Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

Jurchen-led imperial dynasty of China

Not to be confused with Jin dynasty (266–420).

"Anchu" and "Jurchen dynasty" redirect here. For the novel, see Anchu (novel). For the 17th-century Jurchen khanate, see Later Jin (1616–1636).

Great Jin

1115–1234

Location of Jin dynasty (blue  ) c. 1141

Circuits of Jin

Capital|

* Huining Prefecture (1122–1153)
* Zhongdu (1153–1214)
* Kaifeng (1214–1233)
* Caizhou (1233–1234)

Common languages| Middle Chinese (later Old Mandarin), Jurchen, Khitan
Religion

* Buddhism
* Taoism
* Confucianism
* Chinese folk religion

Government| Monarchy
Emperor|

• 1115–1123

| Taizu (first)

• 1161–1189

| Shizong

• 1234

| Modi (last)
Historical era| Medieval Asia

• Founded by Aguda

| 28 January 1115

• Destruction of the Liao dynasty

| 26 March 1125

• Capture of Bianliang from the Northern Song dynasty

| 9 January 1127

• Mongol invasion

| 1211

• Fall of Caizhou to the Mongol Empire

| 9 February 1234
Area
1142 est.| 3,610,000 km2 (1,390,000 sq mi)
1186 est.| 4,750,000 km2 (1,830,000 sq mi)
Population

• 1186 est.[1]

| 53,000,000
Currency|

* Chinese coin
* Chinese cash
* paper money
* see Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Liao dynasty

|

| Northern Song
| Northern Liao
| Mongol Empire |

|

Southern Song |
Western Liao |
Eastern Xia |
Eastern Liao |
Today part of|

* China
* North Korea
* Russia

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The Jin dynasty (/dʒɪn/,[2] [tɕín]; Chinese: 金朝; pinyin: Jīn cháo),[a] officially known as the Great Jin (大金; Dà Jīn), was an imperial dynasty of China that existed between 1115 and 1234.[b] Because the Wanyan clan that founded the dynasty were of Jurchen descent, it is also sometimes called the Jurchen dynasty or the Jurchen Jin.

The Jin dynasty emerged from Wanyan Aguda's rebellion against the Liao dynasty (916–1125), which held sway over northern China until being driven by the nascent Jin to the Western Regions, where they would become known in Chinese historiography as the Western Liao. After conquering the Liao territory, the Jin launched a century-long campaign against the Song dynasty (960–1279) based in southern China, and whose rulers were ethnically Han Chinese. Over the course of the Jin's rule, their emperors adapted to Han customs, and even fortified the Great Wall against the ascendant Mongol Empire. The Jin also oversaw a number of internal cultural advancements, such as the revival of Confucianism.

The Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded in 1211, inflicting several crushing defeats upon Jin armies. After a sequence of defeats, revolts, defections, and coups over a span of 23 years, the Jin were ultimately conquered by the Mongols in 1234.

## Name

[edit]

Main article: Names of China

The Jin dynasty was officially known as the "Great Jin" at that time. Furthermore, the Jin emperors referred to their state as China, Zhongguo (中國), just as some other non-Han dynasties.[6] Non-Han rulers expanded the definition of "China" to include non-Han peoples in addition to Han people whenever they ruled China.[7] Jin documents indicate that the usage of "China" by dynasties to refer to themselves began earlier than previously thought.[8]

## History

[edit]

Main article: Jin–Song Wars

See also: Timeline of the Jurchens

Jin dynasty

Chinese name
Chinese| 金朝
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Jīn cháo
Bopomofo| ㄐㄧㄣ ㄔㄠˊ
Wade–Giles| Chin1 Ch'ao2
Tongyong Pinyin| Jin cháo
IPA| [tɕín.ʈʂʰǎʊ]
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping| gam1 ciu4
IPA| [kɐm˥ tsʰiw˩]
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese| 大金
Literal meaning| Great Jin
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Dà Jīn
Bopomofo| ㄉㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄣ
Wade–Giles| Ta4 Chin1
Tongyong Pinyin| Dà Jin
IPA| [tâ.tɕín]
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping| daai6 gam1
IPA| [taj˨ kɐm˥]
Khitan name
Khitan| Nik, Niku

### Origin

[edit]

The Mohe were the ancestors of the Jin. the Mohe were called Wuji, the Wuji lived on the land of the Sushen people. There are seven Wuji tribes: Sumo, Boduo, Anchegu, Funie, Haoshi, Heishui, Baishan.

The progenitors of the Jurchen people are the Mohe people who lived in what is now Northeast China. The Mohe were a primarily sedentary people who practiced hunting, pig farming, and grew crops such as soybean, wheat, millet, and rice. Horses were rare in the region until the Tang period and pastoralism was not widespread until the 10th century under the domination of the Khitans. The Mohe exported reindeer products and may have rode them as well. They practiced mass slavery and used the slaves to aid in hunting and agricultural work.[9][10] The Tang described the Mohe as a fierce and uncultured people who used poisoned arrows.[11]

The two most powerful groups of Mohe were the Heishui Mohe in the north, named after the Heilong River, and the Sumo Mohe in the south, named after the Songhua River. From the Heishui Mohe emerged the Jurchens in the forested mountain areas of eastern Manchuria and Russia's Primorsky Krai.[12] The Wuguo ("Five Nations") federation that existed to the northeast of modern Jilin are also considered to be ancestors of the Jurchens. The Jurchens were mentioned in historical records for the first time in the 10th century as tribute bearers to the Liao, Later Tang, and Song courts. They practiced hunting, fishing, and kept domestic oxen while their primary export was horses. They had no script, calendar, or offices during the mid-11th century. The Jurchens were small political actors in the international system at the time. By the 10th century, the Jurchens had become vassals of the Liao dynasty but they also sent a number of tributary and trade missions to the Song capital of Kaifeng, which the Liao tried unsuccessfully to prevent.[13] Some Jurchens paid tribute to Goryeo and sided with the latter during the Khitan–Goryeo War. They offered tribute to both courts out of political necessity and for material benefits.[14]

In the 11th century there was widespread discontent against Khitan rule among the Jurchens as the Liao violently extorted annual tribute from the Jurchen tribes. Leveraging the Jurchens' desire for independence from the Khitans, chief Wugunai (1021–1074) of the Wanyan clan rose to prominence, dominating all of eastern Manchuria from Mount Changbai to the Wuguo tribes. According to tradition, Wugunai was a sixth generation descendant of Hanpu while his father held a military title from the Liao court, although the title did not confer or hold any real power. As described, Wugunai was a great warrior, eater, drinker, and lover of women. His grandson Aguda eventually founded the Jin dynasty.[15]

### Wanyan Aguda

[edit]

The Jin dynasty was created in modern Jilin and Heilongjiang by the Jurchen tribal chieftain Aguda in 1115. According to tradition, Aguda was a descendant of Hanpu. Aguda adopted the term for "gold" as the name of his state, itself a translation of "Anchuhu" River, which meant "golden" in Jurchen.[16] This river, known as Alechuka in modern Chinese, is a tributary of the Songhua River east of Harbin.[16] The Jurchens' early rulers were the Khitan-led Liao dynasty, which had held sway over modern north and northeast China and the Mongolian Plateau, for several centuries. In 1121, the Jurchens entered into the Alliance Conducted at Sea with the Han-led Northern Song dynasty and agreed to jointly invade the Liao dynasty. While the Song armies faltered, the Jurchens succeeded in driving the Liao to Central Asia. In 1125, after the death of Aguda, the Jin dynasty broke its alliance with the Song dynasty and invaded north China. When the Song dynasty reclaimed the Han-populated Sixteen Prefectures, they were "fiercely resisted" by the Han Chinese population there who had previously been under Liao rule, while when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all and handed over the Southern Capital (present-day Beijing, then known as Yanjing) to them.[17] The Jurchens were supported by the anti-Song, Beijing-based noble Han clans.[18] The Han Chinese who worked for the Liao were viewed as hostile enemies by the Song dynasty.[19] Song Han Chinese also defected to the Jin.[20] One crucial mistake that the Song made during this joint attack was the removal of the defensive forest it originally built along the Song-Liao border. Because of the removal of this landscape barrier, in 1126/27, the Jin army marched quickly across the North China Plain to Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng).[21] On 9 January 1127, the Jurchens ransacked the Imperial palaces in Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song dynasty, capturing both Emperor Qinzong and his father, Emperor Huizong, who had abdicated in panic in the face of the Jin invasion. Following the fall of Bianjing, the succeeding Southern Song dynasty continued to fight the Jin dynasty for over a decade, eventually signing the Treaty of Shaoxing in 1141, which called for the cession of all Song territories north of the Huai River to the Jin dynasty and the execution of Song general Yue Fei in return for peace. The peace treaty was formally ratified on 11 October 1142 when a Jin envoy visited the Song court.[22]

Having conquered Kaifeng and occupied northern China, the Jin later deliberately chose earth as its dynastic element and yellow as its royal color. According to the theory of the wuxing ('five elements'), the earth element follows the fire, the dynastic element of the Song, in the sequence of elemental creation. Therefore, this ideological move shows that the Jin regarded the Song reign of China was officially over and themselves as the rightful ruler of China Proper.[23]

### Migration south

[edit]

After taking over northern China, the Jin became increasingly sinicised. Over the span of twenty years, the new Jurchen ruling class constituted around half of a larger pattern of migration southward into northern China. There, many Jurchens were granted land, which was then organised around a social structure based on hereditary military units: a mouke ('company') was a unit consisting of 300 households, and groups of 7–10 moukes were further organised into meng-an ('battalions').[24] The Jurchen ruling class ruled over an estimated 30 million people. Many Jurchens intermarried with Han Chinese, though the ban on Jurchen nobility marrying outside of their ethnicity was only annulled in 1191.

Following the death of Emperor Taizong in 1135, each of the next three emperors were the remaining grandsons of Aguda, each by a different one of his sons. Emperor Xizong (r. 1135–1149) studied the classics and wrote Chinese poetry. He adopted Han Chinese cultural traditions, but the Jurchen nobles had the top positions. Later in life, Emperor Xizong became an alcoholic and executed many officials for criticising him. He also had Jurchen leaders who opposed him murdered, even those in the Wanyan clan. In 1149 he was murdered by a cabal of relatives and nobles, who made his cousin Wanyan Liang the next Jin emperor. Because of the brutality of both his domestic and foreign policy, Wanyan Liang was posthumously demoted from the position of emperor. Historians have consequently referred to him by his posthumous name "Prince of Hailing".[25]

### Rebellions in the north

[edit]

The Chengling Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei, built between 1161 and 1189.

Having usurped the throne, Wanyan Liang embarked on the program of legitimising his rule as an emperor of China. In 1153, he moved the empire's main capital from Huining Prefecture (south of present-day Harbin) to the former Liao capital, Yanjing (present-day Beijing).[25][26] Four years later, in 1157, to emphasise the permanence of the move, he razed the nobles' residences in Huining Prefecture.[25][26] Wanyan Liang also reconstructed the former Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng), which had been sacked in 1127, making it the Jin's southern capital.[25]

Wanyan Liang also tried to suppress dissent by killing Jurchen nobles, executing 155 princes.[25] To fulfil his dream of becoming the ruler of all China, Wanyan Liang attacked the Southern Song dynasty in 1161. Meanwhile, two simultaneous rebellions erupted in Shangjing, at the Jurchens' former power base: led by Wanyan Liang's cousin, soon-to-be crowned Wanyan Yong, and the other of Khitan tribesmen. Wanyan Liang had to withdraw Jin troops from southern China to quell the uprisings. The Jin forces were defeated by Song forces in the Battle of Caishi and Battle of Tangdao. With a depleted military force, Wanyan Liang failed to make headway in his attempted invasion of the Southern Song dynasty. Finally he was assassinated by his own generals in December 1161, due to his defeats. His son and heir was also assassinated in the capital.[25]

Jin wood structure (model). Jin tomb with stage scene.

Although crowned in October, Wanyan Yong (Emperor Shizong) was not officially recognised as emperor until the murder of Wanyan Liang's heir.[25] The Khitan uprising was not suppressed until 1164; their horses were confiscated so that the rebels had to take up farming. Other Khitan and Xi cavalry units had been incorporated into the Jin army. Because these internal uprisings had severely weakened the Jin's capacity to confront the Southern Song militarily, the Jin court under Emperor Shizong began negotiating for peace. The Treaty of Longxing was signed in 1164, ushering in more than 40 years of peace between the two empires.

In the early 1180s, Emperor Shizong instituted a restructuring of 200 meng'an units to remove tax abuses and help Jurchens. Communal farming was encouraged. The Jin Empire prospered and had a large surplus of grain in reserve. Although learned in Chinese classics, Emperor Shizong was also known as a promoter of Jurchen language and culture; during his reign, a number of Chinese classics were translated into Jurchen, the Imperial Jurchen Academy was founded, and the imperial examinations started to be offered in the Jurchen language.[27] Emperor Shizong's reign (1161–1189) was remembered by the posterity as the time of comparative peace and prosperity, and the emperor himself was compared to the mythological rulers Yao and Shun. Poor Jurchen families in the southern Routes (Daming and Shandong) Battalion and Company households tried to live the lifestyle of wealthy Jurchen families and avoid doing farming work by selling their own Jurchen daughters into slavery and renting their land to Han tenants. The Wealthy Jurchens feasted and drank and wore damask and silk. The History of Jin says that Emperor Shizong took note and attempted to halt these things in 1181.[28]

Shizong's grandson, Emperor Zhangzong (r. 1189–1208), venerated Jurchen values, but he also immersed himself in Han Chinese culture and married an ethnic Han Chinese woman. The Taihe Code of law was promulgated in 1201 and was based mostly on the Tang Code. In 1207, the Southern Song dynasty attempted an invasion, but the Jin forces effectively repulsed them. In the peace agreement, the Song dynasty had to pay higher annual indemnities and behead Han Tuozhou, the leader of the hawkish faction in the Song imperial court.

### Fall of Jin

[edit]

Main article: Mongol conquest of Jin China

1205

KHWARAZMIAN
EMPIRE

CUMAN KHANATES

KIEVAN
RUS'

MONGOL
CONFEDERATION

QARA KHITAI

KIPCHACKS

QOCHO

GEORGIA

GHURID EMPIRE

ZENGIDS

ABBASID
CALIPHATE

MALAYU

YADAVAS

JIN
DYNASTY

XI XIA

SONG
DYNASTY

PAGAN

DALI

KHMER

AYYUBID
SULTANATE

SULTANATE
OF RUM

GO-
RYEO

class=notpageimage|

The Jin dynasty ( ) and main contemporary Asian polities c. 1205

Starting from the early 13th century, the Jin dynasty began to feel the pressure of Mongols from the north. Genghis Khan first led the Mongols into Western Xia territory in 1205 and ravaged it four years later. In 1211 about 50,000 Mongol horsemen invaded the Jin Empire and began absorbing Khitan and Jurchen rebels. The Jin had a large army with 150,000 cavalry but abandoned the "western capital" Datong (see also the Battle of Yehuling). The next year the Mongols went north and looted the Jin "eastern capital", and in 1213 they besieged the "central capital", Zhongdu (present-day Beijing). In 1214 the Jin made a humiliating treaty but retained the capital. That summer, Emperor Xuanzong abandoned the central capital and moved the government to the "southern capital" Kaifeng, making it the official seat of the Jin dynasty's power.

In 1216, a hawkish faction in the Jin imperial court persuaded Emperor Xuanzong to attack the Song dynasty, but in 1219 they were defeated at the same place by the Yangtze River where Wanyan Liang had been defeated in 1161. The Jin dynasty now faced a two front war that they could not afford. Furthermore, Emperor Aizong won a succession struggle against his brother and then quickly ended the war and went back to the capital. He made peace with the Tanguts of Western Xia, who had been allied with the Mongols.

The Jurchen Jin emperor Wanyan Yongji's daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader Genghis Khan in exchange for relieving the Mongol siege of Zhongdu in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty.[29]

Cai Wenji returning to Han, Jin dynasty painting.

Many Han Chinese and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze and Liu Heima [zh],[30] and the Khitan Xiao Zhala defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army.[31] Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor, Ögedei Khan.[32] Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols.[33] There were four Han tumens and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals Shimo Beidi'er, Tabuyir, and Xiao Zhongxi [zh] (Xiao Zhala's son) commanded the three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals Zhang Rou [zh], Yan Shi [zh], Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ögedei Khan.[34][35][36][37][better source needed]

Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived under Jin rule. Inter-ethnic marriage between Han Chinese and Jurchens became common at this time. His father was Shi Bingzhi. Shi Bingzhi married a Jurchen woman (surname Nahe) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Zhang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother.[38] Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives.[39] His Jurchen wives' surnames were Monian and Nahe, his Korean wife's surname was Li, and his Han Chinese wife's surname was Shi.[38] Shi Tianze defected to the Mongol forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty. His son, Shi Gang, married a Keraite woman; the Keraites were Mongolified Turkic people and considered as part of the "Mongol nation".[39][40] Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi and other Han Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new Mongol state.[41]

The Mongols created a Han army out of defecting Jin troops, and another army out of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" (新附軍).[42]

Genghis Khan died in 1227 while his armies were attacking Western Xia. His successor, Ögedei Khan, invaded the Jin dynasty again in 1232 with assistance from the Southern Song dynasty. The Jurchens tried to resist; but when the Mongols besieged Kaifeng in 1233, Emperor Aizong fled south to the city of Caizhou. A Song–Mongol allied army surrounded the capital, and the next year Emperor Aizong committed suicide by hanging himself to avoid being captured in the Mongols besieged Caizhou, ending the Jin dynasty in 1234.[25] The territory of the Jin dynasty was to be divided between the Mongols and the Song dynasty. However, due to lingering territorial disputes, the Song dynasty and the Mongols eventually went to war with one another over these territories.

## Government

[edit]

See also: Military of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

The government of the Jin dynasty merged Jurchen customs with institutions adopted from the Liao and Song dynasties.[43] The pre-dynastic Jurchen government was based on the quasi-egalitarian tribal council.[44] Jurchen society at the time did not have a strong political hierarchy. The Shuo Fu (說郛) records that the Jurchen tribes were not ruled by central authority and locally elected their chieftains.[43] Tribal customs were retained after Aguda united the Jurchen tribes and formed the Jin dynasty, coexisting alongside more centralised institutions.[45] The Jin dynasty had five capitals, a practice they adopted from the Balhae and the Liao.[46] The Jin had to overcome the difficulties of controlling a multicultural empire composed of territories once ruled by the Liao and Northern Song. The solution of the early Jin government was to establish separate government structures for different ethnic groups.[47]

The Jin court maintained a clear separation between the sedentary population who had lived under Liao rule, and the sedentary population who formerly lived under Northern Song rule but had never been under Liao rule. The former they referred to as hanren or yanren while the latter they referred to as nanren.[48]

## Culture

[edit]

Because the Jin had few contacts with its southern neighbour, the Song dynasty, different cultural developments took place in both states. Within Confucianism, the "Learning of the Way" that developed and became orthodox in Song did not take root in Jin. Jin scholars put more emphasis on the work of northern Song scholar and poet Su Shi (1037–1101) than on Zhu Xi's (1130–1200) scholarship, which constituted the foundation of the Learning of the Way.[49]

### Architecture

[edit]

The Jin pursued a revival of Tang dynasty urban design with architectural projects in Kaifeng and Zhongdu (modern Beijing), building for instance a bell tower and drum tower to announce the night curfew (which was revived after being abolished under the Song).[50] The Jurchens followed Khitan precedent of living in tents amidst the Chinese-style architecture, which were in turn based on the Song dynasty Kaifeng model.[51]

### Religion

[edit]

Jin dynasty fresco of a bodhisattva from Chongfu Temple (崇福寺), Shuozhou, Shanxi

#### Taoism

[edit]

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A significant branch of Taoism called the Quanzhen School was founded under the Jin Dynasty by Han Chinese Wang Zhe (1113–1170), founder of formal congregations in 1167 and 1168. He took the nickname of Wang Chongyang (Wang "Double Yang") and his disciples were retrospectively known as the "seven patriarchs of Quanzhen". The flourishing of ci poetry that characterized Jin literature was tightly linked to Quanzhen, as two-thirds of the ci poetry written in Jin times was composed by Quanzhen Taoists.

Jade ornament with flower design, Jin dynasty, Shanghai Museum Chinese gold plates and a chalice from the Jin Dynasty's Zhongdu. Jin tomb with stage scene.

The Jin state sponsored an edition of the Taoist Canon that is known as the Precious Canon of the Mysterious Metropolis of the Great Jin (Da Jin Xuandu baozang 大金玄都寶藏). Based on a smaller version of the Canon printed by Emperor Huizong (r. 1100–1125) of the Song dynasty, it was completed in 1192 under the direction and support of Emperor Zhangzong (r. 1190–1208).[52] In 1188, Zhangzong's grandfather and predecessor Shizong (r. 1161–1189) ordered for the Song Canon woodblocks to be transferred from Kaifeng (the former Northern Song capital that had now become the Jin "Southern Capital") to the central capital's "Abbey of Celestial Perpetuity" or Tianchang guan 天長觀, on the site of what is now the White Cloud Temple in Beijing.[52] Other Daoist writings were also moved there from another abbey in the central capital.[52] Zhangzong instructed the abbey's superintendent Sun Mingdao 孫明道 and two civil officials to prepare a complete Canon for printing.[52] After sending people on a "nationwide search for scriptures" (which yielded 1,074 fascicles of text that was not included in the Huizong edition of the Canon) and securing donations for printing, Sun Mingdao proceeded to cut the new woodblocks in 1192.[53] The final print consisted of 6,455 fascicles.[54] Despite the Jin emperors having occasionally offered copies of the Canon as gifts, not a single fragment of it has survived.[54]

#### Buddhism

[edit]

A Buddhist Canon or "Tripitaka" was also produced in Shanxi, the same place where an enhanced version of the Jin-sponsored Taoist Canon would be reprinted in 1244.[55] The project was initiated in 1139 by a Buddhist nun named Cui Fazhen, who swore (and allegedly "broke her arm to seal the oath") that she would raise the necessary funds to make a new official edition of the Canon printed by the Northern Song.[56] Completed in 1173, the Jin Tripitaka counted about 7,000 fascicles, "a major achievement in the history of Buddhist private printing."[56] It was further expanded during the Yuan.[56]

Buddhism thrived during the Jin, both in its relation with the imperial court and in society in general.[57] Many sutras were also carved on stone tablets.[58] The donors who funded such inscriptions included members of the Jin imperial family, high officials, common people, and Buddhist priests.[58] Some sutras have only survived from these carvings, which are thus highly valuable to the study of Chinese Buddhism.[58] At the same time, the Jin court sold monk certificates for revenue. This practice was initiated in 1162 by Shizong to fund his wars, and stopped three years later when war was over.[59] His successor Zhanzong used the same method to raise military funds in 1197 and one year later to raise money to fight famine in the Western Capital.[59] The same practice was used again in 1207 (to fight the Song and more famine) as well as under the reigns of emperors Weishao (r. 1209–1213) and Xuanzong (r. 1213–1224) to fight the Mongols.[60]

### Fashion

[edit]

Main article: Fashion in the Jurchen Jin dynasty

## List of emperors

[edit]

Sovereigns of the Jin dynasty 1115–1234  Temple name | Posthumous name1 | Jurchen name  | Chinese name  | Years of reign  | Era names and years

|
|
|
|
|

Taizu (太祖)  | Wuyuan (武元)  | Aguda (阿骨打)  | Min (旻)  | 1115–1123  | Shouguo (收國; 1115–1116)
Tianfu (天輔; 1117–1123)
Taizong (太宗)  | Wenlie (文烈)  | Wuqimai (吳乞買)  | Sheng (晟)  | 1123–1135  | Tianhui (天會; 1123–1135)
Xizong (熙宗)  | Xiaocheng (孝成)  | Hela (合剌)  | Dan (亶)  | 1135–1149  | Tianhui (天會; 1135–1138)
Tianjuan (天眷; 1138–1141)
Huangtong (皇統; 1141–1149)
None | –  | Digunai (迪古乃)  | Liang (亮)  | 1149–1161  | Tiande (天德, 1149–1153)
Zhenyuan (貞元; 1153–1156)
Zhenglong (正隆; 1156–1161)
Shizong (世宗)  | Renxiao (仁孝)  | Wulu (烏祿)  | Yong (雍)  | 1161–1189  | Dading (大定; 1161–1189)
Zhangzong
章宗  | Guangxiao (光孝)  | Madage (麻達葛)  | Jing (璟)  | 1189–1208  | Mingchang (明昌; 1190–1196)
Cheng'an (承安; 1196–1200)
Taihe (泰和; 1200–1208)
None | –  | Unknown | Yongji (永濟)  | 1208–1213  | Da'an (大安; 1209–1212)
Chongqing (崇慶; 1212–1213)
Zhining (至寧; 1213)
Xuanzong
宣宗  | Shengxiao (聖孝)  | Wudubu (吾睹補)  | Xun (珣)  | 1213–1224  | Zhenyou (貞祐; 1213–1217)
Xingding (興定; 1217–1222)
Yuanguang (元光; 1222–1224)
Aizong (哀宗, official)
Zhuangzong (莊宗, unofficial)
Minzong (閔宗, unofficial)
Yizong (義宗, unofficial)  | None | Ningjiasu (寧甲速)  | Shouxu (守緒)  | 1224–1234  | Zhengda (正大; 1224–1232)
Kaixing (開興; 1232)
Tianxing (天興; 1232–1234)
None | None | Hudun (呼敦)  | Chenglin (承麟)  | 1234  | Shengchang (盛昌; 1234)
1: For full posthumous names, see the articles for individual emperors.

## Emperors family tree

[edit]

Emperors family tree

| | | | | | | Wanyan Hanpu 函普
Shizu 始祖| | | | | | | | | |

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Wanyan Wulu 乌鲁
Dedi 德皇帝| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Wanyan Bahai 完颜跋海
Andi 安皇帝| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Wanyan Suike 綏可
Xianzu 獻祖| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Wanyan Shilu 完颜石鲁
Zhaozu 昭祖| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Wanyan Wugunai 完颜乌骨迺
Jingzu 景祖
~1050–1021–1074| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Wanyan Helibo 完颜劾里钵
Shizu 世祖
1039–1074–1092| | Wanyan Polashu 完顏頗刺淑
Suzong 肅宗
1042–1092–1094| | Wanyan Yingge 完颜盈歌
Muzong 穆宗
1053–1094–1103| | | | | | Wanyan Hezhe
完顏劾者
d.1121
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Wanyan Wuyashu 完顏烏雅束
Kangzong 康宗
1061–1103–1113| | Wanyan Aguda 完颜阿骨打
Taizu 太祖
1068-(born 1113)1115–1123| | Wanyan Wuqimai 完顏吳乞買
Taizong 太宗
1075–1123–1135| | □| | Wanyan Sagai
完顏撒改
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
Wanyan Zongjun 完颜宗峻 d.1124
Huizong 徽宗| | Wanyan Zonggan 完颜宗干 d.1141
Dezong 德宗| | Wanyan Zongfu 完顏宗辅 1096–1135
Ruizong 睿宗| | | | | | | Wanyan Nianhan
完颜粘罕
1080–1136
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Wanyan Hela 完顏合剌
Xizong 熙宗
1119–1135–1149| | Wanyan Liang 完顏亮
Prince of Hailing 海陵王
1122–1149–1161| | Wanyan Yong 完顏雍
Shizong 世宗
1123–1161–1189| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | Wanyan Yungong 完顏允恭
1146–1185
Xianzong 顯宗| | Wanyan Yongji 完顏永濟
Prince Shao of Wei 衛紹王
1168–1209–1213| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
Wanyan Jing 完顏璟
Zhangzong 章宗
1168–1190–1208| | Wanyan Xun 完顏珣
Xuanzong 宣宗
1163–1213–1223| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Wanyan Shouxu 完顏守緒 1234
Aizong 哀宗
1198–1224–1234| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Wanyan Chenglin 完顏承麟
Mo 末帝
r.1234; d.1234| | | |

## See also

[edit]

* Eastern Xia
* Jurchen Jin emperors family tree
* Korean–Jurchen border conflicts
* Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Also Jin Empire (金國; Jīn guó; Jurchen: Anchun or Alchun[3] Gurun)
2. ^ In English, its name is sometimes written as "Kin", "Jinn", or "Chin"[4] in order to differentiate it from the earlier Jin dynasty (266–420), whose name is written identically in pinyin without tone marks.[5]

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Twitchett & Fairbank 1994, p. 40.
2. ^ "Jin". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
3. ^ René Grousset (1970), A History of Central Asia (reprint, illustrated ed.), Rutgers University Press, p. 136, ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1
4. ^ Franke 1994b, pp. 215–320.
5. ^ Lipschutz, Leonard (2000), Century-By-Century: A Summary of World History, iUniverse, p. 59, ISBN 978-0-595-12578-4, retrieved 28 June 2014
6. ^ Zhao 2006, p. 7.
7. ^ Zhao 2006, p. 6.
8. ^ Zhao 2006, p. 24.
9. ^ Gorelova 2002, pp. 13–14.
10. ^ Crossley 1997, p. 17.
11. ^ Crossley 1997, p. 124.
12. ^ Crossley 1997, p. 18–20.
13. ^ Franke 1994b, p. 217–220.
14. ^ Breuker 2010, pp. 220–221.
15. ^ Franke 1994b, p. 220.
16. ^ a b Franke 1994b, p. 221.
17. ^ Franke 1994a, p. 39.
18. ^ Tillman 1995a, pp. 28–.
19. ^ Elliott, Mark (2012), "8. Hushuo The Northern Other and the Naming of the Han Chinese" (PDF), in Mullaney, Tomhas S.; Leibold, James; Gros, Stéphane; Bussche, Eric Vanden (eds.), Critical Han Studies The History, Representation, and Identity of China's Majority, University of California Press, p. 186
20. ^ Gernet 1996, pp. 358–.
21. ^ Chen, Yuan Julian (2018), "Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song–Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century", Journal of Chinese History, 2 (2): 313–334, doi:10.1017/jch.2018.7
22. ^ Hymes, Robert (2000), John Stewart Bowman (ed.), Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture, Columbia University Press, p. 34, ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4
23. ^ Chen, Yuan Julian (2014), "Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China", Journal of Song-Yuan Studies, 44 (1): 325–364, doi:10.1353/sys.2014.0000
24. ^ Mark C. Elliot (2001), The Manchu Way: The eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China, Stanford University Press, p. 60
25. ^ a b c d e f g h Beck, Sanderson, "Liao, Xi Xia, and Jin Dynasties 907–1234", China 7 BC To 1279
26. ^ a b Tao (1976), p. 44
27. ^ Tao (1976), Chapter 6. "The Jurchen Movement for Revival", pp. 69–83
28. ^ Schneider, Julia (2011), "The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors", Journal of Song-Yuan Studies, 41 (41): 343–404, doi:10.1353/sys.2011.0030, hdl:1854/LU-2045182, JSTOR 23496214, S2CID 162237648, retrieved 31 March 2023 - via JSTOR
29. ^ Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018). Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 94\. ISBN 978-1-108-63662-9.
30. ^ Collectif (2002). Revue bibliographique de sinologie 2001. Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales. p. 147.
31. ^ May, Timothy Michael (2004). The Mechanics of Conquest and Governance: The Rise and Expansion of the Mongol Empire, 1185–1265. University of Wisconsin–Madison. p. 50.
32. ^ Schram, Stuart Reynolds (1987). Foundations and Limits of State Power in China. European Science Foundation by School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. p. 130.
33. ^ Gary Seaman; Daniel Marks (1991). Rulers from the steppe: state formation on the Eurasian periphery. Ethnographics Press, Center for Visual Anthropology, University of Southern California. p. 175.
34. ^ 胡小鹏 (2001). "窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨–兼论金元之际的汉地七万户" [A Study of XIAO Zha-la the Han Army Commander of 10,000 Families in the Year of 1229 during the Period of Khan (O)gedei]. 西北师大学报(社会科学版) PKUCSSCI [Journal of Northwest Normal University (Social Sciences)] (in Chinese). 38 (6). doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-9162.2001.06.008. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
35. ^ "窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨–兼论金元之际的汉地七万户-国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库". Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
36. ^ "新元史/卷146 – 維基文庫，自由的圖書館". zh.wikisource.org.
37. ^ "作品相关 第二十九章 大库里台. 本章出自《草原特种兵》" [Chapter 29 Big Curry Terrace. This chapter is from Grassland Special Forces] (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
38. ^ a b Igor de Rachewiltz, ed. (1993). In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 41.
39. ^ a b J. Ganim; S. Legassie, eds. (2013). Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages. Springer. p. 47.
40. ^ Watt, James C. Y. (2010). The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 14.
41. ^ Chan, Hok-Lam (1997). "A Recipe to Qubilai Qa'an on Governance: The Case of Chang Te-hui and Li Chih". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 7 (2). Cambridge University Press: 257–283. doi:10.1017/S1356186300008877. S2CID 161851226.
42. ^ Hucker, Charles O. (1985). A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford University Press. p. 66.
43. ^ a b Franke 1994b, p. 265.
44. ^ Franke 1994b, pp. 265–266.
45. ^ Franke 1994b, p. 266.
46. ^ Franke 1994b, p. 270.
47. ^ Franke 1994b, p. 267.
48. ^ Thomas Mullaney, James Patrick Leibold, Stéphane Gros, Eric Armand Vanden Bussche (2012). Critical Han Studies. University of California Press. pp. 186–187. ISBN 9780520289758.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
49. ^ Tillman 1995b, pp. &#91, page needed&#93, .
50. ^ Nelson, Robert S.; Olin, Margaret (2003), Monuments and Memory, Made and Unmade, University of Chicago Press, p. 119, ISBN 978-0-226-57158-4
51. ^ Lincoln, Toby (2021), An Urban History of China, Cambridge University Press, p. 89, ISBN 978-1-107-19642-1
52. ^ a b c d Boltz 2008, p. 291.
53. ^ Boltz 2008, pp. 291–92.
54. ^ a b Boltz 2008, p. 292.
55. ^ Yao 1995, p. 174; Goossaert 2008, p. 916 (both Buddhist Canon and Daoist Canon printed in Shanxi).
56. ^ a b c Yao 1995, p. 174.
57. ^ Yao 1995, p. 173.
58. ^ a b c Yao 1995, p. 175.
59. ^ a b Yao 1995, p. 161.
60. ^ Yao 1995, pp. 161–62.

### Sources

[edit]

* Boltz, Judith (2008), "Da Jin Xuandu baozang 大金玄嘟寶藏", in Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Taoism, London: Routledge, pp. 291–292, ISBN 978-0-7007-1200-7.
* Breuker, Remco E. (2010), Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918-1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty, Korean Studies Library, vol. 1, Leiden: Brill, pp. 220-221, ISBN 978-9-004-18325-4
* Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002) [1997], The Manchus, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-23591-0}
* Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King, eds. (1994), The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States 907–1368, vol. 6, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5, retrieved 10 March 2014
* Franke, Herbert (1994a). Introduction. In Twitchett & Fairbank (1994), pp. 1–42.
* Franke, Herbert (1994b). "The Chin dynasty". In Twitchett & Fairbank (1994).
* Gernet, Jacques (1996), A History of Chinese Civilization (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7
* Goossaert, Vincent (2008), "Song Defang 宋德方", in Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Taoism, London: Routledge, pp. 915–16, ISBN 978-0-700-71200-7.
* Gorelova, Liliya M., ed. (2002), Manchu Grammar, Part 8, Handbook of Oriental Studies, vol. 7, Brill, pp. 13–14, ISBN 9-004-12307-5
* Tao, Jing-shen (1976), The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China, University of Washington Press, ISBN 978-0-295-95514-8
* Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H., eds. (1995), China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History, SUNY Press, ISBN 978-0-791-42273-1
* Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995a). "An Overview of Chin History and Institutions". In Tillman & West (1995), pp. 23–38.
* Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995b). "Confucianism under the Chin and the Impact of Sung Confucian Tao-hsüeh". In Tillman & West (1995), pp. 71–114.
* Yao, Tao-chung. "Buddhism and Taoism under the Chin". In Tillman & West (1995), pp. 145–180.
* Zhao, Gang (2006), "Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century", Modern China, 32 (1): 3–30, doi:10.1177/0097700405282349, JSTOR 20062627, S2CID 144587815

## Further reading

[edit]

* Franke, Herbert (1971), "Chin Dynastic History Project", Sung Studies Newsletter, 3 (3): 36–37, JSTOR 23497078.
* Schneider, Julia (2011), "The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors", Journal of Song-Yuan Studies, 41 (41): 343–404, doi:10.1353/sys.2011.0030, hdl:1854/LU-2045182, JSTOR 23496214, S2CID 162237648

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) at Wikimedia Commons

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|  Dynasties in Chinese history
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