James To

Hong Kong lawyer and politician

In this Hong Kong name, the surname is  To. In accordance with Hong Kong custom, the Western-style name is James To and the Chinese-style name is To Kun-sun.

James To Kun-sun

涂謹申

James To in 2019

Member of the Legislative Council
In office
1 October 2012 – 1 December 2020
Preceded by| New constituency
Succeeded by| Constituency abolished
Constituency| District Council (Second)
In office
1 July 1998 – 30 September 2012
Preceded by| New parliament
Succeeded by| Helena Wong
Constituency| Kowloon West
In office
11 October 1995 – 30 June 1997
Preceded by| New constituency
Succeeded by| Replaced by Provisional Legislative Council
Constituency| Kowloon South-west
In office
9 October 1991 – 31 July 1995
Preceded by| New constituency
Succeeded by| Constituency abolished
Constituency| Kowloon West
Member of the Yau Tsim Mong District Council
In office
1 January 2012 – 29 September 2021
Preceded by| New constituency
Constituency| Olympic
In office
1 January 2000 – 31 December 2007
Preceded by| New constituency
Succeeded by| Chung Kong-mo
Constituency| Charming
Member of the Sham Shui Po District Board
In office
1991–1994

Serving with Eric Wong Chung-ki

Preceded by| Yau Lai-ngor
Wong Ping-hon
Succeeded by| Aaron Lam Ka-fai
Constituency| Cheung Sha Wan
Personal details
Born|  (1963-03-11) 11 March 1963 (age 61)
Hong Kong
Political party| Democratic Party (1994–present)
Other political
affiliations| United Democrats (1991–94)
Spouses|

Cherry Yuen

(m. 1993; div. 2008)​

Sue So

(m. 2009)​

Education| Wah Yan College
Alma mater| University of Hong Kong (LLB, PCLL)
Occupation| Legislative Councillor
Profession| Solicitor

James To

Traditional Chinese| 涂謹申
Simplified Chinese| 涂谨申
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Tú Jǐnshēn
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping| Tou4 Gan2-san1

James To Kun-sun (/toʊ/; Chinese: 涂謹申; born 11 March 1963) is a Hong Kong lawyer and Democratic Party politician. From 1991 to 2020, To was a member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, representing the District Council (Second) constituency. In his final four years, To was the most senior member in the Legislative Council, and was also the convenor of the pro-democracy caucus from 2016 to 2017. He was also a former member of the Yau Tsim Mong District Council representing Olympic.

In November 2020, To, along with the rest of the pro-democracy caucus resigned in protest of the disqualification of four of their members.

## Early life and political career

[edit]

To was born in Hong Kong in 1963. He was educated at the Church of Christ in China Kei Wa Primary School and Wah Yan College, Kowloon before he was enrolled to the University of Hong Kong where he graduated with a law degree, LL.B. in 1985 and PCLL in 1986, and became a lawyer after graduation.[1]

He was involved in the local democracy movement in support of the Tiananmen protests of 1989. In 1990, he co-founded the United Democrats of Hong Kong, the first major pro-democracy party in Hong Kong later transformed into the Democratic Party. He was first elected to the Sham Shui Po District Board in 1991 in Cheung Sha Wan.

## Legislative Council

[edit]

### Colonial years

[edit]

To ran in the first direct elections of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong in 1991, where he was elected with Frederick Fung of another pro-democracy party Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood (ADPL) in Kowloon West. He was Hong Kong's youngest legislator at the age of 28 when first elected.[2] He kept his record until 2016 when Nathan Law of Demosisto was elected at the age of 23.

He was re-elected in the 1995 Legislative Council election with 69 percent of the popular vote in his Kowloon Southwest constituency. He served on the Legislative Council until 30 June 1997 at the eve of the handover of Hong Kong when he had to step down with his party and replaced by the Provisional Legislative Council.[3]

### After 1997

[edit]

He ran again the first SAR Legislative Council election in 1998 he was re-elected with Lau Chin-shek on the same ticket with 55 percent of the popular vote in Kowloon West. He has specialised in the security issues, having been the party's spokesman on security issue and chaired the Panel on Security, one of the key committees in the Legislative Council. He had closely followed the works of the Independent Commission Against Corruption, immigration issues, Vietnamese refugees, crime and triads. He also campaigned for the setup of the Independent Police Complaints Commission against police abuses of power.[3] Due to his Christian belief, he was known for his anti-gay rights voting records despite his pro-democracy political affiliation. He was the only member of the pro-democracy camp to vote abstain in the SODO motion on 7 Nov 2012.[4][5]

He was re-elected in Kowloon West in 2000, 2004 and 2008. In June 2010, he expressed open skepticism of the Democratic Party's support for the government's 2012 constitutional reform package but nevertheless toed the party line and voted for the measure. In the reform package, the party had secured the inclusion of a late amendment to hold a popular vote for five new District Council functional constituencies.[6] In a dissenting speech to Legco, he warned of the creation of "super-functional constituencies" with an apparently larger mandate than that of geographical constituency lawmakers.[7]

Nonetheless, in the 2012 Legislative Council election, he represented the party to run in the newly created territory-wide District Council (Second) constituency. His ticket received 316,468 votes in total, the largest votes in the electoral history of Hong Kong until it was exceeded by his party colleague Kwong Chun-yu in 2016.

### 2016 election and caucus convenor

[edit]

To in 2016

In 2016, he was re-elected in the District Council (Second) constituency with a sharp decline of vote due to the strategic voting of the pro-democracy voters who turned to vote for Kwong Chun-yu who was trailing behind To. As a result, To took the marginal seat with 243,930 votes, only 10,694 votes, 0.6 per cent higher than the unelected pro-Beijing candidate Wong Kwok-hing of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions.

He became the most senior member of the Legislative Council, after Albert Ho retired from the legislature and Lee Cheuk-yan was surprisingly unseated, and became the last Legislative Council member from the "Class of 91", pro-democrats who first were elected in the first Legislative Council direct election in 1991. He also became the only legislator who has been directly elected in all elections since 1991 in the most senior member in the house. In October 2016, he became the convenor of the reorganised pro-democracy caucus, holding that position until 2017.

### 2020 Democratic caucus resignation

[edit]

On November 12, To and 14 other members of the Democratic caucus resigned en masse in protest against the disqualification of four Democratic caucus candidates which occurred the previous day. Speaking to reporters, To said, "[The disqualifications] are an arbitrary form of repression by which the Communist Party sought to control everything."[8]

### Arrest

[edit]

On 6 January 2021, To was among 53 members of the pro-democratic camp who were arrested under the national security law, specifically its provision regarding alleged subversion. The group stood accused of the organisation of and participation in unofficial primary elections held by the camp in July 2020.[9] To was released on bail on 7 January.[10]

On 29 September 2021, To was disqualified along with 10 other district councillors for his invalid oath-taking after he was involved with participating in the last year pro-democracy primaries.[11]

## Personal life

[edit]

To married Sue So on 12 December 2009.[12] The couple had a son in 2012.

## See also

[edit]

* Father of the House
* Senior Unofficial Member

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Class of 1985 Silver Jubilee" (PDF). University of Hong Kong.
2. ^ Hong Kong's first Free English-language newspaper The Standard Archived 8 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
3. ^ a b "James To Kun-sun". Matin Lee.
4. ^ "基督徒涂謹申棄權：無關信仰 (Christian James To Abstained: Nothing relates to faith)". 明報. 8 November 2012.
5. ^ Equal rights for people of different sexual orientations 07-11-2012 Legislative Council of Hong Kong
6. ^ Cheers and jeers for political reform vote, SCMP, Gary Cheung, Albert Wong and Fanny WY Fung, 25 June 2010
7. ^ James To criticises – and votes for proposal, SCMP, Albert Wong and Fanny W. Y. Fung, 25 June 2010
8. ^ Hong Kong opposition lawmakers resign en masse after 4 disqualified, Kyodo News, 11 November 2020
9. ^ "National security law: Hong Kong rounds up 53 pro-democracy activists". BBC News. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
10. ^ Chau, Candice (8 January 2021). "'Hong Kong has entered a bitter winter,' says primaries organiser as 52 democrats in mass arrest bailed out". Hong Kong Free Press. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
11. ^ "Another 10 Hong Kong district councillors ousted after oath-taking ceremony". South China Morning Post. 29 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
12. ^ "政情：阿涂再婚 全場催「造人」". Oriental Daily (in Chinese)

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to TO Kun-sun, James.

* James To's homepage (Chinese only)
* Legco biography

Political offices

Preceded by

Wong Ping-hon
Yau Lai-ngor

|  Member of Sham Shui Po District Board
Representative for Cheung Sha Wan
1991–1994
With:  Eric Wong | Succeeded by

Aaron Lam

New constituency |  Member of Yau Tsim Mong District Council
Representative for Charming
2000–2007  | Succeeded by

Chung Kong-mo

Member of Yau Tsim Mong District Council
Representative for Olympic
2012–2021  | Vacant
Legislative Council of Hong Kong
New constituency |  Member of Legislative Council
Representative for Kowloon West
1991–1995
Served alongside: Frederick Fung | Succeeded by

Himself

as Representative for Kowloon South-west
Preceded by

Himself

as Representative for Kowloon West |  Member of Legislative Council
Representative for Kowloon South-west
1995–1997  | Replaced by Provisional Legislative Council
New parliament |  Member of Legislative Council
Representative for Kowloon West
1998–2012  | Succeeded by

Helena Wong

New constituency |  Member of Legislative Council
Representative for District Council (Second)
2012–2020  | Constituency abolished
Preceded by

Albert Ho

|  Senior Member in Legislative Council
2016–2020  | Succeeded by

Abraham Shek

Preceded by

Cyd Ho

|  Convenor of Pro-democracy camp
2016–2017  | Succeeded by

Charles Mok
*[m.]: married
*[div.]: divorced