Jicaquean languages

Language spoken in Honduras

Jicaquean

Tolan
Geographic
distribution| Honduras
Ethnicity| Tolupan
Linguistic classification| Hokan ?

* Jicaquean

Subdivisions|

* Tol (Eastern Jicaque)
* Western Jicaque †
* ?Ciguayo †

Language codes
Glottolog| `jica1245`

The Jicaque languages are in Honduras in the center of the map

Jicaquean, also known as Tolan, is a small language family of Honduras. There are two attested Jicaquean languages, Tol (Eastern Jicaque) and Western Jicaque (Holt 1999), which Campbell (1997) reports were about as distant as English and Swedish. Only Tol survives.

## Classification

[edit]

Prior to an influential paper by Greenberg and Swadesh in 1953[1] Tol (a.k.a. Eastern Jicaque) was thought to be a language isolate, i.e., there existed no knowledge as to its possible genetic affinities. They argued that Tol should be added to the Hokan stock, a large language stock, phylum or family, which was proposed by R. B. Dixon and Alfred D. Kroeber in 1913.[2] In 1977, David Oltrogge[3] proposed to link Tol to the extinct Subtiaba language of Nicaragua, and also to Chontal of Oaxaca, also known as Tequistlateco. This indirectly amounted to a mere sub-classification, since all of the three languages in question were part of the proposed Hokan stock. A couple of years later, Campbell and Oltrogge[4] published a reconstruction of Jicaquean phonemes, based on the available information on Western and Eastern Jicaque. In that same paper they expressed strong doubt in the Hokan affiliation of Tol and mild enthusiasm regarding the possible link to Chontal of Oaxaca, but stressed that much more information was needed to be able to say anything reasonable. More recently, Kaufman[5] has expressed his continuing support of the Hokan affiliation of Tol.

Granberry & Vescelius (2004) speculate that the extinct Ciguayo language of Hispaniola might have its most likely relatives in the Tolan languages.

## Proto-language

[edit]

Proto-Jicaque

Reconstruction of| Jicaquean languages

Proto-Jicaque reconstructions by Campbell and Oltrogge (1980):[6]

Proto-Jicaque reconstructions by Campbell and Oltrogge (1980)

| no. | gloss | Proto-Jicaque

|
|

2 | all | *pʰɨ(t)
3 | always | *han-
5 | arm, back, shoulder | *pʰel
7 | arrow | *¢imea ?
8 | ashes | *pʰɨpʰɨh
13 | to be | *kʼos
16 | bed | *kʰan
17 | belly | *-kol
18 | big | *pɨneh ?
24 | black | *te(kʰ)
27 | blood | *kʼas
28 | blue | *¢u(h)
30 | body | *pʼɨ(y)
32 | bone | *kʰele
34 | bow (of bow and arrow) | *halek
37 | to burn | *tV-pʷe
38 | bush (forest) | *hokʼ-la
40 | buzzard | *mantɨ
45 | cloud | *mol
46 | coal(s) | *¢ʰek
51 | cougar | *pɨkʼa(-he)
59 | daughter | *(ku)kus
62 | deer | *pʼɨs
63 | to die | *pɨʔ ?
65 | dog | *¢ʰiyo(h)
66 | to drink | *mɨʔ
67 | (to) dry | *pʰa
69 | ear | *pʰa¢ʼ
70 | earth, land | *(a)ma(h)
71 | to eat | *la ?
72 | egg | *pehey
75 | excrement | *pɨ(y)
78 | far | *kampa
79 | father | *(pa)pa(y)
84 | fire | *kʼawa
85 | firewood | *wɨ(t)
86 | fish | *kʰul
89 | flea | *pel
91 | fly | *no¢o¢
93 | forehead | *wala
94 | to forget | *-pɨʔ
95 | four | *(y)ulupʰana
97 | fruit | *wolas
99 | to give | *-tekʼa
101 | good | *wɨ(k)
102 | grain (cf. maize) | *hulup
103 | grandmother, female | *(mɨ)mɨy
104 | to grind | *kʰol ?
106 | hair | *¢ʼil
107 | hand | *mas ?
108 | he, that | *hup
109 | head | *ha(y)pʰuk
110 | to hear | *pʰak
111 | heart | *has-
114 | horn | *¢ʰeme
115 | house | *wa
117 | I | *nap ?
119 | intestines | *¢ʼul
123 | knee | *tikʼ-
125 | to laugh | *wiʔ
126 | leg | *tek
128 | lip | *lɨp
129 | liver | *kom
131 | long | *kampa
132 | to look for | *pal-
133 | louse | *tɨtʼ
135 | macaw | *pʼɨsa(h)
137 | male, grandfather | *(ko)koy
138 | man | *yom
140 | meat | *pis
143 | moon | *mɨmɨy
144 | month | *mɨy-pʰini(h)
148 | mouth | *lala
149 | much | *pɨlɨk
150 | my, mine | *na¢aʔ
152 | navel | *lulu
153 | nephew | *kelew ?
155 | no | *ma-
156 | nose | *mik
157 | to nurse | *¢oʔ
158 | oak | *¢ʼolol
159 | one | *pʰani(h)
164 | parrot | *kʰuyu(h)
168 | red | *he(h)
172 | round | *mul- ?
175 | salt | *¢olim
177 | sandal, shoe | *¢ompit
178 | scorpion | *¢ʰew ?
179 | to see | *nu(k)
186 | skinny | *kʰele
187 | sky | *alpa
188 | sleep | *han-
190 | smoke | *mus
192 | to snore | *-hol-
194 | to sow, plant | *sin-
195 | to speak | *wele
196 | spider | *kolok
201 | stone | *pe(h)
202 | summer | *¢ʰikin
203 | sun | *lo¢ʼak
204 | tail | *sokʼ
207 | there is/are not (Sp.: no hay) | *kuwa
210 | thorn | *ham ?
212 | to tie | *¢upa-
215 | tongue | *pelam
216 | tooth | *wis
217 | tree | *yo(h)
220 | two | *matʼɨ
221 | uncle | *kokʰam ?
224 | wasp | *petʰel
225 | water | *sɨ(tʰ)
226 | we | *-kup
228 | white | *pʰe(kʰ)
229 | wind | *lɨpʰɨ(kʰ)
230 | woman | *kep
233 | word | *wele
235 | worm, caterpillar | *¢ʼihih
237 | yellow | *lu(pʰ)
239 | you | *hip

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Greenberg, Joseph Harold, and Morris Swadesh. 1953 Jicaque as a Hokan Language. IJAL 19:3
2. ^ Dixon, R. B., and Alfred L. Kroeber 1913 New Linguistic Families in California. American Anthropologist 15(4): 647–655.
3. ^ Oltrogge, David Frederick 1977 Proto-Jicaque-Subtiaba-Tequistlateco: A Comparative Reconstruction. In Two Studies in Middle American Comparative Linguistics. Irvine Davis and Virgil Poulter, eds. [Dallas, TX]: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
4. ^ Campbell, Lyle, and David Oltrogge 1980 Proto-Tol (Jicaque). International Journal of American Linguistics 46(3): 205–223.
5. ^ Kaufman, Terrence 2006 Hokan Languages. In Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier.
6. ^ Campbell, Lyle and David Oltrogge. 1980. Proto-Tol (Jicaque). International Journal of American Linguistics 46: 205-223.

* Campbell, Lyle. (1979). "Middle American languages." In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment (pp. 902–1000). Austin: University of Texas Press.
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian Languages, The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford UP.
* Campbell, Lyle, and David Oltrogge (1980). "Proto-Tol (Jicaque)." International Journal of American Linguistics, 46:205-223.
* Granberry, Julian, and Gary Vescelius (2004). Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antilles. Birmingham: University of Alabama Press.
* Greenberg, Joseph H., and Morris Swadesh (1953). "Jicaque as a Hokan Language." International Journal of American Linguistics 19: 216-222.
* Holt, Dennis. (1999). Tol (Jicaque). Languages of the World/Materials 170. Munich: LincomEuropa.

## External links

[edit]

Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Jicaque reconstructions

* Jicaquean basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

* v
* t
* e

Hokan languages

Jicaquean|

* Tol
* Western Jicaque

Palaihnihan|

* Achumawi
* Atsugewi

Pakawan|

* Coahuilteco
* Cotoname

| Comecrudan|

* Comecrudo
* Garza
* Mamulique

|

Pomoan|

* Eastern Pomo
* Northeastern Pomo
* Southeastern Pomo

| Western|

* Northern Pomo

| Southern|

* Central Pomo
* Kashaya
* Southern Pomo

|

Shastan|

* Konomihu
* New River Shasta
* Okwanuchu
* Shasta

Tequistlatecan|

* Huamelultec
* Highland Oaxaca Chontal
* Tequistlatec

Yuman|

* Cochimí
* Kiliwa

| Delta–California|

* Cocopah
* Ipai
* Kumeyaay
* Tipai

|

River|

* Halchidhoma
* Maricopa
* Mojave
* Quechan

Pai|

* Paipai
* Havasupai–Hualapai
* Yavapai

Other|

* Chimariko
* Esselen
* Karuk
* Salinan
* Seri
* Washo
* Yana
* Yahi

Italics indicate extinct languages

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* e

Language families of Mesoamerica

Demonstrated families|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Purépecha
* (Alagüilac?)
* (Cueva?)

Proposed macrofamilies|

* Hokan
* Macro-Mayan
* Macro-Chibchan
* Penutian
* Tolatecan
* Totozoquean

Linguistic areas|

* Mesoamerican language area

* v
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* e

Primary language families

Africa|

* Afroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Khoe–Kwadi
* Kx'a
* Niger–Congo
* Nilo-Saharan(?)
* Tuu
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* Ijoid?
* Kadu?
* Katla?
* Kru?
* Lafofa?
* Mande?
* Rashad?
* Songhay?
* Talodi–Heiban?
* Ubangian?

Isolates|

* Bangime
* Gule
* Hadza
* Jalaa
* Sandawe
* Laal?
* Mimi of Decorse?
* Ongota?
* Shabo?

Eurasia
(Europe
and Asia)|

* Afroasiatic
* Ainu
* Austroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Dravidian
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* Yukaghir
* Arunachal?
* Digaro?
* Kho-Bwa?
* Mijiic?
* Miju?
* Siangic?

Isolates|

* Basque
* Burushaski
* Elamite
* Hattic
* Kusunda
* Nihali
* Rutulian
* Sumerian
* Vedda
* Bugun?
* Eteocretan?
* Eteocypriot?
* Hruso?
* Kenaboi?
* Minoan?
* Puroik?
* Shompen?
* Tambora?

New Guinea
and the Pacific|

* Arai–Samaia
* Austronesian
* Berau Gulf
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Border
* Bulaka River
* Central Solomons
* Chimbu–Wahgi
* Demta–Sentani
* Doso–Turumsa
* East Geelvink Bay
* East New Britain
* East Strickland
* Eleman
* Engan
* Fas
* Foja Range
* Gogodala–Suki
* Hatam–Mansim
* Kaure–Kosare
* Kiwaian
* Kutubuan
* Lakes Plain
* Lower Mamberamo
* Lower Sepik
* Madang
* Mairasi
* Mantion–Meax
* North Bougainville
* North Halmahera
* Pauwasi
* Ramu
* Senagi
* Senu River
* Sepik
* Skou
* South Bougainville
* Teberan–Pawaian
* Torricelli
* Trans-Fly
* Trans–New Guinea
* Turama–Kikorian
* Upper Yuat
* West Bird's Head
* Yam
* Yawan
* Yuat
* Northwest Papuan?
* Papuan Gulf?
* West Papuan?

Isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Burmeso
* Kol
* Kuot
* Maybrat
* Mpur
* Porome
* Anêm?
* Ata?
* Sulka?
* Taiap?
* Tambora?
* Yele?

Australia|

* Bunuban
* Eastern Daly
* Eastern Tasmanian
* Garawan
* Gunwinyguan
* Iwaidjan
* Jarrakan
* Maningrida
* Mirndi
* Northeastern Tasmanian
* Northern Tasmanian
* Nyulnyulan
* Pama–Nyungan
* Southern Daly
* Tangkic
* Wagaydyic (Northern Daly?)
* Western Daly
* Western Tasmanian
* Worrorran
* Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
* Darwin Region?
* Marrku–Wurrugu?
* Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?

Isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
* Tiwi
* Gaagudju?
* Kungarakany?

North
America|

* Algic
* Caddoan
* Chimakuan
* Chinookan
* Chumashan
* Comecrudan
* Coosan
* Eskaleut
* Iroquoian
* Kalapuyan
* Maiduan
* Muskogean
* Na-Dene
* Palaihnihan
* Plateau Penutian
* Pomoan
* Salishan
* Shastan
* Siouan
* Tanoan
* Tsimshianic
* Utian
* Uto-Aztecan
* Wakashan
* Wintuan
* Yuki–Wappo
* Yuman–Cochimí

Isolates|

* Alsea
* Atakapa
* Cayuse
* Chimariko
* Chitimacha
* Coahuilteco
* Cotoname
* Esselen
* Haida
* Karuk
* Keres?
* Kutenai
* Natchez
* Salinan
* Seri
* Siuslaw
* Takelma
* Timucua
* Tonkawa
* Tunica
* Waikuri
* Washo
* Yana
* Yokuts?
* Yuchi
* Zuni

Mesoamerica|

* Arawakan
* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Tarascan/Purépecha

South
America|

* Alacalufan
* Andoque–Urequena
* Araucanian
* Arawakan
* Arawan
* Aymaran
* Barbacoan
* Boran
* Bororoan
* Cahuapanan
* Cañari–Puruhá
* Cariban
* Chapacuran
* Charruan
* Chibchan
* Chicham
* Choco
* Chonan
* Guaicuruan
* Guajiboan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Hibito–Cholón
* Huarpean
* Jirajaran
* Kakwa-Nukak
* Kariri
* Lule–Vilela
* Macro-Jê
* Mascoian
* Matacoan
* Nadahup
* Nambikwaran
* Otomákoan
* Pano-Tacanan
* Peba–Yaguan
* Piaroa–Saliban
* Quechuan
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Tucanoan
* Tupian
* Uru–Chipaya
* Witotoan
* Xukuruan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan
* Zaparoan
* Catacaoan?

Isolates|

* Aikanã
* Arutani
* Betoi
* Camsá
* Candoshi-Shapra
* Canichana
* Cayubaba
* Chimane
* Chiquitano
* Chono
* Cofán
* Culle
* Esmeralda
* Guachí
* Guamo
* Guató
* Hodï/Joti
* Iatê
* Irantxe
* Itonama
* Kanoê
* Kunza
* Kwaza
* Leco
* Maku/Jukude
* Matanawi
* Mochica
* Movima
* Munichi
* Mura-Pirahã
* Omurano
* Otí
* Páez
* Payaguá
* Puinave
* Purian
* Puquina
* Sape
* Sechura
* Tallán
* Taruma
* Taushiro
* Tequiraca
* Trumai
* Urarina
* Waorani/Huaorani
* Warao
* Yaruro
* Yahgan
* Yuracaré
* Yurumangui
* Katembri?
* Sanavirón?

Sign
languages|

* Arab
* Australian Aboriginal
* BANZSL
* Chinese
* Francosign
* Germanosign
* Hand Talk
* Indo-Pakistani
* Japanese
* Original Thai
* Swedish
* Paraguay–Uruguay?
* Providencia–Cayman?
* Sudanese?
* Tanzanian?

Isolates|

* See list of sign languages
* Village sign languages

See also|

* Constructed languages
* Creoles
* Language isolates
* Mixed languages
* Pidgins
* Spurious languages
* Unclassified languages
* Whistled languages

* Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

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* e

Languages of Honduras

Official language|

* Spanish

Indigenous languages|

* Ch'orti
* Garifuna
* Lenca
* Miskito
* Pech
* Sumo
* Tolupan

Other languages|

* Bay Islands English

Sign languages|

* Honduran Sign Language
* Bay Islands Sign Language

Honduras portal

* v
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* e

Indigenous language families and isolates of North America

Language families
and isolates|

* Chumashan †
* Yuki–Wappo †
* Adai †
* Beothuk †
* Bidai †
* Cayuse †
* Haida
* Kutenai
* Nansemond †
* Pamunkey †
* Pericú †
* Timucua †
* Waikuri †

| Eskaleut|

* Aleut
* Eskimoan

|

Na-Dene|

* Eyak †
* Tlingit
* Athabaskan

Algic|

* Wiyot †
* Yurok †
* Algonquian

Mosan ?|

* Chimakuan †
* Salishan
* Wakashan

Macro-Siouan ?|

* Caddoan
* Iroquoian
* Siouan
* Yuchi †

Penutian ?|

* Chinookan †
* Maiduan
* Plateau
* Tsimshianic
* Wintuan

| Yok-Utian ?|

* Yokuts
* Utian

|

Coast Oregon ?|

* Alsean †
* Coosan †
* Siuslaw †

Takelma–Kalapuyan ?|

* Takelma †
* Kalapuyan †

Hokan ?|

* Jicaquean
* Palaihnihan †
* Pomoan
* Shastan †
* Tequistlatecan
* Yuman
* Chimariko †
* Esselen †
* Karuk
* Salinan †
* Seri
* Washo
* Yana †

Pueblo
linguistic area|

* Tanoan
* Keres
* Zuni

Coahuiltecan
linguistic area|

* Comecrudan †
* Aranama †
* Coahuilteco †
* Cotoname †
* Karankawa †
* Maratino †
* Naolan †
* Quinigua †
* Solano †
* Tonkawa †

Gulf ?|

* Muskogean
* Atakapa †
* Chitimacha †
* Natchez †

| Calusa–Tunica ?|

* Calusa †
* Tunica †

|

Mesoamerican
linguistic area|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan †
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan †
* Alagüilac ? †
* Cueva †
* Cuitlatec †
* Huave
* Otomi of Jalisco †
* Purépecha
* Zapotec of Jalisco †

Caribbean
linguistic area|

* Arawakan
* Cariban

| Pre-Arawakan|

* Ciguayo †
* Guanahatabey †
* Macorix †

|

Proposed groupings|

* Amerind
* Algonquian–Wakashan
* Aztec–Tanoan
* Macro-Mayan
* Macro-Chibchan
* Tolatecan
* Totozoquean
* Waroid

Lists|

* Classification
* Extinct languages
* Unclassified languages
* Linguistic areas

† indicates an extinct language, italics indicates independent status of a language, bold indicates that a language family has at least 10 members

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