Jo Cals

Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1965 to 1966

His Excellency

Jo Cals

Cals in 1966

Prime Minister of the Netherlands
In office
14 April 1965 – 22 November 1966
Monarch| Juliana
Deputy| Anne Vondeling
Barend Biesheuvel
Preceded by| Victor Marijnen
Succeeded by| Jelle Zijlstra
Minister of Education, Arts and Sciences
In office
4 February 1962 – 23 April 1963
Prime Minister| Jan de Quay
Preceded by| Marga Klompé (ad interim)
Succeeded by| Marga Klompé (ad interim)
In office
2 September 1952 – 7 November 1961
Prime Minister|

See list

* Willem Drees (1952–1958)
Louis Beel (1958–1959)
Jan de Quay (1959–1961)

Preceded by| Theo Rutten
Succeeded by| Marga Klompé (ad interim)
State Secretary for Education, Arts and Sciences
In office
15 March 1950 – 2 September 1952
Prime Minister| Willem Drees
Preceded by| Office established
Succeeded by| Anna de Waal
Member of the House of Representatives
In office
2 July 1963 – 14 April 1965
In office
20 March 1959 – 19 May 1959
In office
3 July 1956 – 3 October 1956
In office
15 July 1952 – 2 September 1952
In office
19 August 1948 – 15 March 1950
Personal details
Born|

Jozef Maria Laurens Theo Cals

(1914-07-18)18 July 1914
Roermond, Netherlands
Died| 30 December 1971(1971-12-30) (aged 57)
The Hague, Netherlands
Political party| Catholic People's Party
(from 1945)
Other political
affiliations| Roman Catholic State Party (until 1945)
Spouse|

Truus van der Heijden

(m. 1941)​

Children| 3 sons and 2 daughters
Alma mater| Radboud University Nijmegen (LL.B., LL.M.)
Occupation| Politician · Diplomat · civil servant · Jurist · Lawyer · Prosecutor · Judge · Researcher · Corporate director · Nonprofit director · Academic administrator · Lobbyist · Teacher
Military service
Allegiance|  Netherlands
Branch/service| Royal Netherlands Army
Years of service| 1945 (Active duty)
1945–1946 (Reserve)
Rank|  Captain
Unit| Justice Corps
Battles/wars|

* World War II
* Liberation of Arnhem

Jozef Maria Laurens Theo "Jo" Cals (18 July 1914 – 30 December 1971) was a Dutch politician of the Catholic People's Party (KVP) and jurist who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 14 April 1965 until 22 November 1966.[1][2][3]

Cals studied law at the Radboud University Nijmegen obtaining a Master of Laws degree and worked as a lawyer and prosecutor in Nijmegen from November 1940 until August 1948 and as researcher at his alma mater from February 1941 until May 1949. Cals also worked as a legal and economics teacher in Roermond from October 1943 until June 1945. Cals became a member of the House of Representatives shortly after 1948 general election taking office on 19 August 1948 serving as a frontbencher and spokesperson for education and social work. Following a cabinet reshuffle he was appointed as State Secretary for Education, Arts and Sciences in the Drees–Van Schaik cabinet, taking office on 15 March 1950. The Drees–Van Schaik cabinet fell on 24 January 1951 and was replaced by the first Drees cabinet, with Cals continuing his office. After the 1952 general election, Cals was appointed as Minister of Education, Arts and Sciences in the second Drees cabinet, taking office on 2 September 1952. After the 1956 general election, Cals retained his position in the third Drees cabinet. The third Drees cabinet fell on 11 December 1958 and was replaced by the caretaker second Beel cabinet, with Cals continuing his function. After the 1959 general election, Cals once again retained his office in the De Quay cabinet. After the 1963 general election, Cals was not offered a cabinet post in the new cabinet and returned to the House of Representatives on 2 July 1963, serving as a frontbencher and spokesperson for the interior and Kingdom relations. Cals also became active in the public sector as a non-profit director and served on several state commissions and councils on behalf of the government.

After the fall of the Marijnen cabinet, Cals was asked to lead a new cabinet. Following a successful cabinet formation, Cals formed the Cals cabinet and became Prime Minister of the Netherlands, taking office on 14 April 1965. The cabinet fell just one year into its term after a major political crisis and following a difficult cabinet formation was not included in a new cabinet. Cals left office upon the installation of the caretaker Zijlstra cabinet on 22 November 1966 and announced his retirement.

Cals semi-retired from active politics at just 52 and became active in the private and public sectors as a corporate and non-profit director, and served as a diplomat and lobbyist for several economic delegations and presided over several state commissions and councils for the government. Cals was known for his abilities as a efficient manager and his work ethics. During his premiership, his cabinet were responsible for major social reforms to social security, closing the mines in Limburg and stimulating urban development in the Randstad. Cals was granted the honorary title of Minister of State on 5 December 1966 and continued to comment on political affairs as a statesman until he was diagnosed with a terminal brain tumor and died in December 1971 at the age of just 57. He holds the distinction of as the fourth longest-serving cabinet member since 1850 with 14 years and 353 days and his premiership is consistently considered both by scholars and the public to have been average.[4][5][6][7][8]

## Biography

[edit]

### Early life

[edit]

President of the European Parliament Alain Poher and Prime Minister Jo Cals during a meeting at the Catshuis on 24 May 1966. Minister of Foreign Affairs Joseph Luns, President of Tunisia Habib Bourguiba and Prime Minister Jo Cals during a meeting at the Catshuis on 7 July 1966.

Jozef Maria Laurens Theo Cals was born in Roermond on 18 July 1914. After completing his secondary education in his home town, he studied for the priesthood in Rolduc. In 1935, however, he interrupted his theological training to study law at the Radboud University Nijmegen, after graduating in 1940 he practised law in that same city up until 1950, in the meantime also teaching economics at his old secondary school in Roermond.

### Politics

[edit]

In 1945 Cals became leader of the Catholic People's Party in the municipal council of Nijmegen until 1946. He was elected to the House of Representatives in 1948. From 15 March 1950 to 2 September 1952 he was State Secretary for Education, Arts and Sciences, serving from 15 March 1950 until 2 September 1952 in the Drees-Van Schaik and Drees I cabinets. He became Minister of Education, Arts and Sciences serving from 2 September 1952 until 24 July 1963 in the cabinets Drees II and III, Beel II and De Quay, he helped pass the Mammoetwet, a law that transformed secondary education. In the debate, he spoke for 6 hours and 50 minutes, setting a record. In 1963, however, he returned to the House of Representatives. Alongside his duties there, he was a member of the board of governors of the University of Groningen, chairman of the Arts Council and a member of the Press Council.

In the aftermath of the collapse of the Marijnen cabinet, Cals became Prime Minister of the Netherlands on 14 April 1965. After two decades of economic growth, his cabinet experienced a slight recession. Plans to build sports halls, roads and houses had to be tempered. In Limburg the coal mines were closed and plans were drawn to educate and re-employ the former miners. There was also social unrest ('the sixties'), which became apparent in the Provo movement, construction worker protests, riots over the marriage of princess Beatrix in Amsterdam and the rise of new parties like Farmers' Party (BP), Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP), Reformed Political League (GPV) and the Democrats 66 (D'66). Especially the last party wanted to change the political order.

On 14 October 1966, Norbert Schmelzer, the leader of the Catholic People's Party and chair of its parliamentary group in the House of Representatives, tabled a motion that was interpreted as a motion of no confidence against the government and Prime Minister Cals. A shocking and surprised action in Dutch politics, later known as the Night of Schmelzer, it marked the first time that a motion of no confidence was tabled against a government by a member of a government party.[citation needed] The cabinet resigned the next day.

### Scouting

[edit]

Cals was in 1930, just after the foundation as a separate Scouting organisation, one of the first members of De Katholieke Verkenners (The Catholic Scouts). He went to the 4th World Scout Jamboree in Gödöllo, Hungary in 1933. After the liberation of the southern part of the Netherlands in 1944 he was one of the main forces in rebuilding Catholic Scouting as a separate Scouting movement in the Netherlands. During his second term as Minister of Education, Arts and Sciences, the State Secretary for Education, Arts and Sciences was his former Scout Master René Höppener.

### Trivia

[edit]

Between 1968 and 1970, Cals was in charge of the Dutch entry to the Expo '70 in Japan. From 1967 he was chairman of the National Advisory Committee on the amendment of the Constitution.

Cals was a hard worker but this was at the expense of his health, he died from a brain tumor in the MCH Westeinde hospital in The Hague on 30 December 1971 at the age of 57.

## Decorations

[edit]

Honours

Ribbon bar | Honour | Country | Date | Comment
| Knight of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre | Holy See |  |
| Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau | Netherlands  | 27 July 1963  |
| Commander of the Order of the Netherlands Lion | Netherlands  | 5 December 1966  |
Honorific Titles
Ribbon bar | Honour | Country | Date | Comment
| Minister of State | Netherlands  | 5 December 1966  | Style of Excellency

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Cals, Jozef Maria Laurens Theo (1914–1971)" (in Dutch). Huygens ING. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
2. ^ "Jo Cals" (in Dutch). Politicalheroes.org. 8 March 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
3. ^ "Kabinetscrisis 1966: de Nacht van Schmelzer" (in Dutch). Parlement & Politiek. 10 December 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
4. ^ Abrahams, Frits (12 October 1991). "Noud Cals over zijn vader mr. Jo Cals en het einde van diens kabinet; "Hij was geen bezeten man, eerder: bevlogen'". NRC (in Dutch). NRC Handelsblad. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
5. ^ "Cals, J.M.L.T." (in Dutch). Katholiek Documentatie Centrum. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
6. ^ (in Dutch) Willem Drees gekozen tot ‘Dé premier na WO II’, Geschiedenis24.nl, 15 January 2006
7. ^ (in Dutch) NRC-enquête: Drees en Lubbers beste premiers sinds 1900, NRC Handelsblad, 28 September 2013
8. ^ (in Dutch) I&O Research, I&O Research, 13 March 2020

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jo Cals.

* (in Dutch) Mr. J.M.L.Th. (Jo) Cals Parlement & Politiek
* (in Dutch) Kabinet-Cals Rijksoverheid

Political offices

New office |  State Secretary for Education,
Arts and Sciences
1950–1952  | Succeeded by

Anna de Waal

Preceded by

Theo Rutten

|  Minister of Education,
Arts and Sciences
1952–1961
1962–1963  | Succeeded by

Marga Klompé
Ad interim

Preceded by

Marga Klompé
Ad interim

Preceded by

Victor Marijnen

|  Prime Minister of the Netherlands
Minister of General Affairs
1965–1966  | Succeeded by

Jelle Zijlstra

Civic offices
Preceded by

Louis Regout Jr.

|  Chairman of the
Supervisory board of the
Mijnraad [nl]
Ad interim
1950  | Succeeded by

Louis Regout Jr.

Unknown |  Chairman of the
Supervisory board of the
Raad voor de Kunst [nl]
1963–1965  | Unknown
Business positions
Unknown |  Chairman of the
Supervisory board of Elsevier
1968–1971  | Unknown
Non-profit organization positions
Unknown |  Chairman of
The Catholic Scouts
1949–1950  | Unknown
Unknown |  Vice Chairman of
Scouting Nederland
1949–1950  | Unknown
Unknown |  Chairman of the
Supervisory board of
Oxfam Novib
1970–1971  | Unknown
Academic offices
Unknown |  Chairman of the
Education board of the
University of Groningen
1963–1965  | Unknown

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* Gräper
* Paul

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Cals cabinet (1965–1966)

* Preceded: Marijnen cabinet
* Succeed: Zijlstra cabinet

Prime Minister|

* Jo Cals (General Affairs)

Deputy Prime Ministers|

* Anne Vondeling (Finance)
* Barend Biesheuvel (Agriculture and Fisheries and Suriname and Netherlands Antilles Affairs)

Ministers|

* Jan Smallenbroek (Interior) (1965–1966)
* Ivo Samkalden (Interior) (Ad interim)
* Koos Verdam (Interior) (from 1966)
* Joseph Luns (Foreign Affairs)
* Ivo Samkalden (Justice)
* Joop den Uyl (Economic Affairs)
* Piet de Jong (Defence)
* Gerard Veldkamp (Social Affairs and Health)
* Isaäc Arend Diepenhorst (Education and Sciences)
* Ko Suurhoff (Transport and Water Management) (1965–1966)
* Pieter Bogaers (Transport and Water Management) (Ad interim)
* Ko Suurhoff (Transport and Water Management) (from 1966)
* Pieter Bogaers (Housing and Spatial Planning)
* Maarten Vrolijk (Culture, Recreation and Social Work)

Minister without portfolio|

* Theo Bot (Aid to Developing Countries)

State Secretaries|

* Theo Westerhout (Interior)
* Leo de Block (Foreign Affairs)
* Max van der Stoel (Foreign Affairs)
* Wiel Hoefnagels (Finance)
* Joop Bakker (Economic Affairs)
* Gerard Peijnenburg (Defence)
* Adri van Es (Defence)
* Jan Borghouts (Defence) (1965–1966)
* Heije Schaper (Defence) (from 1966)
* José de Meijer (Social Affairs and Health)
* Louis Bartels (Social Affairs and Health)
* Hans Grosheide (Education and Sciences)
* Siep Posthumus (Transport and Water Management)
* Cees Egas (Culture, Recreation and Social Work)

* v
* t
* e

De Quay cabinet (1959–1963)

* Preceded: Second Beel cabinet
* Succeed: Marijnen cabinet

Prime Minister|

* Jan de Quay (General Affairs)

Deputy Prime Minister|

* Henk Korthals (Transport and Water Management and Suriname and Netherlands Antilles Affairs)

Ministers|

* Edzo Toxopeus (Interior)
* Joseph Luns (Foreign Affairs)
* Jelle Zijlstra (Finance)
* Albert Beerman (Justice)
* Jan de Pous (Economic Affairs)
* Sidney J. van den Bergh (Defence) (1959)
* Jan de Quay (Defence) (Ad interim)
* Sim Visser (Defence) (from 1959)
* Charles van Rooy (Social Affairs and Health) (1959–1961)
* Victor Marijnen (Social Affairs and Health) (Ad interim)
* Gerard Veldkamp (Social Affairs and Health) (from 1961)
* Jo Cals (Education, Arts and Sciences) (1959–1961)
* Marga Klompé (Education, Arts and Sciences) (1961–1962) (Ad interim)
* Jo Cals (Education, Arts and Sciences) (1962–1963)
* Marga Klompé (Education, Arts and Sciences) (from 1963) (Ad interim)
* Victor Marijnen (Agriculture and Fisheries)
* Jan van Aartsen (Housing and Construction)
* Marga Klompé (Social Work)

State Secretaries|

* Norbert Schmelzer (General Affairs)
* Theo Bot (Interior)
* Hans van Houten (Foreign Affairs)
* Willem van den Berge (Finance)
* Gerard Veldkamp (Economic Affairs) (1959–1961)
* Frans Gijzels (Economic Affairs) (from 1961)
* Michael Calmeyer (Defence)
* Piet de Jong (Defence)
* Bauke Roolvink (Social Affairs and Health)
* Ynso Scholten (Education, Arts and Sciences)
* Gerard Stubenrouch (Education, Arts and Sciences) (1959–1962) (†)
* Harry Janssen (Education, Arts and Sciences) (from 1962)
* Eddie Stijkel (Transport and Water Management)

* v
* t
* e

Second Beel cabinet (1958–1959)

* Preceded: Third Drees cabinet
* Succeed: De Quay cabinet

Prime Minister|

* Louis Beel (General Affairs and Social Affairs and Health)

Deputy Prime Minister|

* Teun Struycken (Interior, Property and Public Sector Organisations and Justice)

Ministers|

* Joseph Luns (Foreign Affairs)
* Jelle Zijlstra (Finance and Economic Affairs)
* Kees Staf (War and Navy and Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supplies)
* Jo Cals (Education, Arts and Sciences)
* Jan van Aartsen (Transport and Water Management)
* Herman Witte (Housing and Construction)
* Marga Klompé (Social Work)
* Gerard Helders (Colonial Affairs)

State Secretaries|

* Norbert Schmelzer (Interior, Property and Public Sector Organisations)
* Gerard Veldkamp (Economic Affairs)
* Harry Moorman (Navy)
* René Höppener (Education, Arts and Sciences)

* v
* t
* e

Third Drees cabinet (1956–1958)

* Preceded: Second Drees cabinet
* Succeed: Second Beel cabinet

Prime Minister|

* Willem Drees (General Affairs)

Deputy Prime Minister|

* Teun Struycken (Interior, Property and Public Sector Organisations)

Ministers|

* Ko Suurhoff (Interior) (Ad interim)
* Joseph Luns (Foreign Affairs)
* Henk Hofstra (Finance)
* Ivo Samkalden (Justice)
* Jelle Zijlstra (Economic Affairs)
* Kees Staf (War and Navy)
* Ko Suurhoff (Social Affairs and Health)
* Jo Cals (Education, Arts and Sciences)
* Jacob Algera (Transport and Water Management) (1956–1958)
* Herman Witte (Transport and Water Management) (Ad interim)
* Jan van Aartsen (Transport and Water Management) (1958)
* Sicco Mansholt (Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supplies) (1956–1958)
* Kees Staf (Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supplies) (Ad interim)
* Anne Vondeling (Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supplies) (1958)
* Herman Witte (Housing and Construction)
* Marga Klompé (Social Work)
* Kees Staf (Colonial Affairs) (Ad interim)
* Gerard Helders (Colonial Affairs)

State Secretaries|

* Norbert Schmelzer (Interior, Property and Public Sector Organisations)
* Ernst van der Beugel (Foreign Affairs)
* Gerard Veldkamp (Economic Affairs)
* Ferdinand Kranenburg (War) (1956–1958)
* Meine van Veen (War) (1958)
* Harry Moorman (Navy)
* Aat van Rhijn (Social Affairs and Health)
* Anna de Waal (Education, Arts and Sciences) (1956–1957)
* René Höppener (Education, Arts and Sciences) (1956–1957)

* v
* t
* e

Second Drees cabinet (1952–1956)

* Preceded: First Drees cabinet
* Succeed: Third Drees cabinet

Prime Minister|

* Willem Drees (General Affairs)

Deputy Prime Minister|

* Louis Beel (Interior) (1952–1956)

Ministers|

* Julius Christiaan van Oven (Interior) (Ad interim)
* Johan Beyen (Foreign Affairs)
* Jo van de Kieft (Finance)
* Leendert Antonie Donker (Justice) (1952–1956) (†)
* Louis Beel (Justice) (Ad interim)
* Julius Christiaan van Oven (Justice) (from 1956)
* Jelle Zijlstra (Economic Affairs)
* Kees Staf (War and the Navy)
* Ko Suurhoff (Social Affairs and Health)
* Jo Cals (Education, Arts and Sciences)
* Jacob Algera (Transport and Water Management)
* Sicco Mansholt (Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supplies)
* Herman Witte (Reconstruction and Housing)
* Louis Beel (Social Work) (Ad interim)
* Frans-Jozef van Thiel (Social Work)
* Willem Kernkamp (Colonial Affairs) (1952–1956) (†)
* Kees Staf (Colonial Affairs) (1956–1957) (Ad interim)

Ministers without portfolio|

* A. C. de Bruijn (Economic Policy)
* Joseph Luns (United Nations Affairs and Colonial Policy)

State Secretaries|

* Willem Hendrik van den Berge (Finance)
* Gerard Veldkamp (Economic Affairs)
* Ferdinand Kranenburg (War)
* Harry Moorman (Navy)
* Aat van Rhijn (Social Affairs and Health)
* Piet Muntendam (Social Affairs and Health) (1952–1953)
* Anna de Waal (Education, Arts and Sciences)

* v
* t
* e

First Drees cabinet (1951–1952)

* Preceded: Drees–Van Schaik cabinet
* Succeed: Second Drees cabinet

Prime Minister|

* Willem Drees (General Affairs)

Deputy Prime Minister|

* Frans Teulings (Civil Defence)

Ministers|

* Johan van Maarseveen (Interior) (1951) (†)
* Frans Teulings (Interior) (Ad interim)
* Louis Beel (Interior) (from 1951)
* Dirk Stikker (Foreign Affairs)
* Piet Lieftinck (Finance) (1951–1952)
* Willem Drees (Finance) (Ad interim)
* Hendrik Mulderije (Justice)
* Jan van den Brink (Economic Affairs)
* Kees Staf (War and the Navy)
* Dolf Joekes (Social Affairs and Health)
* Theo Rutten (Education, Arts and Sciences)
* Hendrik Wemmers (Transport and Water Management)
* Sicco Mansholt (Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supplies)
* Joris in 't Veld (Reconstruction and Housing)
* Willem Drees (Colonial Affairs) (Ad interim)
* Leonard Peters (Colonial Affairs) (from 1951)

Minister without portfolio|

* Guus Albregts (Economic Policy)

State Secretaries|

* Nico Blom (Foreign Affairs)
* Ferdinand Kranenburg (War)
* Harry Moorman (Navy)
* Aat van Rhijn (Social Affairs and Health)
* Piet Muntendam (Social Affairs and Health)
* Jo Cals (Education, Arts and Sciences)
* Lubbertus Götzen (Colonial Affairs)

* v
* t
* e

Drees–Van Schaik cabinet (1948–1951)

* Preceded: First Beel cabinet
* Succeed: First Drees cabinet

Prime Minister|

* Willem Drees (General Affairs)

Deputy Prime Minister|

* Josef van Schaik (Kingdom Reconstruction)

Ministers|

* Johan van Maarseveen (Interior) (1948–1949)
* Josef van Schaik (Interior) (Ad interim)
* Frans Teulings (Interior) (from 1949)
* Dirk Stikker (Foreign Affairs)
* Piet Lieftinck (Finance)
* René Wijers (Justice) (1949–1950)
* Johan van Maarseveen (Justice) (Ad interim)
* Teun Struycken (Justice) (from 1950)
* Jan van den Brink (Economic Affairs)
* Wim Schokking (War and the Navy) (1948–1950)
* Hans s'Jacob (War and the Navy) (from 1950)
* Dolf Joekes (Social Affairs)
* Theo Rutten (Education, Arts and Sciences)
* Josef van Schaik (Transport and Water Management) (Ad interim)
* Derk Spitzen (Transport and Water Management) (from 1948)
* Sicco Mansholt (Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Supplies)
* Joris in 't Veld (Reconstruction and Housing)
* Maan Sassen (Colonial Affairs) (1948–1949)
* Johan van Maarseveen (Colonial Affairs) (from 1949)

Minister without portfolio|

* Lubbertus Götzen (Indonesian Monetary Policy)

State Secretaries|

* Nico Blom (Foreign Affairs) (from 1950)
* Wim van der Grinten (Economic Affairs) (from 1949)
* Wim Fockema Andreae (War) (1949–1950)
* Harry Moorman (War) (from 1950)
* Harry Moorman (Navy) (from 1949)
* Aat van Rhijn (Social Affairs) (from 1950)
* Piet Muntendam (Social Affairs) (from 1950)
* Jo Cals (Education, Arts and Sciences) (from 1950)

Authority control databases

International|

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National|

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Other|

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