Jewel Cave National Monument

Cave in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA

Jewel Cave National Monument

IUCN category III (natural monument or feature)

Visitors and guide inside Jewel Cave

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Location| Custer County, South Dakota, U.S.
Nearest city| Custer, South Dakota
Coordinates| 43°43′46″N 103°49′46″W﻿ / ﻿43.72944°N 103.82944°W﻿ / 43.72944; -103.82944
Area| 1,273 acres (5.15 km2)[1]
Created| February 7, 1908 (1908-02-07)
Visitors| 137,275 (in 2016)[2]
Governing body| National Park Service
Website| Jewel Cave National Monument

Jewel Cave National Monument contains Jewel Cave, currently the fifth longest cave in the world and second longest cave in the United States, with 220.01 miles (354.07 km) of mapped passageways as of May 2024.[3][4][5] It is located approximately 13 miles (21 km) west of the town of Custer in Black Hills of South Dakota. It became a national monument in 1908.[6]

## History

[edit]

Frank and Albert Michaud, two local prospectors, discovered the cave in 1900, when they felt cold air blowing out of a small hole in a canyon. It is unknown whether any previous inhabitants of the area were aware of the natural cave opening, which was not large enough for a person to enter.[7]

After enlarging the cave entrance with dynamite, the Michaud brothers found a cavern lined with calcite crystals, which led them to name it "Jewel Cave". The brothers tried to capitalize on the discovery, widening the opening, building walkways inside, and opening it to tourists. Although their venture was unsuccessful, news of the discovery eventually reached Washington. President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed Jewel Cave a National Monument on February 7, 1908. The area around the natural entrance to the cave was further developed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. The National Park Service assumed management of the monument in 1933 and began offering tours in 1939.[7]

As recently as 1959, less than 2 miles (3.2 km) of passageway had been discovered. That year, however, Herb and Jan Conn, local rock climbers, began exploring, and within two years had mapped 15 miles (24 km). Much of the new discoveries lay outside the boundaries of the monument, under land managed by the United States Forest Service. The two agencies performed a land swap in 1965, establishing the present boundaries of the park, and enabling the development of a new part of the cave. The Park Service sunk a 300 feet (91 m) elevator shaft to a previously remote cave area, and built concrete walks and metal stairs and platforms along a one-half-mile loop. The "Scenic Tour" was opened in 1972. Most modern-day visitors tour that part of the cave. In August 2000, an 83,000 acres (340 km2) forest fire burned 90% of the monument and the surrounding area. The visitor center and historic buildings were spared.

## Exploration

[edit]

Jan and Herb Conn Location of the cave with respect to regional Black Hills geology

By 1979, Herb and Jan Conn had discovered, named, and mapped more than 64 miles (103 km) of passages. Although they largely retired from caving by the early 1980s, exploration has continued unabated. Because the areas being explored take many hours to reach, explorers now sometimes camp in the cave during expeditions of as long as four days. The cave is mapped by traditional survey techniques, using compass, clinometer and today with lasers instead of tape measures.[7]

Its near 220 mi (350 km) of mapped passageway make Jewel Cave the fifth longest cave in the world, after the Mammoth Cave System in Kentucky, Ox Bel Ha, Sac Actun, both in the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico)[3] and Shuanghedong Cave Network in China.

The discovered areas in the cave account for only about 3–5% of the estimated total air volume of the cave, which is believed to be roughly 8 billion cubic feet (230 million cubic meters).[8] This puts estimates for the total length somewhere between roughly 4,400 miles (7,100 km) and 7,300 miles (11,700 km). The cave volume is estimated by measuring the amount of air that the cave "exhales" when the outside air pressure drops and "inhales" when the outside air pressure rises.[7]

## Geology

[edit]

Southwestern South Dakota
Sculptures

* Mount Rushmore (National memorial)
* Crazy Horse

Geologic and natural history

* Badlands (National park)
* The Mammoth Site
* Needles
* Spearfish Canyon

Mountains

* Black Hills
* Bear Butte (National Historic Landmark)
* Black Elk Peak

Caves

* Wind Cave (National park)
* Jewel Cave (National monument)

Forests and wildernesses

* Custer (State Park)
* Black Hills (National Forest)
* Black Elk (Wilderness)
* Buffalo Gap (National Grassland)

Lakes

* Sylvan
* Pactola

Long-distance trails

* Centennial Trail
* George S. Mickelson Trail

Scenic byways

* Peter Norbeck Scenic Byway
* Spearfish Canyon

Historic sites

* Minuteman Missile (National Historic Site)

* v
* t
* e

Jewel Cave is a "breathing cave," which means air enters or exits the cave with changes in atmospheric pressure from day to night or due to changes in the weather.[9] This was first explained by Herb Conn in 1966.[10][11]

Most of the cave formed within the Mississippian Pahasapa Limestone deposited 350 million years ago. The later limestones, sandstones, and shales deposited in these Paleozoic and Mesozoic seas were eroded with the geologic uplift associated with Laramide Orogeny and the formation of the Black Hills. The main passages of the cave then formed in the early Cenozoic. Uplift continued in the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene lowering the water table and draining the cave.[11]: 29–30

Jewel Cave passages follow a pattern of joint development. The faults and joints are associated with the uplift of the Black Hills approximately 58 to 54 million years ago. After main cave dissolution, a thick layer of calcite lined the walls about 2.5 million years ago.[11]: 12

During cave development and afterwards, speleothems and speleogens formed, including the "jewels" or spar. Other examples include stalactites, stalagmites, flowstone, cave popcorn, boxworks, helictites, scintillites, conulites, coralloids, cave pearls, rimstone, rafts, rims, vents, and frostwork. The gypsum formations include needles, beards, cotton, hair, flowers, and spiders. Finally, Jewel Cave contains a very rare formation called a hydromagnesite balloon. Those are created when gas of an unknown source inflates a pasty substance formed by the precipitation of the magnesium carbonate hydroxide mineral.[11]: 14–18

Jewel Cave is located less than 20 miles from Wind Cave National Park, though the caves are not believed to be connected.[12]

## Access

[edit]

Jewel Cave is open year-round. The Park Service offers three tours: the scenic tour, a half-mile loop through a paved and lighted central portion of the cave accessible by elevator; the historic tour, a candlelight tour through the earliest-discovered part of the cave; and a wild caving tour, through an undeveloped part of the cave near the scenic loop. There are 3 surface trails varying in length and difficulty.[7]

* Hydromagnesite balloon in Jewel Cave

* Much of Jewel Cave is covered with spar crystals, but they are rarely as clear as this cluster.

* Spar crystals cover much of the walls in some sections of the cave. Typically they are a dull brown color as in this room.

* Aragonite frostwork is another speleothem found throughout the cave, typically in small crusts on the walls.

* Calcite crystals in Jewel Cave

## See also

[edit]

* Lehman Caves
* Mammoth Cave National Park
* Oregon Caves National Monument
* Russell Cave National Monument
* Speleology
* Timpanogos Cave National Monument
* Wind Cave National Park
* List of caves
* List of longest caves
* List of longest caves in the United States
* List of national monuments of the United States

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved April 3, 2012. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
2. ^ "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
3. ^ a b "Jewel Cave Cave Exploration". National Park Service (NPS). August 13, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
4. ^ "Explorers return to mapping Jewel Cave after two-year hiatus". NewsCenter 1. November 5, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2022.
5. ^ "Jewel Cave Reaches 200 Miles". National Park Service (NPS). December 19, 2018. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
6. ^ "The National Parks: Index 2009–2011". National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 27, 2009. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
7. ^ a b c d e Jewel Cave brochure; National Park Service; GPO, WDC
8. ^ "When you explore Jewel Cave and Wind Cave in South Dakota, revelations may be around the next corner". Los Angeles Times. February 27, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
9. ^ Gomell, Annika; Austin, Daniel; Ohms, Marc; Pflitsch, Andreas (September 2021). "Air pressure propagation through Wind Cave and Jewel Cave: How do pressure waves travel through barometric caves?". International Journal of Speleology. 50 (3): 263–273\. doi:10.5038/1827-806X.50.3.2393 – via University of South Florida.
10. ^ Conn, Herbert (April 1966). "Barometric Wind in Wind and Jewel Caves, South Dakota" (PDF). Bulletin of the National Speleological Society. 28 (2): 55–69.
11. ^ a b c d KellerLynn, K. (2009). Jewel Cave National Monument Geologic Resources Inventory Report, National Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR 2009/084. US National Park.
12. ^ "Esri News -- ArcNews Winter 2002/2003 Issue -- Developing a Cave Potential Map for South Dakota's Wind Cave Using GIS". www.esri.com. Retrieved January 8, 2024.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Conn, Herb; Conn, Jan (1977). The Jewel Cave Adventure: Fifty Miles of Discovery in South Dakota. Cave Books. ISBN 0-939748-01-0. (describes the exploration of Jewel Cave from its discovery to the mid-1980s)
* Palmer, Arthur. Jewel Cave: A gift from the past. OCLC 20543502.
* The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. OCLC 53228516.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Jewel Cave National Monument at Wikimedia Commons
* Jewel Cave National Monument travel guide from Wikivoyage
* Official website at the National Park Service

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Protected areas of South Dakota

Federal|

| National Forests|

* Black Hills
* Custer

|

National Grasslands|

* Buffalo Gap
* Fort Pierre
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National Historic Sites|

* Minuteman Missile

National Memorials|

* Mount Rushmore

National Monuments|

* Jewel Cave

National Parks|

* Badlands
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National Trails|

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National Wild and Scenic Rivers|

* Missouri River

National Wildlife Refuges|

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Other|

* National Historic Landmarks
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State|

| State Parks|

* Bear Butte
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|

State Recreation Areas|

* Angostura
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State Nature Areas|

* Adams Homestead and Nature Preserve
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National monuments of the United States

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* Statue of Liberty
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* Tonto
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* Virgin Islands Coral Reef
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US Forest Service|

* Admiralty Island
* Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
* Bears Ears
* Berryessa Snow Mountain
* Browns Canyon
* Camp Hale – Continental Divide
* Chimney Rock
* Giant Sequoia
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* San Gabriel Mountains
* Sand to Snow
* Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains
* Sáttítla Highlands

Bureau of
Land Management|

* Agua Fria
* Avi Kwa Ame
* Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon
* Basin and Range
* Bears Ears
* Berryessa Snow Mountain
* Browns Canyon
* California Coastal
* Canyons of the Ancients
* Carrizo Plain
* Cascade–Siskiyou
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* Fort Ord
* Gold Butte
* Grand Canyon–Parashant
* Grand Staircase–Escalante
* Ironwood Forest
* Jurassic
* Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks
* Mojave Trails
* Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks
* Pompeys Pillar
* Prehistoric Trackways
* Río Grande del Norte
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* Sand to Snow
* Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains
* Sonoran Desert
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* Vermilion Cliffs

Other (FWS, DOE,
AFRH, NOAA, USAF, Army)|

* Aleutian Islands World War II
* Carlisle Federal Indian Boarding School
* Castner Range
* Hanford Reach
* Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad
* Marianas Trench Marine
* Military Working Dog Teams
* Northeast Canyons and Seamounts
* Pacific Islands Heritage Marine
* Papahānaumokuākea Marine
* President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home
* Rose Atoll Marine
* Tule Lake

Full Detailed List

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Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming

Attractions|

* Bear Butte
* Bear Country USA
* Black Elk Wilderness
* Black Hills Central Railroad
* Black Hills National Forest
* Black Elk Peak
* Black Hills Playhouse
* Chapel in the Hills
* Crazy Horse Memorial
* Custer State Park
* Devils Tower
* Dinosaur Park
* Flintstones Bedrock City
* Gordon Stockade
* Homestake Mine
* Jewel Cave National Monument
* The Mammoth Site
* Minuteman Missile National Historic Site
* Mount Rushmore
* Mount Theodore Roosevelt Monument
* Mystic Miner Ski Resort
* Needles
* Pactola Lake
* Reptile Gardens
* Rushmore Cave
* Sheridan Lake
* Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns
* Sturgis Motorcycle Rally
* Sylvan Lake
* Terry Peak ski area
* Wind Cave National Park with bison herd

Scenic routes|

| Roads|

* Norbeck Scenic Byway
* Iron Mountain Road
* Needles Highway
* Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway

|

Trails|

* Black Hills Centennial Trail
* George S. Mickelson Trail

Populated
places|

| Cities|

* Belle Fourche
* Central City
* Custer
* Deadwood
* Edgemont
* Hot Springs
* Hill City
* Lead
* Newcastle
* Rapid City
* Spearfish
* Sturgis
* Whitewood

|

Towns|

* Buffalo Gap
* Fairburn
* Hermosa
* Keystone
* Pringle
* Sundance

Unincorporated|

* Dewey
* Four Mile
* Galena
* Hanna
* Johnson Siding
* Nemo
* Rochford
* Rockerville
* Silver City
* Three Forks

History
and people|

| Native American|

* Cheyenne
* Lakota people
* Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) established the Great Sioux Reservation
* Black Hills War, or Great Sioux War (1876)
* Black Elk
* Sitting Bull
* Crazy Horse
* Lone Horn
* Red Cloud
* Spotted Tail

|

Old West|

* Dakota Territory (1861–1889)
* Black Hills Expedition (1874)
* Black Hills gold rush (1874)
* Newton–Jenney Party (1875)
* Cheyenne-Black Hills Stage Route (1876–1887)
* Sidney-Black Hills Stage Road (1876–1887)
* Rapid City, Black Hills and Western Railroad (1893–1947)
* Seth Bullock and Martha Bullock
* General George Armstrong Custer
* Dora DuFran
* Wild Bill Hickok
* Calamity Jane
* Historian Doane Robinson
* Sol Star
* Al Swearengen
* Charlie Utter

Ghost towns|

* Addie Camp
* Bismuth
* Blacktail
* Burdock
* Cambria
* Carbonate
* Etta
* Flatiron
* Greenwood
* Maitland
* Myers City
* Mystic
* Nahant
* Novak
* Pactola
* Sheridan
* Spokane
* Terraville
* Tigerville
* Tinton
* Trojan

Modern|

* Fossil Cycad National Monument (1922–1957)
* Stratobowl (1934–1959)
* Black Hills flood (1972)
* 2000 Jasper Fire
* Sculptors Gutzon Borglum and Lincoln Borglum
* Author Joseph Bottum
* Politician Francis Case
* Poet Charles Badger Clark
* Historian Watson Parker

Transit|

* Rapid City Rapid Ride
* Jefferson Lines

Road junctions|

* Cheyenne Crossing
* Four Corners
* Four Mile
* Keystone Wye
* Maverick Junction
* Mule Creek Junction

Related|

* Mount Rushmore in popular culture

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U.S. National Register of Historic Places in South Dakota

Topics|

* Contributing property
* Keeper of the Register
* Historic district
* History of the National Register of Historic Places
* National Park Service
* Property types

Lists by
county|

* Aurora
* Beadle
* Bennett
* Bon Homme
* Brookings
* Brown
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* Campbell
* Charles Mix
* Clark
* Clay
* Codington
* Corson
* Custer
* Davison
* Day
* Deuel
* Dewey
* Douglas
* Edmunds
* Fall River
* Faulk
* Grant
* Gregory
* Haakon
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* Hand
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* Harding
* Hughes
* Hutchinson
* Hyde
* Jackson
* Jerauld
* Jones
* Kingsbury
* Lake
* Lawrence
* Lincoln
* Lyman
* Marshall
* McCook
* McPherson
* Meade
* Mellette
* Miner
* Minnehaha
* Moody
* Oglala Lakota
* Pennington
* Perkins
* Potter
* Roberts
* Sanborn
* Spink
* Stanley
* Sully
* Todd
* Tripp
* Turner
* Union
* Walworth
* Yankton
* Ziebach

Other lists|

* National Historic Landmarks
* Wind Cave National Park

* Category
* List
* National Register of Historic Places Portal

* v
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Subterranea

Natural features|

| Types|

* Alcove
* Ant colony
* Aquifer
* Burrow
* Burrow fossil
* Communal burrow
* Paleoburrow
* Cave
* Glacier cave
* Grotto
* Ice cave
* Lava cave
* Lava tube
* Pit Cave
* Show cave
* Solutional cave
* Talus cave
* Cenote
* Karst
* Lava tree mold
* Magma chamber
* Maternity den
* Nest
* Bee
* Pit crater
* Rock shelter
* Sinkhole
* Subterranean fauna
* Subterranean river
* Subterranean waterfall
* Underground lake
* Volcanic pipe
* Warren

|

Exemplars|

* Balve Cave
* Castellana Caves
* Hang Sơn Đoòng
* Jewel Cave National Monument
* Kazumura Cave
* Lechuguilla Cave
* Mammoth Cave National Park
* Reed Flute Cave
* Subterranean rivers of London
* Veryovkina Cave
* Wind Cave National Park

Man-made features|

| Types|

* Air raid shelter
* Basement
* Burial vault
* Borehole
* Bunker
* Blast shelter
* Catacombs
* Casemate
* Crypt Mausoleum
* Dungeon
* Dugout (shelter)
* Dry well
* Earth shelter
* Erdstall
* Fallout shelter
* Fogou
* Foxhole
* Hypogeum
* Manhole
* Mine
* Missile launch facility
* Passage grave
* Quarry
* Rock-cut tomb
* Root cellar
* Tunnel
* Utility vault
* Underground city
* Underground base
* Underground hangar
* Well
* Wine cave
* Subway system
* Secret passage
* Semi-basement
* Sewerage
* Septic tank
* Stepwell
* Storm cellar
* Smuggling tunnel
* Spider hole
* Ventilation shaft

|

Exemplars|

* 816 Nuclear Military Plant
* Caves of Maastricht
* The Caves of Ægissíða
* Almadén Mercury Mines
* Coober Pedy
* Cheyenne Mountain Complex
* Chicago Tunnel Company
* Houston tunnel system
* Kosvinsky Kamen
* Kőbánya cellar system
* Kome Caves
* Underground City (Beijing)
* Underground City, Montreal
* Underground Great Wall of China
* Maginot Line
* Mines of Paris
* Mustang Caves
* Mount Yamantau
* Mogao Caves
* Naples underground geothermal zone
* North American Aerospace Defense Command
* Raven Rock Mountain Complex
* Shanghai tunnels
* Subterranean London
* Subterranean Toledo
* Turda Salt Mines
* Yaodong

Fictional features|

| Types|

* Hollow Earth
* Subterranean fiction

|

Exemplars|

* Allegory of the cave
* Batcave
* Greek Underworld
* Journey to the Center of the Earth
* Moria (Middle-earth)
* Nome Kingdom
* Pellucidar
* Subterranea (comics)
* Tunnels in popular culture
* Underdark
* Underland (Narnia)
* Wonderland (fictional country)

Organisations|

* American Society of Reclamation Sciences
* Bergamt
* Cave Research Foundation
* History of hard rock miners' organizations
* National Mine Map Repository
* National Mining Association
* National Speleological Society
* Grotto
* Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
* Institution of Mining Engineers
* International Union of Speleology
* Research Centre for Deep Drilling
* Society of Economic Geologists
* Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Related topics|

* Cave conservation
* Cave dweller
* Cave diving
* Cave gate
* Cave rescue
* Cave painting
* Caving
* Civil defense
* Tunnel warfare
* Tunnel network
* Trench warfare
* Underground construction
* Tunnel construction
* Underground living
* Mine rescue
* Mine exploration
* Mining engineering
* Mole people
* in fiction
* Speleology
* Subterranean warfare

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* United States
* 2
* Israel

Other|

* NARA

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