Joachim Bouvet

French Jesuit

Joachim Bouvet

Plate from Joachim Bouvet's Etat présent de la Chine (1697)

Chinese| 白晋 or 白進
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Bái Jìn
Wade–Giles| Pái Chìn
IPA| [pǎɪ tɕîn]
Courtesy name
Chinese| 明远
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Míng Yuǎn
Wade–Giles| Míng Yüǎn
Yale Romanization| Míng Ywǎn

Joachim Bouvet (Chinese: 白晋 or 白進, courtesy name: 明远) (July 18, 1656, in Le Mans – June 28, 1730, in Peking) was a French Jesuit who worked in China, and the leading member of the Figurist movement.

## China

[edit]

Bouvet was born in Le Mans, France; he entered the Society of Jesus in 1673. He went to China in 1687, as one of six Jesuits, the first group of French missionaries to China, sent by Louis XIV of France, under Superior Jean de Fontaney.[1]

Before setting out for their destination, he and his associates were admitted to the French Académie des Sciences and were commissioned by that learned body to carry on astronomical observations, to determine the geographical positions of the various places they were to visit, and to collect various scientific data.[2]

The group, after being provided with all necessary scientific instruments, by order of the king, sailed from Brest, 3 March 1685, with Father Fontaney as Superior. After spending some time in Siam, they finally arrived in Peking, 7 February 1688. The Jesuits were well received by the Kangxi Emperor. Bouvet and Jean-François Gerbillon stayed at Peking, teaching the emperor mathematics and astronomy.[2]

While engaged in this work, the two Jesuits wrote several mathematical treatises in the Tatar language which the emperor caused to be translated into Chinese, adding the prefaces himself. The emperor also granted them a site within the Imperial City enclosure for a church and residence which were finally completed in 1702.[2]

Bouvet later served as the Chinese emperor's envoy to France, and returned to his home country in 1697 with instructions from the emperor to obtain new missionaries. Kangxi made him the bearer of a gift of forty-nine volumes in Chinese for the French king. These were deposited in the Royal Library, and Louis XIV, in turn, commissioned Father Bouvet to present to the emperor a magnificently bound collection of engravings. During his sojourn in France, he corresponded with Leibniz and published two works about China. In 1698, Bouvet chartered the ship Amphitrite, registering it as a warship to avoid customs duties.[3] In 1699 Bouvet arrived in China for the second time, accompanied by ten missionaries, among them Joseph Henri Marie de Prémare, Jean-Baptiste Régis, and Dominique Parrenin.[4] Kangxi honored Bouvet further with the title of interpreter to his son, the heir-apparent.

A diagram of I Ching hexagrams sent by Bouvet to the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1701.[5]

In 1700, with four of his fellow missionaries, Bouvet presented a memorialto the emperor, asking for a decision as to the meaning attached to the various ceremonies of the Chinese in honor of Confucius and their ancestors. The emperor, who had taken a keen interest in the controversy regarding the ceremonies, replied that they were simply civil usages, having no religious significance whatsoever. The memorial, together with the emperors reply, was published in the Peking Gazette but failed to allay the excitement then raging in Europe over the question. In 1706, Kangxi decided to send Bouvet to the Vatican to settle the Chinese Rites controversy but later changed his mind.

From 1708 to 1715, Bouvet and Jean-Baptiste Régis were engaged in a survey of the country and the preparation of maps of its various provinces.

As a sinologist, Bouvet focused his research on I Ching. Trying to find a connection between the Chinese classics and the Bible, Bouvet came to the conclusion that the Chinese had known the whole truth of the Christian tradition in ancient times and that this truth could be found in the Chinese classics. Even though he had some of his texts published, none of Bouvet's more extreme Figurist texts was published until the mid-19th century.

Bouvet died in Peking on June 28, 1730.[6] His gravestone stele is on display at the Stone Carving Museum of Beijing (at the Five Pagoda Temple) together with the gravestone steles of Father Gerbillon, and Father Regis.

## Major works

[edit]

* Etat présent de la Chine, en figures gravées par P. Giffart sur les dessins apportés au roi par le P. J. Bouvet (Paris, 1697)
* Portrait historique de l'empereur de la Chine (Paris, 1697)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Witek, John W. "Joachim Bouvet", Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity, 1998
2. ^ a b c Brock, Henry. "Joachim Bouvet." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 8 March 2023  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
3. ^ Sullivan, Michael (1989). The Meeting of Eastern and Western Art. University of California Press. p. 99\. ISBN 978-0-520-05902-3.
4. ^ Kupfer, Peter (2008). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. p. 256\. ISBN 9783631575338.
5. ^ Perkins, Franklin. Leibniz and China: A Commerce of Light. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. p 117. Print.
6. ^ von Collani, Claudia. "Biography of Joachim Bouvet SJ, China missionary". Archived from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2016.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Joachim Bouvet". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

## References

[edit]

* Li, Shenwen, 2001, Stratégies missionnaires des Jésuites Français en Nouvelle-France et en Chine au XVIIieme siècle, Les Presses de l'Université Laval, L'Harmattan, ISBN 2-7475-1123-5
* Short biography in the Hong Kong Catholic diocesan Archive

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