Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905

Unequal treaty subordinating Korea to Japan

For the earlier treaties between Japan and Korea in 1905, see Japan–Korea treaty of April 1905 and Japan–Korea treaty of August 1905.

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Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905

The treaty on display

Drafted| October 27, 1905; 119 years ago (1905-10-27)
Signed| November 17, 1905; 119 years ago (1905-11-17)
Location| Jungmyeongjeon Hall, Hanseong, Korea
Signatories|

* Hayashi Gonsuke
* Pak Chesun

Parties|

* Empire of Japan
* Korean Empire

Language| Korean, Japanese
Full text at  Wikisource

* ko:제2차 한일협약
* ja:第二次日韓協約

Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905

Japanese name
Kanji| 第二次日韓協約
Hiragana| だいにじにっかんきょうやく
| Transcriptions

Revised Hepburn| Dai-niji nikkan kyōyaku
Korean name
Hangul| 을사조약
Hanja| 乙巳條約
| Transcriptions

Revised Romanization| Eulsa joyak
McCune–Reischauer| Ŭlsa choyak
Alternative Korean name
Hangul| 제2차 한일협약
Hanja| 第二次韓日協約
| Transcriptions

Revised Romanization| Jeicha Hanil Hyeobyak
McCune–Reischauer| Cheich'a Hanil Hyŏbyak
Alternative Korean name
Hangul| 을사늑약
Hanja| 乙巳勒約
| Transcriptions

Revised Romanization| Eulsa neugyak
McCune–Reischauer| Ŭlsa nŭgyak

The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905, also known as the Eulsa Unwilling Treaty or Eulsa Treaty,[1][a] was made between delegates of the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1905. Negotiations were concluded on November 17, 1905.[4] The treaty deprived Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty and made Korea a protectorate of Imperial Japan. It resulted from Imperial Japan's victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905.[5]

## Background

[edit]

Beginning from the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, a series of treaties were signed between Korea and Japan throughout the following decades. During the signing of the 1876 Treaty, Joseon Korea actively participated in the negotiation process, with the initial Japanese proposal of a most-favored nation clause ultimately omitted due to Korean demands.[6] However, Japanese demands for compensation after the 1882 Imo Incident led to the signing of the 1883 Treaty of Tax Regulations for the Japanese Trade and the Maritime Customs [ko], which deprived Korea of its tariff autonomy over trade with Japan and gave Japanese nationals most-favored nation priviledges.[7][citation needed] The Japanese victory over the Qing in the First Sino-Japanese War led to the complete withdrawal of Chinese forces in Korea, further consolidating Japanese influence over the peninsula.[8]

Following the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, Imperial Japanese forces were dispatched to occupy Seoul. Under Japanese military presence, the Korean government was forced to ratify the Japan–Korea Protocol on February 23, 1904.[9] The protocol stipulated that Japan may occupy and use strategically important locations in Korea to achieve military objectives.[10] In August of the same year, the First Japan–Korea Agreement was signed, which required that the Korean government accept financial and diplomatic advisors dispatched by Imperial Japan.[11] The agreement was utilized by Japan to bolster its exclusive dominance over Korea during the signing of the Taft–Katsura Agreement and the Second Anglo-Japanese Alliance.[12]

## Signing of the treaty

[edit]

Jungmyeongjeon Hall at Deoksugung, where the treaty was signed

With its victory over Russia and the subsequent withdrawal of Russian influence from Korea, Japan sought to deprive the Korean Empire completely of its diplomatic rights and render it a protectorate.[13] In a 27 October 1905 cabinet meeting, the Japanese government agreed on eight provisions regarding the signing of a second treaty to acquire absolute authority over Korea's foreign affairs. Specifics of the treaty were drafted on a separate document, which was transmitted to Seoul the following day.[14]

On 2 November 1905,[14] President of the Privy Council Itō Hirobumi was dispatched to Korea as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to lead negotiations.[15] Itō arrived in Seoul on 9 November 1905. Accompanied by Deputy Ambassador to the Kingdom of Korea Hayashi Gonsuke, Itō delivered a letter from the Emperor of Japan to Gojong, Emperor of Korea, attempting to arrange a meeting with him. However, Gojong initially refused, citing his illness.[16] Gojong acquiesced to Itō's demands on 15 November, however,[16] when he ordered Japanese troops to encircle the Korean imperial palace.[citation needed] Throughout their meeting, Gojong and Itō argued for over three hours, with Gojong questioning whether the signing of the agreement would render Korea's status into that of the colonized nations of Africa. When Itō requested that Gojong order his foreign minister to commence negotiations, he refused, arguing that such matters were subject to the approval of the Korean Privy Council (jungchuwon) via government procedure.[15]

Negotiations between the Korean cabinet and the Japanese delegates began on the 16th. Seven members of the State Council (Uijeongbu)—Prime Minister Han Kyu-seol, Minister of the Army Yi Geun-taek, Minister of the Interior Yi Ji-yong [ko], Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Industry Gwon Jung-hyeon, Minister of Finance Min Yeong-gi [ko], Minister of Education Yi Wan-yong, and Minister of Justice Yi Ha-yeong [ko]—along with former Prime Minister Shim Sang-hoon [ko], were summoned by Itō to his residence, where sessions were held.[16] Deputy Ambassador Hayashi arranged separate negotiations with Minister of Foreign Affairs Pak Chesun in the Japanese legation, where he proposed a rough negotiations agenda.[17][16] In a separate meeting, however, Gojong and the Korean ministers decided that the agenda would not be submitted to a State Council meeting.[17]

On the morning of 17 November, Hayashi once again summoned the Korean ministers to the Japanese legation, where they again refused to sign any agreement in terms of government procedure. Hayashi then proceeded to Jungmyeongjeon hall in Gyeongungung palace with the ministers, where an Imperial Conference (어전회의; 御前會議) was held.[18] When the conference once again refused to sign the treaty, Hayashi sent a messenger to Itō around 6 in the evening, who was then waiting with Field Marshal Hasegawa Yoshimichi in Daegwanjeong, the headquarters of the Japanese army stationed in Korea.[17] Two hours later,[18] Itō and Hasegawa arrived, now accompanied with Japanese military police, at Jungmyeongjeon Hall. Itō resumed negotiations and confronted each of the ministers individually, asking their opinion on the agreement.[19] He further pressured the cabinet with the implied, and later stated, threat of bodily harm, to sign the treaty.[20] Han Kyu-seol and Min Yeong-gi expressed explicit objection to the signing of the treaty, while Yi Ha-yeong and Gwon Jung-hyeon expressed a weak opposition. However, the rest of the cabinet reluctantly agreed to the treaty under conditions that minor revisions are made, with Gwon later reversing his stance.[19]

According to 한계옥 (Han-Gyeok), Korean prime minister Han Gyu-seol disagreed, shouting loudly. Ito ordered the guards to lock him in a room and said if he continued screaming, they could kill him.[21] The Korean cabinet signed an agreement that had been prepared by Ito in the Jungmyeongjeon. The Agreement gave Imperial Japan complete responsibility for Korea's foreign affairs,[22] and placed all trade through Korean ports under Imperial Japanese supervision.

### Treaty provisions

[edit]

The treaty, which only consisted of five articles,[19] transferred most of the diplomatic rights of the Korean Empire under the jurisdiction of the Japanese government, depriving Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty[23][24] and effectively making it a protectorate of Imperial Japan.[25] The treaty prohibited the Korean government from signing any treaty or agreement of "international nature" without the supervision of Japan. Under Article 3 of the treaty, a high-ranking official, titled the Resident-General,[26] was to be dispatched to Seoul for the handling of diplomatic affairs, where he would be given the right to visit the Korean Emperor on private occasions.[19]

As a consequence, the Korean Empire had to close all of its diplomatic representations abroad, including its short-lived legation in Beijing,[27] and its legation in Washington, D.C.[citation needed]

The provisions of the treaty took effect on November 17, 1905,[28] and was to be put into effect until the prosperity of Korea could be recognized.[19]

## Aftermath

[edit]

After the treaty, Japanese influence on Korea dramatically increased. All of the diplomatic mission of Korea was disestablished. All of the foreign relation of Korea was administered by a Japanese Resident-General. Itō Hirobumi was appointed as the first Resident-General.[29]

### Efforts for rescission

[edit]

Gojong's analysis of the "treaty of 1905"

Upon learning of its signing, Emperor Gojong commenced efforts to nullify the treaty. He sought international assistance from countries that had established diplomatic relations with Korea, such as Prussia, Italy, Austria, Russia, and France.[30] As of February 21, 1908, Gojong had sent 17 letters bearing his imperial seal, to the following eight heads of state:[citation needed]

* King Edward VII of the United Kingdom
* President Armand Fallières of France
* Emperor Nicholas II of Russia
* Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary
* King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
* King Leopold II of Belgium
* Emperor Kuang-hsu (Guangxu) of China
* Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, which was personally handwritten by Gojong[31]

Letter written by Gojong sent to Wilhelm II of Germany.

In 1907, Emperor Gojong sent three secret emissaries to the second international Hague Peace Convention to protest the unfairness of the Eulsa Treaty. But the great powers of the world refused to allow Korea to take part in the conference.

Not only the Emperor but other Koreans protested against the Treaty. Jo Byeong-se and Min Yeong-hwan, who were high officials and led resistance against Eulsa treaty, killed themselves as resistance. Local yangbans and commoners joined righteous armies. They were called "Eulsa Euibyeong" (을사의병, 乙巳義兵) meaning "Righteous army against Eulsa Treaty".

Thereafter, Gojong tried to inform the international community of the injustice of the 2nd Korea-Japan Agreement, but according to the logic of the international situation at the time, Gojong's secrets were not effective. Gojong's declaration of Rescission in the Eulsa Treaty had the following, but it was not recognized internationally:

* A national document written on January 29, 1906,
* Personal letter handed to Special Commissioner Hulbert on June 22, 1906,
* A letter sent to the President of France on June 22, 1906,
* Gojong's power of attorney given to the Hague Special Envoy Lee Sang-seol on April 20, 1907, etc.

As of 2010, South Korea was seizing property and other assets from the descendants of people who have been identified as pro-Japanese collaborators (Chinilpa) at the time of the treaty.[32]

## Modern contentions

[edit]

While the Treaty of 1905 has been confirmed to be "already null and void" by the 1965 Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea,[33] the legality of the treaty remains a controversy between Korean and Japanese historians.

In a joint statement on June 23, 2005, officials of South Korea and North Korea reiterated their stance that the Eulsa treaty is null and void on a claim of coercion by the Japanese.

## See also

[edit]

* Japan portal

* Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
* Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
* Japan–Korea Agreement of April 1905
* Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1905
* Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
* Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
* Anglo-Japanese Alliance
* Taft–Katsura Agreement
* Treaty of Portsmouth
* Root–Takahira Agreement
* Unequal treaty
* Liancourt Rocks
* Governor-General of Korea
* I Wail Bitterly Today – famous editorial about the treaty

## Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ The word Eulsa or Ulsa derives from the Sexagenary Cycle's 42nd year in the Korean lunisolar calendar, in which the treaty was signed.[2] The treaty is also identified by several other names, including Eulsa Unwilling Treaty, Japan–Korea Protectorate Treaty, Second Japan–Korea Convention (第二次日韓協約, 제2차 한일협약),[3] Eulsa Restriction Treaty (을사늑약; 乙巳勒約),[3] Eulsa Protection Treaty (Japanese: 乙巳保護条約, Korean: 을사보호조약),[citation needed] and Korea Protection Treaty (Japanese: 韓国保護条約).[citation needed]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Pak, Chʻi-yŏng. (2000).Korea and the United Nations, p. 6, at Google Books; excerpt, "... as a first step towards the final annexation of Korea in 1910, Japan forced the Korean king, Kojong, to accept the protectorate treaty (known as the Ulsa Protectorate Treaty) after Japan had defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), following its victory in the Sino-Japanese War (1904–1995)"; Cordier, Henri et al. (1905). "Traité entre le Japon et la Corée," Revue internationale de Sinologie , p. 633, at Google Books
2. ^ Kodansha encyclopedia of Japan, Vol 4, 1983, p. 289; "Ulsa is the designation in the sexagenary cycle for the year corresponding to 1905"
3. ^ a b 을사조약 (in Korean). Naver/Doosan Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013.
4. ^ Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, DC, 1921–1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal , p. 35, at Google Books; excerpt, "Alleged Treaty, dated November 17, 1905."
5. ^ Clare, Israel et al. (1910). Library of universal history and popular science, p. 4732., p. 4732, at Google Books
6. ^ Yi 2016, p. 7.
7. ^ Yi 2016, p. 7-8.
8. ^ Yi 2016, p. 10-11.
9. ^ Yi 2016, p. 12.
10. ^ 조항래. "한일의정서 (韓日議政書)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved March 3, 2025. "대일본제국정부는 전항(前項)의 목적을 성취하기 위해 군략상 필요한 지점을 임기 수용할 수 있을 것."
11. ^ Yi 2016, p. 13.
12. ^ Yi 2016, p. 14.
13. ^ Yi 2016, p. 15.
14. ^ a b Ahn 2020, p. 223.
15. ^ a b Yi 2016, p. 16.
16. ^ a b c d Ahn 2020, p. 224.
17. ^ a b c Yi 2016, p. 17.
18. ^ a b Ahn 2020, p. 225.
19. ^ a b c d e 조항래. "을사늑약 (乙巳勒約)". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved March 3, 2025.
20. ^ McKenzie, F.A. (1920). Korea's Fight for Freedom. Fleming H. Revell Company.
21. ^ 이토 히로부미는 직접~ :한계옥 (1998년 4월 10일). 〈무력을 앞장 세워 병탄으로〉, 《망언의 뿌리를 찾아서》, 조양욱, 1판 1쇄, 서울: (주)자유포럼, 97~106쪽쪽. ISBN 89-87811-05-0
22. ^ United States. Dept. of State. (1919). Catalogue of treaties: 1814–1918, p. 273, at Google Books
23. ^ "Deoksu Jungmyeongjeon". June 23, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2009.
24. ^ Uk Heo, Terence Roehrig (2010). South Korea Since 1980. Cambridge University Press. p. 9\. ISBN 9780802091956.
25. ^ The history of Korea, pp. 461–62, Homer Hulbert
26. ^ Lankov, Andrei (December 17, 2009). "(528) Eulsa Treaty". The Korea Times.
27. ^ Sungwook Son (2016), "Qing-Joseon Relations as Viewed from Joseon's Legation in the Qing Dynasty －from 'Hoidonggwan(會同館)' to Korean Legation in Beijing", 동국사학
28. ^ Carnegie Endowment (1921). Pamphlet 43: Korea, Treaties and Agreements, p. vii, at Google Books
29. ^ 사료로 본 한국사. "을사늑약(을사조약, 제2차 한일협약)".
30. ^ Yi 2016, p. 21.
31. ^ Cite error: The named reference `king_letter` was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
32. ^ Julian Ryall (July 14, 2010). "South Korea targets Japanese collaborators' descendants". telegraph.co.uk.
33. ^ "Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea". "It is confirmed that all treaties or agreements concluded between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea on or before August 22, 1910 are already null and void."

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Pak, Chʻi-yŏng (2000). Korea and the United Nations. Nijhoff law specials. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. ISBN 9789041113825.
* Yi, Tae-Jin (2016). "Treaties Leading to Japan's Annexation of Korea: What Are the Problems?". Korea Journal. 56 (4). The Academy of Korean Studies. doi:10.25024/kj.2016.56.4.5 - via Korea Open Acess Journals.
* [Seung-min, Ahn] 안승민 (2020). "'을사조약' 체결과정의 재구성＊— 조약문 수정요구 문제의 재검토" [A Study on the Negotiation Process of the 1905 Convention Treaty: The Reanalysis of Historical Records on the Revision of the Treaty]. 인문논총. 77 (3). Institute of Humanities, Seoul National University: 217~255. doi:10.17326/jhsnu.77.3.202008.217.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Beasley, William G. (1987). Japanese Imperialism, 1894–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198215754 ISBN 9780198215752; ISBN 9780198221685; OCLC 14719443
* Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Division of International Law. (1921). Pamphlet 43: Korea, Treaties and Agreements." The Endowment: Washington, D.C. OCLC 1644278
* Clare, Israel Smith; Hubert Howe Bancroft and George Edwin Rines. (1910). Library of universal history and popular science. New York: The Bancroft society. OCLC 20843036
* Cordier, Henri and Edouard Chavannes. (1905). "Traité entre le Japon et la Corée," Revue internationale de Sinologie (International Journal of Chinese studies). Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 1767648
* Duus, Peter (1995). The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895–1910. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520086142 ISBN 0520086147; ISBN 978-0-520-21361-6; ISBN 0-520-21361-0; OCLC 232346524
* Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 12923609

* v
* t
* e

Treaties of Japan

Bakumatsu period
(1854–1868)|

* Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
* Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854)
* Treaty of Shimoda (1855)
* Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854) [ja]
* Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855)
* Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856) [ja]
* Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858)
* Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)
* Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)
* Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858)
* Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)
* Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)
* Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)
* Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)
* London Protocol (1862)
* Agreement of Paris (1864) [ja]
* Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)
* Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)
* Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)

Meiji era
(1868–1912)|

* Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)
* Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)
* Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871)
* Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)
* Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)
* Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874
* Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
* Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
* US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)
* Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
* Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884)
* Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
* Convention of Tientsin (1885)
* Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)
* Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)
* Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
* Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)
* Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
* Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
* Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895) [ja]
* Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895) [ja]
* German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
* Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896)
* Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896)
* Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896) [ja]
* Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
* Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
* Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)
* Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)
* Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898)
* Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)
* Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899)
* Boxer Protocol (1901)
* Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
* Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903) [ja]
* Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
* Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
* Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
* Taft–Katsura agreement (1905)
* Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
* Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905) [ja]
* Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
* Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907
* Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
* Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916)
* Root–Takahira Agreement (1908)
* Gentleman's Agreement of 1908
* Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909) [ja]
* Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
* Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)
* Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)
* North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911

World War I–II
(1913–1945)|

* Japan-China Treaty of 1915
* Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917)
* Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918)
* Treaty of Versailles (1919)
* Covenant of the League of Nations (1919)
* Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
* Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919)
* Svalbard Treaty (1920)
* Gongota Agreement of 1920
* Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
* Treaty of Trianon (1920)
* Four-Power Treaty (1921)
* Nine-Power Treaty (1922)
* Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922) [ja]
* Washington Naval Treaty (1922)
* Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
* Klaipėda Convention (1924)
* Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925)
* German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)
* Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928)
* Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930)
* London Naval Treaty (1930)
* Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932)
* Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932)
* Tanggu Truce (1933)
* India-Japan Agreement of 1934
* Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935) [ja]
* He–Umezu Agreement (1935)
* Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935)
* Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935)
* Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936)
* Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)
* Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937)
* India-Japan Agreement of 1937
* Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938)
* Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939)
* Tripartite Pact (1940)
* Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940)
* Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940) [ja]
* Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940)
* Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941)
* Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941) [ja]
* Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945)

During the Cold War
(1945–1989)|

* Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)
* Treaty of San Francisco (1951)
* Treaty of Taipei (1952)
* Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952)
* Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954)
* Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956)
* Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
* Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958)
* Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959)
* Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)
* U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement
* Tokyo Convention (1963)
* Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)
* Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968)
* Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971)
* Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972)
* Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973)
* Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974)
* Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976)
* Japan-Mongolia Agreement on Economic Cooperation (1977)
* Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)

Post-Cold War
(1989–)|

* US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991)
* South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)
* Kyoto Protocol (1997)
* Japan-Korea GSOMIA (2016)
* Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022)
* Japan-Israel Defense Agreement (2022)
* American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (2023)

* v
* t
* e

Korean signers of the Japan–Korea treaties of 1905–1910

Signers of treaties that resulted in Korea under Japanese rule

Five Eulsa Traitors
(Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905)|

* Gwon Jung-hyeon
* Lee Wan-yong
* Pak Chesoon
* Yi Geun-taek
* I Chi-yong [ko]

Seven Jeongmi Traitors [ko]
(Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907)|

* Cho Chung-ŭng [ko]
* Im Sŏn-chun [ko]
* Ko Yŏng-hŭi [ko]
* Lee Wan-yong
* Song Byeong-jun
* Yi Byeong-mu
* Yi Chae-kon [ko]

National Traitors of Gyeongsul [ko]
(Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910)|

* Cho Chung-ŭng
* Cho Min-hŭi [ko]
* Ko Yŏng-hŭi
* Lee Wan-yong
* Min Pyŏng-sŏk [ko]
* Pak Chesoon
* Yi Byeong-mu
* Yun Tŏk-yŏng [ko]

* v
* t
* e

International relations (1814–1919)

Great powers|

* Austria-Hungary
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Japan
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States

Alliances|

* Triple Alliance
* Dual Alliance
* Triple Entente
* Franco-Russian Alliance
* Entente Cordiale
* Anglo-Russian Convention
* Anglo-Japanese Alliance
* League of the Three Emperors
* Eight-Nation Alliance
* Balkan League

Trends|

* European balance of power
* Ottoman decline
* Eastern question
* Spread of nationalism
* Sovereign debt
* French–German enmity
* Revanchism
* Pax Britannica
* New Imperialism
* Scramble for Africa
* Egyptian Lever
* In Asia
* Great Game
* Scramble for China
* Open Door Policy
* Meiji era
* Pan-Slavism
* Great Rapprochement
* Second Industrial Revolution
* Industrial warfare

Treaties and
agreements|

* Congress of Vienna
* Treaty of Versailles (1871)
* Treaty of Frankfurt
* Treaty of Berlin
* Reinsurance Treaty
* Treaty of Paris
* Treaty of Björkö
* Taft–Katsura agreement
* Hague Conventions
* Martens Clause
* Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
* Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
* Racconigi agreement
* 1917 Franco-Russian agreement

Events|

* Formation of Romania
* Unification of Germany
* Unification of Italy
* Great Eastern Crisis
* Congress of Berlin
* Berlin Conference
* Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
* Weltpolitik
* Naval arms races
* Anglo-German
* Dreadnought
* German Naval Laws
* Austro-Italian
* Fashoda Incident
* Annexation of Hawaii
* Venezuela Naval Blockade
* Alaska boundary dispute
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Wars|

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* First
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* Korea

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