Jeddah Tower

Under-construction skyscraper in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Not to be confused with Jeddah TV Tower. "Kingdom Tower" redirects here. For the skyscraper in Riyadh, see Kingdom Centre. "Mile High Tower" redirects here. For the proposed skyscraper in Chicago, see The Illinois.

Jeddah Tower

برج جدة

Jeddah Tower under construction in July 2025

General information
Status| Under construction
Type|

* Office
* hotel
* residential
* apartments
* observation
* retail

Architectural style| Neo-futurism
Location| Jeddah, Mecca Province, Saudi Arabia
Coordinates| 21°44′02.4″N 39°04′58.5″E﻿ / ﻿21.734000°N 39.082917°E﻿ / 21.734000; 39.082917
Construction started| 1 April 2013; 12 years ago (2013-04-01)
Estimated completion| 2028
Cost| 100 billion SAR
(US$26 billion)[1]
Owner| Jeddah Economic Company; Kingdom Real Estate Development
Management| CBRE Group
Height
Architectural| At least 1,008 m (3,307 ft)
Roof| At least 1,008 m (3,307 ft)
Top floor| 668 m (2,192 ft) (if completed as planned)
Observatory| 652 m (2,139 ft)
Technical details
Structural system| Reinforced concrete and steel, all-glass façade
Floor count| 165[2][3]
Floor area| 243,866 m2 (2,624,950 sq ft)
Lifts/elevators| 59 (55 single deck and 4 double deck),[4][5] made by Kone[6]
Design and construction
Architect(s)| Adrian Smith
Developer| Jeddah Economic Company (JEC)[8]
Engineer| Langan International (sub-grade and transportation planning)[7]
Structural engineer| Thornton Tomasetti
Main contractor| Saudi Binladin Group
References
[4]

Jeddah Tower or Burj Jeddah (Arabic: برج جدة, pronounced [burdʒ dʒadːa]) is a skyscraper under construction in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. It is planned to be the first 1-kilometre-tall (3,281 ft) building and would be the world's tallest building or structure upon completion, standing 180 m (591 ft) taller than the Burj Khalifa.[9][10] Located in the north side of Jeddah, it is the centrepiece of the Jeddah Economic City project.

The design, created by American architect Adrian Smith, who also designed the Burj Khalifa, incorporates many unique structural and aesthetic features. The creator and leader of the project is Saudi Arabian prince Al-Waleed bin Talal,[11] a grandson of Ibn Saud, and nephew of the kings of Saudi Arabia after Ibn Saud. Al-Waleed is the chairman of Kingdom Holding Company (KHC), which is a partner in the Jeddah Economic Company (JEC), which was formed in 2009 for the development of Jeddah Tower and City.[12]

Progress towards construction was halted in January 2018, when building owner JEC stopped structural concrete work. At the time, the tower was about one-third of the way completed. The development halt stemmed from labor problems with a contractor following the 2017–2019 Saudi Arabian purge. In September 2023, a new request for proposals was issued to a multinational group of construction firms to complete the project,[13] and after almost five years of inactivity, development work on the project resumed in 2023.[14] Construction restarted in January 2025, and the Jeddah Tower is estimated to be completed in 2028.[15]

## Overview

[edit]

The building has been designed to a height of at least 1,008.2 metres (3,308 ft) (the exact height is being kept private while in development, similar to the Burj Khalifa).[A][16] At about one kilometre,[17] Jeddah Tower would be the tallest building or structure in the world,[9] standing 180 m (591 ft) taller than the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.[10] Jeddah Tower's 50-hectare (120-acre) plot, along with surrounding buildings, will be the first of a three-phase Jeddah Economic City development. The three-phase project was proposed for a large area of undeveloped waterfront land with an area of 5.2 km2 (2.0 sq mi).[18] The area is located roughly 20 km (12 mi) north of the port city of Jeddah. Jeddah Economic City was designed by HOK Architects,[19] and is estimated to cost at least SR75 billion (US$20 billion) and take around ten years to build.[20]

The development is envisioned to grow into a new district of Jeddah.[21] The second phase of the project will be the infrastructure development needed to support the city, and the third phase has not yet been revealed.[22]

The focal point of the development and Jeddah Tower's primary use will be to house a Four Seasons hotel, Four Seasons short-rental apartments, Class A office space, and luxury condominiums. The tower will also have the world's highest observation deck.[23] Although the Jeddah Economic City plot is nearly isolated from the current urban core of Jeddah, no land tracts of such size were available closer to the city.[22] Northward is generally considered the direction in which the city will spread in the future.

The primary designer of Jeddah Tower is Chicago-based architect Adrian Smith of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture (AS + GG),[10] the same architect who designed the Burj Khalifa while at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM),[24] where he worked for almost 40 years.[25] AS + GG was formed in 2006 by Adrian Smith, Gordon Gill, and Robert Forest.[26] The development of the tower is being managed by Emaar Properties PJSC.[27] Thornton Tomasetti has been selected as the structural engineering firm,[citation needed] and Environmental Systems Design, Inc. (ESD)[28] is a part of the AS + GG design team that serves as the building services engineering consultants.[29]

On 2 August 2011, it was publicly announced by Kingdom Holding, the investment company, that a contract had been signed by Saudi Binladin Group (SBG), that construction was going to start soon, and that the tower was expected to take 63 months to complete.[30][31][32] While the official construction estimate was (at the time) expected to take five years and three months (63 months), others calculated that it will take over seven years, based on the duration of Burj Khalifa's construction,[33] which was over six years (with the help of CQC Department). Construction is still in progress as of 2025, fourteen years after the projects' announcement.

Besix Group (Belgian Six Construct), which constructed the Burj Khalifa, was previously considered for the contract, but did not win, partially because SBG invested in Jeddah Economic Company (JEC),[34] contributing SR1.5 billion (US$400 million) towards the development of the project.[35] Besix admitted in 2010 that they expected Binladin Group to win the contract.[36] Jeddah Economic Company is a closed joint stock company (PJSC) formed in 2009 as a financial entity for Jeddah Tower and Jeddah Economic City. It is made up primarily of financiers (stakeholders) Kingdom Holding Company (33.35%), Abrar Holding Company (33.35%), which is owned by Samaual Bakhsh and businessman Abdulrahman Hassan Sharbatly (16.67%), as well as the tower's own contractor, Saudi Binladin Group (16.63%).[37] JEC's assets have a book value of nearly SR9 billion, broken down between a land bank of over 5,300,000 m2 (57,048,725 sq ft) (the Jeddah Economic City plot) with a value of SR7.3 billion that will be used as collateral to attain bank loans, and SR1.5 billion in cash.[22] Kingdom Holding is an investment company founded in 1980 and 95% owned by Al-Waleed bin Talal[38] that has assets valued at over $25 billion, with interests in many major companies such as Walt Disney, PepsiCo, Kodak, Apple, Hewlett Packard, Motorola, Time Warner, Newscorp, Pinnacle Infotech Solutions, and Citigroup, as well as real estate in London through its Songbird Estates division.[39]

## Construction history

[edit]

In May 2008, soil testing in the area cast doubt over whether the proposed location could support a skyscraper of the proposed one-mile (1,600 metres, 5,250 ft) height, and MEED reported that the project had been scaled back, making it "up to 500 metres (1,640 ft) shorter".[40] Work on the foundation was scheduled to begin towards the end of 2012.[41] Statements that construction would soon begin were made starting in 2008. In August 2011, the start of construction was slated as "no later than December".[42] This meant the tower was expected to be completed in 2017, though at that time it was also possible that it could still have been completed by the date the media continued to publish, which was the prior estimate of late 2016.[43] Only if construction had begun promptly and gone smoothly could completion in late 2016 have been achieved.[19]

Reports in 2009 suggested that the project had been put on hold due to the 2008 financial crisis and that Bechtel (the initial engineering firm for this project) was "in the process of ending its involvement with the project".[44][45] Kingdom Holding Company quickly criticized the news reports, insisting that the project had not been shelved.[46]

### Architect selected

[edit]

In March 2010, Adrian Smith of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture (AS + GG) was selected as the preliminary architect (though they deny involvement in the earlier, mile-high designs).[47] Later, when the proposal was more serious, they won a design competition between eight leading architectural firms, including Kohn Pedersen Fox, Pickard Chilton, Pelli Clarke Pelli, and Foster + Partners, as well as the firm Smith formerly worked for, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill,[48] which was the final competitor in the competition before AS + GG was chosen.[49] In addition to Burj Khalifa, Adrian Smith has designed several other recent towers; the Zifeng Tower in Nanjing, China, the Trump International Hotel & Tower in Chicago, and the Jin Mao Tower in Shanghai,[50] as well as the Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China.[51] The four buildings are all among the forty tallest in the world. Furthermore, the Pearl River Tower is a unique tower that was originally designed to use zero net energy by drawing all its needed power from wind, sunlight, and geothermal mass,[25] though this design goal was not fully achieved.[52]

In October 2010, the owners (Kingdom Holding Company) signed a development agreement with Emaar Properties PJSC. The final height of the building was questionable, but it was still listed to be over 1 kilometre.[53] Kingdom Holding said construction was progressing.[24][54]

Designs for the foundation were in place by early August 2011 and the contract for the piling was tendered.[55] On 16 August 2011, Langan International officially announced their involvement and that the foundation and piling had to be uniquely designed to overcome subsurface issues such as soft bedrock and porous coral rock, which normally could not support a skyscraper without settling.[citation needed] The foundation is similar to that of the Burj Khalifa, but larger; it is expected to average around 4.5 m (15 ft) deep with a concrete pad of area around 7,500 m2 (81,000 sq ft). The concrete must have low permeability to keep out corrosive salt water from the Red Sea. Its depth and size are also considered to be an indicator of what the tower's final height will be.[56] The piles will be up to 200 m (660 ft) deep and the pad over 90 m (300 ft) across, yet the building, which will weigh over 900,000 tonnes (890,000 long tons; 990,000 short tons), is expected to settle. The idea is that it settles evenly enough so that the building does not tip or put undue stress on the superstructure. Computer modelling programmes performed tests at the site to confirm that the foundation design would work.[57] A later design for the foundation, to be constructed by Bauer in 2013, calls for 270 bored piles up to 110 m (360 ft) deep, which have to be installed into the difficult ground conditions.[41] Some materials needed for the structure are 500,000 m3 (18,000,000 cu ft) of concrete and 80,000 t (79,000 long tons; 88,000 short tons) of steel.[58]

### Approvals

[edit]

In March and April 2011, several news agencies reported that the Mile-High Tower design had been approved at that height and that the building would cost almost US$30 billion (SR112.5 billion).[59] This design was going to be drastically larger than the current design, with a floor area of 3,530,316 m2 (38,000,000 sq ft), and would have used futuristic wind-aversion and energy-producing technology for sustainability. It and the surrounding city would have had the ability to accommodate 80,000 residents and one million visitors, according to RIA Novosti.[59] Adrian Smith denied that he was a part of any of the earlier designs, which had been purported in the media.[60] One source even corrected its article and clarified the misunderstanding.[61]

### Contractors selected

[edit]

In early August 2011, the Binladin Group was chosen as the main construction contractor with the signing of an SR4.6 billion (US$1.23 billion) contract,[62] which is less than it cost to build the Burj Khalifa (US$1.5 billion).[63] New renderings were revealed, and on 2 August it was widely reported that the project was a go at the 1,000 m (3,281 ft) height[A] with a building area of 530,000 square metres (5,704,873 sq ft),[B][64][65] and will take 63 months to complete.[16] The announcement of the main construction contract signing caused Kingdom Holding Company's stock to jump 3.2% in one day,[66] in addition to KHC already having reported a 21% rise in second-quarter net profit.[67] Also, for the first time, architects Gordon Gill and Adrian Smith officially announced their involvement in the project.[68]

On 13 August 2012, it was announced that the landscaping contract for the Jeddah Tower was to be awarded to Landtech Designs, a US-based company, who will be responsible for irrigating 3.4 hectares (8.5 acres) of green space by using the latest technology in sustainable irrigation. The supply of water to irrigate the green space would be collected through rainwater.[69][70]

On 21 September 2012, it was announced that financing for the Jeddah Tower was complete. Talal Al Maiman, chief executive officer and managing director of Kingdom Real Estate Development Co. said in an interview "We have all the investors, all the finance, all the money we need," Al Maiman said. "It took us beyond 20 months to convince investors, working every detail and aspect of financing."[71]

On 10 October 2012, Kingdom Holding awarded contracts totalling $98 million. Kingdom Holding Co. has signed a deal with Subul Development Company for the sale of land in the Kingdom Riyadh Land project for $66.5 million. The Kingdom Riyadh Land project, a mixed-use commercial and residential development, will generate more than $5.33 billion of total investment and will house up to 75,000 people. The final master plan contract was awarded to Omrania & Associates and Barton Willmore.[72] Bauer, a German Foundations equipment manufacturer and contractor was awarded a US$32 million contract to support the initial phases of construction of the Jeddah Tower. This includes the installation of 270 bored piles with diameters of 1.5 metres and 1.8 metres. The enabling works are expected to begin before the end of 2012 and take about 10 months to complete.[73]

On 21 February 2013, the Jeddah Economic Company (JEC) announced that it had appointed an EC Harris/Mace joint venture team to project manage the iconic Jeddah Tower project. The team will be providing project, commercial, and design management for the Jeddah Tower development.[74] CEO of JEC, Waleed Abduljaleel Batterjee said that the reason Mace was hired is to use the same team that worked for The Shard in London. On the other hand, EC Harris also has a long list of projects in the region including the Grand Millenium Al-Wahda Hotel, Abu Dhabi's largest hotel complex.[75]

On 29 April 2013, news was reported that the Saudi Water Company had signed a 2.2 billion-riyal ($587 million) supply deal with Jeddah Economic Co. for the Jeddah tower project. The 25-year agreement to supply 156,000 cubic metres of treated and drinking water a day, enough for 62 Olympic-size pools, was signed by the chief executive of the Jeddah-based developer, Waleed Batraji, and Loay al-Musallam, head of National Water Company.[76]

### Construction begins

[edit]

Construction started on 1 April 2013.[77] Piling was completed in December 2013.[78] Above ground construction commenced in September 2014.[79]

Jeddah Tower, 2016

In late 2017, the owner of Kingdom Holding Co, which owns 33% of the tower, and the chairman of the Saudi Binladen Group, which owns 17% and is the primary contractor, were both arrested as part of the 2017 Saudi Arabian purge. Construction of the tower continued,[80] although some senior managers at Kingdom Holding were redirected to other projects.[81] In February 2018, Mounib Hammoud, CEO of Jeddah Economic City, said that construction is continuing and that they hoped to open the tower by 2020.[82] In October 2017 the central core of the tower was at 60 floors and the walls were 248 m (814 ft) high,[83] as of end of 2017 a reported height was 252 m (827 ft).[84]

In March 2018, Kingdom Holding Company signed a deal with Orange Business Services to provide information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure to Jeddah Tower.[82] On 12 March construction of the tower moved forward after the delay.[85]

### Delay

[edit]

Initially, there was steady progress on construction, but by January 2018, however, building owner JEC halted structural concrete work with the tower about one-third completed due to labour issues with a contractor following the 2017–19 Saudi Arabian purge. As a result, work on the tower became stalled. Work was also stalled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which ultimately led to a years-long delay. From January 2018 until January 2025, no construction was done on the Jeddah Tower, and it was also uncertain (at the time) when or even if the tower would be finished.[86]

### Restart

[edit]

In September 2023, the Middle East Economic Digest (MEED) reported that Jeddah Economic City had restarted the project and a request for proposals had been issued for a contract to complete the construction of the tower. Fourteen construction contractors from the region, Europe, and China were given three months to prepare their bids.[87] In May 2024, the architect confirmed that construction would resume, and construction officially restarted in January 2025.[88] Work progressed at a relatively slow rate due to the observation of Ramadan in Saudi Arabia, but soon sped up after the festivities with Jeddah Tower reaching its 66th floor by April 2025.[89] By June of that year, the tower was on its 70th floor.[90] During the restarted construction, a new crane was installed on the core part of the tower in order to accelerate the construction.[91] The Jeddah Tower is estimated to be completed sometime in 2028.[92][93] In August 2025, Jeddah Tower was at the 86th floor.[94]

## Design

[edit]

Jeddah Tower Design

The building will have a total of 59 elevators, five of which will be double-deck elevators, as well as 12 escalators. The elevators are made by the Finnish company Kone. It will also have the highest observation deck in the world, to which high speed elevators will travel at up to 10 metres (33 feet) per second (36 km/h or 22 mph) in both directions.[95] They must also be efficient so the cables are not unbearably heavy.[96] Jeddah Tower will have three sky lobbies where elevator transfers can be made, and no elevator will go from the bottom to the highest occupied floor.[49]

To overcome elevator issues, the tower will use its large number of efficient elevators as well as its three sky lobbies, which allows transfers to be made between elevators serving a specific area with no elevator being overburdened. Much was learned from Burj Khalifa that helped with the design of Jeddah Tower[97] not only structurally, but in methods for designing practical mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems, as well as adhering to local regulations and international building codes.[98] Despite all the physical challenges, Adrian Smith states that practicality is still the greater challenge over structural durability, even in such super-tall designs, and that as with all buildings, Jeddah Tower's form was primarily derived respective of what the building's uses would be, then in accordance with the structural factors that would have to be considered to deliver it.[49] Orange S.A. are designing the information and communications infrastructure of the building.[99]

* Jeddah Tower Design 2

* Jeddah Tower Design 3

### Internal systems

[edit]

Chicago-based[100] Environmental Systems Design, Inc. will provide mechanical, plumbing, electrical and fire protection engineering,[12] as well as teledata, audio/visual, security systems, and acoustics.[101] Langan International will be responsible for geotechnical engineering as well as some ground level site work such as transportation engineering and parking,[7] including the design of the proposed 3,000–4,700 car underground parking garage[102] that will be located near, but not under the tower to prevent terrorism.[49] Langan also designed the tower's foundation, which has to be able to support the tower despite the less than optimal subsurface conditions, such as soft rock and permeable coral, which could cause the piles to settle.[citation needed]

Thornton Tomasetti has provided the structural engineering for two of the previous world's tallest building title holders, the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur and the Taipei 101 in Taiwan, as well as the Ping An Finance Centre in Shenzhen, which is the second tallest building in China.[citation needed] Saudi Binladin Group is the largest construction firm in the Middle East, with over 35,000 workers and hundreds of projects. In 2012, they constructed the topped-out 601 m (1,972 ft) Abraj Al-Bait Clock Tower in Mecca, which is the tallest building in Saudi Arabia and fourth tallest in the world, as well as the largest skyscraper in the world by floor area and volume. Aside from buildings, the firm has also constructed many major infrastructure projects, such as the King Abdulaziz (Jeddah) International Airport expansion and the 775 km (482 mi) six lane Al Qassim Expressway through Saudi Arabia.[39]

Saudi Binladin Group is owned by the family of the late al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden.[103] As a result, it has sparked some minor media buzz.[104] When asked his thoughts about this in an interview, Adrian Smith simply stated that they are the largest construction firm in the Middle East, most significant work in Saudi Arabia was done by them, and that it is a very large family that shouldn't be stereotyped by one of its members.[49] Furthermore, in January 2012, New York City judge George B. Daniels ruled that no charges could be filed against SBG to repay the victims of 9/11 as there is no evidence of the construction firm financially supporting bin Laden after he was removed as a shareholder following the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.[105]

### Economic viability

[edit]

In addition to its primary functions, the building is slated to include a significant amount of retail as well as a wide variety of other unique amenities with the intention that it functions as a nearly self-sustaining entity, approaching the concept of a "vertical city".[106] The building's design has been applauded as simple and feasible, yet bold, brilliantly sculpted, and high-tech,[107] with AS + GG describing it as "an elegant, cost-efficient and highly constructible design."[55] The estimated construction cost of US$1.23 billion, which is less than that of the Burj Khalifa (US$1.5 billion), can be attributed to cheap labour in the Middle East, particularly Saudi Arabia, and that three shifts will work around the clock to expedite the process.[63] Construction costs declined after the 2008 financial crisis.[108]

The 23 hectares (57 acres) area around Jeddah Tower will contain public space and a shopping mall, as well as other residential and commercial developments, and be known as the Jeddah Tower Water Front District,[48] of which, the tower's site alone will take up 500,000 m2 (5,381,955 sq ft).[109] As with many other very tall skyscrapers, including the Kingdom Centre in Riyadh, which is generally considered to have sparked the recent significant commercial developments around it in the district of Olaya,[22] much of the intention of Jeddah Tower is to be symbolic as well as to raise the surrounding land value rather than its own profitability.[42] To that effect, the tower's architect, Adrian Smith, said that the tower "evokes a bundle of leaves shooting up from the ground; a burst of new life that heralds more growth all around it".[110] Smith states that the tower will create a landmark in which it and the surrounding Jeddah Economic City are interdependent.[49] Talal Al Maiman, a board member of Jeddah Economic Company, said, "Jeddah Tower will be a landmark structure that will greatly increase the value of the hundreds of other properties around it in Jeddah Economic City and indeed throughout North Jeddah."[109]

The concept of profitability derived from building high density developments and malls around such a landmark was taken from the Burj Khalifa, where it has proven successful, as its surrounding malls, hotels, and condominiums in the area known as Downtown Dubai[111] have generated the most considerable revenue out of that project as a whole,[109] while the Burj Khalifa itself made little or no profit.[112]

In July 2011, a report by consultancy EC Harris found that Saudi Arabia is the cheapest country in the Middle East to build in, half as expensive as Bahrain, and 34% cheaper than the United Arab Emirates, where Burj Khalifa is located.[113] The future towers' site is located in very close proximity to King Abdulaziz (Jeddah) International Airport, and may impact the usable airspace.[106] While skyscraper experts have stated that towers well over one kilometre, even two kilometres (6,600 feet) high, are technically feasible, physical sustainability and practicality issues come into play in towers of this height.[114] As for physical restraints, Bart Leclercq, head of structures for WSP Middle East recently said, "I truly believe that 1 mile, 1.6 kilometres, is within range. Over that, it may be possible if there are improvements in concrete quality. But 2 km is too big a figure; it's just a step too far at the moment."[115]

## Impact

[edit]

There is an impending real estate bubble in Saudi Arabia, with increasing demand and rising prices due to high population growth and a short supply of housing, which may include a demand for high-end luxury units, such as those in Jeddah Tower. To boost growth, the Saudi Arabian government is going to invest US$67 billion (SR251 billion) in building 500,000 homes throughout the country.[116] According to Saudi officials, about 900 new homes are needed a day to meet the demand of the rapidly growing population, which has nearly quadrupled in the past four decades.[43]

Just as the Jeddah Tower will complement the Jeddah Economic City development that will be built around it, there are many infrastructure and revitalisation projects underway and planned throughout Saudi Arabia, such as the US$7.2 billion (SR27.1 billion) new airport terminal under construction at King Abdulaziz (Jeddah) International Airport,[117] that will complement the Jeddah Economic City as well as develop Saudi Arabia, which has been likened to a Third World country with crumbling infrastructure and widespread disasters, including severe flooding,[118] such as the flash floods in early 2011 that damaged 90% of the roads and over 27,000 buildings in Jeddah.[119]

According to a representative of Standard Chartered, which invested US$75 million in Saudi Binladin Group, Saudi Arabia is going to spend over US$400 billion (SR1.5 trillion) on infrastructure over the next few years.[120] According to reports by Citi Investment Research & Analysis, $220 billion worth of development, accounting for 36% of all construction spending in the MENA region, will be directly or indirectly beneficial to Jeddah Tower.[111] Jeddah Tower and City themselves are intended to set an example of green development, using modern technology and having a low carbon footprint relative to the number of people they will support.[112] However, there is also an increasing problem of poor education levels in Arab countries due to a lack of spending in research and education, which it is argued should be invested in rather than building skyscrapers,[121] and that the tower is nothing more than a symbol of hubris.[122] It has even been likened to the Tower of Babel.[123]

Furthermore, economists have found large new skyscrapers to be a negative economic indicator,[124] with several instances of new tallest buildings being finished and opening into a bad economy,[125] as they generally start during a financial boom when money is easy and investment is strong, but do not finish until the bubble has burst. Examples include the Singer Building and Metropolitan Life Insurance Building after the Panic of 1907, 40 Wall Street, the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building built during the Great Depression, the World Trade Center and Sears Tower built during the 1970s economic downturn, the Petronas Towers built during the 1997 Asian financial crisis, and the Burj Khalifa built during the Great Recession.[126] Much of the study on this phenomenon was done in 1999 by Andrew Lawrence, a research director at Deutsche Bank who created the "skyscraper index," originally as a joke; however, it illustrated the observation that many of the world's tallest buildings have been built on the eve of financial collapse.[127]

### Reception

[edit]

The developers' theory is that the international attention gained through large developments and having the world's tallest building will incur gentrification of the country[128] and even be a financial success in the long run. Architect Adrian Smith, the designer of the tower, states, "...this tower symbolizes the Kingdom as an important global business and cultural leader, and demonstrates the strength and creative vision of its people. It represents new growth and high-performance technology fused into one powerful iconic form."[110] However, Bob Sinn, principal engineer at Thornton Tomasetti, stated that the practical challenges of building very tall buildings are greater than the structural challenges.[129]

"We intend [Jeddah] Tower to become both an economic engine and a proud symbol of the kingdom's economic and cultural stature in the world community," said Talal Al Maiman, a board member of both Kingdom Holding Company and Jeddah Economic Company.[119] The project's primary proponent, Prince Al-Waleed said, "Building this tower in Jeddah sends a financial and economic message that should not be ignored. It has a political depth to it to tell the world that we Saudis invest in our country."[62]

## Gallery

[edit]

* 12th floor (10 January 2015)

* 23rd floor (7 June 2015)

* 44th floor (7 July 2016) at night

* 46th floor (13 July 2016)

* 47th floor (2 December 2016)

* As of 2 June 2017

* As of 16 August 2019

* 66+ floors (28 April 2025)

* 74th floor (71st floor) as of 22 June 2025

## Floor directory

[edit]

It is estimated that the Jeddah Tower will have just over 200 floors.[E][49]

Floor | Purposes

|

> 168 | Empty Spire
168 (682 m) | Tuned mass damper
158–167 | Building control machines
157 (637 m) | Observation deck, outdoor balcony
155–156 | Hotel, restaurants
154 | Four Seasons Hotel
144–153 | Hotel rooms
141–143 | Building control machines
140 | Hotel rooms, refuge area
127–139 | Hotel rooms
125–126 | Hotel sky lobby
115–124 | Hotel rooms
114 | Building control machines, refuge area
104–113 | Residence
103 | Residence, refuge area
94–102 | Residence
93 | Residential sky lobby
90–92 | Building control machines
89 | Refuge area
80–88 | Offices
79 | Refuge area
67–78 | Offices
65–66 | Sky lobby
64 | Refuge area
51–63 | Offices
48–50 | Building control machines
47 | Refuge area
35–46 | Offices
33–34 | Sky lobby
29–32 | Building control machines
18–28 | Offices
16–17 | Building control machines
6–15 | Offices
3–5 | Building control machines
2 | Shopping mall
1 | Office lobby, serviced hotel lobby
B1 | Observatory entrance, shops, and restaurants
B2 | Parking, Building control machines

## See also

[edit]

* Saudi Arabia portal

* List of tallest buildings
* List of future tallest buildings
* List of tallest buildings in Saudi Arabia
* The Illinois

## Notes

[edit]

A. ^ a b c The actual height of the Burj Khalifa was not revealed until the opening ceremony. The developers of Jeddah Tower are similarly keeping the final height secret, stating only that it will be at least 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) high. In a television interview for WTTW in Chicago, architect Adrian Smith stated that the tower will be a little over twice the height of the Burj Khalifa, which is 828 metres (2,717 ft) high counting the antennas, suggesting that Jeddah Tower may be closer to 1,600 metres (5,200 ft); one mile high. Some sources have suggested that Jeddah Tower will break Burj Khalifa's record by over 740 metres (2,430 ft).[22] In 2014, online sources were using the number 1,008 m (3,307 ft).[130]

B. ^ a b This figure has been referred to as the "total building area" in publications, which is probably another term for gross floor area; the actual usable floor space, which is what buildings are typically measured by, will presumably be less. This area has also been reported as 540,000 m2 (5,800,000 sq ft).[18]

C. ^ a This assumes a 2012 start date and the estimated completion time of 63 months.

D. ^ a Figure attained using the formula for the area of a circle (πr2) and the given value of 30 m (98 ft) as the diameter.

E. ^ a b No official floor count has been given; however, Adrian Smith said it will be about 50 floors taller than the (163-floor) Burj Khalifa.[131] In November 2010, an older kilometre-high design was said to contain over 200 floors.[36]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Kumar, Pramod; Kawach, Nadim (21 January 2025). "Jeddah Tower to cost $26bn as work restarts". Arabian Gulf Business Insight. Retrieved 20 March 2025.
2. ^ Wright, Herbert (4 June 2015). "Jeddah's Kingdom Tower: how much higher can skyscrapers go? A history of cities in 50 buildings, day 50". the Guardian.
3. ^ Lo 2018, Andrea (17 January 2018). "Jeddah Tower: What does the world's next tallest skyscraper look like now?". CNN. "CNN visited the site at the end of 2017"`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
4. ^ a b "Jeddah Tower – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
5. ^ "Kingdom Tower Jeddah, Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture LLP. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
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## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeddah Tower.

* Kingdom Holding Company website
* Jeddah Tower on the CTBUH Skyscraper Center
* Slideshow image gallery of renderings by Fox News
* Jeddah Tower on Twitter
* Construction on Jeddah Tower Resumes on YouTube

* v
* t
* e

Supertall skyscrapers (300 m/984 ft and taller)

Completed

Africa

| Egypt|

* Iconic Tower

|

Americas

| Chile|

* Gran Torre Santiago

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* Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1
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|

Hong Kong|

* Bank of China Tower
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Japan|

* Abeno Harukas
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Kazakhstan|

* Abu Dhabi Plaza

Kuwait|

* Al Hamra Tower
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Malaysia|

* The Exchange 106
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Philippines|

* Metrobank Center

Qatar|

* Aspire Tower
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Saudi Arabia|

* The Clock Towers
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South Korea|

* Haeundae Doosan We've the Zenith
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Taiwan|

* 85 Sky Tower
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Thailand|

* Baiyoke Tower II
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Turkey|

* CBRT Tower

United Arab
Emirates|

* 23 Marina
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Vietnam|

* Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower
* Landmark 81

Europe

| Poland|

* Varso Tower

|

Russia|

* City of Capitals
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United Kingdom|

* The Shard

Oceania

| Australia|

* Australia 108
* Q1 Tower

|

* † No longer standing.

Under construction

| Africa|

| Ethiopia|

* Ethiopian Electric Power Headquarters

|

Côte d'Ivoire|

* Tour F

Asia|

| China|

* Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1
* Evergrande Center
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|

Other|

* Burj Azizi
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* Jeddah Tower
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North America|

* 270 Park Avenue
* 520 Fifth Avenue
* Concord Sky
* SkyTower at Pinnacle One Yonge
* One Bloor West
* Waldorf Astoria Miami

South America|

* Senna Tower

On hold

* 2 World Trade Center
* 45 Broad Street
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* Dalian Greenland Center
* Diamond Tower (Jeddah)
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* Forum 66
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* Marina 106
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* One Tower
* Palais Royale, Mumbai
* Pentominium
* Runhua Global Center 1
* Ryugyong Hotel
* Sino-Steel Tower
* Skycity
* Square Capital Tower
* The Stratford Residences
* Tameer Commercial Tower
* Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower
* Tour Financial Hub Center
* Tower Infinity
* VietinBank Business Center Office Tower

See also
Proposed supertall skyscrapers
List of architects of supertall buildings
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