John Negroponte

American diplomat

John Negroponte

Official portrait, 2007

15th United States Deputy Secretary of State
In office
February 27, 2007 – January 23, 2009
President| George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Preceded by| Robert Zoellick
Succeeded by| James Steinberg
1st Director of National Intelligence
In office
April 21, 2005 – February 13, 2007
President| George W. Bush
Preceded by| Position established
Succeeded by| Mike McConnell
United States Ambassador to Iraq
In office
July 29, 2004 – March 17, 2005
President| George W. Bush
Preceded by| Krzysztof Biernacki (acting)
Succeeded by| Zalmay Khalilzad
23rd United States Ambassador to the United Nations
In office
September 19, 2001 – June 23, 2004
President| George W. Bush
Preceded by| Richard Holbrooke
Succeeded by| John Danforth
United States Ambassador to the Philippines
In office
October 26, 1993 – August 5, 1996
President| Bill Clinton
Preceded by| Richard H. Solomon
Succeeded by| Thomas C. Hubbard
United States Ambassador to Mexico
In office
July 3, 1989 – September 5, 1993
President| George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton
Preceded by| Charles J. Pilliod Jr.
Succeeded by| James R. Jones
16th United States Deputy National Security Advisor
In office
November 23, 1987 – January 20, 1989
President| Ronald Reagan
Preceded by| Colin Powell
Succeeded by| Robert Gates
6th Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
In office
July 19, 1985 – November 23, 1987
President| Ronald Reagan
Preceded by| James L. Malone
Succeeded by| Frederick M. Bernthal
United States Ambassador to Honduras
In office
November 11, 1981 – May 30, 1985
President| Ronald Reagan
Preceded by| Jack R. Binns
Succeeded by| John Arthur Ferch
Personal details
Born|

John Dimitri Negroponte

(1939-07-21) July 21, 1939 (age 85)
London, England
Political party| Republican
Spouse|

Diana Villiers

(m. 1971)​

Children| 5
Education| Yale University (BA)
Harvard University

John Dimitri Negroponte (/ˌnɛɡroʊˈpɒnti/; born July 21, 1939) is an American diplomat. In 2018, he was a James R. Schlesinger Distinguished Professor at the Miller Center for Public Affairs at the University of Virginia. He is a former J.B. and Maurice C. Shapiro Professor of International Affairs at the George Washington University's Elliott School of International Affairs.[1] Prior to this appointment, he served as a research fellow and lecturer in international affairs at Yale University's Jackson Institute for Global Affairs, United States Deputy Secretary of State (2007–2009), and the first ever Director of National Intelligence (2005–2007).

Negroponte served in the United States Foreign Service from 1960 to 1997. From 1981 to 1996, he had tours of duty as United States ambassador in Honduras, Mexico, and the Philippines. After leaving the Foreign Service, he subsequently served in the Bush administration as U.S. permanent representative to the United Nations from 2001 to 2004, and was ambassador to Iraq from June 2004 to April 2005.[2]

## Early life and education

[edit]

Negroponte was born in London on July 21, 1939, to Greek parents Dimitrios Negrepontis (1915–1996) of the Negroponte family and Catherine Coumantaros (1917–2001). His father was a shipping magnate and alpine skier who competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics. Negroponte attended the Allen-Stevenson School and The Buckley School and graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy in 1956 and Yale University in 1960. He was a member of Fence Club (Psi Upsilon fraternity), alongside William H. T. Bush, the brother of President George H. W. Bush, and Porter Goss, who served as Director of Central Intelligence and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency under Negroponte from 2005 to 2006.[3]

After less than a semester at Harvard Law School, Negroponte joined the Foreign Service in 1960.[4] He served at eight different Foreign Service posts in Asia (including the U.S. Embassy, Saigon),[5] Europe and Latin America, and he also held important positions at the State Department and the White House. As a young Foreign Service officer—one of the few men in Washington who dared to openly disagree with Henry Kissinger's secret handling of the Vietnam peace talks—Negroponte attempted to convince his superior that any peace agreement negotiated without the consent of South Vietnam's leader Nguyen Van Thieu would be doomed to failure. Seymour Hersh claims in his book The Price of Power that Kissinger never forgave Negroponte, and, upon becoming Secretary of State, exiled him to Quito, Ecuador. Ironically, this was to be the beginning of Negroponte's long distinguished career as an ambassador. In 1981, he became the U.S. Ambassador to Honduras. From 1985 to 1987, Negroponte held the position of Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Subsequently, he served as Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, from 1987 to 1989; Ambassador to Mexico, from 1989 to 1993; and Ambassador to the Philippines from 1993 to 1996. As Deputy National Security Advisor to President Ronald Reagan, he was involved in the campaign to remove from power General Manuel Noriega in Panama. From 1997 until his appointment as ambassador to the U.N., Negroponte was an executive with McGraw-Hill.[6]

## Career

[edit]

### Ambassador to Honduras (1981–1985)

[edit]

John Negroponte at the Military Camp in Honduras in April 1984

From 1981 to 1985, Negroponte was the U.S. ambassador to Honduras. During this time, military aid to Honduras grew from $4 million to $77.4 million a year, and the US began to maintain a significant military presence there, with the goal of overthrowing the revolutionary Sandinista government of Nicaragua, which had overthrown the Somoza dictatorship in a civil war. [citation needed]

The previous U.S. ambassador to Honduras, Jack Binns, who was appointed by President Jimmy Carter, made numerous complaints about human rights abuses by the Honduran Army under the government of Policarpo Paz García. After the inauguration of Ronald Reagan, Binns was replaced by Negroponte, who has denied any knowledge of wrongdoing by the Honduran Army.

In 1995, The Baltimore Sun published an extensive investigation of U.S. activities in Honduras. Speaking of Negroponte and other senior U.S. officials, an ex-Honduran congressman, Efraín Díaz, was quoted as saying:[7]

> Their attitude was one of tolerance and silence. They needed Honduras to loan its territory more than they were concerned about innocent people being killed.[citation needed]

Substantial evidence subsequently emerged to support the contention that Negroponte knew serious violations of human rights were being committed by the Honduran government, but despite this he did not recommend ending U.S. military aid to Honduras. Senator Christopher Dodd of Connecticut, on September 14, 2001, as reported in the Congressional Record, aired his suspicions on the occasion of Negroponte's nomination to the position of UN ambassador:

> Based upon the Committee's review of State Department and CIA documents, it would seem that Ambassador Negroponte knew far more about human rights abuses perpetrated by the Honduran government than he chose to share with the committee in 1989 or in embassy contributions at the time to annual State Department Human Rights reports.[8]

Among other evidence, Dodd cited a 1985 cable sent by Negroponte that made it clear that Negroponte was aware of the threat of "future human rights abuses" by "secret operating cells" left over by General Gustavo Álvarez Martínez, the chief of the Honduran armed forces, after he was forcibly removed from his post by fellow military commanders in 1984. The cables reveal that Negroponte repeatedly urged reform of the Honduran criminal code and justice system to replace arbitrary measures taken by the Honduran government after events such as the destruction of the nation's main power plant at Tegucigalpa and the abduction of the entire business establishment of San Pedro Sula, Honduras' second largest city, in 1982.[9] Negroponte's predecessor as Ambassador, Carter appointee Jack Binns acknowledged that human rights abuses committed by the Honduran Army were supported by military assistance from the Argentine junta and the CIA during the Carter administration, and that neither the Honduran government nor the CIA kept the embassy informed of what it was doing.[10] The scale of the carnage in Honduras was limited to less than 300 'disappearances' during the five years of the Negroponte and Binns ambassadorships as compared with 70,000 lost lives as a result of civil war and repression in El Salvador, notwithstanding that Honduras was involved in a low-level civil war punctuated at times by invasions of its territory.[citation needed]

In April 2005, as the Senate confirmation hearings for the National Intelligence post were held, hundreds of documents were released by the State Department in response to a FOIA request by The Washington Post.[citation needed] The documents, cables that Negroponte sent to Washington while serving as ambassador to Honduras, indicated that he played a more active role than previously known in managing US efforts against the leftist Sandinista government next door in Nicaragua. According to the Post, the image of Negroponte that emerges from the cables is that of an:

> exceptionally energetic, action-oriented ambassador whose anti-communist convictions led him to downplay human rights abuses in Honduras, the most reliable U.S. ally in the region. There is little in the documents the State Department has released so far to support his assertion that he used "quiet diplomacy" to persuade the Honduran authorities to investigate the most egregious violations, including the mysterious disappearance of dozens of government opponents.[11]

The New York Times wrote that the documents revealed:

> a tough cold warrior who enthusiastically carried out President Ronald Reagan's strategy. They show he sent admiring reports to Washington about the Honduran Army chief, who was blamed for human rights violations, warned that peace talks with the Nicaraguan government might be a dangerous "Trojan horse" and pleaded with officials in Washington to impose greater secrecy on the Honduran role in aiding the contras.

> The cables show that Mr. Negroponte worked closely with William J. Casey, then director of central intelligence, on the Reagan administration's anti-Communist offensive in Central America. He helped word a secret 1983 presidential "finding" authorizing support for the Contras, as the Nicaraguan rebels were known, and met regularly with Honduran military officials to win and retain their backing for the covert action.[12]

Both papers based their stories on cables obtained by a Post FOIA request. George Washington University's National Security Archive writes of:

> dozens of cables in which the Ambassador sought to undermine regional peace efforts such as the Contadora initiative that ultimately won Costa Rican president Oscar Arias a Nobel Prize, as well as multiple reports of meetings and conversations with Honduran military officers who were instrumental in providing logistical support and infrastructure for CIA covert operations in support of the contras against Nicaragua—"our special project" as Negroponte refers to the contra war in the cable traffic.[13]

Negroponte was opposed to early drafts of peace settlements on the ground that they would have left undisturbed what he described as an enormous threat presented by expansion of the Nicaraguan armed forces with Soviet and Cuban aid. In his tenure in Honduras, Negroponte steered a middle course between State Department and journalistic critics who favored a policy of nonresistance to the militarization of the Sandinista regime to power Nicaragua and its aid to rebel movements in Honduras and El Salvador and 'hard line' persons within the Reagan administration who would have involved the United States in Central America through actions such as blockades, bombing of Nicaraguan airfields, the provision of offensive weapons, and the installation of permanent military bases. A study of American policy has noted that "the United States had a great deal to do with the preservation of Honduran stability. Had it not been for U.S. enticements and pressures elections probably would not have been held in 1980 and 1981. The perpetuation of the military dictatorship would have undermined the legitimacy of the political order, making it far more vulnerable to revolutionary turmoil. By the same token, strong North American opposition to President Suazo's attempt to remain in power in 1985 helped preserve the fragile legitimacy that had been built over the preceding five years ... massive economic aid prevented the economy's collapse ... without the United States, it might well have disintegrated into chaos."[14] Following Bush-Gorbachev meetings beginning in 1986, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union ended military support for 'proxy wars', in Central America, and free elections in Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador followed. Senator Bill Bradley regarded the whole episode as "a minor issue--the supply of arms to the Nicaraguan contras, a policy that took on monumental proportions inside the Beltway and upon those liberals who saw another quagmire in every exercise of military power."[15]

### Assistant Secretary for Environment, Oceans and Fisheries (1985-1989)

[edit]

In this posting, Negroponte together with Ambassador Richard Benedick negotiated the Montreal Protocol on Ozone, the most successful modern environmental treaty, overcoming opposition from Europe, Russia, and China and from some Reagan administration officials. (R. Benedick, Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard, 1998), 101) He also fostered scientific cooperation with the Soviet Union clashing with 'hard liners' like Richard Perle as well as two treaties relating to cooperation in dealing with nuclear accidents in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster.[citation needed]

### Ambassador to Mexico (1989–1993)

[edit]

During Negroponte's tour as US Ambassador to Mexico, he was instrumental in persuading the Bush administration to respond to a Mexican initiative by negotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) despite initial opposition by the U.S. Office of Trade Representative. His tenure in Mexico was thus the most consequential of any modern American ambassadorship. It was observed twenty years later that "Every so often, there comes to light a document revealing the foresight of a public servant who grasped the full consequences and implications of a particular government measure or policy. Such a document was written in the spring of 1991 by the then U.S.Ambassador to Mexico, John Negroponte."[16] Another commentator noted the subsequent proliferation of Negroponte's vision in other free trade agreements.[17] He officiated at the block-long, fortified embassy where he liberalized visa practices.

### Ambassador to the UN (2001-2004)

[edit]

President George W. Bush appointed Negroponte to be U.S. ambassador to the United Nations in February 2001, and after substantial opposition from Senate Democrats the nomination was ratified by the Senate on September 15, 2001, four days after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States. According to CBS News:

> At the United Nations, Negroponte, 64, was instrumental in winning unanimous approval of a Security Council resolution that demanded Saddam Hussein comply with U.N. mandates to disarm.[18]

During Colin Powell's speech to the Security Council on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, Negroponte could be seen sitting behind Powell's left shoulder. Negroponte, however, had warned the Bush administration about the adverse consequences of intervening in Iraq.[19]

In the New York Review of Books, Stephen Kinzer reported that the messages sent by nominating Negroponte were that "the Bush administration will not be bound by diplomatic niceties as it conducts its foreign policy." A State Department official told him that "Giving him this job is a way of telling the UN: 'We hate you.'"[20]

#### Ambassador to Iraq (2004–2005)

[edit]

John D. Negroponte's remarks at swearing in ceremony as new U.S. Ambassador to Iraq

On April 19, 2004, Negroponte was nominated by U.S. President George W. Bush to be the United States Ambassador to Iraq after the June 30 transfer of sovereignty to the new Iraqi government. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 6, 2004, by a vote of 95 to 3, and was sworn in on June 23, 2004, replacing L. Paul Bremer as the U.S.'s highest ranking American civilian in Iraq. He advised the Bush administration that security had to precede reconstruction in Iraq, organized a peaceful election, and gave advice, equally unwelcome to Secretary Rumsfeld and Democrats in Congress, that a five-year commitment would be required.[21]

### Director of National Intelligence (2005–2007)

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Negroponte's swearing in ceremony as DNI.

On February 17, 2005, President George W. Bush named Negroponte as the first Director of National Intelligence, (DNI), a cabinet-level position charged with coordinating the nation's Intelligence Community.[22] On April 21, 2005, Negroponte was confirmed by a vote of 98 to 2 in the Senate, and subsequently sworn into the office that was called "substantially stronger" than its predecessor position, the Director of Central Intelligence.[23] Part of its power stemmed from the ability to "determine" budgets, prompting President Bush to remark, "That's why John Negroponte is going to have a lot of influence. He will set the budgets."[24] The budget of the Intelligence Community is estimated at $40 billion.[24]

A memorandum in the Federal Register signed May 5, 2006. by President Bush states that Negroponte, as intelligence czar, be delegated the authority to exempt companies from accurate accounting standards, a power previously reserved for the chief executive under the 1934 Securities Exchange Act.[25]

Reaction in the intelligence community to Negroponte's nomination was, according to Newsweek, "overwhelmingly positive" because he had "earned the respect of many intel professionals since those early days of the Reagan counterinsurgency."[26] The Times noted, "if anyone can bring a semblance of unity to America's bewildering network of competing spy agencies, it is John Negroponte."[27]

Congressional reaction was also positive. Sen. Jay Rockefeller (D-WV), then-vice chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee said, "I think that Ambassador Negroponte is a very sound choice. Ambassador Negroponte has served bravely and with distinction in Iraq and at the United Nations during a time of turmoil and uncertainty. He brings a record of proven leadership and strong management." Rep. Jane Harman (D-CA), then-ranking member of the House Intelligence Committee noted, "John Negroponte is a smart choice for a very important job. He's a seasoned and skilled diplomat, who has served with distinction at the United Nations and in Iraq -- and he has the full confidence of the president."[28]

According to John MacGaffin, the CIA's former associate deputy director for clandestine operations, "This is a guy who plays hardball. He's a man who understands the whole range of counterintelligence, intelligence and covert action. They're all parts of foreign policy and protecting ourselves."[26] "We've known for the last 40 years that what's wrong [with intelligence] is that no one's in charge," one retired CIA official told Newsweek. "For once we have a chance to do something with someone truly in charge. Negroponte's going to decide what the answer is."[26]

As DNI, Negroponte, "embarked on an impressive array of reform efforts," with "perhaps the most transformational work ... [involving] the effort to retool the creaky electronic infrastructure of the intelligence community."[22]

According to U.S. News & World Report, one of Negroponte's first tests was on an overbudget satellite system. The $25 billion system, called the "Future Imagery Architecture," was created as the "foundation for the next generation of America's space-based surveillance efforts." The reality was quite different, as it became, "a managerial nightmare – five years behind schedule and billions over budget. Poor quality control and technical problems raised questions about whether the system would ever work properly." Negroponte "moved decisively" and jettisoned half the classified project.[22]

Negroponte also appointed "mission managers" – intelligence professionals focused on America's hardest targets and most looming threats. The mission managers are focused on counterterrorism, counterproliferation, counterintelligence, Iran, North Korea, and Cuba and Venezuela.[29] According to John McLaughlin, former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (DDCI), the mission manager concept, "holds much promise for integrating analysis, collection and other intelligence activities."[30][31] It has also proven beneficial during potential crises. According to a senior intelligence official quoted in U.S. News & World Report, "In the days after North Korea's recent nuclear test, the DNI put mission manager and CIA veteran Joseph DeTrani at the center of the developing crisis. Along with issuing a twice-daily intelligence summary, DeTrani served as a 'traffic cop,' coordinating analysis, briefing the White House, and tasking spies on what to target."[22]

In a November 2006 cover story in U.S. News & World Report, it was noted that Negroponte and his office, "have made a promising start – and, remarkably, encountered an apparent willingness to embark on the necessary reforms."[22] Progress made included the White House approval of more than 30 DNI recommendations on improving the flow of intelligence and terrorism data to state and local authorities; requiring intelligence agencies to accept each other's clearance; "open[ing] up the analytic process to new ideas and new people" to prevent groupthink – and the creation of an analytic ombudsman; the establishment of an Open Source center, "designed to broaden the flow of ideas to analysts"; and more "red teams" to challenge conventional thinking.[22] Furthermore, the President's Daily Brief, the highly classified report given to the President each morning by Negroponte, once prepared solely by the Central Intelligence Agency, is now compiled from intelligence agencies across the government. "I believe what I can bring to the community is a sense of what our most important customer is interested in," Negroponte told US News about briefing the president.[22]

In spite of his progress leading the Intelligence Community, though, there were rumors that Negroponte wanted to move back to the field in which he spent 37 years – the State Department and Foreign Service.[32] The rumors became official on January 5, 2007, when Negroponte announced his resignation as DNI and move to the State Department to serve as Deputy Secretary of State.[33]

Former DDCI John McLaughlin wrote after the resignation was announced, "Negroponte must be credited with bringing a reassuring and confident demeanor to a community that had been rocked by controversy."[30] According to Newsweek, "Under Negroponte, the intel czar's office was praised by both congressional and executive-branch officials for greatly improving—via its National Counterterrorism Center—the sharing among relevant agencies of intelligence reports about terror threats."[30][34]

### U.S. Deputy Secretary of State (2007–2009)

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This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2014)

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Negroponte was sworn in as U.S. Deputy Secretary of State by President George W. Bush on February 27, 2007.[35] He served in that position until the end of the Bush administration on January 20, 2009.

### Later career

[edit]

Senator Jim Webb, Council on Foreign Relations President Richard N. Haass, former Deputy Secretary of State John Negroponte, former Senator John Warner, and journalist Andrea Mitchell at Ronald Reagan Centennial Roundtable in 2011

Ambassador Negroponte joined McLarty Associates, an international strategic advisory firm headquartered in Washington, D.C., in 2009.[36] He serves on the Leadership Council of Concordia,[37] a nonpartisan, nonprofit based in New York City focused on promoting effective public–private collaboration to create a more prosperous and sustainable future.[38]

Negroponte was one of 50 signatories of a statement concerning 2016 Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump in which Trump was called "reckless" and stated that he would "put at risk our country's national security and well-being."[39]

In 2020, Negroponte, along with over 130 other former Republican national security officials, signed a statement that asserted that President Trump was unfit to serve another term, and "To that end, we are firmly convinced that it is in the best interest of our nation that Vice President Joe Biden be elected as the next President of the United States, and we will vote for him."[40]

## Personal life

[edit]

Negroponte speaks five languages (English, French, Greek, Spanish, and Vietnamese). He is the elder brother of Nicholas Negroponte, founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Media Lab and of the One Laptop per Child project. His brother Michel is an Emmy Award-winning filmmaker, and his other brother, George Negroponte, is an artist and was president of the Drawing Center of New York City from 2002 to 2007. Negroponte and his wife, Diana Mary Villiers (b. August 14, 1947), have five adopted children, Marina, Alexandra, John, George and Sophia, all of whom were adopted from Honduras.[41] Negroponte and his wife were married on December 14, 1971.[citation needed]

## Recognition

[edit]

* National Security Medal
* State Department Secretary's Distinguished Service Award with gold service star (in lieu of second award)
* Lifetime Achievement Award, World Affairs Councils of America
* Raymond "Jit" Trainor Award for Distinction in the Conduct of Diplomacy, Georgetown University, Institute for the Study of Diplomacy (2005)
* Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member President Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga of Latvia (2006)[42][43][44]
* George F. Kennan Award for Distinguished Public Service, National Committee on American Foreign Policy (2011)
* Distinguished Service Award for the Advancement of Public Discourse on Foreign Policy, American Committees on Foreign Relations (2014)
* Walter and Leonore Annenberg Award for Excellence in Diplomacy, The American Academy of Diplomacy (2019)
* Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society, Trinity College, Dublin.

## See also

[edit]

* Negroponte doctrine
* The Ambassador (2005), Norwegian documentary film that examines the career of John Negroponte, focusing primarily on his time as U.S. Ambassador to Honduras in the early 1980s
* Battalion 316, Honduran army unit responsible for carrying out political assassinations and torture of suspected political opponents of the government during the 1980s
* Iran–Contra affair
* List of U.S. political appointments that crossed party lines

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Ambassador John D. Negroponte: Briefing a Future President about Foreign Policy | GW Today | The George Washington University". Gwtoday.gwu.edu. February 24, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
2. ^ "The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training, Foreign Affairs Oral History Project: Ambassador John D. Negroponte" (PDF). Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. February 11, 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 3, 2024. Retrieved July 10, 2024.
3. ^ Marshall, Joshua Micah (May 7, 2006). "Big world, small world". Talking Points Memo blog. Archived from the original on August 19, 2006. Retrieved July 21, 2006.
4. ^ Scott Shane (March 29, 2005). "Poker-Faced Diplomat, Negroponte Is Poised for Role as Spy Chief". The New York Times. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
5. ^ Paxman, Jeremy (1985), Through the Volcanoes: A Central American Journey, London: Paladin, p. 133
6. ^ "U.S. State Department Biographies". Retrieved January 2, 2020.
7. ^ Cohn, Gary; Thompson, Ginger. "A Carefully Crafted Deception". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
8. ^ "Nomination of John Negroponte". Congressional Record: (Senate). September 14, 2001. pp. S9431–S9433. Retrieved July 21, 2006.
9. ^ Menzel, Sewall (2006). Dictators, Drugs & Revolution: Cold War Campaigning in Latin America 1965 - 89. New York: AuthorHouse. pp. 141–43. ISBN 9781425935535.
10. ^ Binns, Jack (2000). The United States in Honduras, 1980–81: An Ambassador's Memoir. Jefferson: McFarland & Company. pp. 13, 14, 33, 51, 320–22. ISBN 9780786407347.
11. ^ Dobbs, Michael (April 12, 2005). "Papers Illustrate Negroponte's Contra Role". The Washington Post. p. A04. Retrieved July 21, 2006.
12. ^ Shane, Scott (April 13, 2005). "Cables Show Central Negroponte Role in 80's Covert War Against Nicaragua". The New York Times. p. A14. Retrieved July 21, 2006. (preview only)
13. ^ Kornbluh, Peter (April 12, 2005). "The Negroponte File: Negroponte's Chron File From Tenure in Honduras Posted". National Security Archive.
14. ^ Schulz, Donald; Deborah, Sundloff Schulz (1994). The United States, Honduras and the Crisis in Central America. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 321. ISBN 9780813313238.
15. ^ Bradley, Bill (1996). Time Present, Time Past: A Memoir. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 54. ISBN 9780679444886.
16. ^ Joseph Contreras (2009), "In the Shadow of the Giant: The Americanization of Mexico", pp. 40-42.
17. ^ Walter Russell Mead (September 1992). "Bushism, found: A second-term agenda hidden in trade agreements". Harper's Magazine. pp. 37–45. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
18. ^ "Bush Taps Negroponte For Iraq Post". CBS News. April 9, 2004. Retrieved August 17, 2006.
19. ^ "U.N. Ambassador Emerges As Voice of Caution on Iraq", Colum Lynch. Washington Post. January 14, 2003. Retrieved February 16, 2017
20. ^ Our man in Honduras (Stephen Kinzer for The New York Review of Books, September 20, 2001)
21. ^ R. Earle, "Nights in the Pink Motel: An American Strategist's Pursuit of Peace in Iraq" (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute, 2008)
22. ^ a b c d e f g First Line of Defense -- Inside the Effort to Remake U.S. Intelligence, U.S. News & World Report, archived from the original on October 14, 2007, retrieved October 12, 2007
23. ^ Richard A Best Jr.; Alfred Cumming; and Todd Masse, Director of National Intelligence: Statutory Authorities (PDF), Federation of American Scientists, retrieved October 12, 2007
24. ^ a b William Branigin (February 17, 2005), "Bush Nominates Negroponte to New Intel Post", The Washington Post, retrieved October 12, 2007
25. ^ "Intelligence Czar Can Waive SEC Rules". Businessweek.com. May 23, 2006. Archived from the original on May 25, 2006. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
26. ^ a b c Tough Diplomacy, msnbc.com, archived from the original on February 20, 2005, retrieved October 12, 2007
27. ^ Profile: John Negroponte: Ringmaster for the big US spy showdown, London: The Sunday Times, February 20, 2005, retrieved October 12, 2007
28. ^ Reaction to the nomination of Negroponte as director of intelligence, cnn.com, February 17, 2005, retrieved October 12, 2007
29. ^ Office of the Director of national Intelligence, October 12, 2007, retrieved October 12, 2007
30. ^ a b c John McLaughlin (January 7, 2007), "The New Intelligence Challenge", The Washington Post, p. B07, retrieved October 12, 2007
31. ^ John Dimitri Negroponte - Greek Influance around the World, April 6, 2007, retrieved October 12, 2007
32. ^ Al Kamen (November 15, 2006), "Pentagon (Job) Classifieds", The Washington Post, p. A19, retrieved October 12, 2007
33. ^ President Bush Nominates John Negroponte as Deputy Secretary of State and Vice Admiral Mike McConnell as Director of National Intelligence, The White House, January 5, 2007, retrieved October 12, 2007
34. ^ Politics: A White House Shuffle, newsweek, January 15, 2007, archived from the original on May 12, 2007, retrieved October 12, 2007
35. ^ "Bush attends swearing-in of Negroponte as Deputy Secretary of State". UPI.com. February 27, 2007. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
36. ^ Library, C. N. N. (July 16, 2013). "John Negroponte Fast Facts". CNN.
37. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2014.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
38. ^ "About Us". Concordia. August 11, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
39. ^ Morello, Carol. "Former GOP national security officials: Trump would be 'most reckless' American president in history". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
40. ^ "Former Republican National Security Officials for Biden". Defending Democracy Together. August 20, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
41. ^ Blumenfeld, Laura (January 28, 2007). "For Negroponte, Move to State Dept. Is a Homecoming". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286.
42. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
43. ^ "2006 Summit Highlights Photo". "John D. Negroponte, the Director of National Intelligence, receives the Academy's Golden Plate Award presented by Council member President Vaira Vike-Freiberga of Latvia during the 2006 Achievement Summit in Los Angeles."
44. ^ "2007 Summit Highlights Photo". "The Director of the CIA, General Michael Hayden, is presented with the Golden Plate Award by John Negroponte."

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Negroponte.

* Appearances on C-SPAN
* C-SPAN Q&A interview with Negroponte, December 3, 2006
* John Negroponte on Charlie Rose
* John Negroponte at IMDb
* John Negroponte collected news and commentary at The New York Times

Profiles

* Profile at SourceWatch
* RightWeb profile of John Negroponte
* Profile: John Negroponte, Center for Cooperative Research
* The Negroponte File, National Security Archive
* Office of the Director of National Intelligence
* Negroponte sworn in as Intelligence Director (May 18, 2005)
* Official biography at the United Nations website
* The Negroponte File: Additional Papers, National Security Archive, updated August 12, 2005
* Biofile: John Negroponte, a biography page
* John Negroponte addresses The World Affairs Councils of America national conference[usurped], February 8, 2006 (video)
* Ambassador Negroponte Video Address at Harvard, 12/1/2006, "Global Security Challenges Facing the Intelligence Community."
* Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations
* Negroponte on China: October 2007

### Favorable commentary

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* What NID Needs (Fred Kaplan for Slate, February 17, 2005)
* Smearing Negroponte (Rich Lowry for National Review, February 22, 2005)
* "Bush's cool cold warrior goes to UN" (Jan McGirk in the Independent) September 16, 2001

### Criticism

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* We Must Not Move On (Paul Laverty for The Guardian, April 13, 2005)
* Negroponte's Time in Honduras at Issue (Michael Dobbs for The Washington Post, March 21, 2005)
* John Negroponte's Human Rights Record Continues to Stir Debate (May I Speak Freely Media \- extensive list of links to critical commentary and news articles, etc., February 2005)
* Bush hands key post to veteran of dirty wars (Duncan Campbell of The Guardian on Negroponte's past history, February 18, 2005)
* From Central America to Iraq Archived January 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (Noam Chomsky for Khaleej Times, August 6, 2004)
* Our man in Honduras (Stephen Kinzer for The New York Review of Books, September 20, 2001)
* 1995 Four-Part Series on Honduras in the 80s (The Baltimore Sun, June 11, 1995 – June 18, 1995)
* A carefully crafted deception (Ginger Thompson and Gary Cohn for The Baltimore Sun, June 18, 1995)
* Negroponte Makes the Most of His Post as Minister Without Portfolio (Jeff Stein for Congressional Quarterly, March 3, 2006)

Diplomatic posts

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