Jainism in the United States

American Jains

Jain Center of Greater Phoenix

Total population
150,000[1][2]
Religions
Jainism
Languages
American English
South Asian Languages
Related ethnic groups

* American Hindus
* American Buddhists
* American Sikhs

Part of a series on

Jainism

* Jains
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Philosophy

* Anekantavada
* Cosmology
* Ahimsa
* Karma
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* Aparigraha
* Gunasthana
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Ethics

Ethics of Jainism

Mahavratas (major vows)

* Ahiṃsā (non-violence)
* Satya (truth)
* Asteya (non-stealing)
* Brahmacarya (chastity)
* Aparigraha (non-possession)

Anuvratas (further vows)

* Sāmāyika
* Sallekhana

Jain prayers

* Bhaktamara Stotra
* Micchami Dukkadam
* Navkar Mantra
* Ṇamōkāra mantra
* Jai Jinendra

Major figures

* The 24 Tirthankaras
* Rishabha
* Pārśva
* Mahavira
* Arihant
* Ganadhara
* Kundakunda
* Siddhasena
* Samantabhadra
* Haribhadra
* Yashovijaya

Major sects

Schools and Branches

* Digambara
* Śvetāmbara

Jain literature

* Samayasāra (Digambara)
* Pravachanasara (Digambara)
* Agama (Śvetāmbara)
* Tattvartha Sutra
* Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)
* Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)
* Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)
* Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
* Silappatikaram
* Valayapathi

Festivals

* Diwali
* Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
* Paryushana
* Samvatsari

Pilgrimages

Tirth

* Abu
* Palitana
* Girnar
* Shikharji
* Shravanabelagola

Other

* Ekendriya
* Temples
* Jain flag
* Jain symbols
* Parasparopagraho Jivanam
* Topics list

* Religion portal

* v
* t
* e

Adherents of Jainism first arrived in the United States in the 20th century. Jain immigration began in earnest in the late 1960s and continues to the present day.

## History

[edit]

Poster announcing lecture by Virchand Gandhi

In 1893, Virachand Gandhi became the first Jain delegate to visit the United States, representing Jainism in the first ever Parliament of World Religions.[3] As the first practicing Jain to speak publicly in the United States on Jainism, he is a key figure in the history of American Jainism.[1] The first St. Louis Jain temple in the United States was built for the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904. After the fair, the temple moved to Las Vegas and later to Los Angeles. It is now owned by the Jain Center of Southern California. Adherents of Jainism first arrived in the United States in 1944.[4] Jain immigration began in earnest in the late 1960s after the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965. The United States has since become a center of the Jain diaspora.[5]

From left to right: Virchand Gandhi, Hewivitarne Dharmapala, Swami Vivekananda, and (possibly) G. Bonet Maury

The first former Jain monastic to travel to the United States, Chitrabhanu, arrived in 1971. He gave several lectures about Jainism at Harvard University and established a Jain center in New York City. The first monk who traveled outside India by use of mechanical means was Acharya Sushil Kumar who arrived in the United States in 1975.[6] He established multiple Jain centers, including International Mahavira Jain Mission popularly known as Siddhachalam.[7] In the 1980s, he and Chitrabhanu inspired the founding of Federation of Jain Associations in North America to support the Jain community in the United States and Canada.[7]

As of 2010 the United States contained the most Jain temples of any country in the Jain diaspora.[1] At least one third of the Jains living outside India live in the United States, numbering close to 150,000.[1][2] Jain temples in the United States, which numbered 26 as of 2006, frequently incorporate marble and arches in a style reminiscent of Rajasthan architecture.[1] There are almost 100 distinct Jain congregations in the United States.[7]

Many Jains in the United States are professionals.[5] They also frequently volunteer at animal welfare organizations.[1] Many Jains also attend Hindu temples and Hindu events.[8]

## Jain sects

[edit]

According to The Pluralism Project at Harvard University, "Most American Jains agree that the sectarian streams of Jainism that have been significant in India for 2,000 years are fast losing their currency in 20th century America...The sectarian divisions of the Jain tradition have been left behind as Jain Americans concentrate on the difficult task of appropriating the tradition in a new environment." As noted below, many Jain temples in the United States contain images from both the Digambara and Śvētāmbara traditions. Jain conventions and gatherings in America feature teachings from both sects.[9][10]

## Federation of Jain Associations in North America and Siddhachalam

[edit]

Main article: JAINA

Main temple at Siddhachalam Jain center at New Jersey. Images of the tirthankaras Mahavira, Chandraprabha, Rishabha, Shantinatha and Parshvanatha.

The Federation of Jain Associations in North America is an umbrella organization of local American and Canadian Jain congregations to preserve, practice, and promote Jainism and the Jain way of life.[11] Siddhachalam[12] in New Jersey is the first pilgrimage site for Jains outside India, bringing together all Jains in one place for worship, study and reflection.[13]

### Jain symbols

[edit]

See also: Jain symbols

The Federation of Jain Associations in North America uses a modified version of the standard Jain symbol, the Jain emblem. It replaces the swastika with an om because the former is not considered a pious symbol in the western world.[14]

## Jain studies

[edit]

Florida International University hosts the Bhagwan Mahavir Professorship in Jain Studies, the first Jain Studies chair at a North American university. In 2016, the Jain Society and Rice University signed a memorandum of understanding to establish a post-doctoral fellowship in Jain studies.[15]

## American Jain centers

[edit]

Category:Jain temples in the United States

Jain temple in Monroeville, Pennsylvania

The Jain Center of America was the first Jain center in the United States. It opened in New York City in 1982.[16] Since then, over 100 Jain centers and temples have opened in America.[17] Most Jain centers are complexes that include a main temple housing Digambara and Śvētāmbara images, libraries, meeting rooms, guest rooms, and so forth.

### Arizona

[edit]

* Jain Center of Greater Phoenix

### California

[edit]

* Jain Center of Northern California[18]
* Jain Center of Southern California
* Jain Center of Greater Sacramento[19]
* Jain Society of San Diego[20]
* Jain Center Of Los Angeles[21]

### Colorado

[edit]

* Jain Samaj of Colorado,[22] Denver

### Connecticut

[edit]

* Jain Center of Connecticut[23]

### Florida

[edit]

* Jain Vishwa Bharati of USA, Orlando, Florida [24]
* Jain Society Inc. of Tampa Bay[25]
* Jain Society of Central Florida, Inc.[26]
* Jain Center of South Florida[27]
* Jain Association of North East Florida[28]

### Georgia

[edit]

* Augusta Jain Community[29]
* Jain Society of Greater Atlanta[30]

### Illinois

[edit]

* Jain Society of Metro Chicago[31]

### Indiana

[edit]

* Jain Center of Central Indiana[32]

### Kansas

[edit]

* Kansas City Jain Sangh[33]

### Kentucky

[edit]

* Jain Temple of Louisville[34]

### Louisiana

[edit]

* Jain Center of Northwest Louisiana[35]

### Maryland

[edit]

* Jain Society of Metro Washington[36]

### Massachusetts

[edit]

* Jain Sangh of New England,[37] Burlington, Massachusetts
* Jain Center of Greater Boston,[38] Norwood, Massachusetts

### Michigan

[edit]

* Jain Society of Greater Detroit, Inc.[39]
* Jain Society of Greater Lansing[40]

### Minnesota

[edit]

* Jain Center of Minnesota[41]

### Missouri

[edit]

* Jain Center of Greater St. Louis[42]

### Nevada

[edit]

* Jain Center of Las Vegas[43]

### New Jersey

[edit]

* Jain Center of New Jersey[44]
* Jain Sangh of Atlantic City - NJ[45]
* The Jain Sangh Inc. NJ (Cherry Hill Jain Sangh)[46]
* Jain Vishwa Bharti,[47] Iselin, New Jersey
* Siddhachalam, New Jersey

### New York

[edit]

Das Lakshana (Paryushana) celebrations at the Jain Center of America, Queens, New York City, the oldest Jain temple in the Western hemisphere[48]

* Jain Center of America
* Jain Community of Buffalo[49]
* Jain Sangh of Hudson Valley[50]
* Jain Society of Capitol District-Albany[51]
* Jain Samaj of Long Island, NY[52]
* Jain Temple of New York[53]

### North Carolina

[edit]

* Jain Center of Greater Charlotte[54]
* Jain Study Center of N. Carolina[55]

### Ohio

[edit]

* Jain Center of Central Ohio, Columbus[56]
* Jain Center of Cincinnati/Dayton[57]
* Jain Society of Greater Cleveland[58]
* Jain Society of Toledo[59]

### Oklahoma

[edit]

* Tulsa Jain Sangh[60]

### Pennsylvania

[edit]

* Jain Center of Allentown[61]
* Jain Samaj of South Central PA[62]
* Jain Society of Pittsburgh[63]
* Samarpan Jain Sangh Philadelphia[64]

### Tennessee

[edit]

* Jain Society of Middle Tennessee[65]

### Texas

[edit]

* Jain Society of Houston[66]
* Jain Society of N. Texas/Dallas[67]
* Jain Sangh of Greater Austin TX[68]
* Siddhayatan

### Virginia

[edit]

* Jain Society of Central Virginia - Richmond[69]
* Jain Temple of Virginia[70]

### Washington

[edit]

* Jain Society of Seattle[71]
* Jain Center of Washington[72]

### Wisconsin

[edit]

* Jain Religion Center of Wisconsin[73]

## Gallery

[edit]

* Jain Center of Central Ohio in Columbus, Ohio

* Greater Baltimore Jain Temple

* Main shrine at Siddhachalam Jain center, New Jersey

* Jain Center of America in New York City with images of Tirthankaras.

* Manastambha at Jain Center of Greater Phoenix

* Rishabhantha idol at Jain Center of Greater Phoenix

* Lord Mahaviraswami idol at Jain Center of Greater Phoenix

* Lord Adinatha at Franklin Township derasar

* Main vedi at Franklin Township derasar

* Idol of devi at Franklin Township Derasar

* Namokar Mantra at Terapanti shrine of Franklin Township Derasar

## Notable Jain Americans

[edit]

Main page: Category:American Jains

## See also

[edit]

* Religion portal
* North America portal
* United States portal

* Jainism in Canada
* Jainism in Europe
* Jainism in Hong Kong
* Jainism in Singapore
* Jain Center of Southern California

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f Lee, Jonathan H. X. (21 December 2010), Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife, ABC-CLIO, pp. 487–488, ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5
2. ^ a b Wiley, Kristi L. (2004), Historical dictionary of Jainism, Scarecrow Press, p. 19, ISBN 978-0-8108-5051-4
3. ^ Jain, Pankaz; Pankaz Hingarh; Dr. Bipin Doshi, Priti Shah. "Virchand Gandhi, A Gandhi Before Gandhi". A german e-magazine. herenow4u.
4. ^ Watts, Tim J. "Religion, Indian American". In Huping Ling; Allan W. Austin (17 March 2015). Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 353\. ISBN 978-1-317-47645-0.
5. ^ a b "Jain Immigration".
6. ^ Samyak (1993). India Beyond Today & Tomorrow: Dialogues on the Future of India and Search for Alternatives. Allied Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7023-152-3.
7. ^ a b c Queen, Edward L.; Prothero, Stephen R.; Shattuck, Gardiner H. (2009), Encyclopedia of American religious history, Infobase Publishing, p. 531, ISBN 978-0-8160-6660-5
8. ^ "Pathshala: The Next Generation".
9. ^ "Pujya Sadhviji gives Keynote at Closing of the Jaina Convention | Parmarth Niketan".
10. ^ "Unity: The American Context". pluralism.org.
11. ^ "About JAINA". Retrieved 16 January 2012.
12. ^ "Siddhachalam". www.siddhachalam.org.
13. ^ "About Siddhachalam". Siddhachalam. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
14. ^ "Jain Symbols". p. 29\. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
15. ^ "US' Rice University to offer post-doctoral fellowship in Jain studies", The Economic Times, 25 January 2016, archived from the original on 24 February 2016
16. ^ "Jain Center of America - JCA New York History".
17. ^ "Building Temples and Networks". pluralism.org.
18. ^ "JCNC – Jain Center of Northern California". Retrieved 11 March 2024.
19. ^ "Jain Center Of Southern California". jaincenter.org.
20. ^ "Jain Society of San Diego". Jain Society of San Diego.
21. ^ "JTLA - Jain Temple of Los Angeles". www.jaintempleofla.org.
22. ^ JSOC Committee (29 January 2023). "JSOC – Jain Samaj Of Colorado". Jainsamajofcolorado.org. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
23. ^ "Jain Center of Connecticut". www.jaincenterofconnecticut.org.
24. ^ "JVB Orlando | Jain Vishwa Bharati Orlando, Florida".
25. ^ "Tampa Jain Temple". Jain Society Of Tampa Bay: Tampa Jain Temple.
26. ^ "Home | Jain Society of Central Florida". Jsocf.org. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
27. ^ "Jain Center of South Florida USA, Jain Mandir United States of America, Bhagwan Mahavir Idols, Donate". www.jaincentersfl.org.
28. ^ Jain Association of North East Florida
29. ^ "Hindu Temple Society of Augusta". Hindu Temple Society of Augusta.
30. ^ "Home - JSGA - Liferay". JSGA.
31. ^ "Jain Society of Metropolitan Chicago | JSMC - index". www.jsmconline.org.
32. ^ "Hindu Temple of Central Indiana". www.htci.org.
33. ^ "Hindu Temple & Cultural Center of Kansas City". www.htccofkc.org.
34. ^ "Jain Temple of Louisville". www.louisvillejains.org. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
35. ^ "Jain Centers in North America - JAINA-JainLink".
36. ^ "JSMW – Live and Let Live". Retrieved 11 March 2024.
37. ^ "Jain Sangh of New England | Jain Derasar (Temple) Boston". JSNE.
38. ^ "Home". jcgb.org.
39. ^ "Welcome to Jain Society of Greater Detroit [JSGD.org]". www.jsgd.org.
40. ^ "Bharatiya Temple of Lansing".
41. ^ "Jain Center of Minnesota". Jain Center of Minnesota.
42. ^ "Be back soon!". Jcstl.org. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
43. ^ "Home Page - Hindu and Jain Temple of Las Vegas". www.hindutemplelv.org.
44. ^ "JCNJ - Home". jaincenternj.org. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
45. ^ "LINK KESAYANGAN SEVEN4D PALING DEPAN DIHATI". 18 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2 December 2001. Retrieved 11 March 2024.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
46. ^ "The Jain Sangh". The Jain Sangh.
47. ^ "Jain Vishwa Bharati of North America | JVBNA – Center for Peace and Meditation". Retrieved 11 March 2024.
48. ^ "The Oldest Temple in the Hemisphere? It's In Queens!". Queens Gazette. 21 May 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
49. ^ "Hindu Cultural Society of Western New York | HCS WNY". Retrieved 11 March 2024.
50. ^ "hindusamajtemple.com |". Retrieved 11 March 2024.
51. ^ "Our Deities | Hindu Temple and Cultural Center".
52. ^ "Jain Samaj of Long Island – Not for Profit organization registered under IRS section 501C". Retrieved 11 March 2024.
53. ^ "Jain Temple of New York – 271-09 80th Ave, New Hyde Park, NY 11040 | (718) 470-0000 | info@jaintempleny.org". Retrieved 11 March 2024.
54. ^ "Jain Center of Greater Charlotte". www.jaincenterus.org.
55. ^ Jain Study Center of N. Carolina
56. ^ "JCOCO | Jain Center Of Central Ohio". jaincentercolumbus.org.
57. ^ "Jain Center of Cincinnati Dayton". www.jccinday.com.
58. ^ "Jain Society Of Greater Cleveland – JSGC". Retrieved 11 March 2024.
59. ^ "Hindu Temple of Toledo". hindutempleoftoledo.org.
60. ^ "Tulsajainsangh.org". Tulsajainsangh.org.
61. ^ "HTS". www.hindutemple-lehighvalley.org.
62. ^ "Hindu American Religious Institute". www.haritemple.org.
63. ^ "Hindu Jain Temple - Home". Hindu Jain Temple.
64. ^ "Samarpan Hindu Temple". Retrieved 11 March 2024.
65. ^ "TN - Jain Society of Middle Tennessee - JAINA-JainLink".
66. ^ "Jain Center of Houston". JSH.
67. ^ "JSNT". www.dfwjains.org.
68. ^ "Home". austinjainsangh.org.
69. ^ "Jain Society of Central Virginia – Jain Society of Central Virginia". Retrieved 11 March 2024.
70. ^ "Home". Jain Temple.
71. ^ "Jain Society Of Seattle – Samyak‑Darshan‑Gyan‑Charitrani Mokshamargah". Retrieved 11 March 2024.
72. ^ "Jain | Seattle | Jain Center of Washington State - JCOWS". pjcows.
73. ^ "Jain Temple of Wisconsin". Jain Temple of Wisconsin.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Jainism in America Bhuvanendra Kumar. Benaras, Jain Humanities Press, 1996
* The Western Order of Jainism by Nathubhai Shah of London (Jain Journal Vol XXX1, No 1 July 1996)
* Jains and Their Religion in America: A Social Survey by Dr. Bhuvannendra Kumar (Jain Journal Vol XXX1, No 1 July 1996)
* JAIN eLibrary attempts to provide an increasingly complete digitized collection of Jain Scriptures, dictionaries, encyclopedias, articles, commentaries, photographs, and other materials related to Jain life.

## External links

[edit]

* Federation of Jain Associations in North America (JAINA)

* v
* t
* e

Jain temples in North America

See also : Jain temples in India

Canada|

* Brampton Jain Temple

United States|

* Jain Center of America
* Jain Center of Greater Phoenix
* Jain Center of Southern California
* Siddhachalam
* Siddhayatan
* St. Louis Jain temple

* Category
* Religion portal
* North America portal

* v
* t
* e

Jainism topics

Gods|

* Tirthankara
* Ganadhara
* Arihant

Philosophy|

* Five Vows
* Ahimsa
* Epistemology
* Kevala Jñāna
* Jaina logic
* Anekāntavāda
* Jain cosmology
* Siddhashila
* Naraka
* Heavenly beings
* Karma
* Types
* Causes
* Gunasthana
* Dravya
* Jīva
* Ajiva
* Pudgala
* Dharma
* Tattva
* Asrava
* Bandha
* Samvara
* Nirjara
* Mokṣa
* Death
* Saṃsāra
* Ratnatraya
* Kashaya

Branches|

| Digambara|

* Mula Sangha
* Balatkara Gana
* Kashtha Sangha
* Taran Panth
* Bispanthi
* Terapanth
* Yapaniya
* Kanji Panth

|

Śvetāmbara|

* Murtipujaka
* Gaccha
* Kharatara
* Tapa
* Tristutik
* Sthānakavāsī
* Terapanth

Practices|

* Sallekhana
* Meditation
* Sāmāyika
* Monasticism
* Vegetarianism
* Fasting
* Rituals
* Festivals
* Paryushana
* Kshamavani
* Mahamastakabhisheka
* Upadhan
* Tapas
* Pratikramana

Literature|

* Agama
* Pravachanasara
* Shatkhandagama
* Kasayapahuda
* Mantra
* Namokar Mantra
* Bhaktamara Stotra
* Tattvartha Sutra
* Samayasāra
* Aptamimamsa
* Kalpa Sūtra
* Uttaradhyayana

Symbols|

* Jain flag
* Siddhachakra
* Ashtamangala
* Shrivatsa
* Nandavarta
* Auspicious dreams
* Swastika

Ascetics|

* Digambara monk
* Aryika
* Kshullak
* Pattavali
* Acharya

Scholars|

* Nalini Balbir
* Colette Caillat
* Chandabai
* John E. Cort
* Paul Dundas
* Virchand Gandhi
* Hermann Jacobi
* Champat Rai Jain
* Padmanabh Jaini
* Jeffery D. Long
* Hampa Nagarajaiah
* Bal Patil
* Jinendra Varni

Community|

* Śrāvaka
* Sarak
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* Organisations
* Digambar Jain Mahasabha
* Vishwa Jain Sangathan
* JAINA

Jainism in|

| India|

* Bundelkhand
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|

Overseas|

* Africa
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Jainism and|

* Buddhism
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Dynasties and empires|

* Chalukya
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Related|

* History
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Lists|

* List of Jains
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Navboxes|

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Religion portal

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Demographics of the United States

Demographic history

By economic
and social|

* Affluence
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By religion|

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By continent and
ethnic ancestry|

| Africa|

* African Americans
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* Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans
* Antiguan and Barbudan Americans
* Bahamian Americans
* Barbadian Americans
* Bermudian Americans
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* Eritrean Americans
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* Sudanese Americans
* Tanzanian Americans
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* Southern Africans in the United States
* Angolan Americans
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* Beninese Americans
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* Ivorian Americans
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* North Africans in the United States
* Berber Americans
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* Libyan Americans
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* Coptic Americans
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|

Asia|

* Asian Americans
* Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans
* Central Asia
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*         * Fuzhounese Americans
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* Romani Americans
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* West Asia
* Arab Americans
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Europe|

* White Americans
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* Czech Americans
* Dutch Americans
* Estonian Americans
* Finnish Americans
* French Americans
* Cajuns
* Galician Americans
* German Americans
* Greek Americans
* Hungarian Americans
* Irish Americans
* Italian Americans
* before 1880
* Latvian Americans
* Liechtensteiner Americans
* Lithuanian Americans
* Luxembourgish Americans
* Macedonian Americans
* Maltese Americans
* Moldovan Americans
* Montenegrin Americans
* Polish Americans
* Portuguese Americans
* Romanian Americans
* Russian Americans
* Sammarinese Americans
* Nordic and Scandinavian Americans
* Danish Americans
* Icelandic Americans
* Norwegian Americans
* Swedish Americans
* Serbian Americans
* Slovak Americans
* Slovenian Americans
* Spanish Americans
* Californios
* Swiss Americans
* Ukrainian Americans
* Non-Hispanic whites
* White Hispanic and Latino Americans

North America|

* Native Americans
* Abenaki
* Apache
* Blackfeet
* Cherokee
* Cheyenne
* Chickasaw
* Choctaw
* Colville
* Comanche
* Cree
* Crow
* Houma
* Iroquois
* Cayuga
* Mohawk
* Oneida
* Onondaga
* Seneca
* Tuscarora
* Kiowa
* Lenape
* Menominee
* Mohave
* Mission Indians
* Cahuilla
* Chemehuevi
* Chumash
* Cupeño
* Diegueño
* Esselen
* Juaneño
* Kitanemuk
* Luiseño
* Miwok
* Patwin
* Pomo
* Salinan
* Serrano
* Suisunes
* Ohlone
* Awaswas
* Chalon
* Chochenyo
* Karkin
* Tamyen
* Tataviam
* Tongva
* Wappo
* Wintun
* Yokuts
* Muscogee
* Navajo
* Ojibwe
* Osage
* Odawa
* Paiute
* Pawnee
* Pima
* Potawatomi
* Pueblo
* Zia
* Zuni
* Quechan
* Salish
* Seminole
* Shawnee
* Shoshone
* Sioux
* Tohono Oʼodham
* Ute
* Yakama
* Yaqui
* Alaska Natives
* Alaskan Athabaskans
* Aleut
* Alutiiq
* Gwich'in
* Haida
* Iñupiat
* Tsimshian
* Tlingit
* Yupik

* Canadian Americans

* Hispanic and Latino Americans
* Central America
* Belizean Americans
* Costa Rican Americans
* Guatemalan Americans
* Honduran Americans
* Nicaraguan Americans
* Panamanian Americans
* Salvadoran Americans
* Cuban Americans
* Dominican Americans
* Puerto Rican Americans
* Mexican Americans
* Chicanos
* Indigenous Mexican Americans

Oceania|

* Pacific Islander Americans
* Chamorro Americans
* Fijian Americans
* French Polynesian Americans
* Marshallese Americans
* Micronesian Americans
* Native Hawaiians
* Palauan Americans
* Samoan Americans
* Tongan Americans
* Americans of Euro Oceanic origin
* Australian Americans
* New Zealand Americans

South America|

* Argentine Americans
* Bolivian Americans
* Brazilian Americans
* Chilean Americans
* Colombian Americans
* Ecuadorian Americans
* Guyanese Americans
* Paraguayan Americans
* Peruvian Americans
* Surinamese Americans
* Uruguayan Americans
* Venezuelan Americans

Multiethnic|

* Afro-Asian
* Amerasian
* Blaxican
* Cajuns
* Hapa
* Louisiana Creole people
* Melungeon
* Mulatto
* Punjabi Mexican Americans

* People of the United States / Americans
* American ancestry
* Native American ancestry
* Maps of American ancestries
* 2010 census
* Race and ethnicity in the census
* Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity
* Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
* Racism

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