James Thomson (engineer)

British engineer and physicist (1822–1892)

For other people named James Thomson, see James Thomson (disambiguation).

James Thomson

FRS FRSE LLD

Photograph of Thomson from the book Collected Papers in Physics and Engineering by James Thomson.

Born| (1822-02-16)16 February 1822

Belfast, Ireland

Died| 8 May 1892(1892-05-08) (aged 70)

Glasgow, Scotland

Resting place| Glasgow Necropolis
Alma mater| University of Glasgow
Known for| Ball-and-disk integrator
Differential analyser
Tea leaf paradox
Tears of wine
Parent| James Thomson (father)
Relatives| Lord Kelvin (brother)
Awards| Bakerian Medal (1892)
FRS (1877)
The grave of the Thomson family, Glasgow Necropolis

James Thomson (16 February 1822 – 8 May 1892) was a British engineer and physicist. He was the older brother of Lord Kelvin.

## Biography

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James Thomson was born in Belfast on 16 February 1822. Much of his youth was spent in Glasgow. His father, James, was professor of mathematics at the University of Glasgow from 1832 onwards. His younger brother, William, later became Lord Kelvin as the first scientist elevated to the House of Lords, and the Kelvin unit of temperature is named after him.

He attended the University of Glasgow from a young age and graduated in 1839 with high honours. He then served brief apprenticeships with practical engineers in several domains, and devoted a considerable amount of his time to theoretical and mathematical engineering studies, often in collaboration with his brother, during his twenties in Glasgow. In his late twenties he entered into private practice as a professional engineer with special expertise in water transport. In 1855 he was appointed professor of civil engineering at Queen's University Belfast. He remained there until 1873, when he accepted the Regius professorship of Civil Engineering and Mechanics at the University of Glasgow (in which post he was successor to the influential William Rankine) until he resigned with failing eyesight in 1889.

In 1875 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were his younger brother William Thomson, Peter Guthrie Tait, Alexander Crum Brown and John Hutton Balfour.[1] He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in June 1877.[2]

He served as President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland from 1884 to 1886.

In later life he lived at 2 Florentine Gardens, off Hillhead Street.[3]

He died of cholera in Glasgow on 8 May 1892. He is buried on the northern slopes of the Glasgow Necropolis, overlooking Glasgow Cathedral. One obituary described Thomson as "a man of singular purity of mind and simplicity of character" whose "gentle kindness and unfailing courtesy will be long remembered."[4]

## Legacy

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Thomson is known for his work on the improvement of water wheels, water pumps and turbines. Also his innovations in the analysis of regelation, i.e., the effect of pressure on the freezing point of water, and his studies in glaciology including glacier motion, where he extended the work of James David Forbes. He studied the experimental work of his colleague Thomas Andrews, concerning the continuity of the liquid and gaseous states of matter, and strengthened understanding of it by applying his strong knowledge of thermodynamics. He derived a simplified form of the Clapeyron equation for the solid-liquid phase boundary. He proposed the term triple point to describe the conditions for which solid, liquid and vapour states are all in equilibrium.[5]

He also made contributions in the realm of fluid dynamics of rivers. It is claimed that the term torque was introduced into English scientific literature by Thomson, in 1884.[6]

## Publications

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Thomson's main published research reports in physics and engineering were republished as a 500-page collection after his death. The collection is freely available online and is prefaced by a lengthy (80-page) biography plus a more concise (10-page) biography. It is stated in this book that Thomson is the first to use the words radian, interface and apocentric in English, though he used a number of other neologisms that have not survived.

## See also

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* Marangoni effect
* Rayleigh–Bénard convection

## References

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1. ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
2. ^ "Library and Archive Catalogue". Royal Society. Retrieved 25 October 2010.[permanent dead link]
3. ^ Glasgow Post Office Directory 1889-90
4. ^ "The Late Professor James Thomson, FRS DSc LLD". The Practical Engineer. Manchester. 20 May 1892.
5. ^ James Thomson (1873) "A quantitative investigation of certain relations between the gaseous, the liquid, and the solid states of water-substance," Proceedings of the Royal Society, 22 : 27–36. From a footnote on page 28: " … the three curves would meet or cross each other in one point, which I have called the triple point."
6. ^ Collected Papers in Physics and Engineering. University Press. 1912.

## External links

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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Thomson, James (physicist)".

* "Thomson, James (1822-1892)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
* Thomson, James (1912). Joseph Larmor & James Thomson (ed.). Collected Papers in Physics and Engineering by James Thomson. Cambridge University Press.

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