Jainism in Karnataka

Religion of Jainism in the Indian state of Karnataka

Saavira Kambada Basadi, the 1000 pillar Jain temple at Moodabidri Part of a series on

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Karnataka, a state in South India has a long association with Jainism, a religion which enjoyed patronage of major historic kingdoms in the state such as the Rastrakuta Dynasty, Western Ganga, Kadamba and Chalukya dynasties and the Hoysala Empire. Today the state is home to a number of Jain monuments, such as temples, Gommata statues and stambhas.

## History

[edit]

Historical association of Jainism with Karnataka dates back to the 3rd century BC.[1][2] Acharya Bhadrabahu predicted a twelve-year-long famine in north India and led the migration of Jain sangha to the south.[1] He was accompanied by his disciple Chandragupta Maurya and the Sangha halted at Chandragiri Hill. Realising that he was nearing the end of his life, Bhadrabahu instructed his disciples to spread the religion and he undertook sallekhana at Chandragiri.[3] However, this account has little authenticity due to the contradiction it offers to Darshansaar, an earlier Digambara text. Two major texts – 10th century CE text Darshansaar by Devasena, a Digambara ascetic, and 14th century CE text Bhadrabahu-charitra by Ratnanandi, also a Digambara ascetic, have completely different accounts of how the Śvētāmbara sect was created. While the previous story mentions that the Śvētāmbara sect was created in 298 BCE by Sthulabhadra, the former text mentions that it was created in Vallabhi 136 years after Vikramaditya's death and by a monk named Jinacandra. Not only the time periods, but also the location of the sect's creation and installation, as well as the name of the originator differs in both these records.[4]

Chandragupta Maurya apparently continued to live on this hill worshipping the foot prints of his teacher and later he too took Sallekhana. There are two monuments on the hill recalling this event, a rock cut cave called Bhadrabahu cave and a structural shrine called the Chandragupta Basadi.[5]

## Architecture and monuments

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Akkana Basadi, Shravanabelagola

There are a number of monuments relating to the Jain religion in Karnataka. The Jain monuments include smaller shrines, Jain temples (known as Bastis or Basadis), Gommata statues and Sthambas (pillars). Moodabidri is home to the 1000 Pillar Jain temple.[6] The Ganga-Permadi temple at Annigeri in Navalgund taluq received donation of land from mahasamanta Katarsa in 1074 CE for maintenance of charity-houses.[7] Another temple named Samyakratnakara basadi situated at Mugad, Dharwad district received a similar donation some time before 11th century CE.[7]

The most prominent among them are as follows:[8]

### Basadis (Bastis)

[edit]

Panchakuta Basadi Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura

* Shravanabelagola
* Chandragiri: Chandragupta Basadi, Chamundaraya Basadi, Parshvanatha basadi
* Vindhyagiri (Vindyagiri): Odegal Basadi
* Town: Akkana Basadi, Bhandara Basadi
* Moodabidri\- Also known as "Jain Kashi"
* Saavira Kambada Basadi \- The 1000 pillar Jain temple
* Guru Basadi
* There are 18 other Basadis in and around Moodabidiri.
* Halebidu
* Basadi complex, Halebidu \- 3 Basadis
* Karkala and Gerusoppa
* Chaturmukha Basadi
* Belgaum
* Kamal Basadi
* Lakshmeshwara
* Shanka Basadi
* Varanga
* Kere Basadi
* Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura
* Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli
* Chaturmukha Basadi, Gerusoppa
* Chandranatha Basadi, Hadavalli
* Parshvanatha Basadi, Gundwad

### Statues of Gommata

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Main article: Bahubali

Shravanabelagola has the world famous monolithic statue, Gommateshwara statue. Similar Monolithic statues of Lord Bahubali can be also seen in Venur, Dharmasthala, Karkala and Mysore.

There are five monolithic statues of Bahubali in Karnataka measuring more than 20 feet in height.[citation needed]

* 57 feet at Shravanabelagola in Hassan District in 981 CE
* 42 feet at Karkala in Udupi District in 1432 CE
* 39 feet at Dharmasthala in Dakshina Kannada District in 1973 CE
* 35 feet at Venur in Dakshina Kannada District in 1604 CE
* 20 feet at Gommatagiri in Mysore District in 12th Century CE

In all of the above-mentioned places, the holy festival of Mahamastakabhisheka is held once every 12 years when the statue of Bahubali is worshiped and bathed in holy water, milk, turmeric, and other natural herbs that have their own significant importance.[9][10]

* Gommateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola, 978-993 AD

* Gommateshwara statue, Karkala (1432 CE)

* Bahubali monolith of Dharmasthala (1973 CE)

* Bahubali monolith of Venur (1604 CE)

* Bahubali status at Gommatagiri (12th Century CE)

## Jainism in North Karnataka

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Main article: Jainism in North Karnataka

Brahma Jinalaya at Lakkundi Jain Narayana temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Jainism in North Karnataka flourished under the Chalukyas, Kadamba and Rashtrakutas, and Vijayanagara empire.[11] Imbued with an intense religious feeling, lavish patronage was extended towards the building of basadis, temples and magnificent statues. Jainism enjoyed the highest repute among the people particularly the ruling classes and the mercantile community thus virtually becoming the state religion.

The earliest dated structure is a Basadi at Halasi built under the Kadamba Dynasty of Banavasi thus laying the foundation for Jain architecture in North Karnataka. Rastrakutas period is the golden age of Jainism in Karnataka. The Jaina monuments of the Rashtrakutas period are found at Pattadakal, Malkhed, Lakshmeshwar, Koppal, Bankur, of North Karnataka. Jainism exerted considerable influence over the cultural life of Karnataka during the rule of the Rashtrakutas.[12]

Kadambas of Banavasi were known to be patrons of Jainism. After the rule of the Kadambas of Banavasi most parts of north Karnataka came under the rule of the early Chalukya or Badami Chalukyas.[13]

The Chalukyas of Badami built cave temples at Badami, Pattadkal and Aihole. Puligere (modern Lakshmeshwara) was a strong centre of religious activities of the Jain monks during this era.[14]

Lakkundi in Gadag District has a large Brahma Jinalaya of Chalukya style, built by a noble lady, Attimabbe.[15]

Navagraha Jain Temple at Varur near Hubli is one of the major pilgrimage. The temple features a 61 feet (18.6 m) tall monolithic idol of the Shri 1008 Bhagavan Parshvanatha and the smaller statues of the other 8 Jain teerthankaras.[16]

## Religious organisations

[edit]

Main article: Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha

The Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha is a religious and social service organisation of the Jains of South India. The organisation is headquartered at Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.[17] The association is credited with being one of the first Jain associations to start reform movements among the Jains in modern India.[18][19] The organisation mainly seeks to represent the interests of the native Jains of Maharashtra (Marathi Jains), Karnataka (Kannada Jains) and Goa.

## List of famous temples

[edit]

Chandragiri Hill Temple Complex, Shravanbelgola Chaturmukha Basadi Kamal Basadi Parshvanath Basadi, Halebidu, a UNESCO World Heritage Site Bahubali in Badami cave temples

Cave temples

* Badami cave temples in Badami
* Aihole cave temple

Main temples

* Shravanabelagola, a monumental statue of Saint Gomateshwar(Bahubali) in Hassan district.
* Karkala, 1. Hiriyangadi Basadi 2. Chathurmukha Basadi 3. Padmavathi Kere Basadi. The famous monolithic 42 feet (13 m) Gommateshwara statue, the second tallest in Karnataka is also here.
* Dharmasthala, a 39 feet (12 m) Gomateshwara idol.
* Venur, a 35 feet (11 m) Gomateshwara idol.
* Gommatagiri, a 20 feet (6.1 m) Gomateshwara idol.
* Moodabidri, 18 ancient Jain temple including Saavira Kambada Basadi the Thousand Pillars Temple and Guru Basadi
* Brahma Jinalaya in Lakkundi
* Humcha Jain temples
* Navagraha Jain Temple in Hubli
* Sankighatta
* Jain Narayana temple, Pattadakal
* Kundadri : It is said this is Samadhi sthal of Acharya Kundakunda
* Chaturmukha Basadi in Karkala
* Akkana Basadi
* Odegal basadi
* Parshvanatha basadi
* Basadi complex, Halebidu : 1. Parshvanatha Basadi 2. Shantinatha Basadi 3. Adinatha Basadi
* Varanga – This is an important Jain centre. The Kere basadi is located in midst of a lake. There are many other basadis too.
* Aihole Jain complex \- Meguti Jain temple, Charanthimatha Group of temples, Yoginarayana group and Jain cave temple
* Kanakagiri Jain tirth
* Shanka Basadi & Ananthanatha basadi at Lakshmeshwara
* Chandragupta basadi
* Basadi complex in Shravanabelagola
* Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura
* Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli
* Hadavalli Jain Temple
* Chavundaraya Basadi
* Narasimharajapura
* Kamal Basadi & Chikki Basadi at Belgaum Fort
* Chaturmukha Basadi, Gerusoppa
* Mandaragiri
* Jain Bhattaraka Math at Manyakheta
* Aagam Mandir, Tumkur
* Kamthana Jain temple
* Shri 1008 Adinath Digamber Jin Mandir, Jayanagar, Bangalore
* Shri Mahavira Digambara Jain temple, Chickpet
* Kalya (Kalyana pura)
* Gundwad Jain Basadi
* Kathale Basadi, Barkur
* Sri Parshwanath Swamy Basadi
* Shri Parshwa Sushil Dham, Attibele
* Jain temple inside Hangal Fort, Hubli
* Hampi Jain complex
* Padmabbarasi basadi, Naregal
* Shantinatha Basadi, Kalaghatagi
* Godageri
* Sargur
* Shri Parshwa Sushil Dham
* Shri 1008 Bhagwan Neminath Digambar Jain Basadi.,Terdal
* Shri khetra Badragiri,Halingali

## Notable Karnataka Jains

[edit]

* Rani Chennabhairadevi
* Kumudendu Muni \- Author of Siribhoovalaya, a unique multi-lingual literary work.
* Shivakotiacharya
* Chavundaraya\- Poet
* Hampa Nagarajaiah
* Justice T. K. Tukol
* Mukhyamantri Chandru
* Professor Padmanabh S Jaini
* Veerendra Heggade
* Abhayachandra Jain
* Shubhachandra \- Retd. Jainology Professor, Mysore University
* Bhavya
* Rani Abbakka
* Durvinita \- king
* Amogavarsha \- emperor, Pampa, Ranna, Ajitprasad,
* Dr.Priti Shrimandhar Kumar \- Retired Professor(Mysore University), Previous Director- Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies.

Justice R.S.Mahendra

## Photo gallery

[edit]

* Kere Basadi

* Sankighatta

* Meguti Jain temple, Aihole

* Shanka Basadi, 8th century

* Adinath Jain temple, Bangalore

* Chavundaraya Basadi, Shravanabelagola

* Odegal Basadi, Vindhyagiri Hill

* Chandragupta basadi

* Humcha

## See also

[edit]

* Religion portal
* India portal

* History of Jainism
* Timeline of Jainism
* Jainism in North Karnataka
* History of Karnataka
* Kalya Inscriptions

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jainism in Karnataka.

* Jainism and Karnataka culture (pdf)[permanent dead link]

## References

[edit]

### Citation

[edit]

1. ^ a b Sangave 2001a, p. 115.
2. ^ Singh, R.B.P. (2008). Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 9788120833234.
3. ^ "A place soaked in religion". Archived from the original on 12 October 2006. Retrieved 23 November 2006.
4. ^ Aacharya Shri Devsen Swami. दर्शनसार | Darshansar | Darshansaar | दर्शन सार | Darshan sar | Darshan saar.
5. ^ "Karnataka's hotbed of Jain religion". Archived from the original on 18 June 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
6. ^ Ramnarayan, Gowri (24 April 2005). "Moodbidri — woods of yore". The Hindu. Chennai. Archived from the original on 26 April 2005. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
7. ^ a b Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh 2008, p. 83.
8. ^ Documentation Update: October 2004 to March 2005, EQUATIONS, p. 29
9. ^ Kumar, Brajesh (2003), Pilgrimage Centres of India, Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd., p. 199, ISBN 9788171821853
10. ^ Travel House Guide to Incredible India, Har Anand Publications, 2004, p. 243, ISBN 9788124110638
11. ^ "The Jain Legacy In Karnataka". Retrieved 20 August 2008.
12. ^ Chugh, Lalit (2016), Karnataka's Rich Heritage - Art and Architecture (From Prehistoric Times to the Hoysala Period ed.), Notion Press, p. 312, ISBN 9789352068258
13. ^ Sangave 2001b, p. 174.
14. ^ Abram 2003, p. 285.
15. ^ Hartmann & Ray 2020, p. 2360.
16. ^ Hubli gets magnificent ‘jinalaya’. The Hindu, 6 January 2009.
17. ^ Bhanu, B. V. (2004). People of India: Maharashtra - Kumar Suresh Singh. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9788179911006. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
18. ^ Carrithers, Michael; Humphrey, Caroline, eds. (4 April 1991). The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521365055. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
19. ^ Markham, Ian S.; Sapp, Christy Lohr (26 May 2009). A World Religions Reader. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781405171090. Retrieved 30 January 2013.

### Sources

[edit]

* Abram, David (2003), South India, Rough Guides, ISBN 9781843531036
* Hartmann, Jens-Uwe; Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2020), Power, Presence and Space South Asian Rituals in Archaeological Context, Archaeology and Religion in South Asia, vol. 5, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 9781000168808
* Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001a), Aspects of Jaina religion (3rd ed.), New Delhi: Bharatiya Jnanpith, ISBN 978-8126307203
* Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001b), Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture, Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-8171548392
* Singh, Ram Bhushan Prasad (2008) [1975], Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-3323-4

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Jain temples in India

See also : Jain temples in North America

Bihar|

* Pawapuri
* Statue of Vasupujya

Delhi|

* Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir
* Naya Mandir
* Ahinsa Sthal

Gujarat|

* Abhapur
* Bhadreshwar
* Girnar
* Neminath Temple
* Hutheesing
* Mahudi
* Palitana
* Shankheshwar
* Taranga
* Kothara
* Panchasara
* Kumbhariaji

Jharkhand|

* Shikharji

Karnataka|

* Badami cave temples
* Dharmasthala Temple
* Jain Temple, Lakkundi
* Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli
* Saavira Kambada Basadi
* Sankighatta
* Shravanabelagola
* Halebidu
* Karkala
* Humcha
* Pattadakal
* Aihole
* Shanka Basadi

Kerala|

* Anantnath Swami Temple
* Jain temple, Alleppey
* Jain Temple, Kidanganad
* Jainimedu Jain temple
* Kattil Madam Temple

Madhya Pradesh|

* Kundalpurna
* Bawangaja
* Jain temples of Khajuraho
* Kanch Mandir
* Sonagiri
* Muktagiri
* Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir
* Vidisha

Maharashtra|

* Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Tīrtha
* Gajpanth
* Kumbhoj
* Shantinatha temple, Ramtek
* Statue of Ahimsa

Nagaland|

* Dimapur Jain Temple

Odisha|

* Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri
* Subai Jain temples

Rajasthan|

* Dilwara Temples
* Ajmer Jain temple
* Nakodaji
* Nareli Jain Temple
* Padampura
* Ranakpur Jain temple
* Sanghiji
* Shri Mahavirji
* Tijara Jain temple
* Osian
* Lodhurva Jain temple

Tamil Nadu|

* Arahanthgiri Jain Math
* Alagramam Jain Temple
* Kalugumalai Jain Beds
* Mannargudi Mallinatha Swamy Jain Temple
* Mel Sithamur Jain Math
* Vijayamangalam Jain temple
* Thirakoil

Telangana|

* Kulpakji
* Bommalagutta

Uttar Pradesh|

* Jain temples at Deogarh
* Jambudweep
* Hastinapur
* Navagarh Tirth
* Ahichchhatra

West Bengal|

* Calcutta Jain Temple
* Pakbirra Jain temples

* Category
* Religion portal

* v
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State of Karnataka

Capital: Bengaluru

State symbols|

* Emblem: Emblem of Karnataka
* Song: Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate

* Animal: Asian elephant
* Bird: Indian roller
* Flower: Lotus
* Tree: Sandalwood
* Fruit: Mango
* Fish: Carnatic carp
* Insect: Southern birdwing

Overviews|

* Architecture
* Cinema
* Climate
* Cuisine
* Demography
* Economy
* Education
* Folk arts
* Geography
* History
* Media
* People
* Sports
* Transportation
* Wildlife

History|

* Aihole
* Alupa dynasty
* Amoghavarsha
* Badami
* Banavasi
* Balligavi
* Belur
* Chalukya dynasty
* Chitradurga Nayakas
* Deva Raya II
* Durvinita
* Halebidu
* Kingdom of Coorg
* Halmidi
* Hampi
* Hoysala Empire
* Kadamba dynasty
* Kalyani Chalukyas
* Keladi Nayakas
* Shivappa Nayaka
* Kittur Chennamma
* Kingdom of Mysore
* Mayurasharma
* Pattadakal
* Pulakeshin II
* Rashtrakuta Empire
* Sringeri
* Srirangapatna
* Tipu Sultan
* Unification of Karnataka
* Vijayanagara Empire
* Vijayanagara
* Vishnuvardhana
* Veera Ballala II
* Vikramaditya II
* Vikramaditya VI
* Western Ganga dynasty

Districts and divisions|

| Bangalore division|

* Bengaluru Urban
* Bengaluru Rural
* Chitradurga
* Davanagere
* Kolar
* Shimoga
* Tumakuru
* Ramanagara
* Chikkaballapura

|

Belagavi division|

* Bagalkot
* Belagavi
* Bijapur
* Dharwad
* Haveri
* Gadag
* Uttara Kannada

Kalaburagi division|

* Ballari
* Bidar
* Kalaburagi
* Koppal
* Raichur
* Vijayanagara
* Yadgir

Mysore division|

* Chamarajanagar
* Chikmagalur
* Dakshina Kannada
* Hassan
* Kodagu
* Mandya
* Mysore
* Udupi

Geography|

* Cities and towns
* Districts
* Rivers
* Dams and reservoirs
* Taluks
* Villages
* Highest point
* Bayalu Seeme
* Malenadu
* Kanara
* Western Ghats

Culture|

* Bharatanatyam
* Buta Kola
* Bidriware
* Channapatna toys
* Chitrakala Parishat
* Gaarudi Gombe
* Ilkal sari
* Kamsale
* Kannada
* Karnatik music
* Kasuti
* Khedda
* Mysore Dasara
* Togalu gombeyaata
* Udupi cuisine
* Veeragase
* Yakshagana
* Mysore musicians

Literature|

* Kannada
* Milestones
* Epics
* Medieval
* Rashtrakuta
* Western Ganga
* Western Chalukya
* Hoysala
* Vijayanagara
* Vachana
* Haridasa
* Mysore
* Play
* Modern
* Kannada Sahitya Parishat
* Kannada Sahitya Sammelana
* Karnataka

Noted poets|

* Asaga
* Gunavarma I
* Adikavi Pampa
* Sri Ponna
* Ranna
* Devar Dasimayya
* Basava
* Akka Mahadevi
* Allama Prabhu
* Siddharama
* Harihara
* Raghavanka
* Rudrabhatta
* Janna
* Kumara Vyasa
* Chamarasa
* Nijaguna Shivayogi
* Ratnakaravarni
* Purandara Dasa
* Kanaka Dasa
* Vijaya Dasa
* Gopala Dasa
* Jagannatha Dasa
* Lakshmisa
* Sarvajna
* Shishunala Sharif
* Krishnaraja Wadiyar III
* D. R. Bendre
* Gopalakrishna Adiga
* V. Seetharamaiah
* K. S. Narasimhaswamy
* M. Govinda Pai
* Kuvempu
* D. V. Gundappa
* G. S. Shivarudrappa

People and society|

* Karnataka ethnic groups
* List of people from Karnataka

Tourism|

* Beaches
* Dams
* Forts
* National parks
* Hindu temples
* Jain temples
* Waterfalls

Awards|

* Karnataka Ratna
* Pampa Award
* Nrupatunga Award
* Basava Puraskara
* Rajyotsava Prashasti
* Jakanachari Award
* Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award
* Kempegowda Award

Media|

* Cinema
* Newspapers
* Magazines
* Television
* Radio

* v
* t
* e

Jainism topics

Gods|

* Arihant
* Ganadhara
* Tirthankara
* Mahavira
* Rishabhanatha

Philosophy|

* Five Vows
* Ahimsa
* Anekantavada
* Cosmology
* Deva
* Naraka
* Siddhashila
* Death
* Dravya
* Jīva
* Ajiva
* Pudgala
* Dharma
* Epistemology
* Kevala Jnana
* Gunasthana
* Karma
* Causes
* Types
* Kashaya
* Ratnatraya
* Samsara
* Tattva
* Asrava
* Bandha
* Moksha
* Nirjara
* Samvara

Branches|

| Digambara|

* Bispanthi
* Kanji Panth
* Mula Sangha
* Balatkara Gana
* Kashtha Sangha
* Taran Panth
* Terapanth

|

Svetambara|

* Murtipujaka
* Gaccha
* Kharatara
* Tapa
* Tristutik
* Sthanakavasi

Practices|

* Fasting
* Festivals
* Paryushana
* Kshamavani
* Mahamastakabhisheka
* Meditation
* Monasticism
* Pratikramana
* Samayika
* Rituals
* Sallekhana
* Tapas
* Upadhan
* Vegetarianism

Literature|

* Agama
* Aptamimamsa
* Bhaktamara Stotra
* Civaka Cintamani
* Culamani
* Kalpa Sūtra
* Kasayapahuda
* Naga Kumara Kaviyam
* Neelakesi
* Namokar Mantra
* Pravachanasara
* Samayasāra
* Shatkhandagama
* Tattvartha Sutra
* Uttaradhyayana
* Udayana Kumara Kaviyam
* Valayapathi
* Yashodhara Kaviyam

Symbols|

* Ashtamangala
* Auspicious dreams
* Jain flag
* Siddhachakra
* Shrivatsa
* Nandavarta
* Swastika

Ascetics|

* Acharya
* Aryika
* Digambara monk
* Kshullak
* Pattavali

Scholars|

* Bal Patil
* Champat Rai Jain
* Chandabai
* Colette Caillat
* Hampana
* Hermann Jacobi
* Jeffery D. Long
* John E. Cort
* Nalini Balbir
* Padmanabh Jaini
* Paul Dundas
* Virchand Gandhi

Community|

* Sravaka
* Sarak
* Tamil Jain

| Organisations|

* Digambar Jain Mahasabha
* JAINA
* Vishwa Jain Sangathan

|

Jainism in|

| India|

* Bundelkhand
* Delhi
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Karnataka
* North
* Kerala
* Maharashtra
* Mumbai
* Rajasthan
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