Jigsaw (company)

Technology incubator created by Google

For other companies, see Jigsaw (disambiguation).

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|

Jigsaw

Formerly| Google Ideas (2010–2015)
Company type| Think tank
Founded| 2010; 14 years ago (2010)
Founders| Eric Schmidt
Headquarters|

New York City

United States

Key people

| Yasmin Green (CEO)
Parent|

* Google (2010–2015)
* Alphabet Inc. (2015–2020)
* Google (2020–present)

Website| jigsaw.google.com

Jigsaw LLC (formerly Google Ideas)[1] is a technology incubator created by Google. It formerly operated as an independent subsidiary of Alphabet Inc.,[2] but came under Google management in February 2020.[3] Based in New York City, Jigsaw is dedicated to understanding global challenges and applying technological solutions. From "countering extremism", online censorship, and cyber-attacks to protecting access to information.[4] The current CEO is Yasmin Green.

## History

[edit]

### Google Ideas

[edit]

In 2010, Eric Schmidt approached Jared Cohen to lead Google Ideas as a "think-and-do tank" to research issues at the intersection of technology and geopolitics, and has worked on projects intended to protect activists and independent media from cyber-attacks.[2] Ideas brought together a team of Google engineers, research scientists, product managers, and policy experts to address these issues.[5] The team also hosted a number of conferences, including the 2017 Conflict in a Connected World Roundtable Series, in partnership with the Council on Foreign Relations' Center of Preventative Action.[6]

Ideas came under scrutiny for its links with the US State Department[7] and its regime change activities.[8][9]

### Jigsaw

[edit]

In February 2016, Eric Schmidt announced in a Medium post,[1] the expansion of Google Ideas into a technology incubator named Jigsaw. According to Schmidt, the new name "reflects our belief that collaborative problem-solving yields the best solutions" and the team's mission "is to use technology to tackle the toughest geopolitical challenges, from countering violent extremism to thwarting online censorship to mitigating the threats associated with digital attacks".[1] Jigsaw was expected to leverage more of Alphabet's engineering talent and resources to build more sophisticated products.[10] Jared Cohen, formerly with the Policy Planning Committee at the US State Department, was the CEO of Jigsaw until 2022.[11]

In January 2023, Alphabet announced about 12,000 employees being laid off. Citing conversations with anonymous former employees, Forbes reported the Jigsaw team of 50 was reduced by somewhere between a third and a half. The company did not disclose numbers or employees a reason but Jigsaw was not generating revenue.[11]

## Projects

[edit]

### Constitute

[edit]

In 2013, Jigsaw (then known as Google Ideas) teamed up with researchers at the University of Texas and the University of Chicago to launch Constitute, an indexed repository of national constitutions.[12] The objective of the project is to identify a coherent set of constitutional options and sample text for those writing constitutions. The site was one of the early uses of the Semantic Web as a data model. The project has undergone regular updates since 2013 and is used by scholars, citizens, and constitutional drafters.

### Perspective

[edit]

In February 2017, Jigsaw and Google launched the free Perspective API, "a new tool for web publishers to identify toxic comments that can undermine a civil exchange of ideas".[13] Using machine learning technology, Perspective offers a score from zero to 100 on how similar new comments are to others previously identified as toxic, defined as how likely a comment is to make someone leave a conversation. Publishers can use Perspective in a number of ways, from offering readers instant feedback on the toxicity of their comments to giving readers the power to filter conversations based on the level of toxicity they'd like to see.[13] Jigsaw claims "its AI can immediately spit out an assessment of the phrase’s 'toxicity' more accurately than any keyword blacklist, and faster than any human moderator".[14] Perspective's launch partners included The New York Times, The Guardian, The Economist and Wikipedia.[15] The research on Wikipedia started discussion about Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects.

In June 2017, The New York Times announced that as a result of the partnership with Jigsaw, the Times will offer comments on all top stories and scale comments to 80% of its articles by the end of the year.[16]

### Project Shield

[edit]

Project Shield is a free anti-distributed denial-of-service (anti-DDoS) service that is offered by Jigsaw to websites that have "media, elections, and human rights-related content."[17] The main goal of the project is to serve "small, under-resourced news sites that are vulnerable to the web’s growing epidemic of DDoS attacks", according to team lead George Conard.[18] It is similar to services offered by companies like Cloudflare. Google announced Project Shield at their Ideas Conference on 21 October 2013.[17] The service was initially only offered to trusted testers, but on 25 February 2016, Google opened up the service to any qualifying website.[19] The service works by having the website use Google's IPs, and traffic is routed through a Google-owned reverse proxy that identifies and filters malicious traffic.[20]

Project Shield provides news, human rights, and election monitoring sites with protection from DDoS cyber-attacks by a system of caching (storing the data from the protected website to reduce load on the site). It also filters traffic to thwart DDoS attacks. Project Shield is built on Google Cloud Platform.[21] It is provided free of charge to the qualifying websites of independent journalists, human rights, and elections monitoring websites to protect them regardless of their location and Project Shield as of 2016 October has users in Europe, Asia, North America, and Africa.[22] Project Shield rescued Brian Krebs's security blog from a then-unprecedented DDoS attack that knocked the website entirely offline.[23]

In March 2017, Jigsaw launched a campaign called "Protect Your Election", a suite of free tools to help protect access to information during elections. These tools include Shield, Password Alert,[24] and two-step verification.[25][26]

### Redirect Method

[edit]

The Redirect Method is an open source methodology developed by Jigsaw in partnership, with Moonshot CVE,[27] that leverages Google's AdWords platform and YouTube to target potential ISIS recruits and dissuade them from joining the group.[28]

Jigsaw claims that during a pilot project conducted in early 2016, its advertising was three to four times more effective than a normal campaign, and "those who clicked spent more than twice as long viewing the most effective playlists than the best estimates of how long people view YouTube as a whole."[28] Jigsaw published the detailed steps for the methodology under a Creative Commons license on a GitHub repository. Initially piloted against ISIS, the Redirect Method has since been deployed against white supremacists[29] and disinformation[30][31] in partnership with groups such as the Anti-Defamation League[32] and Moonshot CVE.

### Outline

[edit]

Main article: Outline VPN

Outline is an open-source tool that lets news organizations provide their network of journalists safer access to the internet,[33] powered by Shadowsocks.[34] Jigsaw claims the VPN software can be set up on one's own server in a matter of minutes, even if the user is not technically savvy. According to WIRED, "Outline aims to provide an alternative to, on the one hand, stronger anonymity tools like Tor that slow down web browsing by bouncing connections through multiple encrypted hops around the world and, on the other hand, commercial VPNs that can be expensive, and also put users' private information and internet history at risk."[34] WIRED adds that because administrators can add unlimited secret keys, "Outline [is] an easy way to run a VPN for an entire organization, like a group of activists or journalists." Another feature is that Outline requires minimal upkeep, as "a feature called Watchtower automatically checks for security updates and installs them."[34]

### Intra

[edit]

Intra, launched 3 October 2018, is a DNS over HTTPS client[35] for Android versions 4.0 and above that helps protect against DNS manipulation attacks[36] and SNI sniffing attacks typically employed by Internet Service Providers to censor websites, apps, and games.[37][non-primary source needed]

### Other projects

[edit]

Other Jigsaw projects include Detox, Sideways Dictionary, Password Alert, Unfiltered.news, Digital Attack Map, and Montage (graduated to Storyful).

In 2016, Jigsaw worked with the Wikimedia Foundation on Detox, a project using Machine learning to help better understand online harassment on Wikipedia, with application to other web platforms.[38] The tool was removed in 2019, however, due to concerns about its accuracy.

In March 2017, Jigsaw partnered with The Washington Post to launch Sideways Dictionary, a community-driven collection of analogies to explain complex tech jargon.[39] Sideways Dictionary is available as a Chrome extension and on The Washington Post.[40]

Password Alert helps protect against phishing attacks;[41] according to WIRED, "the company developed it for Syrian activists targeted by government-friendly hackers, but when it proved effective, it was rolled out to all of Google’s users."[42]

Unfiltered.news "uses Google News data to show users what topics are being under-reported or are popular in regions around the world",[43] and the Digital Attack Map displays the top digital attacks in the world in real time.[4]

Montage is a program that "lets war correspondents and nonprofits crowdsource the analysis of YouTube videos to track conflicts and gather evidence of human rights violations."[42] In May 2016, Jigsaw announced it had partnered with Vice News on a five-part documentary series called Blackout to examine free expression around the world.[44]

Jigsaw also helped develop CopCast, an open-source project that can turn any Android phone into a body-worn camera system for law enforcement. In June 2017, USA Today reported that the Jersey City Police Department will scale this technology to more than 250 officers.[45]

## See also

[edit]

* uProxy
* Project Shield

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c Schmidt, Eric (16 February 2016). "GOOGLE IDEAS BECOMES JIGSAW". Medium. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
2. ^ a b Mohan, Pavithra (16 February 2016). "Google Ideas Think Tank To Become Tech Incubator Called Jigsaw". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
3. ^ "Google Swallows Another Alphabet Unit - Jigsaw". The Information. 10 February 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
4. ^ a b Guynn, Jessica (16 February 2016). "Google Ideas to become Jigsaw tech incubator". USA Today. Archived from the original on 16 August 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
5. ^ McCabe, David (17 February 2016). "Google spins off, rebrands think tank". The Hill. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
6. ^ Stares, Paul B. "Conflict in a Connected World Roundtable Series". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
7. ^ "Clinton Emails Reveal the US Govt Used Google as a Geopolitical Weapon to Overthrow Assad". The Free Thought Project. 22 March 2016. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
8. ^ Al-Saadi, Yazan (14 March 2012). "StratforLeaks: Google Ideas Director Involved in 'Regime Change'". Al-Akhbar English. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
9. ^ Assange, Julian (10 October 2014). "Assange: Google Is Not What It Seems". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
10. ^ Wark, Lucy (29 November 2016). "Inside Alphabet's Jigsaw, the powerful tech incubator that could reshape geopolitics". Quartz. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
11. ^ a b Thomas Brewster; Richard Nieva (3 February 2023). "Google Cuts Company Protecting People From Surveillance To A 'Skeleton Crew,' Say Laid Off Workers". Forbes.
12. ^ Last Look: Google's constitution database | CNN, 30 September 2013, retrieved 13 September 2023
13. ^ a b Wakabayashi, Daisuke (23 February 2017). "Google Cousin Develops Technology to Flag Toxic Online Comments". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
14. ^ Greenberg, Andy. "Now Anyone Can Deploy Google's Troll-Fighting AI". WIRED. Archived from the original on 8 January 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
15. ^ Cellan-Jones, Rory (23 February 2017). "Google's plan to make talk less toxic". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
16. ^ Etim, Bassey (13 June 2017). "The Times Sharply Increases Articles Open for Comments, Using Google's Technology". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
17. ^ a b Brandom, Russell (21 October 2013). "Google launches new anti-DDoS service called 'Project Shield'". The Verge. Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
18. ^ Greenberg, Andy (24 February 2016). "Google Wants to Save News Sites From Cyberattacks—For Free". Wired. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
19. ^ Sawers, Paul (25 February 2016). "Google opens DDoS-thwarting Project Shield service to all news and human rights websites". VentureBeat. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
20. ^ Ingraham, Nathan (24 February 2016). "Google's Project Shield helps any news site beat DDoS attacks". Engadget. Archived from the original on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
21. ^ "General FAQs - Project Shield Help". Google Help. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
22. ^ "FAQs for news publishers - Project Shield Help". Google Help. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
23. ^ Roberts, Jeff John (27 September 2016). "Google Rescues a Security Blogger Under Attack from Hackers". Fortune. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
24. ^ "Password Alert". Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
25. ^ "Google 2-Step Verification". Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
26. ^ Newman, Lily Hay. "A Cybersecurity Arsenal That'll Help 'Protect Your Election' | WIRED". Wired. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
27. ^ "Bringing new Redirect Method features to YouTube". Official YouTube Blog. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
28. ^ a b Greenberg, Andy (7 September 2016). "Google's Clever Plan to Stop Aspiring ISIS Recruits". Wired. Archived from the original on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
29. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (30 December 2019). "White Extremism Faces a Subversive Foe Online: Google Ads". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
30. ^ "Software Used To Stop ISIS And KKK To Be Used Against Anti-Vaxxers". unilad.co.uk. Archived from the original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
31. ^ Quinn, Ben (21 July 2019). "Anti-extremism software to be used to tackle vaccine disinformation". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
32. ^ Baig, Edward C. "Redirecting hate: ADL hopes Googling for KKK or jihad will take you down a different path". USA Today. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
33. ^ Jigsaw (20 March 2018). "Introducing Outline: Making It Safer To Break The News". Medium. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
34. ^ a b c "Alphabet's 'Outline' Software Lets Anyone Run a Homebrew VPN". WIRED. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
35. ^ "Intra". Archived from the original on 8 March 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
36. ^ "Google's cyber unit Jigsaw introduces Intra, a new security app dedicated to busting censorship". techcrunch.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
37. ^ @vinifortuna (10 September 2020). "Evidence of SNI-based blocking of @charter97org in #Belarus: you get a TCP RST after the ClientHello with SNI = http://charter97.org , but not with SNI = http://example.com. You can use https://getintra.org on Android to bypass the blocking" (Tweet). Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020 - via Twitter.
38. ^ Smellie, Sarah (17 February 2017). "Inside Wikipedia's Attempt to Use Artificial Intelligence to Combat Harassment". Vice. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
39. ^ "Alphabet Built An Urban Dictionary For Tech Jargon". Co.Design. 14 March 2017. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
40. ^ Ha, Anthony (14 March 2017). "Jigsaw and The Washington Post try to explain tech jargon with their new Sideways Dictionary". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
41. ^ Hackett, Robert (29 April 2015). "Password Alert: Google's new free tool to prevent phishing attacks". Fortune. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
42. ^ a b Greenberg, Andy (19 September 2016). "Inside Google's Internet Justice League and Its AI-Powered War on Trolls". Wired. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
43. ^ Lichterman, Joseph (18 March 2016). "A new data viz tool shows what stories are being undercovered in countries around the world". Nieman Journalism Lab. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
44. ^ Hadas, Gold (13 May 2016). "Vice teams with Alphabet incubator Jigsaw on doc series 'Blackout'". Politico. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
45. ^ "Who needs body cameras? Police testing cellphone cameras". USA Today. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

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