Italianization of South Tyrol

1920s–1940s Italian government policy

The middle part of Tyrol, partitioned in 1919, contained a large German-speaking majority.[1]

In 1919, at the time of its annexation, the middle part of the County of Tyrol, which is today called South Tyrol (Italian: Alto Adige), was inhabited by almost 90% German speakers.[1] Under the 1939 South Tyrol Option Agreement, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini determined the status of ethnic Germans and Ladins (a Rhaeto-Romance–speaking ethnic group) living in the region. They could emigrate to Germany, or stay in Italy and accept their complete Italianization. As a consequence of this, the society of South Tyrol was deeply riven. Those who wanted to stay, the so-called Dableiber, were condemned as traitors while those who left (Optanten) were defamed as Nazis. Because of the outbreak of World War II, this agreement was never fully implemented. Illegal Katakombenschulen ('Catacomb schools') were set up to teach children the German language.

## Italianization programme

[edit]

### Fascist period (1922–1945)

[edit]

Street sign in Innsbruck, North Tyrol, commemorating the separation of South Tyrol, set up in 1923 in response to the prohibition of the original southern Tyrolean place names.

In 1923, three years after South Tyrol had been formally annexed, Italian place names, almost entirely based on the Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige, were made official by means of a decree.[2] The German name "Tyrol" was banned, likewise its derivants and compound words such as "Tyrolean" and "South Tyrolean".[2] German newspapers, publishing houses, organized clubs and associations, including the South Tyrolean Alpine Club had to be renamed, with the decree said to have been strictly enforced by Italian carabinieri on the ground.[2] The basis for these actions was a manifesto published by Ettore Tolomei on 15 July 1923, called the Provvedimenti per l'Alto Adige ('Measures for the Alto Adige'), becoming the blueprint for the Italianization campaign.[3] Its 32 measures were:[4]

1. Association of Alto Adige and Trentino in a single province with the capital city of Trento
2. Appointment of Italian municipal secretaries
3. Revision of the citizenship options and closure of the Brenner border for all persons to whom the Italian citizenship was not granted
4. Entry and residence difficulties for Germans and Austrians
5. Prevention of German immigration
6. Revision of the census of 1921
7. Introduction of Italian as the official language
8. Dismissal of German officials or transfer to the old provinces (i.e., pre-war Italian provinces)
9. Dissolution of the "Deutscher Verband" ('German Association')
10. Dissolution of Alpine associations not under command of the Italian Alpine Club, transfer of all Alpine refuges to the Italian Alpine Club
11. Prohibition of the name "Südtirol" and "Deutsch-Südtirol"
12. Closure of the newspaper Der Tiroler published in Bozen (Bolzano)
13. Italianization of German local names
14. Italianization of public inscriptions
15. Italianization of road and path names
16. Italianization of the German surname
17. Removal of the Walther von der Vogelweide monument from the Walther Square in Bozen (Bolzano)
18. Increase in Carabinieri troops in the province, with the exclusion of Germans
19. Preferential treatment for land acquisition and immigration for Italians
20. Non-interference by foreign powers in South Tyrolean affairs
21. Elimination of German banks, establishment of an Italian mortgage bank
22. Establishment of border customs offices in Sterzing (Vipiteno) and Toblach (Dobbiaco)
23. Generous support for the Italian language and culture
24. Establishment of Italian nursery and primary schools
25. Establishment of Italian secondary schools
26. Strict control of foreign university diplomas
27. Expansion of the "Istituto di Storia per l'Alto Adige" ('Institute for the History of Alto Adige')
28. Realignment of the territory of the Diocese of Brixen and strict control of clergy activity
29. Using only Italian in trials and court
30. State control of the Chamber of Commerce and the agricultural authorities (corporazioni)
31. Extensive programs for new rail junctions to facilitate the Italianization of Alto Adige (rail projects Milan-Mals, Veltlin-Brenner, Agordo-Brixen)
32. Increase military garrisons in Alto Adige

In October 1923, the "use of the Italian language became mandatory on all levels of federal, provincial and local government".[5] Regulations by the fascist authorities required that all kinds of signs and public notices had to be in Italian only, while maps, postcards and other graphic material had to show Italian place names.[5] In September 1925, Italian became the sole permissible language in courts of law, meaning that from then on, cases could be heard only in Italian.[5] The fascist law regulations remained in effect after World War II, becoming a bone of contention for decades until they were eventually reconsidered in the 1990s.[5]

The German-language press, which was still published, was harassed by the authorities and subjected to censorship prior to publication.[6] In 1926 the fascist authorities began to publish their own German-language newspaper, the Alpenzeitung.[6] Other German-language papers were obliged to follow a strictly pro-regime editorial policy.[6]

The programme of Italianization was particularly forcefully applied in schools, aiming at the destruction of the German school system.[7] As of 1928, Italian had become the only language of instruction in 760 South Tyrolean classes, affecting over 360 schools and 30,000 pupils.[7] Likewise, German Kindergartens were required to use Italian, while substitutes[clarification needed] were forced to shut down.[7] German teachers were systematically dismissed on the grounds of "insufficient didactics", or transferred to the south, from where Italian teachers were recruited instead.[7] Degrees from Austrian or German universities became valid only through an additional stay of one year at an Italian university.[7]

In religious affairs, a royal decree of November 1923 required religious instruction in Italian for all Italianized schools.[8] Fascist calls for the Italianization of German charitable organizations and religious orders, and the complete abolition of German religious instruction to the Vatican were not entirely successful, not least due to the repeated interventions of the Bishop of Brixen and the setting up of informal parish schools.[8] In state schools, though, Italian became mandatory for the last five classes, while the use of German was only allowed in teaching the Italian catechism in the first three years.[8]

The German-speaking population reacted by the establishment of Katakombenschulen ('catacomb schools'), clandestine home schools outside the Italianized standard educational system.[9] German schoolbooks were secretly smuggled across the border, often hidden in religious buildings before being distributed to the South Tyrolean pupils.[9] After initial difficulties, secret seminars for the instruction of teachers were organized throughout the province, usually under the protection of the Catholic Church.[9] Fascist countermeasures ranged from searches and confiscations to imprisonments and deportations.[9] The balancing act between the instruction in Italian and German schools, where often the exact opposite[clarification needed] was taught, especially in history and the social fields, left many Tyrolean pupils with a torn identity.[9] The newly composed Bozner Bergsteigerlied quickly became one of South Tyrol's unofficial hymns by celebrating an unbroken attachment of the South Tyroleans to their homeland. In the 21st century, just over 100 years after the Italian annexation of the region,[10] 64% of the population of South Tyrol speak German as their first and everyday language.

### Post-war period

[edit]

Poster saying "South Tyrol is not Italy!" on the background of an Austrian flag. The poster is located on the Austrian side of the Brennerpass border, not in South Tyrol.

After the end of the Second World War, reform processes tolerated the dual use of names on street signs, while the Italian names remain as the official ones, based on the 1940 law.[citation needed]

In the 1990s, a commission consisting of the Professors Josef Breu (Vienna, representing Austria in the Toponymy commission of the UN), Peter Glatthard (Berne) and Carlo Alberto Mastrelli (Florence, current "Archivio per l'Alto Adige") failed as Mastrelli insisted on the fascist decrees, while Breu and Glatthard promoted the UN guidelines.[11]

## See also

[edit]

* Italianization
* Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Oscar Benvenuto (ed.): "South Tyrol in Figures 2008", Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol, Bozen/Bolzano 2007, p. 19, Table 11
2. ^ a b c Steininger, Rolf (2003), pp. 21–3
3. ^ Ferrandi, Maurizio (2020). Il nazionalista: Ettore Tolomei, l'uomo che inventò l'Alto Adige. Prefazione di Hannes Obermair. Merano: alphabeta. pp. 173–6\. ISBN 978-88-7223-363-4.
4. ^ Provvedimenti per l'Alto Adige, in: Gruber, Alfons (1974). Südtirol unter dem Faschismus, Schriftenreihe des Südtiroler Kulturinstitutes 1, Bozen, pp. 21f.
5. ^ a b c d Steininger, Rolf (2003), pp. 23–4
6. ^ a b c Steininger, Rolf (2003), pp. 25–6
7. ^ a b c d e Steininger, Rolf (2003), pp. 26–7
8. ^ a b c Steininger, Rolf (2003), pp. 27–8
9. ^ a b c d e Steininger, Rolf (2003), pp. 29–32
10. ^ "astat info Nr. 38" (PDF). Table 1 — Declarations of which language group belong to/affiliated to — Population Census 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
11. ^ Namen in Südtirol wecken nationale Leidenschaften Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 28 September 2000

## Sources

[edit]

* Steininger, Rolf (2003). South Tyrol: a minority conflict of the twentieth century. New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.A: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7658-0800-5.
* Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair (2017). A Land on the Threshold. South Tyrolean Transformations, 1915–2015. Oxford, Bern, New York: Peter Lang. pp. 417+. ISBN 978-3-0343-2240-9.

## External links

[edit]

Media related to Italianization of South Tyrol at Wikimedia Commons

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|

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* Bottai
* Ciano (Costanzo)
* Ciano (Galeazzo)
* Cogni
* Corradini
* Evola
* Freda
* Gentile
* Giuriati
* Gozi
* Grandi
* Graziani
* Guidi
* Malaparte
* Marinetti
* Michels
* Morgagni
* Mussolini
* Olivetti
* Panunzio
* Papini
* Pavolini
* Rauti
* Ricci
* Ridruejo
* Rocco
* Rossoni
* Sarfatti
* Soffici
* Spirito
* Volpi

Japan|

* Akao
* Araki
* Chō
* Hashimoto
* Honjō
* Kita
* Kodama
* Matsuoka
* Nonaka
* Ōkawa
* Sasakawa

Romania|

* Antonescu
* Bacaloglu
* Codreanu
* Crainic
* Cuza
* Gigurtu
* Goga
* Manoilescu
* Moța
* Ogoranu
* Sima

Russia|

* Ayo
* Astroŭski
* Barkashov
* Borovikov
* Dugin
* Dugina
* Ilyin
* Kaminski
* Kuryokhin
* Letov
* Limonov
* Martsinkevich
* Milchakov
* Oktan
* Prilepin
* Prokhanov
* Rodzaevsky
* Stojadinović
* Zhirinovsky

Spain|

* Arrese
* Bau Nolla
* Bilbao Eguía
* Carrero Blanco
* Fernández-Cuesta
* Franco
* Franco y Polo
* Giménez Caballero
* Primo de Rivera
* Ramos
* Sánchez Mazas
* Serrano Suñer

Ukraine|

* Bandera
* Biletsky
* Dontsov
* Gubarev
* Klyachkivsky
* Lebed
* Rebet
* Samchuk
* Shukhevych
* Stetsko
* Tyahnybok
* Vitrenko

United Kingdom|

* Beckett
* Chamberlain
* Chesterton
* Donaldson
* Griffin
* Jordan
* Lake
* Leese
* Mosley (Diana)
* Mosley (Oswald)
* Pankhurst
* Pearson
* Ramsay
* Robinson
* Southgate
* Tyndall
* Wellesley

United States|

* Abascal
* Anglin
* Auernheimer
* Biggs
* Black
* Butler
* Carto
* Collins
* Dilling
* Duke
* Enoch
* Frankhouser
* Fuentes
* Garza
* Graves
* Heimbach
* Hall
* Invictus
* Jones
* Joyce
* Kessler
* Lane
* LaRouche
* Lindbergh
* MacDonald
* Mason
* Metzger
* Miller
* Mills
* Minadeo
* Mullins
* Nordean
* Patsalos
* Pelley
* Pierce
* Pound
* Rockwell
* Rubin
* Smith
* Spencer
* StoneToss
* Strom
* Tarrio
* Thomson
* Vonsyatsky
* West
* Yockey

Other|

* Arana Osorio
* Arcand
* D'Aubuisson
* Bahçeli
* Blythe
* Breivik
* Burdi
* Bushati
* Caetano
* Carrasco
* Castillo Armas
* Celmiņš
* Cerro
* Clausen
* Coughlin
* Darken
* Devi
* O'Duffy
* Ďurčanský
* Frashëri
* al-Gaylani
* Genoud
* Gömbös
* Gustloff
* Hácha
* Hamidov
* Hamsun
* Hlinka
* al-Husayni
* al-Husseini
* Kajuga
* Krstić
* Lee
* Linderman
* Ljotić
* Lugones
* Lukov
* Mach
* Madero
* Martínez
* Merlika-Kruja
* Ngeze
* Noreika
* Piasecki
* Perón
* Phibunsongkhram
* Preto
* Puyi
* Quisling
* Ramírez
* Rhee
* Riva-Agüero y Osma
* Rupnik
* Saadeh
* Saga
* Salgado
* Sayigh
* Šešelj
* Szálasi
* Terre'Blanche
* Tiso
* Tsankov
* Vikernes
* Wang
* Weinstein

Works

| Literature|

* 1776 Returns
* La Conquista del Estado
* The Culture of Critique
* Defiance
* Did Six Million Really Die?
* The Doctrine of Fascism
* Essentials of Hindutva
* Fascist Manifesto
* For My Legionaries
* The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia
* The Fourth Political Theory
* Hitlers Zweites Buch
* Hunter
* Hutu Ten Commandments
* Impeachment of Man
* Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics
* An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
* Kokutairon and Pure Socialism
* The Last Will of a Russian Fascist
* Manifesto of Race
* Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals
* Mein Kampf
* My Autobiography
* My Life
* The Myth of the Twentieth Century
* OPROP!
* Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World
* Protestantische Rompilger
* A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century
* Siege
* The Turner Diaries
* Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews
* A Warning to the Hindus
* Who Are the Mind Benders?

|

Periodicals|

* Action
* Ajan Suunta
* L'Alba
* El Alcázar
* The American Review
* Der Angriff
* Arriba
* The Blackshirt
* La Conquista del Estado
* The Daily Stormer
* Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
* Das Deutsche Mädel
* La Difesa della Razza
* Eleftheros Kosmos
* The European
* Fashist
* Fashizmi
* La France au travail
* Fritt Folk
* Fronten
* Gândirea
* Gioventù Fascista
* Golden Dawn
* Hamaas
* Hrvatski Domobran
* Je suis partout
* Kangura
* Kansallissosialisti
* Limonka
* Masada2000
* Münchener Beobachter
* Nash Put'
* Nástup
* Nation Europa
* Neue Anthropologie
* Neues Volk
* Het Nieuwe Volk
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Novopress
* Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
* Organiser
* Panchjanya
* Panzerbär
* Parole der Woche
* Le Pays Réel
* Der Pimpf
* Il Popolo d'Italia
* Das Reich
* Revue d'histoire du fascisme
* Das Schwarze Korps
* Sfarmă-Piatră
* Signal
* Siniristi
* Spearhead
* Der Stürmer
* Türkische Post
* Der Umbruch
* Vairas
* Vlajka
* Volk en Staat
* Völkischer Beobachter
* Die Wehrmacht
* Wochenspruch der NSDAP

Film|

* L'Armata Azzurra
* Bengasi
* Condottieri
* The Daughter of the Samurai
* Erbkrank
* Europa: The Last Battle
* The Great Appeal
* The Old Guard
* Raza
* Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal
* Der Sieg des Glaubens
* The Siege of the Alcazar
* Lo squadrone bianco
* Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht
* Triumph of the Will

Music|

* Allach
* Ethnic Cleansing
* StoneToss

Related topics|

* Art of the Third Reich
* Fascist architecture
* Heroic realism
* Nazi architecture
* Nazism and cinema

Organizations

| Institutional|

* Ahnenerbe
* Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
* Grand Council of Fascism
* Imperial Way Faction
* Italian Nationalist Association
* National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise
* Quadrumvirs

|

Activist|

* Adelaide Institute
* Agrarian Trade Union Federation
* The Britons
* Casuals United
* DeVlag
* European Social Movement
* Finnish Realm Union
* Francisco Franco National Foundation
* Friends of New Germany
* German American Bund
* GRECE
* The Link
* Mladorossi
* National Party of Europe
* National Policy Institute
* National Popular Consciousness
* Panzerfaust Records
* Popular Force Party
* Resistance Records
* Right Club
* Russian Fascist Organization

Youth|

* Adler und Falke
* Albanian Lictor Youth
* Arab Lictor Youth
* Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
* Blue-and-Blacks
* Ethiopian Lictor Youth
* Fascist Union of Youth
* Frente de Juventudes
* Al-Futuwwa
* Gioventù Italiana del Littorio
* Great Japan Youth Party
* Hitler Youth
* Faith and Beauty Society
* Deutsches Jungvolk
* Jungmädelbund
* League of German Girls
* Jeunesse Populaire Française
* Juventudes de Acción Popular
* Korean National Youth Association
* Levente
* Mocidade Portuguesa
* Nationale Jeugdstorm
* National League of Sweden
* National Socialist Liberation Front
* National Youth (Sweden)
* National Youth (Italy)
* National Youth Alliance
* National Youth Organisation (Greece)
* Opera Nazionale Balilla
* Österreichisches Jungvolk
* Patriotic/Eureka Youth League
* Union of Fascist Little Ones
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)
* Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)
* Ustaše Youth
* Wiking-Jugend
* Youth Front

Paramilitary and terrorist|

* Abhinav Bharat
* Albanian Fascist Militia
* Army for the Liberation of Rwanda
* Atomwaffen Division
* Azov Brigade
* Bajrang Dal
* The Base
* Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists
* Black Brigades
* Black Legion
* Blackshirts
* Blueshirts (Canada)
* Blueshirts (Ireland)
* Column 88
* Combat Terrorist Organization
* Confederation of the Nation
* Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar
* Croatian Defence Forces
* Croatian National Resistance
* Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
* Bugojno group
* Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
* Einsatzgruppen
* Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Falange Armata
* Falange Militia
* FEAR
* Flemish Guard
* Flemish Legion
* Frontbann
* Goldshirts
* Greenshirts
* Hilfspolizei
* Hitler Youth
* Greyshirts
* Heimwehr
* Hirden
* Hlinka Guard
* Hungarian National Defence Association
* Impuzamugambi
* Interbrigades
* Interahamwe
* Iron Wolf
* Jewish Defense League
* Jewish Defense Organization
* Kataeb Regulatory Forces
* Lăncieri
* Legion Wasa
* Lehava
* Lehi
* Levente
* Makapili
* Mano Blanca
* National Republican Guard
* National Socialism / White Power
* New Guard
* The Order
* Ostmärkische Sturmscharen
* Rodobrana
* Russian Imperial Movement
* Russian National Unity (2000)
* S14
* Schutzstaffel
* Serbian Volunteer Corps
* Sicarii
* Sich Battalion
* Silver Shirts
* Sturmabteilung
* Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
* Terror Against Terror
* Third Klan
* Ukrainian Insurgent Army
* Ukrainian People's Militsiya
* Ustaše Militia
* Volkssport
* Walloon Guard
* Walloon Legion
* Waffen-SS
* Wagner Group
* Rusich Group
* Weerbaarheidsafdeling
* Werwolf
* Westland New Post
* Yokusan Sonendan
* Youth Front

Student|

* Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
* Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista
* Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas
* German Student Union
* National Socialist German Students' League
* Sindicato Español Universitario
* Student Action

International|

* Axis powers
* NSDAP/AO
* ODESSA

History

| 1900s|

* Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust

|

1910s|

* Arditi
* Fascio
* Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
* Armenian genocide and the Holocaust

1920s|

* March on Rome
* Corfu incident
* Acerbo Law
* Beer Hall Putsch
* Aventine Secession
* Italian economic battles
* Le Faisceau
* 28 May 1926 coup d'état
* Libyan genocide

1930s|

* March of the Iron Will
* November 1932 German federal election
* March 1933 German federal election
* Enabling Act
* Austrian Civil War
* July Putsch
* 1934 Montreux Fascist conference
* Romani Holocaust
* 4th of August Regime
* Anti-Comintern Pact
* Spanish Civil War

1940s|

* World War II
* Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
* The Holocaust
* Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
* End in Italy
* Nuremberg Trials
* Tokyo Trials

Lists

* Anti-fascists
* Books about Hitler
* British fascist parties
* Fascist movements by country (A-F
* G-M
* N-T
* U-Z)
* Nazi ideologues
* Nazi leaders
* Secretaries of Italian fascist parties
* Speeches by Hitler
* SS personnel

Related topics

* Authoritarian conservatism
* Chiangism
* Francoism
* Khomeinism
* Maurrassisme
* Pinochetism
* Putinism
* Ziaism
* Alt-right
* Alt-lite
* Alt-right pipeline
* Alt-tech
* Identitarian movement
* Anti-fascism
* Bahutu Manifesto
* Berlusconism
* Conservative Revolution
* Criticism of fascism
* Europe a Nation
* Fascist (epithet)
* Fascist mysticism
* Feudal fascism
* F-scale (personality test)
* Garveyism
* Germanisation
* of Poles during the Partitions
* Italianization
* of South Tyrol
* Japanization
* Morenazi
* Neosocialism
* Para/semi-fascism
* Post-fascism
* Proto-fascism
* Red fascism
* Red–green–brown alliance
* Roman salute
* Saffronisation
* Sansepolcrismo
* Scientific racism
* Aryanism
* Nordicism
* Social fascism
* Sorelianism
* Synarchism
* Szeged Idea
* Trumpism
* Donald Trump and fascism
* Völkisch movement
* Women in Nazi Germany

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Cultural assimilation

* Africanization
* Albanization
* Americanization
* immigrants
* Native Americans
* names
* Anglicization
* Arabization
* Armenians
* Berbers
* Blacks
* Jews
* Araucanization
* Azerbaijanization
* surnames
* Talysh
* Belarusization
* soft
* Bengalization
* placenames
* Bosniakization
* Bulgarization
* Canadianization
* Celticization
* Chilenization
* Colombianization
* Creolization
* Croatization
* Czechization
* Dutchification
* Estonianization
* Europeanization
* Westernization
* Finnicization
* Francization
* Brussels
* Gaelicization
* Georgification
* Germanization
* Hawaiianization
* Hellenization
* Hispanicization or Castilianization
* Filipinos
* Indianization
* placenames
* Indigenization
* Indonezation
* Israelization
* names
* Italianization
* Japanization
* Japanification
* Javanization
* Kazakhization [ru]
* Koreanization
* Kurdification
* Latvianization
* Lithuanization
* Magyarization or Hungarization
* Macedonianization
* Malayization
* Mongolization
* Montenegrinization
* Norwegianization
* Pakistanization
* Pashtunization
* Northern Afghanistan
* Persianization
* societies
* Polonization
* Romanianization
* Romanization or Latinization
* names
* Russification
* Finland
* Saffronization
* Sanskritization
* Serbianization
* Sinhalization
* Sinicization
* Tibet
* Slavicization
* Slovakization
* Sovietization
* Swahilization
* Swedification
* Talibanization
* Taiwanization
* Tamilization
* Thaification
* Turkification
* surnames
* placenames
* Turkmenization
* Ukrainization
* Uzbekization
* Vietnamization
* Westernization
* Wolofization
* Zairianization

| Assimilation by religions|

* Christianization
* Hinduization
* Islamization
* Judaization

|

Assimilation by writings|

* Cyrillization
* Romanization of the writings
* Soviet Union

Opposite trends|

* De-arabization
* De-communization
* De-stalinization
* De-nazification
* De-russification
* Korenizatsiia
* Latinization
* Ukraine
* De-sinicization
* Vergangenheitsbewältigung

Related concepts|

* Cultural genocide
* Cultural globalization
* Cultural imperialism
* Dominant culture
* Forced assimilation
* Forced religious conversion
* Globalization
* Identity politics
* Internal colonialism
* Jewish assimilation
* Language shift
* Melting pot
* Monoculturalism

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