Johor Bahru

This article is about the city. For the district, see Johor Bahru District. For other uses, see Johor Bahru (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Johar Baru.

State capital city and district capital in Johor, Malaysia

Johor Bahru

State capital city and district capital

City of Johor Bahru
Bandaraya Johor Bahru

City centre skyline at night

Wong Ah Fook Street

Opera House

Figure Museum

Istana Bukit Serene

City Rainforest

Sultan Ibrahim Building

Sultan Abu Bakar Mosque

Flag

Coat of arms

Nickname(s):

JB,
Bandaraya Selatan (Southern City)

Motto(s):

Berkhidmat, Berbudaya, Berwawasan
"Service, Cultural, Visionary"
(motto of Johor Bahru City Council)

Map

Location of Johor Bahru in Johor

Johor Bahru

Johor Bahru in    Johor

Show map of Johor

Johor Bahru

Johor Bahru (Malaysia)

Show map of Malaysia

Johor Bahru

Johor Bahru (Southeast Asia)

Show map of Southeast Asia

Johor Bahru

Johor Bahru (Asia)

Show map of Asia

Coordinates: 01°27′20″N 103°45′40″E﻿ / ﻿1.45556°N 103.76111°E﻿ / 1.45556; 103.76111
Country|  Malaysia
State|  Johor
District|  Johor Bahru
Administrative areas|

List

* Central District
* Kangkar Tebrau
* Tebrau Areas
* Kempas
* Larkin
* Majidee
* Maju Jaya
* Mount Austin
* Pandan
* Pasir Pelangi
* Pelangi
* Permas Jaya
* Rinting
* Tampoi
* Tasek Utama

Founded| 10 March 1855
(as Tanjung Puteri)
Establishment of the local government| 1933
Establishment of the Town Board| 1950
Municipality status| 1 April 1977
City status| 1 January 1994; 31 years ago (1 January 1994)
Government

• Type| City council
• Body| Johor Bahru City Council
• Mayor| Noorazam Osman
Area

[1]

• Total

| 391.25 km2 (151.06 sq mi)
Elevation

[2]

| 32 m (105 ft)
Population

(2020)[3]

• Total

| 858,118
• Density| 2,192/km2 (5,680/sq mi)
Demonym| Johor Bahru
Time zone| UTC+8 (MST)
• Summer (DST)| UTC+8 (Not observed)
Postal code|

80xxx to 81xxx

Area code(s)| 07
Website| www.mbjb.gov.my

Johor Bahru,[a] abbreviated as JB, is the capital city of the Malaysian state of Johor. It is the core city of Johor Bahru District, Malaysia's second-largest district by population and the second-largest district economy. Covering an area of 391.25 km2, Johor Bahru had a population of 858,118 people as of 2020, making it the nation's largest state capital city by population. It is located at the southern end of the Peninsular Malaysia, adjacent to the city-state of Singapore.

Johor Bahru is the financial and business centre of southern Malaysia. It is the second best-performing city in the country behind the capital, Kuala Lumpur, in terms of economic competitiveness and prosperity, and ease of doing business, according to World Bank. It also has the fastest urbanisation growth and internet speed among cities in Malaysia. Connecting with Singapore, Johor Bahru has the world's busiest international border crossing, primarily via the Johor-Singapore Causeway, KTM Shuttle Tebrau and the future RTS Link. Johor Bahru is served by Senai International Airport and the 15th-busiest port in the world, Tanjung Pelepas.

During the reign of Sultan Abu Bakar between 1886 and 1895, the city witnessed modernisation from a fishing village, with the construction of administrative centres, offices, schools, civic and religious buildings, and railways to Woodlands, Singapore. Japanese forces occupied Johor Bahru from 1942 to 1945 during the Pacific War. Johor Bahru thus became the post-war cradle of Malay nationalism, and a major political party, UMNO was founded at the Istana Besar in 1946. Johor Bahru was granted city status in 1994. It is currently the core region of the Johor-Singapore Special Economic Zone and Iskandar Malaysia, the nation's largest special economic zone, by investment value.

## Etymology

[edit]

The present area of Johor Bahru was originally known as Tanjung Puteri, and was a fishing village of the Malays. Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim then renamed Tanjung Puteri to Iskandar Puteri upon his arrival to the area in 1858, after acquiring the territory from Sultan Ali.[4] It was renamed to Johor Bahru by Sultan Abu Bakar following the Temenggong's death.[5] The word "Bah(a)ru" means "new" in Malay; thus, Johor Bahru means "New Johor". Bahru is normally written as "baru" in English (Roman) characters, today, although the word appears in other place names with several English spelling variants, such as in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, and Pekanbaru, Riau (Indonesia). The British preferred to write it as Johore Bahru or Johore Bharu,[6] though the currently-accepted western spelling is Johor Bahru—Johore is only spelt Johor, without the letter "e" at the end of the word, in the Malay language.[7] The city's name is also spelt as Johor Baru or Johor Baharu.[8][9]

Johor Bahru was once known as Shantou, or "Little Swatow", by the city's Chinese community, as most of the Chinese residents are Teochew whose ancestry can be traced back to Shantou, China; they arrived in the mid-19th century, during the reign of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim.[10] The city, however, is generally known in Chinese as Xinshan, meaning "New Mountain" (Chinese: 新山; pinyin: Xīnshān), as "mountain" may be used to mean "territory" or "land".[11] The name "New Mountain" distinguished it from "Old Mountain" (Jiushan), once used to refer to Kranji and Sembawang (in Singapore), where the Chinese first cultivated black pepper and gambier on plantations before relocating to new lands in Johor Bahru in 1855.[12]

## History

[edit]

Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim, who renamed Tanjung Puteri to Iskandar Puteri, old name of Johor Bahru

Due to a dispute between the Malays and the Bugis, the Johor-Riau Sultanate was split in 1819 with the mainland portion of the Johor Sultanate coming under the control of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim while the Riau-Lingga Sultanate came under the control of the Bugis.[13][14] The Temenggong intended to create a new administration centre for the Johor Sultanate to create a dynasty under the entity of Temenggong.[15] As the Temenggong already had a close relationship with the British and the British intended to have control over trade activities in Singapore, a treaty was signed between Sultan Ali and Temenggong Ibrahim in Singapore on 10 March 1855.[16] According to the treaty, Ali would be crowned as the Sultan of Johor and receive $5,000 (in Spanish dollars) with an allowance of $500 per month.[17] In return, Ali was required to cede the sovereignty of the territory of Johor (except Kesang of Muar which would be the only territory under his control) to Temenggong Ibrahim.[17] When both sides agreed on Temenggong acquiring the territory, he renamed it Iskandar Puteri and began to administer it from Telok Blangah in Singapore.[5]

Sultan Abu Bakar, recognised as the founder of the modern city of Johor Bahru[18]

Wong Ah Fook, the royal builder who contributed to the early development of the city's infrastructure

As the area was still an undeveloped jungle, Temenggong encouraged the migration of Chinese and Javanese to clear the land and to develop an agricultural economy in Johor.[18] The Chinese planted the area with black pepper and gambier,[19] while the Javanese dug parit (canals) to drain water from the land, build roads and plant coconuts.[20] During this time, a Chinese businessman, pepper and gambier cultivator, Wong Ah Fook arrived; at the same time, the Kangchu and Javanese labour contract systems were introduced by the Chinese and Javanese communities.[18][21][22] After Temenggong's death on 31 January 1862, the town was renamed "Johor Bahru" and his position was succeeded by his son, Abu Bakar, with the administration centre in Telok Blangah being moved to the area in 1889.[5]

### British administration

[edit]

Segget River at the junction of Wong Ah Fook Street and Ungku Puan Street in Johor Bahru, c. 1920.

In the first phase of Abu Bakar's administration, the British only recognised him as a maharaja rather than a sultan. In 1855, the British Colonial Office began to recognise his status as a Sultan after he met Queen Victoria.[23] He managed to regain Kesang territory for Johor after a civil war with the aid of British forces and he boosted the town's infrastructure and agricultural economy.[23][24] Infrastructure such as the State Mosque and Royal Palace was built with the aid of Wong Ah Fook, who had become a close patron for the Sultan since his migration during the Temenggong reign.[25] As the Johor-British relationship improved, Abu Bakar also set up his administration under a British style and implemented a constitution known as Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor (Johor State Constitution).[23] Although the British had long been advisers for the Sultanate of Johor, the Sultanate never came under direct colonial rule of the British.[26] The direct colonial rule only came into effect when the status of the adviser was elevated to a status similar to that of a Resident in the Federated Malay States (FMS) during the reign of Sultan Ibrahim in 1914.[27]

In Johor Bahru, the Malay Peninsula railway extension was finished in 1909,[28] and in 1923 the Johor–Singapore Causeway was completed.[29] Johor Bahru developed at a modest rate between the First and Second World Wars. The secretariat building—Sultan Ibrahim Building—was completed in 1940 as the British colonial government attempted to streamline the state's administration.[30]

### World War II

[edit]

Japanese troops crouched in the street of Johor Bahru in the final stages of the Battle of Malaya to conquer Singapore: image taken on 31 January 1942.

The continuous development of Johor Bahru was, however, halted when the Japanese under General Tomoyuki Yamashita invaded the town on 31 January 1942. As the Japanese had reached northwest Johor by 15 January, they easily captured major towns of Johor such of Batu Pahat, Yong Peng, Kluang and Ayer Hitam.[31] The British and other Allied forces were forced to retreat towards Johor Bahru; however, following a further series of bombings by the Japanese on 29 January, the British retreated to Singapore and blew up the causeway the following day as a final attempt to stop the Japanese advance in British Malaya.[31] The Japanese then used the Sultan's residence of Bukit Serene Palace located in the town as their main temporary base for their future initial plans to conquer Singapore while waiting to reconnect the causeway.[32][33] The Japanese chose the palace as their main base because they already knew the British would not dare to attack it as this would harm their close relationship with Johor.[31]

A view of the causeway, after being blown up by Allied forces as a final action to counter the Japanese advance

In less than a month, the Japanese repaired the causeway and invaded the Singapore island easily.[34] Soon after the war ended in 1946, the town became the main hotspot for Malay nationalism in Malaya. Onn Jaafar, a local Malay politician who later became the Chief Minister of Johor, formed the United Malay National Organisation party on 11 May 1946 when the Malays expressed their widespread disenchantment over the British government's action for granting citizenship laws to non-Malays in the proposed states of the Malayan Union.[35][36] An agreement over the policy was then reached in the town with Malays agreeing with the dominance of economy by the non-Malays and the Malays' dominance in political matters being agreed upon by non-Malays.[37] Racial conflict between the Malay and non-Malays, especially the Chinese, is being provoked continuously since the Malayan Emergency.[38]

### Post-independence

[edit]

After the formation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963,[39] Johor Bahru continued as the state capital and more development was carried out, with the town's expansion and the construction of more new townships and industrial estates. The Indonesian confrontation did not directly affect Johor Bahru as the main Indonesian landing point in Johor was in Labis and Tenang in Segamat District as well Pontian District.[40][41] There was only one active Indonesian spy organisation in the town, known as Gerakan Ekonomi Melayu Indonesia (GEMI). They frequently engaged with the Indonesian communities living there to contribute information for Indonesian commandos until the bombing of the MacDonald House in Singapore in 1965.[42][b] By the early 1990s, the town had considerably expanded in size, and was officially granted a city status on 1 January 1994.[43] Johor Bahru City Council was formed and the city's current main square, Johor Bahru City Square, was constructed to commemorate the event. A central business district was developed in the centre of the city from the mid-1990s in the area around Wong Ah Fook Street. The state and federal government channelled considerable funds for the development of the city—particularly more so after 2006, when the Iskandar Malaysia was formed.[44][45]

The Astaka is the tallest residential building in Southeast Asia.

For more than ten years of building construction and rapid urbanisation in Johor Bahru, the city has experienced a series of property boom with many new higher-end high-rise apartments and commercial property, including The Astaka, which has been the tallest building in the city and outside Kuala Lumpur since 2018, and is one of the tallest twin towers in the world.[46][47][48] With the gradual improvement of quality of life and infrastructure, Johor Bahru has also been ranked one of the global cities with the highest living quality, the third highest in Southeast Asia after Singapore and Kuala Lumpur, according to Mercer, as of 2024.[49] Today, it is also Malaysia's fastest city in terms of internet speed, second only after Singapore in Southeast Asia.[50][51]

## Governance

[edit]

MBJB Tower, the headquarter of Johor Bahru City Council

As the capital city of Johor, the city plays an important role in the economic welfare of the entire state's population. According to the Doing Business Ranking published by the World Bank, Johor Bahru had the second most efficient governance in Malaysia in terms of property registration, only after Kuala Lumpur.[52] There is one member of parliament (MP) representing the single parliamentary constituency (P.160) in the city. The city also elects two representatives to the state legislature from the state assembly districts of Larkin and Stulang.[53]

### Local authority and city definition

[edit]

The city is administered by the Johor Bahru City Council. The current mayor is Dato' Haji Mohd Noorazam bin Dato' Haji Osman, which took office since 15 August 2021.[54][55] Johor Bahru obtained city status on 1 January 1994.[43] The area under the jurisdiction of the Johor Bahru City Council includes Central District, Kangkar Tebrau, Kempas, Taman Sri Bahagia, Danga Bay, Taman Suria, Kampung Majidee Baru, Southkey, Taman Sri Tebrau, Taman Abad, Taman Sentosa, Banda Baru Uda, Taman Perling, Larkin, Majidee, Kampung Maju Jaya, Bandar Dato´ Onn, Seri Austin, Adda Heights, Taman Gaya, Taman Daya, Taman Bukit Aliff, Setia Tropika, Taman Johor, Taman Anggerik, Taman Sri Putra, Mount Austin, Pandan, Pasir Pelangi, Pelangi, Taman Johor Jaya, Taman Molek, Permas Jaya, Rinting, Tampoi, Tasek Utara and Tebrau.[56] This covers an area of 220 square kilometres (85 sq mi).[1] Currently there are 11 council members in the city council, which consists of 3 Amanah members, 3 Bersatu members, 3 DAP members and 2 PKR members.[57] In August 2021, mayor Adib Azhari Daud was arrested and taken into custody for allegedly accepting bribes from contractors while overseeing development of Johor Bahru. The arrest marks the first time an active Johor mayor has been arrested.[58]

### Courts of law and legal enforcement

[edit]

Johor Bahru High Court

The city high court complex is located along Dato' Onn Road.[59] The Sessions and Magistrate Courts is located on Ayer Molek Road,[59] while another court for Sharia law is located on Abu Bakar Road.[60] The Johor (state) Police Contingent Headquarters is located on Tebrau Road.[61] Johor Bahru's Southern District police headquarters, which also operates as a police station, is on Meldrum Road in the city centre. The Johor Bahru Southern District traffic police headquarters is a separate entity along Tebrau Road, close to the city centre. Johor Bahru's Northern District police headquarters and Northern District Traffic Police headquarters are co-located in Skudai, about 20 km north of the city centre. There are around eleven police stations and seven police substations (Pondok Polis) in the greater Johor Bahru area.[62][63] Johor Bahru Prison was located in the city along Ayer Molek Road, but was closed down after 122 years operation in December 2005,[64][65] its function being transferred to an expanded prison in the town of Kluang about 110 km from Johor Bahru.[64] Other temporary lock-ups or prison cells are available in most police stations in the city, as in other parts of Malaysia.[66]

## Geography

[edit]

Johor Bahru is located along the Straits of Johor at the southern end of Peninsular Malaysia.[67] Originally, the city area was only 12.12 km2 (4.68 sq mi) in 1933 before it was expanded to over 220 km2 (85 sq mi) in 2000.[1]

### Climate

[edit]

Tropical rainforest near the city, features an equatorial climate.

The city has an equatorial climate with consistent temperatures, a considerable amount of rain, and high humidity throughout the course of the year. An equatorial climate is a tropical rainforest climate more subject to the Intertropical Convergence Zone than the trade winds and with no cyclone. Daily average temperatures range from 26.4 °C (79.5 °F) in January to 27.8 °C (82.0 °F) in April with an average annual rainfall of around 2,350 mm (93 in).[68] The wettest months, with 19 to 25 per cent more rain than average, are April, November and December.[69] Although the climate is relatively uniform, it does show some seasonal variation due to the effects of monsoons, with noticeable changes in wind speed and direction, cloud cover and amount of rainfall. There are two monsoon periods each year, the first one between mid-October and January, which is the north-east Monsoon. This period is characterised by heavier rainfall and wind from the north-east. The second one is the south-west Monsoon, which hardly affects the rainfall in Johor Bahru, where winds are from the south and south-west. This occurs between June and September.[70]

Climate data for Johor Bahru (Senai International Airport) (2006–2020 normals, extremes 2015–present)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 36.7
(98.1)  | 36.6
(97.9)  | 37.0
(98.6)  | 37.3
(99.1)  | 36.2
(97.2)  | 36.9
(98.4)  | 36.6
(97.9)  | 36.2
(97.2)  | 36.9
(98.4)  | 35.5
(95.9)  | 35.1
(95.2)  | 35.3
(95.5)  | 37.3
(99.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 30.8
(87.4)  | 31.4
(88.5)  | 32.2
(90.0)  | 32.4
(90.3)  | 32.0
(89.6)  | 31.6
(88.9)  | 31.2
(88.2)  | 31.3
(88.3)  | 31.6
(88.9)  | 31.8
(89.2)  | 31.2
(88.2)  | 30.8
(87.4)  | 31.5
(88.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 27.1
(80.8)  | 27.3
(81.1)  | 27.9
(82.2)  | 28.3
(82.9)  | 28.2
(82.8)  | 27.9
(82.2)  | 27.6
(81.7)  | 27.5
(81.5)  | 27.6
(81.7)  | 27.8
(82.0)  | 27.6
(81.7)  | 27.3
(81.1)  | 27.7
(81.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 23.3
(73.9)  | 23.3
(73.9)  | 23.7
(74.7)  | 24.1
(75.4)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 23.7
(74.7)  | 23.6
(74.5)  | 23.8
(74.8)  | 24.0
(75.2)  | 23.9
(75.0)  | 23.8
(74.9)
Record low °C (°F)  | 21.7
(71.1)  | 21.6
(70.9)  | 22.3
(72.1)  | 22.2
(72.0)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 22.0
(71.6)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 21.2
(70.2)  | 21.6
(70.9)  | 22.4
(72.3)  | 22.3
(72.1)  | 22.2
(72.0)  | 21.2
(70.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 162.6
(6.40)  | 139.8
(5.50)  | 203.4
(8.01)  | 232.8
(9.17)  | 215.3
(8.48)  | 148.1
(5.83)  | 177.0
(6.97)  | 185.9
(7.32)  | 190.8
(7.51)  | 217.7
(8.57)  | 237.6
(9.35)  | 244.5
(9.63)  | 2,355.5
(92.74)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11  | 9  | 13  | 15  | 15  | 12  | 13  | 13  | 13  | 16  | 17  | 15  | 162
Source 1: IEM[71]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organisation (precipitation 1974–2000)[69]Meteomanz (extremes)[72]

### Urban Planning

[edit]

Johor Bahru is a largely suburban city, which has considerable urban sprawl and a high degree of car dependency.[73] The state government has acknowledged the high degree of traffic congestion within the city, and has been making plans for the implementation of a Light Rail Transit (LRT) or Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system since at least 2017.[74] As of 2024, the state government is commencing plans to construct an elevated Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit (ART) network in the city.[75]

## Demographics

[edit]

Johor Bahru has an official demonym where people are commonly referred to as "Johor Bahruans". The terms "J.B-ites" and "J.B-ians" have also been used to a limited extent. People from Johor are called Johoreans.[76]

### Ethnicity and religion

[edit]

The Malaysian Census in 2020 reported the population of Johor Bahru as 858,118, making it the largest state capital city in Malaysia by population.[77] It also forms the capital of Johor Bahru District, which includes Iskandar Puteri and Pasir Gudang, and is the second largest district in Malaysia with a population of 1.8 million, as of 2023.[78] The city's population today is a mixture of three main ethnicities – Malays, Chinese and Indians\- along with other bumiputras.[79] The Malays in Johor Bahru are strongly related to the neighbouring Riau Malays in Riau Islands, Indonesia with significant populations of Javanese, Bugis and Banjarese among the local Johorean Malay population.[80][81] The Chinese mainly are from the majority Hokkien and Teochew (among the local Chinese) subgroups with minorities of Hakka, Cantonese, Henghua, Foochow and Hainanese among its local Chinese dominant minority populace,[10] while the Indian community are majoritally Tamils (including Ceylonese), there are also small populations of Telugus, Malayalis, Gujaratis, Bengalis, Sindhis, Pashtuns and Sikh Punjabis among the Indian populace.[82] The Malays are majority Muslims, while the Chinese are predominantly Buddhists/Taoists and the Indians were mostly Hindus despite there is also a small numbers from the two ethnic groups that are Christians and Muslims.[83][84] A small number of Sikhs, Animists and secularists can also be found in the city.[85]

* Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque, the main mosque in the city.

* Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Glass Temple, the world's first glass temple.[86]

* Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple, the oldest Chinese temple in the city.

* Church of the Immaculate Conception, the oldest church in the city.

### Languages

[edit]

The local ethnic Malays speak the Malay language,[80] while the language primarily spoken by the local Chinese is Mandarin Chinese. The Chinese community is represented by several dialect groups: Hokkien, Teochew, Hakka and Hainanese with small minorities of Foochow, Henghua and Cantonese.[31][87]

The Indian community predominantly speaks Tamil, with a minority of Malayalam, Telugu and Punjabi speakers. 60% of the city's population is fluent in English with a higher rate among younger people.[88]

## Economy

[edit]

Skyline of Johor Bahru

Johor Bahru is the fastest-growing city in terms of urbanisation in Malaysia, according to Euromonitor International.[89][90] It is the main commercial centre for Johor and is located in the Indonesia–Malaysia–Singapore Growth Triangle. Johor Bahru is also the core city of Johor Bahru District, the second-largest district economy in Malaysia. It ranks second in the nation behind the capital, Kuala Lumpur, in terms of economic competitiveness and prosperity, according to the United Nations and Resonance, and is currently the 29th best Asian city, second in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur.[91][92][93][94]

It is classified as Zone A of Iskandar Malaysia, the nation's largest special economic zone by investment value.[95][96] Under this flagship zone, Johor Bahru has been designated by the government to develop various economic activities, such as finance, commerce and retail, and hospitality.[97] It is also the centre of arts and culture, hospitality, urban tourism, plastic manufacturing, electrical and electronics and food processing.[98] The main shopping districts are located within the city, with a number of large shopping malls located in the suburbs.

Johor Bahru hosts numerous international conferences, congress and trade fairs, such as the Nikkei Forum, Eastern Regional Organisation for Planning and Housing and World Islamic Economic Forum.[99][100][101] The city is the first in Malaysia to practise a low-carbon economy.[102] In 2021, Johor Bahru was ranked 432nd globally in the Global City Lab's global cities report that assesses cities' economic brand values, the second in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur.[103]

Persada Johor International Convention Centre, a major venue for business events in Southern Malaysia.

Tertiary-based industry dominates the economy with many international tourists from the regions visiting the city.[90][104][105] The city has a very close economic relationship with Singapore. Many of the city's residents work in Singapore.[106][107] Around 3,000 logistic lorries travel between Johor Bahru and Singapore every day for delivering goods and trading activities.[108] Many residents in Singapore frequently visit the city; some of them have also chosen to live in the city.[90][104][105][109][110] In 2025, Johor Bahru is ranked the world's 20th most attractive city for businesses, second in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur, according to Oliver Wyman.[111]

## Transportation

[edit]

### Land

[edit]

Johor Bahru Sentral, a busy domestic and international transportation hub. Larkin Sentral, an intercity bus terminal.

The internal roads linking different parts of the city are mostly federal roads constructed and maintained by Malaysian Public Works Department.[112] There are five major highways linking the Johor Bahru Central Business District to outlying suburbs: Tebrau Highway and Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway in the northeast, Skudai Highway in the northwest, Iskandar Coastal Highway in the west and Johor Bahru East Coast Highway in the east.[98] Pasir Gudang Highway and the connecting Johor Bahru Parkway cross Tebrau Highway and Skudai Highway, which serve as the middle ring road of the metropolitan area.[113]

The Johor Bahru Inner Ring Road, which connects with the Sultan Iskandar customs complex, aids in controlling the traffic in and around the central business district.[98] Access to the national expressway is provided through the North–South Expressway and Senai–Desaru Expressway.[114] The Johor–Singapore Causeway links the city to Woodlands, Singapore with a six-lane road and a railway line terminating at the Southern Integrated Gateway.[98]

#### Bus

[edit]

See also: List of bus routes in Johor Bahru

The main bus terminals of the city are Johor Bahru Sentral and Larkin Sentral located in Larkin.[115] Major local bus operators in the city are Causeway Link, MyBAS, Maju and S&S.[116] Buses in Johor Bahru currently accept cashless payments such as Visa card, NFC using smartphone or smartwatch, and QR code payment, making it the first Malaysian city to support contactless payment using smart devices on urban bus network.[117][118]

Public electric buses in Johor Bahru, connecting city centre with the suburbs.

Other bus terminals include Taman Johor Jaya Bus Terminal[119] and Ulu Tiram Bus Terminal.[120] Larkin Sentral has direct bus services to and from many destinations in West Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore, while Taman Johor Jaya and Ulu Tiram Bus Terminals serve local destinations.[115]

#### Taxi

[edit]

Two types of taxis operate in the city; the main taxi is either in red and yellow, blue, green or red while the larger, less common type is known as a limousine taxi, which is more comfortable but expensive. Most taxis in the city do not use their meter.[121]

#### Railway and metro system

[edit]

The city is served by two railway stations, which are Johor Bahru Sentral railway station[122] and Kempas Baru railway station. Both stations serve train services to Kuala Lumpur and Singapore.[123] In 2015, a new shuttle train service operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) was launched providing transport to Woodlands in Singapore.[124] The under-construction Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System (RTS Link) connecting Singapore, is Malaysia's first LRT line outside the Klang Valley, and will start operation in 2027.[125]

Johor state government has acknowledged the high degree of traffic congestion within the city, and has been making plans for the implementation of a Light Rail Transit (LRT) or Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system since at least 2017.[74] Johor's Chief Minister Onn Hafiz Ghazi acknowledged that "an efficient public transportation system in Johor Bahru is no longer a luxury but a necessity."[126]

However, in 2024, the government shelved their plans to construct an LRT network in JB. The government claimed that the long wait-time of five to seven years needed for the completion of an LRT network was prohibitive, given the city's pressing need for a public transport network as soon as possible (owing to the opening of the JB-SG RTS Link in 2026). Hence, the state government opted to construct an elevated Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit (ART) network,[75] with construction works slated to begin by end-2025.[126]

### Air

[edit]

The city is served by Senai International Airport located at the neighbouring Senai town and connected through Skudai Highway.[127] Five airlines, AirAsia (and its subsidiaries Indonesia AirAsia and Thai AirAsia), Firefly, Malaysia Airlines, Batik Air Malaysia and TransNusa, provide flights domestically as well as international flights to Guangzhou, Jakarta Soekarno–Hatta, Surabaya, Hồ Chí Minh City, Kunming and Bangkok Don Mueang.[128][129][130]

Changi Airport is 36.3 kilometres (22.6 mi) southeast of the city centre, across the border in Singapore, and is linked by a frequent cross-border coach service operated by Transtar Travel.

### Sea

[edit]

Boat services are available to ports in Batam and Bintan Islands in Indonesia from Stulang Laut Ferry Terminal, located near the suburb of Stulang.[127][131] The city is also served by Port of Tanjung Pelepas and Johor Port, the former is currently the 15th-busiest port in the world, and the largest transshipment hub in Malaysia.[132][133]

## Other utilities

[edit]

### Healthcare

[edit]

See also: List of hospitals in Malaysia

Sultanah Aminah Hospital

There are three public hospitals,[134] four health clinics[135] and thirteen 1Malaysia clinics in Johor Bahru.[136] Sultanah Aminah Hospital, which is located along Persiaran Road, is the largest public hospital in Johor Bahru as well as in Johor with 989 beds.[135] Another government funded hospital is the Sultan Ismail Specialist Hospital with 700 beds.[135] Another large private health facility is the KPJ Puteri Specialist Hospital with 158 beds.[137] Further healthcare facilities are currently being expanded to improve healthcare services in the city.[138]

### Education

[edit]

See also: List of schools in Johor

English College Johore Bahru, one of the oldest English institutions in Malaysia.

Many government or state schools are available in the city. The secondary schools include English College Johore Bahru, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Engku Aminah, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sultan Ismail, Sekolah Menengah Infant Jesus Convent, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan (Perempuan) Sultan Ibrahim and Sekolah Menengah Saint Joseph.[139] There are also a number of international schools in the city. These include Marlborough College Malaysia, Shattuck-St. Mary's Forest City International School, Raffles American School, Sunway International School. The other private universities are Monash University Malaysia (Clinical School), City University Malaysia, Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia, University of Reading Malaysia, University of Southampton Malaysia, and others. There are also a number of private college campuses and one polytechnic operating in the city; these are Crescendo International College, KPJ College, Olympia College, Sunway College Johor Bahru, Taylor's College and College of Islamic Studies Johor.[140]

#### Libraries

[edit]

Johor State Library

The Johor State Library, also known as the Johor Public Library Corporation headquarters is the main library in the state, located off Yahya Awal Road.[141] Another public library branch is the University Park in Kebudayaan Road, while there are other libraries or private libraries in schools, colleges, and universities.[142] Two village libraries are available in the district of Johor Bahru.[143]

## Culture and attractions

[edit]

### Attractions and recreation spots

[edit]

Main article: Johor Bahru landmarks

Johor Bahru was ranked the world's 39th most visited city by international tourists, according to Euromonitor International in 2019, making it Malaysia's second most visited city by international tourists, after Kuala Lumpur.[144]

#### Cultural attractions

[edit]

Permaisuri Zarith Sofiah Opera House, the first international opera house in Johor.

There are a number of cultural attractions in Johor Bahru. The Royal Abu Bakar Museum located within the Grand Palace building is the main museum in the city. The Johor Bahru Kwong Siew Heritage located in Wong Ah Fook Street housed the former Cantonese clan house that was donated by Wong Ah Fook.[145] The Foon Yew High School houses many historical documents of the city history with a Chinese cultural heritage.[146][147][148] The Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum on Ibrahim Road includes the history of Chinese migration to Johor along with a collection of documents, photos, and other artefacts.[149][150]

The Johor Art Gallery in Petrie Road is a house gallery built in 1910, known as the house for the former third Chief Minister of Johor, Abdullah Jaafar. The house features old architecture and became the centre for the collection of artefacts related to Johor's cultural history since its renovation in 2000.[148]

#### Chingay parade

[edit]

Chingay parade in 2018

The Chinese community holds the Chingay parade annually by the Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple, which unites the five Chinese ethnic groups in Johor, namely Cantonese, Hainanese, Hakka, Hoklo and Teochew. This co-operation among different Chinese cultures under a voluntary organisation became a symbol of harmony among the different Chinese people that deepens their sense of heritage to preserve their cultural traditions. The Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum describes the history of Chinese migration into Johor from the 14th to 19th centuries during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The ruler of Johor encouraged the Chinese community to plant gambier and pepper in the interior. Many of these farmers switched to pineapple cultivation in the 20th century, making Johor one of Malaysia's top fruit producers.

#### Historical attractions

[edit]

The Grand Palace, one of the important historical buildings in the city.

The Grand Palace is one of the historical attractions in the city, and is an example of Victorian-style architecture with a garden. Figure Museum is another historical colonial building since 1886 which ever become the house for the Johor first Menteri Besar Jaafar Muhammad; it is located on the top of Smile Hill (Bukit Senyum).[151] The English College (now Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar) established in 1914 was located close to the Sungai Chat Palace before being moved to its present location at Sungai Chat Road; some of the ruins are visible at the old site.[24] The Sultan Ibrahim Building is another historical building in the city; built in 1936 by British architect Palmer and Turner, it was the centre of the administration of Johor as since the relocation from Telok Blangah in Singapore, the Johor government never had its own building.[148][152] Before the current railway station was built, there was Johor Bahru railway station (formerly Wooden Railway) which has now been turned into a museum after serving for 100 years since the British colonial era.[150]

Johor Bahru railway station, now a museum, had served for 100 years before being replaced by the new Johor Bahru Sentral.

Sultan Abu Bakar State Mosque, located along Skudai Road, is the main and the oldest mosque in the state. It was built with a combination of Victorian, Moorish and Malay architectures.[148][153] The Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple, which is the oldest Chinese temple in the city, is located on the Trus Road, dedicated to the Five Patron Deities from the five Southern Chinese Clans (Hokkien, Teochew, Hakka, Cantonese & Hainanese) in the city. It was built in 1875 and renovated by the Persekutuan Tiong Hua Johor Bahru (Johor Bahru Tiong Hua Association) in 1994–95 with the addition of a small L-shaped museum in one corner of the square premises.[19] The Wong Ah Fook Mansion, the home of the late Wong Ah Fook, was a former historical attraction. It stood for more than 150 years but was demolished illegally by its owner in 2014 to make way for a commercial housing development without informing the state government.[154][155] Other historical religious buildings include the Arulmigu Sri Rajakaliamman Hindu Temple, which is the first glass temple in the world,[86] Sri Raja Mariamman Hindu Temple, Gurdwara Sahib and Church of the Immaculate Conception.[150][151]

#### Leisure and conservation areas

[edit]

Johor Zoo is the oldest zoo in Malaysia.

The Danga Bay is a 25 kilometres (16 mi) area of recreational waterfront. There are around 15 established golf courses, of which two offer 36-hole facilities; most of these are located within resorts. The city also features several paintball parks which are also used for off-road motorsports activities.[150]

The Johor Zoo is the oldest zoo in Malaysia, built in 1928.[156] It covers 4 hectares (9.9 acres) of land, it was originally called "animal garden" before being handed to the state government for renovation in 1962.[157] The zoo has around 100 species of animals, including wild cats, camels, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and tropical birds.[158] Visitors can participate in activities such as horse riding or using pedalos.[148] The largest park in the city is the Independence Park.[159]

#### Other attractions

[edit]

Wong Ah Fook Street, one of the major cultural and food streets in the city.[160]

Dataran Bandaraya was built after Johor Bahru was proclaimed as a city. The site features a clock tower, fountain and a large field.[148] The Wong Ah Fook Street is named after Wong Ah Fook. The Tan Hiok Nee Street is named after Tan Hiok Nee, who was the leader of the former Ngee Heng Kongsi, a secret society in Johor Bahru. Together with the Dhoby Street, both are part of a trail known as Old Buildings Road; they feature a mixture of Chinese and Indian heritages, reflected by their forms of ethnic business and architecture.[150][151]

#### Shopping

[edit]

See also: List of shopping malls in Malaysia

IKEA Tebrau, the largest IKEA store in Malaysia and once the largest in Southeast Asia.[161]

The Mawar Handicrafts Centre, a government-funded exhibition and sales centre, is located along the Sungai Chat road and sells various batik and songket clothes.[34] Opposite this is the Johor Area Rehabilitation Organisation (JARO) Handicrafts Centre which sells items such as hand-made cane furniture, soft toys and rattan baskets made by the physically disabled.[150][162]

KSL City Mall

As of 2024, Johor has the most shopping centres out of any state in Malaysia, with a total of 156 within the state—primarily concentrated within Johor Bahru.[163] Some prominent shopping centres in the city include Mid Valley Southkey, Paradigm Mall Johor Bahru, Toppen Shopping Centre, IKEA Tebrau, AEON Mall Tebrau City, Johor Bahru City Square, and others.[164]

#### Entertainment

[edit]

Broadway Theatre Observation deck in JLand Tower.

The oldest cinema in the city was the Broadway Theatre which mostly screened Tamil and Hindi movies. Other cinemas available in the city located inside shopping malls.[150] JLand Tower, located in the city centre, also features a glass-floored skybridge and the city's tallest observation deck.[165]

### Sports

[edit]

Arena Larkin Indoor Stadium

The city's main football club is Johor Darul Ta'zim. Its home stadium is Sultan Ibrahim Stadium with a capacity of around 40,000. There is also a futsal centre, known as Sports Prima, which has eight minimum-sized FIFA approved futsal courts; it is the largest indoor sports centre in the city.[166]

### Radio stations

[edit]

Two radio stations have their offices in the city: Best FM (104.1)[167] and Johor FM (101.9).[168]

## International relations

[edit]

Several countries have set up their consulates in Johor Bahru, including Indonesia and Singapore.[169]

### Twin towns – Sister cities

[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia

Johor Bahru's sister cities are:

* Changzhou, Jiangsu, China[170]
* Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia[171]
* Istanbul, Türkiye (Turkey)[172][173]

## Safety

[edit]

See also: Crime in Malaysia

As of 2025, Johor Bahru has become the second safest city in Malaysia with the second lowest crime rate.[174] However, it once possessed relatively high crime index. In 2014, Johor Bahru South police district recorded one of the highest crime rates in the country with 4,151 cases, behind Petaling Jaya.[175] Singaporeans visiting or transiting through the neighbouring city are often targeted by criminals, such as those involved in gangs, illegal car cloning and red-light districts.[176][177][178]

## In popular culture

[edit]

### Movies

[edit]

* Punggok Rindukan Bulan (2008)[179]

## Notable people

[edit]

* Hishammuddin Hussein (born 1961), Malaysian senior politician belonging to the UMNO party[180]
* Sultan Ibrahim Ismail (born 1958), current sultan cum 16th reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong[181]
* Joyce Chu (born 1997), singer-actress[182]
* Onn Jaafar (1895–1962), founder of the UMNO political party[183]
* Christina Jordan (born 1962), Malaysian-born British politician[184]
* Vivien Yeo (born 1984), Malaysian actress based in Hong Kong[185]
* Gin Lee (born 1987), Malaysian singer based in Hong Kong[186]
* Robert Kuok (born 1923), Business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. Top 100 wealthiest people in world.[187]
* Ng Tze Yong (born 2000), national badminton player[188]
* Ronny Chieng (born 1985), Malaysian comedian and actor based in United States[189]
* Tunku Abdul Rahman Hassanal Jeffri (born 1993), racing driver and member of the Johor Royal Family[190]
* Hussein Onn (1922–1990), 3rd Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1976 to 1981
* Sebastian Francis (born 1951), fifth bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Penang and cardinal of the Catholic Church[191]

## See also

[edit]

* Malaysia portal

* Johor Bahru landmarks
* Johor Bahru Central Business District

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Malay pronunciation: [ˈd͡ʒohor ˈbahru]
2. ^ Another early attack to destabilise Malaysia was done with the murder of Malay trishaw in Singapore that led to the racial conflict between Malay and Chinese there. At the first stage of the conflict, it was alleged the murder was done by a Chinese but this was however turned down when further investigation revealed the murder was actually done by Indonesian agents who had infiltrate Singapore in an attempt to weakening the unity of race there during the state was still part of Malaysia. (Drysdale, Halim and Jamie)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c "Background (Total Area)". Johor Bahru City Council. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
2. ^ "Malaysia Elevation Map (Elevation of Johor Bahru)". Flood Map : Water Level Elevation Map. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
3. ^ "Total population by ethnic group, Local Authority area and state, Malaysia" (PDF). Statistics Department, Malaysia. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
4. ^ Zainol Abidin Idid (Syed.). Pemeliharaan warisan rupa bandar: panduan mengenali warisan rupa bandar berasaskan inventori bangunan warisan Malaysia (in Malay). Badan Warisan Malaysia. ISBN 978-983-99554-1-5.
5. ^ a b c "Background of Johor Bahru City Council and History of Johor Bahru" (PDF). Malaysian Digital Repository. 12 March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
6. ^ Margaret W. Young; Susan L. Stetler; United States. Department of State (October 1985). Cities of the world: a compilation of current information on cultural, geograph. and polit. conditions in the countries and cities of 6 continents, based on the Dep. of State's "Post Reports". Gale. ISBN 978-0-8103-2059-8.
7. ^ Cheah Boon Kheng (1 January 2012). Red Star Over Malaya: Resistance and Social Conflict During and After the Japanese Occupation, 1941–1946. NUS Press. pp. 13–. ISBN 978-9971-69-508-8.
8. ^ Carl Parkes (1994). Southeast Asia Handbook. Moon Publications. ISBN 9781566910026.
9. ^ Library of Congress (2009). Library of Congress Subject Headings. Library of Congress. pp. 4017–.
10. ^ a b "Keeping the art of Teochew opera alive". New Straits Times. AsiaOne. 24 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
11. ^ Heng, Jason (2021). Decoding Sejarah Melayu: The Hidden History of Ancient Singapore. Jason Heng. ISBN 9798201638450.
12. ^ Patricia Pui Huen Lim (2002). Wong Ah Fook: Immigrant, Builder, and Entrepreneur. Times Editions. p. 35\. ISBN 9789812323699.
13. ^ Donald B. Freeman (17 April 2003). Straits of Malacca: Gateway or Gauntlet?. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 157–. ISBN 978-0-7735-7087-0.
14. ^ Kanji Nishio (2007). Bangsa and Politics: Melayu-Bugis Relations in Johor-Riau and Riau-Lingga.
15. ^ M. A. Fawzi Mohd. Basri (1988). Johor, 1855–1917: pentadbiran dan perkembangannya (in Malay). Fajar Bakti. ISBN 978-967-933-717-4.
16. ^ "Johor Treaty is signed". National Library Board. 10 March 1855. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
17. ^ a b Abdul Ghani Hamid (3 October 1988). "Tengku Ali serah Johor kepada Temenggung (Kenangan Sejarah)" (in Malay). Berita Harian. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
18. ^ a b c "History of the Johor Sultanate". Coronation of HRH Sultan Ibrahim. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
19. ^ a b S. Muthiah (19 June 2015). "The city that gambier built". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
20. ^ Carl A. Trocki (2007). Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885. NUS Press. pp. 152–. ISBN 978-9971-69-376-3.
21. ^ Patricia Pui Huen Lim (1 July 2000). Oral History in Southeast Asia: Theory and Method. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 119–. ISBN 978-981-230-027-0.
22. ^ Patricia (2002), p. 129–132
23. ^ a b c Muzaffar Husain Syed; Syed Saud Akhtar; B D Usmani (14 September 2011). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. pp. 316–. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0.
24. ^ a b Dominique Grele (1 January 2004). 100 Resorts Malaysia: Places with a Heart. Asiatype, Inc. pp. 292–. ISBN 978-971-0321-03-2.
25. ^ Cheah Jin Seng (15 March 2008). Malaya: 500 Early Postcards. Didier Millet Pte, Editions. ISBN 978-981-4155-98-4.
26. ^ Fr Durand; Richard Curtis (28 February 2014). Maps of Malaysia and Borneo: Discovery, Statehood and Progress. Editions Didier Millet. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-967-10617-3-2.
27. ^ "Johor is brought under British control". National Library Board. 12 May 1914. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
28. ^ Winstedt (1992), p. 141
29. ^ Winstedt (1992), p. 143
30. ^ Oakley (2009), p. 181
31. ^ a b c d Patricia Pui Huen Lim; Diana Wong (1 January 2000). War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 140–145\. ISBN 978-981-230-037-9.
32. ^ Richard Reid. "War for the Empire: Malaya and Singapore, Dec 1941 to Feb 1942". Australian War Memorial. Australia-Japan Research Project. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
33. ^ Bill Yenne (20 September 2014). The Imperial Japanese Army: The Invincible Years 1941–42. Osprey Publishing. pp. 140–. ISBN 978-1-78200-982-5.[permanent dead link]
34. ^ a b Wendy Moore (1998). West Malaysia and Singapore. Tuttle Publishing. pp. 186–187\. ISBN 978-962-593-179-1.
35. ^ Swan Sik Ko (1990). Nationality and International Law in Asian Perspective. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 314–. ISBN 978-0-7923-0876-8.
36. ^ Ooi, Keat Gin (1 January 2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1365–. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
37. ^ Christoph Marcinkowski; Constance Chevallier-Govers; Ruhanas Harun (2011). Malaysia and the European Union: Perspectives for the Twenty-first Century. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-3-643-80085-5.
38. ^ M. Stenson (1 November 2011). Class, Race, and Colonialism in West Malaysia. UBC Press. pp. 89–. ISBN 978-0-7748-4440-6.
39. ^ Arthur Cotterell (15 July 2014). A History of South East Asia. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. pp. 341–. ISBN 978-981-4634-70-0.
40. ^ K. Vara (16 February 1989). "Quiet town with a troubled past". New Straits Times. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
41. ^ "Indonesian Confrontation, 1963–66". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
42. ^ Mohamed Effendy Abdul Hamid; Kartini Saparudin (2014). "MacDonald House bomb explosion". National Library Board. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
43. ^ a b "Background" (in English and Malay). Johor Bahru City Council. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
44. ^ Zaini Ujang (2009). The Elevation of Higher Learning. ITBM. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-983-068-464-2.
45. ^ The Report: Malaysia 2010 – Oxford Business Group. Oxford Business Group. 2010. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-1-907065-20-0.
46. ^ "The Edge Malaysia | KGV International Property Consultants Johor Bahru Housing Property Monitor 1Q2024: Johor Bahru's property market poised for next growth cycle this year". The Edge Malaysia. 21 June 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
47. ^ "StarProperty – News : Johor's property market stands at a pivoting point". StarProperty. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
48. ^ "Top 10 Most Searched Areas by Homebuyers in Malaysia in 2023". iproperty.com.my. 19 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
49. ^ "Quality of Living City Ranking 2024". www.mercer.com. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
50. ^ Zuhair, Qalif. "Johor Bahru speeds ahead as Malaysia's fastest mobile internet city". thesun.my. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
51. ^ "Speedtest Global Index – Internet Speed around the world". Speedtest Global Index. Retrieved 16 June 2025.
52. ^ "Doing Business in Malaysia 2020" (PDF). World Bank Group: 15. 2020.
53. ^ "List of Parliamentary Elections Parts and State Legislative Assemblies on Every States". Ministry of Information Malaysia. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
54. ^ "Sesi 'Clock In' Datuk Bandar MBJB Ke 11 Tuan Haji Amran bin A.Rahman". Johor Bahru City Council (in Malay). 23 July 2018. Archived from the original on 28 June 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
55. ^ "Mayor's Profile". Johor Bahru City Council. Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
56. ^ "Administrative areas of Johor Bahru City Council". Johor Bahru City Council. Archived from the original on 27 July 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
57. ^ "MBJB laksana kaedah pentadbiran baharu" (in Malay). Sinar Online. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
58. ^ "Johor Baru mayor arrested over alleged kickbacks from building projects," The Straits Times, 11 August 2021, retrieved 26 August 2021
59. ^ a b "Senarai Mahkamah Johor" (in Malay). Johor Law Courts Official Website. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
60. ^ "Johore Syariah Court Directory". E-Syariah Malaysia. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
61. ^ "Johor Police Contingent". Johor Police Contingent. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
62. ^ "Direktori PDRM Johor – Johor Bahru (Utara)" (in Malay). Royal Malaysia Police. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
63. ^ "Direktori PDRM Johor – Johor Bahru (Selatan)" (in Malay). Royal Malaysia Police. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
64. ^ a b "Penjara Johor Bahru Dalam Kenangan" (in Malay). Prison Department of Malaysia. 12 December 2007. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
65. ^ "Prison Address & Directory". Prison Department of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
66. ^ "Soalan Lazim (Frequently Asked Questions)" (in Malay). Prison Department of Malaysia. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
67. ^ Eric Wolanski (18 January 2006). The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 349–. ISBN 978-1-4020-3654-5.
68. ^ "Weather Data For Johor Bahru". Weatherbase. 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
69. ^ a b "World Weather Information Service – Johor Bahru". World Meteorological Organisation. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
70. ^ "Malaysia". Climates To Travel. 25 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
71. ^ "[WMKJ] Johor Bahru [1998-] Monthly Summaries". The Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
72. ^ "SYNOP/BUFR observations. Data by months". Meteomanz. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
73. ^ "How to make Johor Bahru an international metropolis of Southeast Asia". futuresoutheastasia.com. 16 January 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
74. ^ a b "JB needs LRT system to disperse traffic coming in from Singapore via the RTS, says project proponent". The Edge Malaysia. 23 January 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
75. ^ a b "Malaysia government picks bus-tram network over light rail transit system for southern Johor: Transport minister". CNA. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
76. ^ Nelson Benjamin (28 April 2015). "Sultan wants all Johoreans to unite". The Star. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
77. ^ "MyCensus 2020: Mukim/Town/Pekan". Department of Statistics Malaysia: 174–175\. February 2024. ISBN 9789672537069.
78. ^ Malaysia, Department of Statistics. "Population Table: Administrative Districts | OpenDOSM". open.dosm.gov.my. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
79. ^ "Cultural Heritage of Johor Bahru | Possible Future Studio". 9 November 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
80. ^ a b Susanna Cumming (9 August 2011). Functional Change: The Case of Malay Constituent Order. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-3-11-086454-0.
81. ^ Peter Borschberg (2016). "Singapore and its Straits, c.1500–1800". Indonesia and the Malay World. 45 (133). Taylor & Francis: 373–390\. doi:10.1080/13639811.2017.1340493. S2CID 164700929.
82. ^ Samachar, Asia (6 April 2024). "Work starts on state-of-the-art Sikh crematorium in Johor Bahru". Asia Samachar. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
83. ^ "Multi-religious temples in the Johor Bahru Downtown". downtownjb.my. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
84. ^ Nalanda (15 January 2016). "Johor Sultan meets religious leaders – Nalanda Buddhist Society". Retrieved 28 December 2024.
85. ^ "GURDWARA SAHIB SIKH TEMPLE". downtownjb.my. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
86. ^ a b "ARULMIGU SRI RAJAKALIAMMAN GLASS TEMPLE". Tourism Johor. 28 July 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
87. ^ Robbie B.H. Goh (1 March 2005). Contours of Culture: Space and Social Difference in Singapore. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-962-209-731-5.
88. ^ McKiernan, Thomas (December 2021). "The linguistic landscape of a Malaysian border town: How English language is allowed to thrive outside of the law". English Today. 37 (4): 224–235\. doi:10.1017/S0266078419000506. ISSN 0266-0784.
89. ^ "Households: Malaysia". Euromonitor. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
90. ^ a b c "Johor Bahru, a city on the move". South China Morning Post. 31 August 1996. Archived from the original on 26 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
91. ^ Ni Pengfei, Marco Kamiya, Guo Jing, Zhang Yi, etc. "Global Urban Competitiveness Report (2020–2021)" (PDF). United Nations Human Settlements Programme.`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
92. ^ Aman, Azanis Shahila (3 November 2024). "Petaling district has Malaysia's next highest GDP after KL, says DOSM | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
93. ^ Mail, Malay (13 February 2025). "KL, JB, Penang and Ipoh are among Asia-Pacific's best 100 cities in 2025 — here are the reasons why". Malay Mail. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
94. ^ "2025 Asia-Pacific's Best Cities". World’s Best Cities. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
95. ^ Lee, Shaun (14 January 2019). "An international metropolis 13 years in the making". DHL Logistics of Things. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
96. ^ "Business as usual for Malaysia's economic corridors, says Guan Eng". The Edge Malaysia. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
97. ^ "Cover Story: Snapshot of Iskandar Malaysia". The Edge Malaysia. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
98. ^ a b c d "Flagship A: Johor Bahru City". Iskandar Regional Development Authority. Iskandar Malaysia. Archived from the original on 27 July 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
99. ^ "46th EAROPH Regional Conference, Iskandar, Malaysia, Thistle Hotel, Johor Bahru" (PDF). Eastern Regional Organisation for Planning and Housing. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
100. ^ "8th WIEF Johor Bahru, Malaysia". 8th World Islamic Economic Forum. 2012. Archived from the original on 27 July 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
101. ^ nftadmin (13 June 2025). "Malaysia to Host Inaugural Nikkei Forum 2025, Positioning Johor as Asia's Next Innovation Powerhouse | NewFortuneTimes.com". Retrieved 14 June 2025.
102. ^ "Low carbon city report focus on Johor Bahru, Malaysia". British High Commission, Kuala Lumpur. Government of the United Kingdom. 17 July 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
103. ^ "Global Top 500 Cities Report" (PDF). Global City Lab: 12. 2021.
104. ^ a b Aldo Tri Hartono (11 August 2014). "Wisata Belanja di Malaysia, Johor Bahru Tempatnya" (in Indonesian). DetikCom. Archived from the original on 26 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
105. ^ a b "Menikmati Johor Bahru Selangkah dari Singapura" (in Indonesian). Jawa Pos Group. 4 July 2015. Archived from the original on 26 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
106. ^ Zazali Musa (14 July 2015). "Lure of the Singapore dollar". The Star. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
107. ^ "More M'sians prefer to earn S'pore wages". Daily Express. 15 July 2015. Archived from the original on 26 July 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
108. ^ "Malaysian transport, logistics providers welcome change in Woodlands Checkpoint toll charges". The Straits Times. 9 January 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
109. ^ "JB calling". The Straits Times. 7 July 2013. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
110. ^ Tash Aw (13 May 2015). "With more Singaporeans in Iskandar, signs of accelerating détente with Malaysia". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
111. ^ Wyman, Oliver. "The Full Ranking Of The Cities Shaping The Future". Oliver Wyman Forum. Retrieved 19 April 2025.
112. ^ "Johor to get RM36.29m to maintain federal roads in the state". Malay Mail. 24 January 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
113. ^ "At the centre of Johor's economic growth". The Edge Malaysia. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
114. ^ "Chapter 15: Urban Linkage System (Section B: Planning and Implementation)" (PDF). Iskandar Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
115. ^ a b "Larkin Bus Terminal". Express Bus Malaysia. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
116. ^ "Stage Bus". PAJ. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
117. ^ "ManjaPay – Manja". manja.my. 5 December 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2025.
118. ^ "Transit with VISA". Causeway Link. 23 June 2022. Retrieved 21 June 2025.
119. ^ "Johor Jaya Bus Terminal". Land Transport Guru. September 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
120. ^ "Ulu Tiram Bus Terminal". Land Transport Guru. September 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
121. ^ "Johor Bahru Taxi". Taxi Johor Bahru. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
122. ^ "From Singapore to KL by train". The Malaysia Site. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
123. ^ "Transport Ministry receives first set of ETS3 trains". The Star. 8 June 2024. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
124. ^ "Singapore to Malaysia in just 5 minutes? It's now possible". The Straits Times/Asia News Network. Philippine Daily Inquirer. 5 July 2015. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
125. ^ TSL (25 June 2025). "KTMB Shuttle Tebrau To End Service In 2027 With Launch Of RTS Link". TheSmartLocal Malaysia – Travel, Lifestyle, Culture & Language Guide. Retrieved 30 June 2025.
126. ^ a b Yee, Xiang Yun (13 March 2025). "Johor hopes to kick off elevated ART project in third quarter of 2025, says exco man". The Star MY. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
127. ^ a b Simon Richmond; Damian Harper (December 2006). Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Ediz. Inglese. Lonely Planet. pp. 247–253\. ISBN 978-1-74059-708-1.
128. ^ "Malaysia's new airline in $1.5bn deal with Bombardier". BBC News. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
129. ^ John Gilbert (30 October 2015). "October Launch For Flymojo Cancelled". The Malaysian Reserve. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
130. ^ "Flights from Johor Bahru (JHB)". www.flightconnections.com. 7 February 2025. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
131. ^ "Stulang Laut Ferry Terminal". Easybook. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
132. ^ BERNAMA (6 November 2024). "Port Of Tanjung Pelepas Top 5 In Global Efficiency Ranking". BERNAMA. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
133. ^ BIRRUNTHA, S. (2 January 2025). "PTP handles record-breaking 12.5mil TEUs in 2024 | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
134. ^ "Direktori Hospital-Hospital Kerajaan" (in Malay). Johor State Health Department. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
135. ^ a b c "Academic (Clinical) Vacancies" (PDF). Newcastle University Medical School. p. 15\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
136. ^ "Direktori Hospital-Hospital Kerajaan" (in Malay). Johor State Health Department. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
137. ^ "About Us". KPJ Puteri Specialist Hospital. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
138. ^ "Healthcare projects in Iskandar Malaysia". Iskandar Regional Development Authority. Iskandar Malaysia. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
139. ^ "SENARAI SEKOLAH MENENGAH DI NEGERI JOHOR (List of Secondary Schools in Johor) – See Johor" (PDF). Educational Management Information System. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
140. ^ "Home" (in Malay). Kolej Pengajian Islam Johor. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
141. ^ "Lokasi Perbadanan Perpustakaan Awam Johor" (in Malay). Johor Public Library. Archived from the original on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
142. ^ "Perpustakaan Cawangan Seluruh Negeri Johor (Public Branches whole over the state of Johor)" (in Malay). Johor Public Library. Archived from the original on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
143. ^ "Perpustakaan Desa (Village Libraries)" (in Malay). Johor Public Library. Archived from the original on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
144. ^ Barry, Laura (24 December 2024). "World's top 100 city destinations revealed for 2024". Vacations & Travel. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
145. ^ Peggy Loh (18 December 2014). "Added advantage". New Straits Times. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
146. ^ Lim Mun Fah (10 August 2007). "Rise Up, Foon Yew! Move On, Independent Schools!". Sin Chew Daily. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
147. ^ Yee Xiang Yun (19 May 2013). "Great memories as Foon Yew High School turns 100". The Star. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
148. ^ a b c d e f "Lokasi-lokasi Menarik Berhampiran HSAJB (Interesting Spots Near Sultanah Aminah Hospital)" (PDF) (in Malay). Sultanah Aminah Hospital. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
149. ^ Natalya (14 April 2013). "Chinese Heritage Museum". Johor Travel. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
150. ^ a b c d e f g "Guide to Iskandar Malaysia's Places of Interests". Iskandar Regional Development Authority. Iskandar Malaysia. Archived from the original on 18 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
151. ^ a b c "History, Heritage, Arts and Culture, Crafts" (PDF). Malaysian Urological Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
152. ^ "Sultan Ibrahim Building". National Archives. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
153. ^ "Sultan Abu Bakar Mosque". Tourism Malaysia. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
154. ^ Desiree Tresa Gasper (2 May 2014). "150-year-old building torn down in middle of the night". The Star. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
155. ^ "Johor govt issues writ of summons against Wong Ah Fook mansion owner for demolishment". Antara Pos. 9 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
156. ^ Bernama (12 February 2023). "Oldest zoo in Malaysia to undergo facelift | New Straits Times". NST Online. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
157. ^ "Zoo Johor". Tourism Malaysia. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
158. ^ Dees Stribling. "Zoos in Johor, Malaysia". USA Today. Archived from the original on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
159. ^ "Taman Merdeka Johor Bahru – Visit Malaysia 2020".
160. ^ Pink (21 October 2018). "Jalan Wong Ah Fook: 13 Food, 10 Attraction & 15 Hotels (Near CS)". Taxi Singapore to Johor Bahru (JB) Malaysia | SGMYTAXI.com. Retrieved 16 February 2025.
161. ^ "South-East Asia's largest IKEA opens doors in Johor". The Malaysian Reserve. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2025.
162. ^ "Top 5 Places to Shop in Iskandar Malaysia". Iskandar Regional Development Authority. Iskandar Malaysia. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
163. ^ "Experts' view: Why the writing is on the wall for Malaysian malls taking second bite at the cherry". Malay Mail. 4 October 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
164. ^ "More megamalls are being built in Johor Bahru, but how viable are they in the long term?". CNA. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
165. ^ "MENARA JLAND | SKYSCAPE |". ticket.menarajland.com.my. Archived from the original on 17 January 2024. Retrieved 15 February 2025.
166. ^ "About us". Sports Prima. Archived from the original on 4 August 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
167. ^ Mohd al Qayum Azizi (12 February 2015). "Best FM Bakal Beroperasi Di KL Awal Tahun Depan" (in Malay). mStar. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
168. ^ "FKE Seniors Gained First Hand Experience on Radio Station Operations For Their Capstone Projects". Department of Communication Engineering. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. 4 October 2015. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
169. ^ "Consulate General of the Republic of Indonesia, Johor Bahru". Consulate General of Indonesia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
170. ^ Amanda (10 November 2016). "Changzhou, Johor Bahru of Malaysia become sister-cities". JSChina.com.cn. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
171. ^ Yu Ji (27 August 2011). "Kuching bags one of only two coveted 'Tourist City Award' in Asia". The Star. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
172. ^ Helmut K Anheier; Yudhishthir Raj Isar (31 March 2012). Cultures and Globalization: Cities, Cultural Policy and Governance. SAGE Publications. pp. 376–. ISBN 978-1-4462-5850-7.
173. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Malaysia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
174. ^ "Penang shines as Malaysia's safest city, Klang stuns KL". thesun.my. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
175. ^ "6,500 Anggota Polis Baharu Setiap Tahun Untuk Atasi Jenayah" (in Malay). mStar. 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
176. ^ Joseph Sipalan (11 November 2013). "Johor posts lower crime rate but capital still a hotspot, says top cop". The Malay Mail. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
177. ^ "Top 10 crime zones in Johor Bahru". AsiaOne. 21 December 2015. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
178. ^ Clarence Fernandez (22 March 2007). "Singapore and Malaysia's Johor – so near, yet so far". Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
179. ^ Rudin, Azharr (25 September 2008), Punggok rindukan bulan (Drammatico, Storico, Giallo), Saeful Nazhif Satria, Shahronizam, Maya Karin, Da Huang Pictures, retrieved 28 December 2024
180. ^ "HISHAMMUDDIN BIN DATUK HUSSEIN". MYMP. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
181. ^ "DYMM Sultan Johor". Laman Web Rasmi Kemahkotaan DYMM Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Johor (in Malay). 16 May 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
182. ^ "Joyce Chu – Biography". IMDb. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
183. ^ "Dato' Onn Jaafar – UMNO Online". umno-online.my. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
184. ^ "Home | Christina Sheila JORDAN | MEPs | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
185. ^ "Vivien Yeo – Biography". IMDb. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
186. ^ "Meet Gin Lee, the Malaysian singer-songwriter who rose to Cantopop fame". South China Morning Post. 12 November 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
187. ^ Asia, Tatler. "Tan Sri Robert Kuok". Tatler Asia. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
188. ^ Cheah Chor Sooi (7 August 2022). "No pushover Ng Tze Yong has stepped out of Lee Zii Jia's shadow". Focus Malaysia. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
189. ^ "Ronny Chieng – Biography". IMDb. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
190. ^ "The Royal Children". Laman Web Rasmi Kemahkotaan DYMM Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Johor. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2024.
191. ^ "FRANCIS Card. Sebastian". press.vatican.va. Retrieved 28 December 2024.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Fleming, Tom (May 2021). Malaysia: Johor Bahru Johor (PDF) (Report). Cultural Cities Profile East Asia. Kuala Lumpur: British Council Malaysia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2025.
* Guinness, Patrick (1992). On the Margin of Capitalism: People and development in Mukim Plentong, Johor, Malaysia. South-East Asian social monographs. Singapore: Oxford University Press. p. 177\. ISBN 978-0-19-588556-9. OCLC 231412873.
* Lim, Patricia Pui Huen (2002). Wong Ah Fook: Immigrant, Builder and Entrepreneur. Singapore: Times Editions. ISBN 978-981-232-369-9. OCLC 52054305.
* Oakley, Mat; Brown, Joshua Samuel (2009). Singapore: city guide. Footscray, Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-664-9. OCLC 440970648.
* Winstedt, Richard Olof; Kim, Khoo Kay (1992). A History of Johore, 1365–1941. M. B. R. A. S. Reprints (6) (Reprint ed.). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 978-983-99614-6-1. OCLC 255968795.
* John Drysdale (15 December 2008). Singapore Struggle for Success. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. pp. 287–. ISBN 978-981-4677-67-7.
* Jamie Han (2014). "Communal riots of 1964". National Library Board. Retrieved 5 July 2015.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johor Bahru.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Johor Bahru.

* Johor Bahru City Council

Places adjacent to Johor Bahru

| Skudai | Tebrau | Masai

|
|

|  |
Iskandar Puteri |

Johor Bahru

| Pasir Gudang
|  |
| Woodlands (Singapore) |

* v
* t
* e

State of Johor

* Capital city: Johor Bahru
* Administrative capital: Iskandar Puteri
* Royal town: Bandar Maharani (Muar)

General topics|

| Topics|

* Elections
* Government
* Executive
* Sultan
* Menteri Besar
* Legislative
* Johoreans
* Monarchy
* Monarchs
* Geography
* Economy
* Symbols
* Anthem
* Flag and coat of arms

|

Administrative
divisions|

* 10 Districts and 16 Local governments (3 Cites, 7 Municipals, 6 Districts)
* Special zone: (Iskandar Malaysia, RAPID Pengerang)

City councils
(Majlis Bandaraya)|

| Johor Bahru
(part of Johor Bahru district)|

* City Centre
* Bakar Batu
* Century
* Danga Bay
* Larkin
* Majidee
* Melodies
* Nong Chik
* Pasir Pelangi
* Stulang
* Suria
* Tebrau
* Dato' Onn
* Daya
* Johor Jaya
* Kangkar Tebrau
* Molek
* Mount Austin
* Pandan
* Setia Indah
* Tampoi
* Bandar Baru UDA
* Damansara Aliff
* Kempas
* Setia Tropika
* Plentong
* Permas Jaya
* Ulu Tiram

|

Iskandar Puteri
(part of Johor Bahru district)|

* City Centre
* Kota Iskandar
* Ledang Heights
* Nusa Bayu
* Medini
* Bukit Indah
* Perling
* Skudai
* Lima Kedai
* Mutiara Rini
* TUTA
* Universiti
* Pulai
* Kangkar Pulai
* Bandar Baru Kangkar Pulai
* Pulai Hijauan
* Pulai Indah
* Pulai Mutiara
* Gelang Patah
* Forest City
* Pendas
* Tanjung Kupang
* Tanjung Pelepas

Pasir Gudang
(part of Johor Bahru district)|

* Pasir Gudang
* Tanjung Langsat
* Masai
* Kong Kong
* Kota Masai
* Seri Alam
* Taman Scientex

Municipal councils
(Majlis Perbandaran)|

| Muar
(Muar district)|

* Bandar Maharani (City centre)
* Bukit Treh
* Parit Bakar
* Parit Sakai
* Sungai Abong
* Bakri
* Bukit Bakri
* Bukit Naning
* Parit Jawa
* Parit Unas
* Bukit Pasir
* Pagoh
* Bandar Universiti Pagoh
* Bukit Kepong
* Lenga
* Panchor
* Sungai Balang

|

Batu Pahat
(Batu Pahat district)|

* Bandar Penggaram (City centre)
* Minyak Beku
* Segenting
* Taman Bukit Pasir
* Taman Flora Utama
* Taman Setia Jaya 2
* Tongkang Pechah
* Rengit
* Parit Raja
* Semerah
* Senggarang
* Sri Gading
* Pura Kencana

Kluang
(Kluang district)|

* Kluang
* Taman Sri Lambak
* Mengkibol
* Paloh
* Chamek
* Kahang

Kulai
(Kulai district)|

* Kulai
* Bandar Indahpura
* Bandar Putra Kulai
* Senai
* FELDA Taib Andak
* Saleng
* Seelong
* Senai International Airport
* Kelapa Sawit
* Bukit Batu
* Sedenak
* Ulu Choh

Segamat
(Segamat district)|

* Segamat
* Genuang
* Kampung Tengah
* Batu Anam
* Buloh Kasap
* Gemas Baru
* Jementah

Pengerang
(Kota Tinggi district)|

* Pengerang
* Tanjung Pengelih
* Sungai Rengit
* Teluk Ramunia
* Pasir Gogok
* Bandar Penawar
* Bandar Mas
* Desaru
* Tanjung Balau
* Johor Lama
* Teluk Sengat

Pontian|

* Pontian Kechil
* Kampung Kayu Ara Pasong
* Pekan Nanas
* Ayer Baloi
* Benut
* Kukup

District councils
(Majlis Daerah)|

| Kota Tinggi|

* Kota Tinggi
* Lombong
* Bandar Tenggara
* Sedili
* FELDA Lok Heng
* FELDA Waha

|

Mersing|

* Mersing
* Air Papan
* Tenggaroh
* Jemaluang
* Endau

Tangkak|

* Tangkak
* Sagil
* Sungai Mati
* Bukit Kangkar
* Sengkang
* Bukit Gambir
* Kesang
* Parit Bunga
* Tanjung Agas

Labis
(Segamat district)|

* Labis
* Air Panas
* Sungai Karas
* Tenang
* Bekok
* Chaah

Yong Peng
(Batu Pahat district)|

* Yong Peng
* Ayer Hitam
* Parit Sulong
* Sri Medan
* Parit Yaani

Simpang Renggam
(Kluang district)|

* Simpang Renggam
* Machap
* Layang-Layang
* Renggam

* Commons
* Wikisource
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Malaysia border crossings

Malaysia / Brunei|

| Road|

* Mengkalap / Labu
* Pandaruan / Ujong Jalan
* Sungai Tujuh / Sungai Tujoh
* Tedungan / Kuala Lurah

|

Ferry|

* Labuan / Serasa

Malaysia / Indonesia|

| Road|

* Biawak / Aruk
* Lubok Antu / Nanga Badau
* Tebedu / Entikong

|

Ferry|

* Iskandar Puteri / Batam Harbour Bay Ferry Terminal
* Iskandar Puteri / Tanjung Balai Karimun
* Kukup / Tanjung Balai Karimun
* Malacca / Bengkalis
* Malacca / Dumai
* Muar / Bengkalis
* Pasir Gudang / Batam Center Ferry Terminal
* Port Klang / Tanjung Balai Asahan
* Stulang Laut, Johor Bahru / Batam Center Ferry Terminal
* Stulang Laut, Johor Bahru / Batam Harbour Bay Ferry Terminal
* Stulang Laut, Johor Bahru / Tanjung Pinang
* Tanjung Pengelih, Pengerang / Batam Center Ferry Terminal
* Tawau / Nunukan
* Tawau / Tarakan

Malaysia / Singapore|

| Road|

* Sultan Iskandar Building, Johor Bahru / Woodlands (via Johor–Singapore Causeway)
* Sultan Abu Bakar Complex, Tanjung Kupang / Tuas (via Malaysia–Singapore Second Link)

|

Ferry|

* Tanjung Pengelih, Pengerang / Changi Point Ferry Terminal
* Tanjung Belungkor, Pengerang / Changi Ferry Terminal

Rail|

* Johor Bahru Sentral railway station / Woodlands Train Checkpoint

Malaysia / Thailand|

| Road|

* Bukit Berapit, Pengkalan Hulu / Betong
* Bukit Bunga / Buketa
* Bukit Kayu Hitam / Ban Danok, Sadao
* Durian Burung (Kota Putra) / Ban Prakop, Na Thawi
* Padang Besar, Malaysia / Padang Besar, Thailand
* Rantau Panjang / Su-ngai Kolok
* Wang Kelian / Wang Prachan

|

Ferry|

* Kuah / Ko Lipe
* Kuah / Satun
* Pengkalan Kubor / Tak Bai
* Telaga Harbour Langkawi / Ko Lipe

Rail|

* Padang Besar railway station

Articles related to Johor Bahru

* v
* t
* e

Cities in Malaysia

* Alor Setar
* George Town
* Ipoh
* Iskandar Puteri
* Johor Bahru
* Klang
* Kota Kinabalu
* Kuala Lumpur
* Kuala Terengganu
* Kuantan
* Kuching
* Malacca City
* Miri
* Pasir Gudang
* Petaling Jaya
* Seberang Perai
* Seremban
* Shah Alam
* Subang Jaya

* v
* t
* e

Malaysian cities with a population of more than 200,000

1,000,000–1,999,999|

* Kuala Lumpur (capital)

500,000–999,999|

* George Town
* Ipoh
* Johor Bahru
* Kota Kinabalu
* Kuantan
* Petaling Jaya
* Shah Alam
* Subang Jaya
* Iskandar Puteri
* Seremban
* Seberang Perai

200,000–499,999|

* Malacca City
* Alor Setar
* Kuala Terengganu
* Kuching
* Pasir Gudang
* Miri

* v
* t
* e

Largest cities and municipalities in Malaysia

Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2020)

| Rank | Name | State |  Pop. | Rank | Name | State |  Pop.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1 | Kuala Lumpur | Federal Territory | 1,982,112 | 11 | Ipoh | Perak | 759,952
2 | Kajang | Selangor | 1,047,356 | 12 | Seremban | Negeri Sembilan | 681,541
3 | Seberang Perai | Penang | 946,092 | 13 | Iskandar Puteri | Johor | 575,977
4 | Subang Jaya | Selangor | 902,086 | 14 | Kuantan | Pahang | 548,014
5 | Klang | Selangor | 902,025 | 15 | Sungai Petani | Kedah | 545,053
6 | Johor Bahru | Johor | 858,118 | 16 | Ampang Jaya | Selangor | 531,904
7 | Shah Alam | Selangor | 812,327 | 17 | Kota Kinabalu | Sabah | 500,425
8 | George Town | Penang | 794,313 | 18 | Malacca City | Malacca | 453,904
9 | Petaling Jaya | Selangor | 771,687 | 19 | Sandakan | Sabah | 439,050
10 | Selayang | Selangor | 764,327 | 20 | Alor Setar | Kedah | 423,868

* v
* t
* e

Iskandar Malaysia

Districts|

* Kulai
* Johor Bahru
* Pontian (partial)

Key entities|

* Khazanah Nasional
* Iskandar Regional Development Authority
* Iskandar Investment Berhad
* Johor Corporation
* UEM Group

Local authorities|

* Pontian Municipal Council (MPPn)
* Iskandar Puteri City Council (MBIP)
* Kulai Municipal Council (MPKu)
* Johor Bahru City Council (MBJB)
* Pasir Gudang City Council (MBPG)

Economic zones|

* Zone A: Johor Bahru City Centre
* Zone B: Iskandar Puteri
* Zone C: Western Gate Development
* Zone D: Eastern Gate Development
* Zone E: Senai-Skudai

Major towns and suburb|

* Johor Bahru
* Bandar Dato' Onn
* Danga Bay
* Johor Jaya
* Desa Jaya
* Ehsan Jaya
* Desa Cemerlang
* Puteri Wangsa
* Pelangi Indah
* Mount Austin
* Larkin
* Plentong
* Tampoi
* Tebrau
* Ulu Tiram
* Permas Jaya
* Iskandar Puteri
* Bukit Indah
* Forest City
* Gelang Patah
* Horizon Hills
* Kangkar Pulai
* Kota Iskandar
* Medini Iskandar Malaysia
* Skudai
* Taman Universiti
* Taman Ungku Tun Aminah
* Tanjung Kupang
* Ulu Choh
* Pasir Gudang
* Bandar Seri Alam
* Masai
* Kota Masai
* Sungai Tiram
* Tanjung Langsat
* Bandar Kulai
* Indahpura
* Senai
* Saleng
* Sedenak
* Seelong
* Sengkang
* Pekan Nanas
* Kukup
* Ayer Bemban

Major landmarks|

* Iskandar Coastal Bridge
* Iskandar Malaysia Studios
* Johor–Singapore Causeway
* Johor Bahru Old Chinese Temple
* Johor Port
* Johor Premium Outlets
* Johor Technology Park
* Kempas Sentral
* Komtar JBCC
* Kota Iskandar
* Larkin Sentral
* Legoland Malaysia
* Malaysia–Singapore Second Link
* Sultan Abu Bakar Complex
* Mall of Medini
* MSC Cyberport
* Permas Jaya Bridge
* Persada Johor International Convention Centre
* Port of Tanjung Pelepas
* Senai International Airport
* Southern Integrated Gateway
* Sultan Iskandar Building
* JB Sentral
* Sungai Johor Bridge
* Sultan Iskandar Mosque
* Tanjung Piai

Infrastructure|

* Bukit Indah Highway
* Iskandar Coastal Highway
* Iskandar Malaysia Bus Rapid Transit
* Johor Bahru Eastern Dispersal Link Expressway
* Johor Bahru Inner Ring Road
* Johor Bahru–Pasir Gudang Elevated Expressway
* Johor Bahru–Singapore Rapid Transit System
* North–South Expressway southern route
* Pasir Gudang Highway
* Johor Bahru East Coast Highway
* Gemas–Johor Bahru double-tracking and electrification project
* Second Link Expressway
* Senai–Desaru Expressway
* Skudai Highway
* Tebrau Highway

Education|

* Ibrahim Sultan Polytechnic (PIS)
* MDIS Malaysia
* Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia
* Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
* Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM)
* University of Reading Malaysia Campus
* University of Southampton
* Southern University College (Southen UC)

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Other|

* IdRef
* Yale LUX

*[c.]: circa
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template