Jet pack

Device worn on the back which uses jets of gas or liquid to propel the wearer through the air

This article is about jet or rocket-powered flying devices. For other uses, see Jetpack (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Jet pack" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

Man flying in a jet pack

A jet pack, rocket belt, rocket pack or flight pack is a device worn as a backpack which uses jets to propel the wearer through the air. The concept has been present in science fiction for almost a century and the first working experimental devices were demonstrated in the 1960s.

Jet packs have been developed using a variety of mechanisms, but their uses are limited because of factors including the Earth's atmosphere, gravity, the low energy density of extreme fuels, and the human body not being suited to flight, and they are principally used for stunts.

A practical use for the jet pack has been in extra-vehicular activities for astronauts because of the weightlessness and lack of friction-creating atmosphere in orbit. The term jet suit is used for a system incorporating a jet pack and associated jets attached to the arms to increase manoeuvrability (e.g. the Daedalus Flight Pack).

## Overview[edit]

In the most general terms, a jet pack is a wearable device which allows the user to fly by providing thrust. With the exception of use in a microgravity environment, this thrust must be upwards so as to overcome the force of gravity, and must be enough to overcome the weight of the user, the jet pack itself and its fuel. This necessarily requires the jet pack to continually push mass in a downwards direction.[1]

While some designs have power and/or mass supplied from an external, ground-based source, untethered flight requires all of a flight's fuel to be carried within the pack. This results in problems relating to the overall mass ratio, which limits the maximum flight time to a few minutes, rather than the sustained flight envisaged in science fiction.[1]

## Liquid-fueled rocket pack[edit]

### Andreyev: oxygen-and-methane, with wings[edit]

The first pack design was developed in 1919 by the Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Andreev.[2][3][4] The project was well regarded by Nikolai Rynin and technology historians Yu. V. Biryukov and S. V. Golotyuk. Later it was issued a patent but apparently was not built or tested. It was oxygen-and-methane-powered (likeliest a rocket) with wings each roughly 1 m (3 feet) long.[5]

## Hydrogen peroxide–powered rocket packs[edit]

A hydrogen peroxide–powered engine is based on the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide. Nearly pure (90% in the Bell Rocket Belt) hydrogen peroxide is used. Pure hydrogen peroxide is relatively stable, but in contact with a catalyst (for example, silver) it decomposes into a mixture of superheated steam and oxygen in less than 1/10 millisecond, increasing in volume 5,000 times: 2 H2O2 → 2 H2O + O2. The reaction is exothermic, i.e., accompanied by the liberation of much heat (about 2,500 kJ/kg [1,100 BTU/lb]), forming in this case a steam-gas mixture at 740 °C [1,360 °F]. This hot gas is used exclusively as the reaction mass and is fed directly to one or more jet nozzles.

The great disadvantage is the limited operating time. The jet of steam and oxygen can provide significant thrust from advanced rockets, but the jet has a relatively low exhaust velocity and hence a poor specific impulse. Currently, such rocket belts can only fly for about 30 seconds (because of the limited amount of fuel the user can carry unassisted).

A more conventional bipropellant could more than double the specific impulse. However, although the exhaust gases from the peroxide-based engine are very hot, they are still significantly cooler than those generated by alternative propellants. Using a peroxide-based propellant greatly reduces the risk of a fire/explosion which would cause severe injury to the operator.

In contrast to, for example, turbojet engines, which mainly expel atmospheric air to produce thrust, rocket packs are far simpler to build than devices using turbojets. The classical rocket pack construction of Wendell Moore can be made under workshop conditions, given good engineering training and a high level of tool-making craftsmanship.

The main disadvantages of this type of rocket pack are:

* Short duration of flight (a maximum of around 30 seconds).
* The high expense of the peroxide propellant.
* The inherent dangers of flying below minimum parachute altitude, and hence without any safety equipment to protect the operator if there is an accident or malfunction.
* Safely learning how to fly it, given that there are no dual-control training versions.
* The sheer difficulty of manually flying such a device.

These circumstances limit the sphere of the application of rocket packs to spectacular public demonstration flights, i.e., stunts; for example, a flight was arranged in the course of the opening ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles, USA.[6]

### Justin Capra's flying backpack[edit]

Justin Capră claimed that he invented a "flying rucksack" (Romanian: rucsac zburator) in 1956[7] in Romania, and, without arousing any apparent interest, informed the American Embassy of his idea. However it was tested by Henri Coandă, a Paratrooper who crashed it the first time but managed the second after he advised to change the fuel and improve on the design. In 1962 a backpack was created at Bell Laboratories, following Justin Capră's prototype. The backpack is now displayed in a museum.[8]

### Jump Belt[edit]

In 1958, Garry Burdett and Alexander Bohr, Thiokol Corporation engineers, created a Jump Belt which they named Project Grasshopper. Thrust was created by high-pressure compressed nitrogen. Two small nozzles were affixed to the belt and directed vertically downward. The wearer of the belt could open a valve, letting out nitrogen from the gas cylinder through the nozzles, which tossed him upward to a height of 7 m (23 ft). While leaning forward, it was possible with the aid of the jump belt's thrust to run at 45 to 50 km/h (28 to 31 mph). Later, Burdett and Bohr tested a hydrogen peroxide–powered version. The jump belt was demonstrated by a serviceman in action,[citation needed] but as no financing was forthcoming, there was no further testing.

### Aeropack[edit]

In 1959 Aerojet General Corporation won a U.S. Army contract to devise a jet pack or rocket pack. At the start of 1960 Richard Peoples made his first tethered flight with his Aeropack.

### U.S. Army interest[edit]

Transport studies of the U.S. Army Transportation Research Command (TRECOM) determined that personal jet devices could have diverse uses: for reconnaissance, crossing rivers, amphibious landing, accessing steep mountain slopes, overcoming minefields, tactical maneuvering, etc. The concept was named "Small Rocket Lift Device", SRLD.

Within the framework of this concept, the administration concluded a contract with the Aerojet General company in 1959 to research the possibility of designing an SRLD suitable for army purposes. Aerojet came to the conclusion that the version with the engine running on hydrogen peroxide was most suitable. However, it soon became known to the military that engineer Wendell F. Moore of the Bell Aerosystems company had for several years been carrying out experiments to make a personal jet device. After becoming acquainted with his work, servicemen during August 1960 decided to commission Bell Aerosystems with developing an SRLD. Wendell Moore was appointed chief project engineer.

### Bell Textron Rocket Belt[edit]

Main article: Bell Rocket Belt

Astrogeologist Gene Shoemaker wearing a Bell Rocket Belt while training astronauts

In 1960, the Bell Rocketbelt was presented to the public. The jet of gas was provided by a hydrogen peroxide–powered rocket, but the jet could also be powered by a turbojet engine, a ducted fan, or other kinds of rockets powered by solid fuel, liquid fuel or compressed gas (usually nitrogen).

This is the oldest known type of jet pack or rocket pack. One Bell Rocket Belt is on display at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum annex, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, located near Dulles Airport.

### RB-2000 Rocket Belt[edit]

Main article: Bell Rocket Belt § RB2000 Rocket Belt

This was a successor to the Bell Rocket Belt.[9]

### Bell Pogo[edit]

Main article: Bell Pogo

The Bell Pogo was a small rocket-powered platform that two people could ride on. Its design used features from the Bell Rocket Belt.

### Powerhouse Productions Rocketbelt[edit]

Rocketbelt pilot Dan Schlund at the 2007 Rose Parade

More commonly known as "The Rocketman", Powerhouse Productions, owned and operated by Kinnie Gibson, manufactures the 30-second flying Rocketbelt (June 1994) and organizes Rocketbelt performances. Since 1983 Powerhouse Productions has performed show flights in over 40 countries such as the Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, Super Bowls, the Rose Parade, Daytona 500, and the Michael Jackson Dangerous World Tour, as well as many television shows including Walker, Texas Ranger, The Fall Guy and NCIS. Powerhouse Rocketbelt pilots include stuntman Kinnie Gibson and Dan Schlund.[10]

### Jetpack International[edit]

Jetpack International made three types of wingless jet packs:

Name  | Max flight time  | Max distance  | Max speed  | Max height  | Max pilot weight  | Fuel  | Engine type  | Fuel capacity  | Price

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Jet Pack H2O2  | 23 seconds  | 152 m (499 ft)  | 112 km/h (70 mph)  | 37 m (121 ft)  | 81 kg (179 lb)  | hydrogen peroxide | rocket  | 22 L (4.8 imp gal; 5.8 US gal)  | Not for sale
Jet Pack H2O2-Z  | 33 seconds  | 457 m (1,499 ft)  | 124 km/h (77 mph)  | 76 m (249 ft)  | 81 kg (179 lb)  | hydrogen peroxide  | rocket  | 30 L (6.6 imp gal; 7.9 US gal)  | Not for sale
Jet pack T-73  | ~9 minutes[citation needed] | c. 18 km (11 mi)  | ~134 km/h (83 mph)  | ~76 m (249 ft)  | 81 kg (179 lb)  | Jet-A fuel | T-73 jet engine  | 19 L (4.2 imp gal; 5.0 US gal)  | $200,000

A Jet Pack H2O2 was flown for 34 seconds in Central Park on the 9 April 2007 episode of the Today Show and sold for $150,000. As of January 2009 their H2O2 jet packs are for demonstration only, not for sale.[11] Details of the likely consumer model "Falcon" were scheduled for an official announcement on May 1, 2012, but the company is currently behind schedule.[12]

### Current technology[edit]

At the TechCrunch Disrupt conference in 2014, Astro Teller, head of Google X (Google's research laboratory), said they investigated jet packs but found them too inefficient to be practical, with fuel consumption as high as 940 L/100 km (1⁄4 mpg‑US), and were as loud as a motorcycle, so they decided not to pursue developing them.[13][14]

In recent years, the rocket pack has become popular among enthusiasts, and some have built them for themselves. The pack's basic construction is rather simple, but its flying capability depends on two key parts: the gas generator, and the thrust control valve. The rocket packs being built today are largely based on the research and inventions of Wendell Moore at Bell Helicopter.

One of the largest stumbling blocks that would-be rocket pack builders have faced is the difficulty of obtaining concentrated hydrogen peroxide, which is no longer produced by many chemical companies. The few companies that produce high-concentration hydrogen peroxide only sell to large corporations or governments, forcing some amateurs and professionals to set up their own hydrogen peroxide distillation installations. High-concentration hydrogen peroxide for rocket belts was produced by Peroxide Propulsion (Gothenburg, Sweden) from 2004 to 2010,[15] but after a serious accident Peroxide Propulsion stopped making it.[13][failed verification]

## Pulsejet powered jet pack[edit]

### Himmelstürmer Flightpack[edit]

The Himmelstürmer Flightpack, or Einpersonenfluggerät, was a flightpack invented by Nazi Germany late in the war.[16][17][18][19] Its intention was not to achieve flight as much for the user, but to jump over obstacles and waterways on the battlefield that would otherwise be difficult to traverse on foot.[20]

The flightpack consisted of a larger rocket on the back for propulsion, and a smaller one on the front for steering. The propulsion was achieved by the use of a Schmidt pulse jet, developed originally by Paul Schmidt who submitted preliminary design patents as early as 1931.[21][22][23] Because the flight time was so short, the soldier wore no special flight gear, each simply wore the standard Feldbluse uniform, and were armed with standard infantry weapons and two Stielhandgranates for throwing through the open tops of enemy vehicles/buildings/troops etc while in flight above them.[24] The flightpack unit consumed fuel rapidly, so had to be turned off by the operator as soon as landing. Because of the heavy consumption of fuel, the user was restricted in the speed they could travel.[25] Both rockets had to be operated simultaneously to work, the smaller rocket in front having controls for piloting. Schmidt paired the two pulse jets so the thrust from the larger pulsejet, worn on the back, created a thrust vector through the centre of the mass of the whole "vehicle". This prevented it from "tumbling" and kept the vehicle stable and on its intended trajectory. The smaller pulsejet used enough force only to steer and control direction.[26] Both of the pulsejet nozzles were angled away from the operator's body. In operation, the thrust difference between pulsejet nozzles had a stabilizing push/pull/lift effect.

The Himmelstürmer Flightpacks were tested by the Wehrmacht, around late 1944, but the war ended before they could be used.[27] The device may have been taken by United States Military forces as part of Operation Paperclip, and possibly influenced postwar US designs.[28]

## Turbojet packs[edit]

Packs with a turbojet engine are fueled with traditional kerosene-based jet fuel. They have higher efficiency, greater height and a duration of flight of many minutes, but they are complex in construction and very expensive. Only one working model of this pack was made; it underwent flight tests in the 1960s and at present it no longer flies. Jet packs and rocket packs have much better flight time on a tankful of fuel if they have wings like an aeroplane's.

### Bell Jet Flying Belt: wingless[edit]

In 1965 Bell Aerosystems concluded a new contract with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to develop a jet pack with a turbojet engine. This project was called the "Jet Flying Belt", or simply the "Jet Belt". Wendell Moore and John K. Hulbert, a specialist in gas turbines, worked to design a new turbojet pack. Williams Research Corporation (now Williams International) in Walled Lake, Michigan, designed and built a new turbojet engine to Bell's specifications in 1969. It was called the WR19, had a rated thrust of 1,900 newtons (430 lbf) and weighed 31 kg (68 lb). The Jet Belt first flew free on 7 April 1969 at the Niagara Falls Municipal Airport. Pilot Robert Courter flew about 100 m (330 ft) in a circle at an altitude of 7 m (23 ft), reaching a speed of 45 km/h (28 mph). The following flights were longer, up to 5 minutes. Theoretically, this new pack could fly for 25 minutes at velocities up to 135 km/h (84 mph).

In spite of successful tests, the U.S. Army lost interest. The pack was complex to maintain and too heavy. Landing with its weight on their back was hazardous to the pilot, and catastrophic loss of a turbine blade could have been lethal.

Thus, the Bell Jet Flying Belt remained an experimental model. On 29 May 1969, Wendell Moore died of complications from a heart attack he had suffered six months earlier, and work on the turbojet pack ended. Bell sold the sole version of the "Bell pack", together with the patents and technical documentation, to Williams Research Corporation. This pack is now in the Williams International company museum.

The "Jet Belt" used a small turbofan engine which was mounted vertically, with its air intake downward. Intake air was divided into two flows. One flow went into the combustion chamber, the other flow bypassed the engine, then mixed with the hot turbine gases, cooling them and protecting the pilot from the high temperatures generated. In the upper part of the engine the exhaust was divided and entered two pipes which led to jet nozzles. The construction of the nozzles made it possible to move the jet to any side. Kerosene fuel was stored in tanks beside the engine. Control of the turbojet pack was similar to the rocket pack, but the pilot could not tilt the entire engine. Maneuvering was by deflecting the nozzles. By inclining levers, the pilot could move the jets of both nozzles forward, back, or sideways. The pilot rotated left/right by turning the left handle. The right handle governed the engine thrust. The jet engine was started with the aid of a powder cartridge. While testing this starter, a mobile starter on a special cart was used. There were instruments to control the power of the engine, and a portable radio to connect and transmit telemetry data to ground-based engineers. On top of the pack was a standard auxiliary landing parachute; it was effective only when opened at altitudes above 20 m (66 ft). This engine was later the basis for the propulsion units of Tomahawk and other cruise missiles.

### Visa Parviainen's jet-assisted wingsuit[edit]

On 25 October 2005 in Lahti, Finland, Visa Parviainen jumped from a hot air balloon in a wingsuit with two small turbojet jet engines attached to his feet. Each turbojet provided approximately 160 N (16 kgf) of thrust and ran on kerosene (Jet A-1) fuel. Parviainen apparently achieved approximately 30 seconds of horizontal flight with no noticeable loss of altitude.[29][30]

### Yves Rossy's jet wingpack[edit]

Rossy's wing showing the four purple and silver jet-engines mounted close to the centre

Swiss ex-military and commercial pilot Yves Rossy developed and built a winged pack with rigid aeroplane-type carbon-fiber wings spanning about 2.4 m (8 ft) and four small kerosene-burning Jetcat P400 jet engines underneath; these engines are large versions of a type designed for model aeroplanes.[31] He wears a heat-resistant suit similar to that of a firefighter or racing driver to protect him from the hot jet exhaust.[32][33] Similarly, to further protect the wearer, the engines are modified by adding a carbon fiber heat shield extending the jet nozzle around the exhaust tail.

Rossy claims to be "the first person to gain altitude and maintain a stable horizontal flight thanks to aerodynamic carbon foldable wings", which are folded by hinges at their midpoint. After being lifted to altitude by a plane, he ignites the engines just before he exits the plane with the wings folded. The wings unfold while in free-fall, and he then can fly horizontally for several minutes, landing with the help of a parachute.[34] He achieves true controlled flight using his body and a hand throttle to maneuver.

Jet wingsuits use small turbojets, but differ from other aircraft in that the fuselage and flight control surfaces consist of a human.[35][36]

A jet-powered wingpack

The system is said by Rossy to be highly responsive and reactive in flight, to the point where he needs to closely control his head, arm and leg movements to avoid an uncontrolled spin. The engines on the wing must be aligned precisely during set-up, also to prevent instability. An electronic starter system ensures that all four engines ignite simultaneously. In the event of a spin, the wing unit can be detached from the pilot, and pilot and wing unit descend to Earth separately, each with a parachute.

Since 2007, Rossy has conducted some of his flight tests from a private airfield, Skydive Empuriabrava, in Empuriabrava (Girona, Costa Brava), Spain.[37][38] Rossy's jet pack was exhibited on 18 April 2008 on the opening day of the 35th Exhibition of Inventions at Geneva.[39] Rossy and his sponsors spent over $190,000 to build the device.[40] His first successful trial flight was on 24 June 2004 near Geneva, Switzerland. Rossy has made more than 30 powered flights since. In November 2006 he flew with a later version of his jet pack.[citation needed] On 14 May 2008 he made a successful 6-minute flight from the town of Bex near Lake Geneva. He exited a Pilatus Porter at 2,300 m (7,500 ft) with his jet pack. It was the first public demonstration before the world's press. He made seemingly effortless loops from one side of the Rhone valley to the other and rose 790 m (2,600 ft).

It has been claimed that the military was impressed and asked for prototypes for the powered wings, but that Rossy kindly refused the request stating that the device was only intended for aviation enthusiasts.[41][42]

On 26 September 2008, Rossy successfully flew across the English Channel from Calais, France, to Dover, England, in 9 minutes, 7 seconds.[43] His speed reached 300 km/h (190 mph) during the crossing[44] and was moving at 200 km/h (120 mph) when he deployed the parachute.[45] Since then he has—in several flights—managed to fly in a formation with three military jets and cross the Grand Canyon, but he failed to fly across the Strait of Gibraltar—he made an emergency landing in the water.

Rossy appeared in a February 2012 episode of Top Gear (S18 E5) where he raced against a Skoda rally car driven by Toni Gardemeister with Richard Hammond as a passenger. The race started with the rally car launching down the rally course while Rossy and his support helicopter climbed to reach altitude, upon which he dropped and ignited his engines and followed the course to race the car. Periodical smoke dashes (such as those used by sky-writers or air force display teams) were used to track his progress. In the onboard footage of Rossy flying the tight and twisty course, one can see how he uses his body parts as control surfaces to perform various maneuvers.

On 13 October 2015 a show flight was performed in Dubai. Two jet packs operated by Rossy and Vince Reffet flew in formation with an Airbus A380 jetliner.[46]

### Troy Hartman: jet pack and parafoil[edit]

Main article: Troy Hartman

In 2008 Troy Hartman started designing a wingless jet pack with two turbojet motors strapped to his back;[47] later he added a parafoil as a wing.

### jetpack: jet pack with rigid wings[edit]

As of 2013 Fritz Unger in Germany is developing a jet pack called Skyflash with rigid wings about 3.4 m (11 ft) wingspan and two turbojets designed to run on diesel fuel.[48][49] It is designed for takeoff from the ground using four undercarriage wheels on the front of his chest and abdomen.

### JetPack Aviation: wingless jet pack[edit]

Main article: Jetpack Aviation

On 3 November 2015, Jetpack Aviation[50] demonstrated the JB-9[51] in Upper New York Bay in front of the Statue of Liberty. The JB-9 carries 4.5 kilograms (10 lb) of kerosene fuel that burns through two vectored thrust AMT Nike jet engines[52][53] at a rate of 3.8 litres (1 US gallon) per minute for up to ten minutes of flying time, depending on pilot weight. Weight of fuel is a consideration, but it is reported to start with 150 m (500 ft) per minute climb rate that doubles as the fuel burns off. While this model has been limited to 102 km/h (55 knots), the prototype of the JB-10 is reported to fly at over 200 km/h (110 kn).

This is a true jet pack: a backpack that provides jet-powered flight. Most of the volume is the fuel tank, with twin turbine jet engines gimbal-mounted on each side. The control system is identical to the Bell Rocket Belt: tilting the handgrips vectors the thrust – left-right & forward-back – by moving the engines; twisting left hand moves two nozzle skirts for yaw; twisting the right hand counterclockwise increases throttle. Jetpack Aviation was started by Australian businessman David Mayman with the technical knowhow coming from Nelson Tyler,[54] prolific inventor of helicopter-mounted camera stabilizers and one of the engineers that worked on the Bell Rocketbelt that was used in the 1984 Olympics.[55]

The company now makes two Jetpack models, the JB-10 and the JB-11. They are similar to the JB-9, with upgraded electronics. They both use kerosene/diesel turbojet engines. The JB-10 is designed with two large 200 lb. thrust engines and is described as having an 8 minute flight time, while the slightly-longer duration JB-11 has a 10 minute flight time and uses eight smaller 90 lb. thrust engines.[56]

### Flyboard Air[edit]

Flyboard Air, invented by Franky Zapata, allows flight up to 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) and can reach 150 km/h (93 mph). It also has 10 minutes autonomy.[57] Zapata participated with his invention during the 2019 Bastille Day military parade. Three weeks later, he crossed the English Channel with his device in 22 minutes, including a shipboard refueling midway.[58]

### Daedalus Flight Pack[edit]

Main article: Daedalus Flight Pack

This particular innovation saw two jets attached to the back of an exoskeleton, worn by the operator. At the same time, two additional jets were added to the arms, and could be moved with the arms to control movement. It was devised by Richard Browning of Gravity Industries.[59] In September 2020 it was reported that the Great North Air Ambulance (GNAA) service was considering using this jet suit to enable paramedics to reach casualties in the mountainous Lake District,[60] and by March 2022 the operational director of the GNAA, Andy Mawson, had been trained to fly and the service hoped to start using jet suits in summer 2022.[61]

### iJETPACK Aeronautics: IJ6180 Jetsuit[edit]

Main article: IJETPACK Aeronautics: IJ6180 Jetsuit

In 2021, Australian aerospace company, iJETPACK Aeronautics developed a six mini-turbojet wearable flight system ("Jetsuit") producing up to 180 kg thrust distributed across three units on the arms and back.[62] Its R&D and flight operations are supported by NSW Government, Dainese, Specialist Helicopters and Australian Motorsport Innovation Precinct.[63] iJETPACK's founder, Jennie Bewes is a commercially licensed helicopter pilot[64] that specialises in Safety & Regulatory Compliance and a former corporate innovation leader[65] known for introducing novel products and services such as the World's first big-data insights tool.[66] iJETPACK's engineer, David 'Dakka' Clarke is a former defence (RAAF) engineer who single-handedly built a hydrogen-peroxide fuelled "Rocketbelt" which he flew at Brisbane's EKKA show in 2013,[67] Royal Adelaide Show in 2014 [68] and in China 2018.

## Government[edit]

### Space[edit]

Bruce McCandless II operating the Manned Maneuvering Unit

Main article: Astronaut propulsion unit

Rocket packs can be useful for spacewalks. While near Earth a jet pack has to produce a g-force of at least 1 g (a smaller g-force, providing only some deviation from free fall is of little use here), for excursions outside a free falling spaceship, a small g-force providing a small deviation from free fall is useful. Hence much less delta-v is consumed per unit time, and not during the whole EVA. With only small amounts of thrust needed, safety and temperature are more manageable than in the atmosphere in Earth's gravity field.

Nevertheless, it is currently worn to be used only in case of emergency: the Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER).

## Hydrojet packs[edit]

Jetlev water powered jet pack A Flyboard with its distinctive configuration of having the nozzles located below the pilot's feet

The 21st century has seen a new approach to jet packs where water is used as a high-density propulsion fluid. This requires a very large mass of fluid that makes a self-contained jet pack infeasible. Instead, this approach separates the engine, fuel and fluid supply from the pilot's flying apparatus, using a long flexible hose to feed the water to the jet nozzle pack attached to the pilot's body. These inventions are known as "hydro jet packs", and successful designs have used jetski technology as the powerplant operating in a body of water (an ocean, lake, or pool) to provide the needed propulsion. Several hydro jet pack approaches have been successfully tested and put into production. Flow rate can be controlled by a throttle operator on the jetski, or by the pilot using a remote actuator.

Hydro jet packs can be operated below the water's surface as well as above it. As of 2013, many hydro jet pack rental businesses are operating in various locations around the world.

### JetLev[edit]

Main article: JetLev

The JetLev was the first hydroflight jet pack on the market, and its makers were awarded the first patents, in 2008, for hydro jet packs. The JetLev has the appearance of a typical jet pack, with two nozzles on a backpack propelling the rider upwards. It has an umbilicus to the powering jetski that provides the water for the thrust used.[69][70][71]

### Flyboard[edit]

Main article: Flyboard

A Flyboard has water jets under each of the pilot's feet. An optional feature is a lower-thrust water jet for each arm for greater control. The powerplant is a regular jetski. Development for this approach was started in the spring of 2011.[72]

### Firefighters[edit]

Firefighters in some parts of the world use jet packs which help them to fight fires close to the sea or a water body. The jet packs use water and there is no need for a fire truck or water tank.[73]

## Home-made versions[edit]

Episode 32 of MythBusters investigates the urban legend of an affordable jet pack or rocket pack that can be built from plans purchased on the Internet. Extensive modifications were made by the MythBusters team due to vagueness in the plans and because of the infeasibility of the specified engine mounting system. The jet pack produced by MythBusters had two ducted fans powered by ultralight-type piston engines. (Fans[who?] complained that the use of piston engines destroyed the whole idea of the pack's being truly based on jets, by which, presumably, they meant self-contained gas turbines.) They found it was not powerful enough to lift a person off the ground, and was expensive to build. The plans specified a Rotax 503 ultralight engine, but they intended to use the more powerful and lighter Rotax 583 engine before a similar lighter unnamed engine was substituted.[74]

## In fiction[edit]

A jet pack [disputed - discuss] wearing hero on the cover of Amazing Stories, August 1928. The cover illustrates The Skylark of Space.

The concept of jet packs appeared in popular culture, particularly science fiction, long before the technology became practical. Perhaps the first appearance was in pulp magazines. The 1896 novel The Country of the Pointed Firs mentions a "fog-shaped" man hovering low with "the look of a pack on his back" who "flittered away out o' sight like a leaf the wind takes with it".[75] The 1928 cover of Amazing Stories featured a man flying with a jet pack.

When Republic Pictures planned to produce a superhero serial using its renowned "flying man" scenes as used in The Adventures of Captain Marvel, the character of Captain Marvel was tied up in litigation with the owners of the character of Superman. For its postwar superhero serial, Republic used a jet pack in King of the Rocket Men. The same stock special effects were used in other serials.

While several science fiction novels from the 1950s featured jet packs, it was not until the Bell Rocket Belt in the 1960s that the jet pack caught the imagination of the mainstream. Bell's demonstration flights in the U.S. and other countries created significant public enthusiasm.

Jet packs were featured in two episodes ("Turu the Terrible" and "The Invisible Monster"), of the original Jonny Quest (1964–1965) animated television series, and are seen at the end of the closing credits.[76]

In 1965 a Bell Rocket Belt appeared in the James Bond movie Thunderball when James Bond played by Sean Connery used a jet pack in the pre-title sequence to escape the villains and rendezvous with his French contact. The pack was piloted by Gordon Yaeger and Bill Suitor.

In the Irwin Allen television series Lost in Space (1965–1968), a jet pack was used by members of the Jupiter 2 expedition on several occasions.

In 1966 the plot of the 21st book in the Rick Brant series titled Rocket Jumper was based on a hydrogen peroxide fueled jet pack. The book included a relatively detailed description of the design including the use of a platinum-metal screen catalyst.

In the 1973 film Sleeper, Woody Allen attempts to flee from the police of 2173 with a rocket pack, but he activates it before he can strap it on and it flies away without him.

The 1976 television series Ark II featured a jet pack called the Jet Jumper.

In the Star Wars original trilogy, the bounty hunter Boba Fett used a jet pack. In the prequel trilogy, Jango Fett also used a jet pack. The Mandalorian TV series from 2019 has multiple characters using jetpacks, as do various comics, video games, and other television shows in the franchise.

In the 1982–1995 comics book series, The Rocketeer, the protagonist, Cliff Secord, acquires a stolen Cirrus X-3 military jet pack and uses it to become the eponymous superhero. It was later adapted into a motion picture in 1991.

In 1988 Cinemaware created the Amiga computer game Rocket Ranger which was ported to several other platforms of the era. In 1991 and 1992 Malibu Comics published a Rocket Ranger comic series closely based on the computer game.

The 95 mm (3.75-inch) G.I. Joe action figure launch in 1982 included the JUMP (Jet Mobile Propulsion Unit) jet pack as an accessory.[77] It was also featured prominently in the related G.I. Joe comic book series and cartoon.

Jet packs have been used by the title characters in several episodes of SWAT Kats cartoon series (1993–1994).[78]

In the Toy Story franchise introduced in 1995, Buzz Lightyear uses a jet pack (which is made of plastic).

In the 1997 video game Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back, the titular character Crash operates a jet pack in two main levels: "Rock It" and "Pack Attack". He also uses the jet pack in the final boss fight against Dr. Neo Cortex.

In Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius and it's TV counterpart, Jimmy uses a jet pack (which is actually his backpack with built-in jet thrusters).

Super Mario Sunshine for the Nintendo GameCube, features Mario with an autonomous, water-powered jet pack named the Flash Liquidizing Ultra Dousing Device (or, F.L.U.D.D.) as a key element of navigation throughout the game; in addition to its default "hover nozzle", which allows the titular character to change trajectory or hover in mid-air, it can be upgraded/customized to allow Mario to make an immediate jump boost (the "rocket nozzle"), or allow Mario to increase his speed exponentially while running or swimming (the "turbo nozzle"). The device has also appeared in various remakes and/or ports of the game, as well as in brief cameos or references in other Nintendo and Mario games.

In Totally Spies!, Sam, Clover and Alex use a jet pack (which resembles a woman's backpack).

The tabletop wargame Warhammer 40,000 makes heavy use of jetpacks in many of its armies. Distinctions are made between "jump packs", which are used for assault infantry, and "jetpacks", which are used for heavier units and allow for continuous flight.

Jet packs appear in the popular video game Halo: Reach The jet pack also appears in the 2012 video game Halo 4, developed by 343 Industries.

Jet packs also appeared in other video games, including Duke Nukem 3D, Jetpack Joyride, BloodRayne (worn by Nazi troopers), Tribes, Giants: Citizen Kabuto, Armed and Dangerous, and the Pilotwings series, in which it is referred to as a "Rocket Belt". It is also accessible in the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. Fallout 4 also has a jet pack power armor feature. Grand Theft Auto Online added a jet pack called "Thruster" as a usable vehicle in a content update on December 12, 2017.[79] Rocketeer is an Allied flying infantry unit in Red Alert 2.

Many science fiction movies have included jet packs, most notably, The Rocketeer, Minority Report, RoboCop 3, Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow, and Tomorrowland.

Running since 2013, Adventures in Jetpacks is a semi-regularly updated webcomic in which the cast of characters make regular use of jet packs.[80]

## See also[edit]

* Technology portal

* Backpack helicopter
* History of the jet engine
* Jetpack man
* Martin Jetpack, despite its name, was a backpack helicopter
* Space Ranger (device) advertised in Popular Science, 1970s
* Wingsuit flying

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b Burnett, Dean (23 September 2014). "Jetpacks: here's why you don't have one | Dean Burnett". the Guardian. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
2. ^ "Sudo Null - Latest IT News".
3. ^ "Летательный аппарат с реактивным движителем — SU 4818".
4. ^ "Заметки (архивы НАСА, ракетный ранец Андреева)".
5. ^ Montandon, Mac (2008-10-28). Jetpack Dreams: One Man's Up and Down (but Mostly Down) Search for the Greatest Invention That Never Was. Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780786726745. "Around this time, a Russian fellow identifying himself as A. Andreev filed a patent for an oxygen- and methane-fueled flying device that could be worn on the back, with roughly three-foot wings extending to either side of the hopeful pilot... 'This is the first device of its kind that had any engineering detail at all,...'"
6. ^ "Rocketman William Suitor recalls 1984 LA Olympics flight". BBC News. 2012-07-29. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
7. ^ "Romanian who claimed to invent world's first jetpack dies". CTV News. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
8. ^ Alx, Dan Florian (2022-04-01). "Justin Capra and the flying backpack later used by NASA". ELECTROKITS.RO. Retrieved 2023-04-22.
9. ^ "RB 2000". Archived from the original on 2016-04-02. Retrieved 2005-07-08.
10. ^ Spreadbury, William. "Rocketman – Best exhibition Jetpack".
11. ^ JET P.I. – Jetpack International – Home of the Go Fast JetPack Archived 2008-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
12. ^ JET P.I. Equipment Archived 2008-07-30 at the Wayback Machine
13. ^ a b "Google X head: Sorry, world, no Google jetpacks for you".
14. ^ Mack, Eric. "Four Crazy Google X Projects That Failed". Forbes.
15. ^ "Peroxide Propulsion: Peroxide Propulsion".
16. ^ Ryan, Susan Elizabeth "Garments of Paradise: Wearable Discourse in the Digital Age" MIT Press, 2014
17. ^ Arndt, Rob "The Himmelstürmer Flightpack - Real life Nazi Rocketeers" (1944-1945)http://www.dieselpunks.org/profiles/blogs/the-himmelstuermer-flightpack
18. ^ "Pulse Jet Past Future" Disciples Of Flight https://disciplesofflight.com/pulse-jet-past-future/
19. ^ Bernhard Chiari, Matthias Rogg, Wolfgang Schmidt (Hrsg) "Krieg und Militär im Film des 20". Jahrhunderts, Oldenbourg Verlag 2003, Seite 403
20. ^ "Pulse jet past future" Disciples of flight https://disciplesofflight.com/pulse-jet-past-future/
21. ^ A.K. Oppenheim, Ph.D., D.I.C "Research and Development of Impulsive Ducts in Germany" BIOS final report 1777 British Intelligence Objectives Sub Committee.
22. ^ George Mindling, Robert Bolton: US Airforce Tactical Missiles:1949-1969: The Pioneers, Lulu.com, 200: ISBN 0-557-00029-7. pp6-31
23. ^ Neufeld. Michael J "The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era" p 147
24. ^ Illustrierter Film-Kurier – vom 25. September 1941, Programmheft zu Himmelstürmer, hrsg. von den Vereinigten Verlagsgesellschaften Franke & Co., Berlin 1941
25. ^ "Pulse Jet Past Future" Disciples Of Flight https://disciplesofflight.com/pulse-jet-past-future/
26. ^ Arndt, Rob "The Himmelstürmer Flightpack - Real life Nazi Rocketeers" (1944-1945)http://www.dieselpunks.org/profiles/blogs/the-himmelstuermer-flightpack
27. ^ "HIMMELSTURMER" http://discaircraft.greyfalcon.us/HIMMELSTURMER.htm
28. ^ "Bond Myths Busted" The Register https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/26/bond_myths_busted/?page=2
29. ^ "BIRDMAN – Skyflyers, Skydivers and B.A.S.E. jumpers brand since 1999". BIRDMAN. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
30. ^ "First jet powered Birdman flight: Skydiving Articles – Dropzone.com". 31 December 2005.
31. ^ JetCat Germany, JetCat USA subsidiary
32. ^ Frank Jordans, AP (May 14, 2008). "Rocket man flies on jet-powered wings", NBC News.
33. ^ "Swiss man soars above Alps with jet-powered wing - Yahoo! News". Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
34. ^ Yves Rossy The Swiss Jet Man-English Text under 'More info' on YouTube
35. ^ "'Jetman' Yves Rossy Shows Us How to Fly His Carbon Fiber Jet Wing". Wired. 31 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017. "the subtle body movements he uses to maintain flight – and perform his loops, rolls, and other maneuvers – mimics a bird of prey. all of the flight control is done with body movement. There are no ailerons or other flight control surfaces."
36. ^ "Transcript of "Fly with the Jetman"". TED (conference). July 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2017. "The wing has no steering controls, no flaps, no rudder. Yves uses his body to steer the wing. He's acting as a human fuselage"
37. ^ "Yves Rossy, "Jet Man", l'home a reacció". TV3 Catalonia. 25 October 2007. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
38. ^ "Entrevistamos a Yves Rossy, el hombre pájaro en Skydive Empuriabrava". Vanity Fair. 22 July 2015. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
39. ^ Photo from Getty Images by AFP/Getty Images – Daylife Archived 2008-06-01 at the Wayback Machine at www.daylife.com
40. ^ Jordans, Frank (14 May 2008). "Swiss man soars above Alps with jet-powered wing (AP)". USA.
41. ^ "Swiss man soars above Alps with jet-powered wing". Archived from the original on May 19, 2008.
42. ^ "Rocketman flies in the skies". BBC News. 2008-05-15. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
43. ^ "Pilot completes jetpack challenge". BBC. 26 September 2008.
44. ^ Jordans, Frank (14 May 2008). "Rocket man flies on jet-powered wings. Former fighter pilot reaches 186 miles an hour during first public flight". NBC News.
45. ^ McSmith, Andy (27 September 2008). "To infinity... or just Dover?: Jetman crosses the English Channel". Independent. London. Archived from the original on 2022-06-08.
46. ^ Tia Ghose (2015-11-05). "Watch Jetpack-Wearing Daredevils Zoom Past a Jumbo Jet (Video)". livescience.com. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
47. ^ "Jetpack – Troy Hartman".
48. ^ "Skyflash, the Personal Jetpack That Needs a Runway and a Death Wish".
49. ^ "Skyflash: Jetman-like wings designed to allow ground take off". 23 February 2013.
50. ^ "JetPack Aviation – The Worlds First True Jetpack".
51. ^ "JB-9 – JetPack Aviation". Archived from the original on 2015-11-07.
52. ^ "David Mayman flying the Nike powered Jetpack at the London Royal Docks, Oct 5th 2016". AMT Netherlands.
53. ^ "We were promised jetpacks" (PDF). Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-27. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
54. ^ "Tyler Camera Systems, Camera Mounts".
55. ^ "JB-9 jetpack makes spectacular debut flying around Statue of Liberty". 9 November 2015.
56. ^ "Jetpacks".
57. ^ "Flyboard Air". Zapata Racing. Archived from the original on 2016-05-29.
58. ^ Perraudin, Frances (2019-08-04). "Franky Zapata crosses Channel by hoverboard at second attempt". The Guardian. Retrieved 2019-08-04.
59. ^ Fabio, Adam "Daedalus Jet Suit Takes To The Skies" hackaday.com http://hackaday.com/2017/04/13/daedalus-jet-suit-takes-to-the-skies/
60. ^ Parveen, Nazia (29 September 2020). "Jet suit paramedic takes Lake District test flight". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
61. ^ "Lake District: Jet suit paramedics ready for summer lift-off". BBC News. 26 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
62. ^ "iJETPACK. DEFY IMPOSSIBLE". iJETPACK Aeronautics. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
63. ^ "iJetpack – HeliJen". The Australian Motorsport Innovation Precinct. 2022-06-26. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
64. ^ "Helicopter & Jetpack Pilot Adventures » HeliJen #flying #femalepilot". HeliJen. 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
65. ^ "The Great Digital Nexus: Where Marketing Meets Technology Wrap Up". Sitecore Community. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
66. ^ "FinovateAsia 2012 - UBank". Finovate. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
67. ^ "Brisbane Ekka to feature jetpack rocket man David Clarke". The Advertiser - Adelaide Now. July 28, 2013. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
68. ^ "Watch the Rocket Man glide through the air". The Mercury. September 6, 2014. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
69. ^ Katie Morell (23 May 2013). "Raymond Li of Jetlev: How James Bond Inspired Him to Invent a Jet Pack". American Express.
70. ^ "Zapata Industries Announces the Acquisition and Consolidation of Hydro-Flight Intellectual Property Rights in the US and Abroad". Marketwired. 17 August 2016.
71. ^ Blaine Jeffery (14 September 2016). "Hydrofight [sic] Sports". H2RO Magazine.
72. ^ "HISTORY | | Zapata RacingZapata Racing". Archived from the original on 2013-08-06. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
73. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Dubai firefighters launch water jetpack". YouTube.
74. ^ Annotated Mythbusters: Episode 32: Jetpack, Pyramid power at kwc.org
75. ^ "The Country of the Pointed Firs". Retrieved 31 March 2019.
76. ^ "Classic Jonny Quest Hardware (specifically Aircraft: Portable Rocket Packs)". Retrieved 1 December 2014.
77. ^ "Jump Jet Mobile Propulsion Unit". Retrieved 16 September 2016.
78. ^ "Screenshots from Episode "When Strikes Mutilor" (specifically 016167)". Archived from the original on 18 February 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
79. ^ "GTA Online's Doomsday Heists Takes Players Inside Mount Chilliad (With Jetpacks) | Kotaku Australia". Kotaku.com.au. 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2018-08-04.
80. ^ "Adventures in Jetpacks – Adventures in Trebuchets #1". www.adventuresinjetpacks.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-04-01.

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jet packs.

Look up jet pack in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

* Popular Mechanics comparison of the TAM Rocket Belt and Jetpack International's Jet Pack H2O2
* Jetpack Aviation (JB-9 jetpack)
* Himmelstürmer flight pack
* YouTube video

* v
* t
* e

Emerging technologies

Fields|

| Transport|

| Aerial|

* Adaptive compliant wing
* Backpack helicopter
* Delivery drone
* Flying car
* High-altitude platform
* Jet pack
* Pulse detonation engine
* Scramjet
* Spaceplane
* Supersonic transport

|

Land|

* Airless tire
* Alternative fuel vehicle
* Hydrogen vehicle
* Ground-effect train
* Hyperloop / Vactrain
* Maglev train
* Personal rapid transit
* Platoon
* Self-driving car
* Transit Elevated Bus
* Vehicular communication systems

Pipeline|

* Pneumatic transport
* Automated vacuum collection

* List

Authority control databases: National |

* Israel
* United States

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template