Jacob Emden

German rabbi and talmudist (1697–1776)

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|

Not to be confused with Joseph ben Hayyim Jabez who is also known as Yaavetz.

Jacob Emden

Rabbi Jacob Emden

Personal
Born| (1697-06-04)June 4, 1697

Altona, Holstein, Holy Roman Empire

Died| April 19, 1776(1776-04-19) (aged 78)

Altona, Holstein, Holy Roman Empire

Religion| Judaism
Children| Meshullam Solomon
Parent|

* Tzvi Ashkenazi (father)

Signature|

Jacob Emden, also known as Ya'avetz (June 4, 1697 - April 19, 1776), was a leading German rabbi and talmudist who championed traditional Judaism in the face of the growing influence of the Sabbatean movement. He was acclaimed in all circles for his extensive knowledge.[1][2]

Tombstone of Jacob Emden in Altona

Emden was the son of the hakham Tzvi Ashkenazi, and a descendant of Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chełm. He lived most his life in Altona (now a part of Hamburg, Germany), [3] His son was Meshullam Solomon, rabbi of the Hambro Synagogue in London who claimed authority as Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom from 1765 to 1780.[4]

The acronym Ya'avetz (יעב"ץ, also written Yaavetz) stands for the words Yaakov (Emden) ben Tzvi (his father's name, יעקב (עמדין) בן צבי).[5]

Seven of his 31 works were published posthumously.

## Biography

[edit]

Part of a series on

Jewish philosophy

Hellenistic

* Positions:

* Hasmonean
* Sadducean
* Pharisee
* Boethusian

* People:

* Aristobulus of Alexandria
* Philo of Alexandria

Medieval

* Influenced by:

* Brethren of Purity
* Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
* Ismaili philosophy
* Jewish Kalam
* Kabbalah
* Rabbinic Judaism

* Spanish and European:

* Hasdai ibn Shaprut
* Ibn Gabirol
* Abraham bar Hiyya
* Bahya ibn Paquda
* Judah Halevi
* Abraham ibn Daud
* Joseph ibn Tzaddik
* Abraham ibn Ezra
* Maimonides
* Nachmanides
* Samuel ibn Tibbon
* Joseph ben Judah
* Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
* Gersonides
* Moses of Narbonne
* Isaac ben Sheshet
* Hasdai Crescas
* Joseph Albo
* Elia del Medigo
* Judah Minz
* Isaac Abarbanel
* Judah Leon Abravanel

* Yemenite:

* Natan'el al-Fayyumi
* Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari

* Other:

* Isaac Israeli
* Saadia Gaon
* al-Mukkamas
* Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat
* Ibn Kammuna

* Positions:

* Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean
* Kabbalist
* Karaism
* Talmudic
* Tosafist

Modern

* Positions:

* Orthodox
* Sephardic
* Chabad
* Chassidic
* Conservative
* Reform
* Existentialist
* Reconstructionist
* Holocaust
* Renewal
* Neo-Hasidic
* Mussar
* Rambamist

* People:

* Francisco Sanches
* Uriel da Costa
* Baruch Spinoza
* Salomon Maimon
* Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
* Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
* Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
* Tzvi Ashkenazi
* Jacob Emden
* Samuel Hirsch
* Shneur Zalman of Liadi
* Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
* Samson Raphael Hirsch
* Jacob Abendana
* Isaac Cardoso
* David Nieto
* Isaac Orobio de Castro
* Moses Mendelssohn
* Samuel David Luzzatto
* Elijah Benamozegh
* Moses Hess
* Eliezer Berkovits
* Eliyahu Dessler
* Monsieur Chouchani
* Emmanuel Levinas
* Martin Buber
* Gershom Scholem
* Abraham Isaac Kook
* Joseph Soloveitchik
* Menachem Mendel Schneerson

Topics

*     * Anger
* Chosen people
* Eschatology
* Ethics
* Faith
* God
* Happiness
* Holiness
* Holocaust
* Messiah
* Microcosm–macrocosm
* Righteousness

* v
* t
* e

Jacob Emden (born Ashkenazi)[6] was the 5th of his father's 15 children.[7]

Until the age of seventeen, Emden studied Talmud under his father Tzvi Ashkenazi, a foremost rabbinic authority, first at Altona, then at Amsterdam (1710–1714). In 1715 Emden married Rachel, daughter of Mordecai ben Naphtali Kohen, rabbi of Ungarisch-Brod, Moravia (the modern Czech Republic), and continued his studies in his father-in-law's yeshivah.[8] Emden became well versed in all branches of Talmudic literature; later he studied philosophy, kabbalah, and grammar, and made an effort to acquire the Latin and Dutch languages, in which, however, he was seriously hindered by his belief that a Jew should occupy himself with secular sciences only during times it was impossible to study Torah.[8]

### Career

[edit]

Emden spent three years at Ungarisch-Brod, where he held the office of private lecturer in Talmud. Later he became a dealer in jewelry and other articles, an occupation which compelled him to travel.[8] He generally declined to accept the office of rabbi, though in 1728 he was induced to accept the rabbinate of Emden, from which place he took his name.[8]

He returned to Altona in, where he obtained permission from the Jewish community to possess a private synagogue. Emden was at first on friendly terms with Moses Hagis, the head of the Portuguese-Jewish community at Altona, who was afterward turned against Emden by some calumny. His relations with Ezekiel Katzenellenbogen, the chief rabbi of the German community, were positive at first, but deteriorated swiftly.[9]

A few years later Emden obtained from the King of Denmark the privilege of establishing at Altona a printing-press. He was soon attacked for his publication of the siddur (prayer book) Ammudei Shamayim, due to his harsh criticisms of the powerful local money changers. His opponents did not cease denouncing him even after he had obtained for his work the approbation of the chief rabbi of the German communities.[8]

According to Jacob Katz, "Rabbi Jacob Emden: Life and Major Works" (Jacob J. Schacter, unpublished PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 1988), "supplanted" Mortimer J. Cohen's 1937 book Jacob Emden: A Man of Controversy,  as the most authoritative source on Emden.[10]

### Ya'a'vetz pen name

[edit]

In the preface to his She'I'Las Yaavetz,[11] Emden describes how, as a child, he asked his father, the Chacham Tzvi, why he signed his name as simply Tzvi צבי, without his father's name (בן יעקב). The father said that Tzvi stands for Tzvi ben Yaakov צבי בן יעקב, and that when the son grows up, and writes books, he should sign Ya'avetz יעב"ץ . The Yud Ayyin combination of Yaavetz would stand for Yaakov (rather than Yosef, or Yehuda), and the remaining two letters representing ben Tzvi : יעקב בן צבי.

The name Yaavetz appears in 1 Chronicles 2:55 as the name of a place, and in 1 Chronicles 4:9–10 as a person's name.[12]

## Sabbatean controversy

[edit]

Part of a series on

Kabbalah

Concepts

* Ein Sof
* Tzimtzum
* Ohr
* Ayin and Yesh
* Sefirot
* Four Worlds
* Seder hishtalshelut
* Tree of Life
* The path of the flaming sword
* Merkavah
* Jewish angelic hierarchy
* Shekhinah
* Partzufim
* Qlippoth
* Tohu and Tikun
* Sparks of holiness
* Messianic rectification
* Gilgul
* Kabbalistic astrology
* Gematria
* Notarikon
* Temurah
* Names of God in Judaism
* Shemhamphorasch
* Tzadik
* Tzadikim Nistarim
* Anthropomorphism in Kabbalah
* Panentheism

History

|  Pre-Kabbalistic Jewish mysticism

* Tannaim
* Heichalot
* Sefer Yetzirah
* Chassidei Ashkenaz

Medieval

* Bahir
* Toledano tradition
* Prophetic Kabbalah
* Zohar

Kabbalistic commentaries
on the Bible

Mainstream displacement of
rationalism with Kabbalah

Renaissance

Selective influence on
Western thought

* Hermetic Qabalah

Mysticism after
Spanish expulsion

Mystics of
16th-century Safed

* Cordoveran Kabbalah
* Lurianic Kabbalah
* Maharal's thought

Popular Kabbalistic
Mussar

Early modern

* Baal Shem-Nistarim
* Sabbatean mystical heresies
* Emden–Eybeschutz controversy
* Immigration to the Land of Israel
* Traditional Oriental Kabbalists
* Beit El Synagogue
* Eastern European Judaism
* Hasidic Judaism / philosophy
* Lithuanian Jews
* Hasidic-Mitnagdic schism

Modern

* Hasidic dynasties

Mysticism in
religious Zionism

Academic interest in
Jewish mysticism

Non-Orthodox interest in
Jewish mysticism

* English
* James Lees'

Practices

* Torah study
* Mystical exegesis
* Mitzvot
* Minhag
* Customary immersion in mikveh
* Meditation
* Kavanot
* Teshuvah
* Deveikut
* Prayer
* Nusach
* Tikkun Chatzot
* Tikkun Leil Shavuot
* Pilgrimage to Tzadik
* Pilgrimage to holy grave
* Lag BaOmer at Meron
* Asceticism
* Rosicrucianism
* Practical Kabbalah

People

|  100s

* Four Who Entered the Pardes
* Simeon bar Yochai

1100s

* Isaac the Blind
* Azriel

1200s

* Nahmanides
* Abraham Abulafia
* Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla
* Moses de Leon
* Menahem Recanati

1300s

* Bahya ben Asher

1400s
1500s

* Meir ibn Gabbai
* Joseph Karo
* Shlomo Alkabetz
* Moshe Alshich
* Moses ben Jacob Cordovero
* Isaac Luria
* Chaim Vital
* Judah Loew ben Bezalel

1600s

* Isaiah Horowitz
* Abraham Azulai

1700s

* Chaim ibn Attar
* Baal Shem Tov
* Dov Ber of Mezeritch
* Moshe Chaim Luzzatto
* Shalom Sharabi
* Vilna Gaon
* Chaim Joseph David Azulai
* Nathan Adler
* Schneur Zalman of Liadi
* Chaim Volozhin

1800s

* Nachman of Breslov
* Ben Ish Chai
* Shlomo Eliyashiv

1900s

* Abraham Isaac Kook
* Yehuda Ashlag
* Baba Sali

* Menachem Mendel Schneerson

Role

|  History

* Torah
* Tanakh
* Prophecy
* Ruach HaKodesh
* Pardes exegesis
* Talmudical hermeneutics
* Midrash

Jewish commentaries
on the Bible

* Oral Torah
* Eras of Rabbinic Judaism
* Generational descent in Halacha
* Generational ascent in Kabbalah
* Rabbinic literature
* Talmudic theology
* Halakha
* Aggadah
* Hakira
* Classic Mussar literature
* Ashkenazi Judaism
* Sephardi Judaism
* Modern Jewish philosophies
* Jewish studies

Topics

* God in Judaism
* Divine transcendence
* Divine immanence
* Free will
* Divine providence

Kabbalistic reasons
for the 613 Mitzvot

* Jewish principles of faith
* Jewish eschatology
* Primary texts

* v
* t
* e

Emden accused Jonathan Eybeschütz of being a secret Sabbatean. The controversy lasted several years, continuing even after Eybeschütz's death. Emden's assertion of Eybeschütz's heresy was chiefly based on the interpretation of some amulets prepared by Eybeschütz, in which Emden saw Sabbatean allusions. Hostilities began before Eybeschütz left Prague, and in 1751, when Eybeschütz was named chief rabbi of the three communities of Altona, Hamburg, and Wandsbek, the controversy reached the stage of intense and bitter antagonism. Emden maintained that he was at first prevented by threats from publishing anything against Eybeschütz. He solemnly declared in his synagogue the writer of the amulets to be a Sabbatean heretic and deserving of excommunication.[8] In ''Megillat Sefer'', he even accuses Eybeschütz of having an incestuous relationship with his own daughter, and of fathering a child with her. However, there have been allegations that ''Megillat Sefer'' was tampered with, and had deliberately ridiculous accusations, as well as outlandish tales, written in to the original in order to make a mockery of Emden.[13]

Clashes between opposing supporters occurred in the streets drawing the attention of the secular authorities.[14] The majority of the community, including Aryeh Leib Epstein of Königsberg, favored Eybeschütz; thus the council condemned Emden as a slanderer. People were ordered, under pain of excommunication, not to attend Emden's synagogue, and he himself was forbidden to issue anything from his press. As Emden still continued his philippics against Eybeschütz, he was ordered by the council of the three communities to leave Altona. This he refused to do, relying on the strength of the king's charter, and he was, as he maintained, relentlessly persecuted. His life seeming to be in actual danger, in May 1751 he left the town and took refuge in Amsterdam, where he had many friends and where he joined the household of his brother-in-law, Aryeh Leib ben Saul, rabbi of the Ashkenazic community.

The controversy was heard by both the Senate of Hamburg and by the Royal Court of Denmark. The Hamburg Senate quickly found in favour of Eybeschütz.[15] King Frederick V of Denmark asked Eybeschütz to answer a number of questions about the amulets. Conflicting testimony was put forward and the matter remained officially unresolved[16] although the court sentenced the council of the three communities to pay a fine of one hundred thaler for civil unrest and ordered that Emden be allowed to return to Altona.[17]

Emden then returned to Altona and took possession of his synagogue and printing-establishment, though he was forbidden to continue his agitation against Eybeschütz. The latter's partisans, however, did not desist from their warfare against Emden. They accused him before the authorities of continuing to publish denunciations against his opponent. One Friday evening (July 8, 1755) his house was broken into and his papers seized and turned over to the "Ober-Präsident" (royally imposed mayor), Henning von Qualen (1703–1785) [de]. Six months later von Qualen appointed a commission of three scholars, who, after a close examination, found nothing which could incriminate Emden. Eyebeschutz was re-elected as Chief Rabbi. In December of that year, the Hamburg Senate rejected both the King's decision and the election result. The Senate of Hamburg started an intricate process to determine the powers of Eybeschütz, as Chief Rabbi

The truth or falsity of his denunciations against Eybeschütz cannot be proved; Gershom Scholem wrote much on this subject, and his student Perlmutter devoted a book to proving it. According to historian David Sorkin, Eybeschütz was probably a Sabbatean,[18] and Eybeschütz's son openly declared himself to be a Sabbatean after his father's death. There is further background which suggests that Eybeschutz may have been a Sabbatean. In July 1725, the Ashkenazic beit din of Amsterdam issued a ban of excommunication on the entire Sabbatean sect (kat ha-ma’aminim) based partially on the discovery of certain Sabbatean writings by it. Rabbi Ezekiel Katzenellenbogen, the chief rabbi of the Three Communities [19] was unwilling to attack Eybeschütz publicly, but stated that one of the Sabbatean texts found by the Amsterdam beit din "Va-Avo ha-Yom el ha-Ayyin” was authored by Eybeschütz and declared that the all copies of the work that were in circulation should be immediately burned.[20] The recent discovery in Metz of notarial copies of the disputed amulets written by Eyebeschutz support Emden's view that these are Sabbatean writings.[21]

## Other notable events

[edit]

Letter of Jacob Emden to the King of Denmark, August 20, 1743

In 1756 the members of the Synod of Constantinov applied to Emden to aid in repressing the Sabbatean movement. As the Sabbateans referred much to the Zohar, Emden thought it wise to examine that book, and after a careful study he concluded that a great part of the Zohar was the production of an impostor.[22]

Emden's works show him to have been possessed of critical powers rarely found among his contemporaries. He was strictly Orthodox, never deviating the least from tradition, even when the difference in time and circumstance might have warranted a deviation from custom. Emden's opinions were often viewed as extremely unconventional from the perspective of strictly traditional mainstream Judaism, though not so unusual in more free-thinking Enlightenment circles. Emden had friendly relations with Moses Mendelssohn, founder of the Haskalah movement, and with a number of Christian scholars.[23]

In 1772 Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, having issued a decree forbidding burial on the day of death, the Jews in his territories approached Emden with the request that he demonstrate from the Talmud that a longer exposure of a corpse would be against the Law. Emden referred them to Mendelssohn, who had great influence with Christian authorities and wrote in excellent German. Mendelssohn wrote the requested letter to the Duke, but privately complained to Emden that based on the Talmud, it seemed the Duke was correct. Emden wrote to him in strong terms, saying that it was ludicrous to assert that the custom of the entire Jewish people was blatantly incorrect, and told Mendelssohn that this kind of claim would only strengthen rumors of irreligiousness he (Mendelssohn) had aroused by his associations.[24]

## Views

[edit]

Emden was a traditionalist who responded to the ideals of tolerance being circulated during the 18th-century Enlightenment. He stretched the traditional inclusivist position into universal directions.[25] Like Maimonides, he believed that monotheistic faiths have an important roles to play in God's plan for mankind, writing that "we should consider Christians and Muslims as instruments for the fulfilment of the prophecy that the knowledge of God will one day spread throughout the earth."[26] Emden praised the ethical teachings of Christianity, considering them beneficial in removing the prevalence of idolatry and bestowing gentiles with a "moral doctrine".[2][27] Emden also suggested that ascetic Christian practices provided additional rectification of the soul in the same way that Judaic commandments do.[2]

He theoretically advocated the taking of a concubine by a scholar since the sages of the Talmud stated "the greater the man, the greater his evil inclination" and cited many sources in support.[28][29] He also suggested it might be permissible under certain circumstances for a Jewish man to cohabit with a single Jewish woman, provided that she is in an exclusive relationship with him that is public knowledge and where she would not be embarrassed to ritually immerse. He also wished to revoke the ban on polygamy instituted by Rabbeinu Gershom believing it erroneously followed Christian morals, although he admitted he lacked the power to do so.[3]

Emden wrote that he owned books containing secular wisdom written in Hebrew, but that he would read them in the bathroom.[30] He was opposed to philosophy and maintained that the views contained in The Guide for the Perplexed could not have been authored by Maimonides, but rather by an unknown heretic.[3]

## Published works

[edit]

Various works of Emden and his father.

The two-volume set (first pair, left side) is the 1994 re-issue of the Shaarei ShaMaYim siddur.

* Edut BeYaakov, on the alleged heresy of Eybeschütz, and including Iggeret Shum, a letter to the rabbis of the "Four Lands." Altona, 1756.
* Shimmush, comprising three smaller works: Shoṭ la-Sus and Meteg laHamor, on the growing influence of the Sabbateans, and Sheveṭ leGev Kesilim, a refutation of heretical demonstrations. Amsterdam, 1758–62.
* Shevirat Luchot haAven, a refutation of Eybeschütz's "Luchot Edut." Altona, 1759.
* Sechok haKesil, Yekev Ze'ev, and Gat Derukhah, three polemical works published in the Hit'abbekut of one of his pupils. Altona, 1762.
* Mitpachat Sefarim, in two parts: the first part showing that part of the Zohar is not authentic but a later compilation; the second, a criticism on "Emunat Hakhamim" and "Mishnat Hakhamim," and other seforim and polemical letters addressed to the rabbi of Königsberg. Altona, 1761–68.
* Herev Pifiyyot, Iggeret Purim, Teshuvot haMinim, and Zikkaron beSefer, on money-changers and bankers (unpublished).
* Lechem Shamayim, a commentary on the Mishnah, with a treatise in two parts, on Maimonides' Mishneh Torah, Beit haBechirah. Altona, 1728; Wandsbeck, 1733.
* Iggeret Bikkoret, responsa. Altona, 1733.
* She'elat Ya'abetz, a collection of 372 responsa. Altona, 1739–59.
* Siddur Tefillah, an edition of the ritual with a commentary, grammatical notes, ritual laws, and various treatises, in three parts: Beit-El, Sha'ar haShamayim, and Migdal Oz. It also includes a treatise entitled Even Bochan, and a criticism on Menahem Lonzano's Avodat Mikdash, entitled Seder Avodah. Altona, 1745–48.
* Etz Avot, a commentary to Pirkei Avot, with Lechem Nekudim, grammatical notes. Amsterdam, 1751.
* Sha'agat Aryeh, a eulogy for his brother-in-law Aryeh Leib ben Saul, the rabbi of Amsterdam. Amsterdam, 1755. This was also included in his Kishurim leYa'akov.
* Seder Olam Rabbah veZutta, the two Seder Olam and Megillat Ta'anit, edited with critical notes. Hamburg, 1757.
* Mor uKetziah, novellæ on Orach Hayyim (the novellæ on Yoreh Deah, Even haEzer, and Hoshen Mishpat of Mor uKetziah were unpublished)
* Tzitzim uFerachim, a collection of kabbalistic articles arranged in alphabetical order. Altona, 1768.
* Luach Eresh, grammatical notes on the prayers, and a criticism of Solomon Hena's Sha'arei Tefillah. Altona, 1769.
* Shemesh Tzedakah. Altona, 1772.
* Pesach Gadol, Tefillat Yesharim, and Ḥoli Ketem. Altona, 1775.
* Sha'arei Azarah. Altona, 1776.
* Divrei Emet uMishpaṭ Shalom (n. d. and n. p.).
* Megillat Sefer, containing biographies of himself and of his father. Warsaw 1897
* Kishurim leYaakov, collection of sermons.
* Marginal novellæ on the Babylonian Talmud.
* Emet LeYaakov, notes on Zohar and assorted works, including Dei Rossis' Meor Einayim. Kiryas Joel, 2017

His unpublished rabbinical writings are the following:

* Tza'akat Damim, refutation of the blood accusation in Poland.
* Halakah Pesuḳah.
* Hilkheta liMeshicha, responsum to R. Israel Lipschütz.
* Mada'ah Rabbah.
* Gal-Ed, commentary to Rashi and to the Targum of the Pentateuch.
* Em laBinah, commentary to the whole Bible.
* Em laMikra velaMasoret, also a commentary to the Bible.

### Emden Siddur

[edit]

20th century printings (Lemberg 1904,[31] Augsburg 1948)[32] with a cover title "Siddur Beis Yaakov"[33] (also Anglicized as Siddur Bet Yaakov) (Hebrew סידור בית יעקב)[34] exist. Their cover(s) say[35] Jacob from Emden יעקב מעמדין.[36]

The 472 page Lemberg 1904 printing has Tikun Leil Shavuot on pages 275-305. This siddur is much larger than the author's Shaarei ShaMaYim siddur.

#### Shaarei ShaMaYim

[edit]

A physically smaller siddur, reprinted in Israel 1994, was titled Siddur Rebbe Yaakov of Emden (Hebrew: סידור רבי יעקב מעמדין) on the upper half of the cover, and Siddur HaYaavetz Shaarei ShaMaYim (סדור היעבייץ שערי שמים)[37] The content/commentary is not as detailed/extensive as the full Emden siddur (for example, it is missing Tikkun Leil Shavuot). It is a 2-volume set (the first 2 books on the left side/see photo).

## References

[edit]

1. ^ communicated with Moses Mendelssohn, founder of the breakaway Haskalah movement: "A 19th-century copy of a 1773 letter from Moses Mendelssohn to Rabbi Jacob Emden".
2. ^ a b c Falk, Harvey. "Rabbi Jacob Emden's Views on Christianity" Journal of Ecumenical Studies, Volume 19, no. 1 (Winter 1982), pp. 105–11.
3. ^ a b c Louis Jacobs (1995). The Jewish religion: a companion. Oxford University Press. p. 146\. ISBN 978-0-19-826463-7. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
4. ^ Jacob Emden (May 4, 2011). Megilat Sefer: The Autobiography of Rabbi Jacob Emden (1697–1776). PublishYourSefer.com. p. 353\. ISBN 978-1-61259-001-1. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
5. ^ "Yaakov Israel (Yaakov Emden, Ya'avetz) Emden (Ashkenazi) Sidur".
6. ^ "Rabbi Jacob Emden".
7. ^ "Rabbi Tzvi Hirsch "Chacham Tzvi" Ashkenazi, Chacham Zvi".
8. ^ a b c d e f Solomon Schechter, M. Seligsohn. Emden, Jacob Israel ben Zebi, Jewish Encyclopedia (1906).
9. ^ Jacob J. Shachter (1988). Rabbi Jacob Emden: Life and Major Works. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 107.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
10. ^ Katz, Jacob (1988). Tradition and Crisis: Jewish Society at the End of the Middle Ages. unpublished PhD thesis. p. 357.
11. ^ (written in Hebrew)
12. ^ Sol Steinmetz (2005). Dictionary of Jewish Usage: A Guide to the Use of Jewish Terms. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 79\. ISBN 9780742543874.
13. ^ Gestetner, Avraham Shmuel Yehuda. מגילת פלסתר [Megilas Plaster] (in Hebrew). Monsey, NY.
14. ^ Kuryer Polski 16 June 1751
15. ^ Grunwald Hamburgs deutsche Juden 103-105
16. ^ Grunwald Hamburgs deutsche Juden 107
17. ^ Emden Edut be Ya'akov 10r 63r
18. ^ David Sorkin, The Transformation of German Jewry, 1780–1840, Wayne State University Press, 1999, p. 52.
19. ^ Gahalei Esh, Vol. I, fol. 54
20. ^ Prager, Gahalei Esh, Vol. I, fol. 54v.
21. ^ Sid Leiman/Simon Schwarzfuchs, New Evidence on the Emden-Eybeschütz Controversy. The Amulets from Metz, in: Revue des Etudes Juives 165 (2006). The Plate of the notarially certified amulets appears at page 248,
22. ^ Taken from the Public Domain Jewish Encyclopedia article
23. ^ The Jewish enlightenment, by Shmuel Feiner, ch. 1, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003
24. ^ Sheilos Yaavetz, by Jacob Emden, Volume three, siman 44–47, new edition of Keren Zichron Moshe Yoseph, 2016
25. ^ Rabbi Dr. Alan Brill. Judaism and Other Religions: An Orthodox perspective Archived January 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, commissioned by the World Jewish Congress for the World Symposium of Catholic Cardinals and Jewish Leaders (January 2004).
26. ^ Gentile, Jewish Encyclopedia (1906).
27. ^ Sandra B. Lubarsky (November 1990). Tolerance and transformation: Jewish approaches to religious pluralism. Hebrew Union College Press. p. 20\. ISBN 978-0-87820-504-2. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
28. ^ עמדין, יעקב בן צבי (1884). שאילת יעבץ. Lemberg. p. חלק ב סימן טו. Retrieved November 28, 2017.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
29. ^ Winkler, Gershon. "The responsum of Rabbi Yaakov Emden from Sheylot Ye'avitz, vol. 2, no. 15" (PDF). Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2017.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
30. ^ "Keeping the Jewish Camp Holy (series, part 34)". Torah Tavlin. January 3, 2015. p. 4.
31. ^ "Jacob Emden Yaabetz Siddur". "Reprint of the popular Emden Siddur (Lemberg 1904"
32. ^ "Siddur Bet Yakov". Archived from the original on May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2019. "Printed by and for the use of Holocaust survivors in liberation camps. ... dedicated to"
33. ^ "Shemoneh Esrei 34: Davening For The Majority Part I". OU.org.
34. ^ Reuven P. Bulka (1986). Jewish Marriage: A Halakhic Ethic. KTAV Publishing House. p. 218\. ISBN 0881250775.
35. ^ translated as
36. ^ The Lemberg 1904 cover has 3 lines: The word Siddur סידור on one line, then B.. Yaakov בית יעקב, followed by a 3rd line with ר' יעקב מעמדין R' Yaakov of/from Emden
37. ^ (no Yud after Samech on bottom, but this may be an error of the reprinters)

## External links

[edit]

* Emden, Jacob Israel Ben Zebi Ashkenazi, jewishencyclopedia.com
* Jacob Emden, jewishvirtuallibrary.org
* Rabbi Jacob Emden's View on Christianity and the Noachite Commandments, Reprinted from the Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 19:1, Winter 1982
* , from Shelyot Ye'avetz, v 2, 15
* Cohen, Mortimer J. (1948), "Was Eibeschuetz a Sabbatian?", The Jewish Quarterly Review, XXXIX (1): 51–62, doi:10.2307/1453087, JSTOR 1453087.
* Cohen, Mortimer Joseph, Jacob Emden, A Man of Controversy, Philadelphia, Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, 1937.
* Schacter, Jacob J., Rabbi Jacob Emden: Life and Major Works, Diss., Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1988.

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