Al-Mawasi (June)
* Al-Shati (July)
* Deir el-Balah (August)
* Al-Mawasi (September)
* Al-Mawasi (December)
* Nuseirat (December)

Attacks on schools|

* Al-Fakhoora
* Al-Sardi
* Al-Awda
* Khadija
* Hamama
* Al-Tabaeen
* Al-Jawni
* Rufaida
* Abu Hussein
* Fahmi al-Jarjawi

Attacks on
health facilities|

* Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion
* Al-Shifa Hospital siege
* alleged military use
* Gaza Strip mass graves
* Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges
* Detention of Hussam Abu Safiya
* Killing of health workers
* Nasser Hospital siege
* Nasser Hospital mass graves
* 14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack
* 2025 Gaza European Hospital strikes

Other attacks|

* Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza
* Attacks on religious sites
* Central Archives Destruction
* Engineer's Building airstrike
* Flour Massacre
* Kuwait Roundabout mass killings
* Palestinians evacuating Gaza City
* World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack
* 13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack
* Khan Yunis
* Deir al-Balah mosque
* Beit Lahia attacks
* Beit Lahia airstrike
* Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting
* March 2025 Israeli strikes
* Rafah paramedic massacre
* April 2025 Shuja'iyya airstrike
* Al-Najjar family killings
* 2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings
* Al-Baqa Cafe airstrike

General topics|

* AI-assisted targeting
* Bombing of the Gaza Strip
* Companies involved
* Destruction of cultural heritage
* Environmental impact
* Gaza genocide
* cultural discourse
* Gaza: Doctors Under Attack
* Gaza: How to Survive a Warzone
* Hamas–Popular Forces conflict (Popular Forces administration)
* Israeli generals' plan
* Torture

Other
theaters|

| Israel|

* Lehi Street bombing
* Givat Shaul shooting
* 2024 Jaffa shooting

|

West Bank|

* Israeli incursions in the West Bank
* Tulkarm
* 2024 military operation
* 2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike
* 2025 military operation
* 2024–2025 Palestinian Authority operation in Jenin
* Killing of Benjamin Achimeir
* April 2024 Israeli settler rampages
* al-Funduq shooting

Iran–Israel conflict|

* Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
* 2024 Iranian strikes in Israel
* April
* October
* 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran
* April
* October
* Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh
* Iran–Israel war

Israel–Hezbollah conflict
(Timeline)|

* Attacks on journalists
* Lebanese displacement
* Assassinations
* Hezbollah headquarters
* Fuad Shukr
* Ibrahim Aqil
* Saleh al-Arouri
* August 2024 Nabatieh attack
* August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes
* 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks
* September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon
* Israeli invasion of Lebanon
* ceasefire
* Israeli attacks on the Lebanese health sector
* Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon
* January 2025 southern Lebanon attack

Red Sea crisis
(Timeline)|

* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Houthi attacks on commercial vessels
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Marlin Luanda missile strike
* Attacks on the Sounion
* Operation Poseidon Archer
* 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel
* Israeli attack on Yemen (July 2024)
* Israeli attacks on Yemen (September 2024)
* March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen
* 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire

Syria|

* Israeli invasion of Syria
* Southern Syria clashes (April–May 2025)
* Southern Syria clashes (July 2025–present)
* July 2025 Damascus airstrikes

Other|

* Majdal Shams attack
* Tower 22 drone attack
* 2024 Masyaf raid

Hostages|

* Hostage–prisoner exchange (2023)
* Kidnapped from Israel
* Hostages and Missing Families Forum
* Hostages Square

Captive|

* Evyatar David

Rescued|

* 2024 Rafah hostage raid
* Rachel Edry
* Ori Megidish
* Nuseirat operation
* Noa Argamani
* Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi

Released|

* Yarden Roman-Gat
* Mia Schem
* Naama Levy
* Liri Albag
* Eli Sharabi
* Edan Alexander
* Omer Shem Tov
* Agam Berger
* Emily Damari
* Hanna Katzir

Deceased|

* Alex Dancyg
* Hersh Goldberg-Polin
* Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka
* Oded Lifshitz
* Shani Louk
* Kidnapping and killing of the Bibas family

General
topics|

* 2023 ceasefire
* 2025 ceasefire
* COGAT
* Dahiya doctrine
* Effect on children in Gaza
* Hannibal Directive
* Humanitarian aid
* International recognition of Palestine
* Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)
* Israeli interrogations
* LGBTQ advocacy in the Gaza war
* Women
* Wikipedia

Historical context|

* Arab–Israeli conflict
* International law
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip
* Human rights violations
* Human shields
* Israeli demolition of Palestinian property
* Israeli settlement
* Legality of Israeli settlements
* Israeli outpost
* Israeli settler violence
* Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip
* Legitimacy of the State of Israel
* Palestinian freedom of movement
* Palestinian rocket attacks
* Palestinian tunnel warfare
* anti-tunnel barrier
* Israeli assassinations
* Women

Effects|

* Economic impact
* Evacuations
* Gaza Strip evacuations
* Israeli government response
* Israeli war cabinet
* Israeli public diplomacy
* Mass detentions
* Media coverage
* Violence against journalists
* Misinformation
* Pallywood
* Palestinian genocide accusation
* Sexual violence against Palestinians
* War crimes
* Hamas
* Israeli
* Cemetery destruction and necroviolence
* Israeli torture in the occupied territories
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza

Humanitarian crisis|

* Famine
* Flotillas
* 2024 Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* May 2025 drone attack on Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* June 2025 Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* July 2025 Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* Global Sumud Flotilla
* Gaza floating pier
* Gaza Humanitarian Foundation
* Global March to Gaza
* Soumoud Convoy
* Healthcare collapse
* Polio epidemic
* Premature baby crisis
* Societal breakdown
* WCNSF

Reactions|

* Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit
* Beijing Declaration
* Calls for a ceasefire
* September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests
* Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA
* Conference on the Implementation of the Two-State Solution
* Diplomatic impact
* Donald Trump's Gaza Strip proposal
* Egypt
* European Union
* Hague Group
* Bogotá summit
* Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference
* Islamic Summit Conference
* United Kingdom
* University donors
* Writers Against the War on Gaza
* The New York War Crimes

Military aid|

* US support for Israel
* German support for Israel

Discrimination|

* Antisemitism
* Riots in the North Caucasus
* Anti-Palestinianism
* Islamophobia
* Violent incidents
* Murder of Wadea al-Fayoume
* Death of Paul Kessler
* Vermont student shooting
* Killing of Israeli Embassy workers
* Boulder fire attack

Protests|

* 2024 University campuses
* List of protests
* Netherlands
* United States
* California
* Reactions
* The Encampments
* 2025 University campuses
* Netherlands
* Australia
* Bangladesh
* March for Gaza
* France
* March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism
* Indonesia
* 2023 Bitung clashes
* Israel
* Humanitarian aid blockade
* New Zealand
* Spain
* 2024 pro-Palestinian strike
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Artists4Ceasefire
* DNC protests
* March on Washington for Gaza
* March for Israel
* National March on Washington: Free Palestine
* Protest votes
* Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell
* Pakistan
* D-Chowk Dharna
* 2024 Faizabad sit-in
* Gaza Strip
* 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests

UN resolutions|

* A/RES/ES-10/21
* S/RES/2712
* A/RES/ES-10/22
* S/RES/2720
* S/RES/2728
* A/RES/ES-10/23
* S/RES/2735

UN inquiry|

* Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory

Global courts|

* South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)
* Nicaragua v. Germany
* Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices
* ICC investigation in Palestine
* Arrest warrants

Courts|

* Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden

Casualties|

| Israel|

| Security forces|

* Alim Abdallah
* Yitzhak Ben-Bashat
* Jayar Davidov
* Eli Ginsberg
* Salman Habaka
* Asaf Hamami
* Yitzhar Hofman
* Roi Levy
* Izhar Peled
* Yonatan Steinberg
* Ehsan Daxa

|

Civilians|

* Lior Asulin
* Hayim Katsman
* Ofir Libstein
* Shani Louk
* Aner Shapira
* Vivian Silver
* Yahav Winner

Palestine|

| Hamas|

* Ismail Haniyeh
* Yahya Sinwar
* Saleh al-Arouri
* Fouad Abu Butihan
* Abdul Fatah Dukhan
* Mohammed Dababish
* Wissam Farhat
* Ahmed Ghandour
* Mohammed Deif
* Marwan Issa
* Fursan Khalifa
* Rafa Salama
* Osama Mazini
* Ayman Nofal
* Jamila al-Shanti
* Ali Al Qadi
* Alaa Shreiteh
* Faiq Al-Mabhouh
* Rawhi Mushtaha
* Jihad Shehadeh

|

Civilians|

* Tawfic Abdel Jabbar
* Majed Abu Maraheel
* Hiba Abu Nada
* Refaat Alareer
* Hammam Alloh
* Nahida and Samar Anton
* Ibrahim al-Astal
* Ahmad Bahar
* Mohammed Barakat
* Mohammad Bhar
* David Ben Avraham
* Adnan al-Bursh
* Rashid Dabour
* Mohamed al-Dalou
* Awni El-Dous
* Omar Ferwana
* Fathi Ghaben
* Ihab al-Ghussein
* Medo Halimy
* Sidra Hassouna
* Yazan al-Kafarneh
* Mohammad Khdour
* Hani Al-Masdar
* Ibrahim Qusaya
* Hind Rajab
* Mohammed Shabir
* Rashad Abu Sakhila
* Omar Abu Shawish
* Sufian Tayeh
* Wael Al Zard
* Talal Abu Zarifa
* Shaban al-Dalou
* Mahasen al-Khateeb
* Nagham Abu Samra
* Awda Hathaleen
* Suleiman Obeid

Spillover|

* Saleh al-Arouri
* Ali Hussein Barji
* Waibhav Anil Kale
* Razi Mousavi
* Wissam al-Tawil
* Sadegh Omidzadeh
* Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi
* Mohammad Reza Zahedi
* Fuad Shukr
* Ibrahim Aqil
* Hassan Nasrallah
* Ali Karaki
* Nabil Qaouk
* Abbas Nilforoushan
* Fatah Sharif
* Hashem Safieddine
* Mohammad Afif

Journalists|

* Issam Abdallah
* Samer Abu Daqqa
* Adel Zorob
* Ismail al-Ghoul
* Belal Jadallah
* Wafa Al-Udaini
* Hossam Shabat
* Fatima Hassouna
* Yahya Sobeih
* Hassan Aslih
* Ismail Abu Hatab
* Anas Al-Sharif
* List of journalists killed in the Gaza war

General topics|

* Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Related
people|

| Israelis|

* Sofie Berzon MacKie
* Batia Holin
* Nimrod Aloni
* Rachel Goldberg-Polin
* Einav Zangauker
* Yonatan Shamriz
* Omri Ronen
* Eitan Okun
* Yagel Oshri
* Inbal Rabin-Lieberman
* Amir Tibon

|

Palestinians|

* Mosab Abu Toha
* Wael Al-Dahdouh
* Plestia Alaqad
* Motaz Azaiza
* Bisan Owda
* Mustafa Moien Ayyash
* Hind Khoudary

Other
topics|

* 2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal
* Ahmed Abdel Khalek
* Al-Saqqa House
* Al Qarara Cultural Museum
* "All Eyes on Rafah"
* Attacks on US bases during the Gaza war
* Blockout 2024
* From Ground Zero
* "From the river to the sea"
* Gaza Daily
* "Globalize the intifada"
* "Harbu Darbu"
* "Hind's Hall"
* Hind Rajab Foundation
* "Hurricane"
* Israeli demolition of Palestinian property
* "Leve Palestina"
* No Tech for Apartheid
* Palestine exception
* Palestinian sports during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
* "Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population"
* Project Nimbus
* "Rajieen"

* Category

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template