Joint Institute for Nuclear Research

Physics research institute in Russia

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Joint Institute
for Nuclear Research (JINR)
Объединённый институт ядерных
исследований, ОИЯИ

Formation| March 26, 1956; 69 years ago (1956-03-26)[1]
Headquarters| Dubna, Russia
Coordinates| 56°44′47″N 37°11′22″E﻿ / ﻿56.74639°N 37.18944°E﻿ / 56.74639; 37.18944
Membership|

13 countries

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Cuba
* Egypt
* Georgia
* Kazakhstan
* Moldova
* Mongolia
* Russia
* Slovakia
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Associate members:
* Germany
* Hungary
* Italy
* Serbia
* South Africa

Official languages

| English and Russian

Director General

| Grigory Trubnikov [ru]
Website| www.jinr.ru
Science with neutrons

Foundations

* Neutron temperature
* Flux, Radiation, Transport
* Cross section, Absorption, Activation

Neutron scattering

* Neutron diffraction
* Small-angle neutron scattering
* GISANS
* Reflectometry
* Inelastic neutron scattering
* Triple-axis spectrometer
* Time-of-flight spectrometer
* Backscattering spectrometer
* Spin-echo spectrometer

Other applications

* Neutron tomography
* Activation analysis, Prompt gamma activation analysis
* Fundamental research with neutrons: Ultracold neutrons, Interferometry
* Fast neutron therapy
* Neutron capture therapy

Infrastructure

* Neutron sources: Research reactor, Spallation, Neutron moderator
* Neutron optics: Reflector, Supermirror
* Detection

Neutron facilities

* America: HFIR, LANSCE, NIST CNR -SNS
* Oceania: OPAL
* Asia: J-PARC, HANARO
* Europe: BER II, FRM II, ILL, ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, JINR, SINQ
* Historic: IPNS, HFBR
* Under construction: ESS

* v
* t
* e

The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR, Russian: Объединённый институт ядерных исследований, ОИЯИ), in Dubna, Moscow Oblast (110 km north of Moscow), Russia, is an international research center for nuclear sciences, with 5,500 staff members including 1,200 researchers holding over 1,000 Ph.D.s from eighteen countries. Most scientists are scientists of the Russian Federation.

The institute has seven laboratories, each with its own specialisation: theoretical physics, high energy physics (particle physics), heavy ion physics, condensed matter physics, nuclear reactions, neutron physics, and information technology. The institute has a division to study radiation and radiobiological research and other ad hoc experimental physics experiments.

Principal research instruments include a nuclotron superconductive particle accelerator (particle energy: 7 GeV), three isochronous cyclotrons (120, 145, 650 MeV), a phasitron (680 MeV) and a synchrophasotron (4 GeV). The site has a neutron fast-pulse reactor (1,500MW pulse) with nineteen associated instruments receiving neutron beams.

## Founding

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The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research was established on the basis of an agreement signed on 26 March 1956, in Moscow by representatives of the governments of the eleven founding countries, with a view to combining their scientific and material potential. The USSR contributed 50 percent, the People's Republic of China 20 percent. In February 1957, the JINR was registered by the United Nations. The institute is located in Dubna, 120 km north of Moscow.

At the time of the creation of JINR, the Institute of Nuclear Problems (INP) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR already existed at the site of the future Dubna since the late 1940s, and it launched a program of fundamental and applied research at the synchrocyclotron. The Electrophysics Laboratory of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (EFLAN) was established, and under the guidance of Academician Vladimir Veksler, work began to create a new accelerator – a proton synchrophasotron – with a record energy of 10 GeV at that time.

By the mid-1950s, there was a worldwide consensus that nuclear science should be accessible and that only broad cooperation could ensure the progressive development of this research, as well as the peaceful use of atomic energy. Thus, in 1954, near Geneva, CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) was established. At about the same time, the countries that belonged to the socialist community decided to establish a Joint Institute for Nuclear Research on the basis of the INP and EFLAN.

The first director of the United Institute was Professor D. I. Blokhintsev, who just completed the creation of Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant the world's first nuclear power plant in Obninsk. The first vice-directors of JINR were professors Marian Danysz (Poland) and V. Votruba (Czechoslovakia).

The history of the formation of the JINR is associated with the names of prominent scientists and Professors. The following list provides some of the names of prominent scientists.

* Nikolay Bogolyubov
* Lajos Jánossy
* Leopold Infeld
* Igor Kurchatov
* Heinz Pose
* Heinz Barwich
* Karl Lanius [de; ru]
* Igor Tamm
* Aleksandr Topchiev [be; de; ru]
* Alexander Baldin
* Wang Ganchang
* Vladimir Veksler
* Nikolay Govorun
* Venedikt Dzhelepov
* Jaroslav Kožešník
* Kroó Norbert [eo; hu]
* Moisey Markov
* Șerban Țițeica
* Georgi Nadjakov
* Nguyen Van Hieu [vi]
* Le Van Thiem
* Yuri Oganessian
* Lénárd Pál [arz; eo; hu; ru]
* Bruno Pontecorvo
* Boris Arbuzov
* Aureliu Emil Săndulescu [ro]
* Albert Tavkhelidze
* Georgy Flyorov
* Ilya Frank
* Andrzej Hrynkiewicz [pl]
* F. Shapiro
* Dmitry Shirkov
* E. Yanik (Polish: Jerzy Janik)[2][3]

## Cooperation

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The JINR cooperates with many organizations. One of the main organizations with which JINR cooperates is UNESCO. Its collaboration with JINR started in 1997 in order to develop basic sciences and try to achieve sustainable development. Joint activities include training programmes and grant mechanisms for researchers in the basic science. This international scientific cooperation and knowledge sharing in key scientific fields is one of the main 2030 UNESCO goals, the achievement of Sustainable Development.[4]

The United Nations General Assembly and UNESCO General Conference named 2019 as The International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (IYPTE 2019). This reinforced the cooperation between these two organizations.[4] JINR was one of the observers of European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) from 2014 till 25 March 2022.[5]

As of 1 January 2023, 13 JINR state members are active and three suspended:[6]

* Azerbaijan
* Armenia
* Belarus
* Bulgaria (suspended)
* Democratic People's Republic of Korea (suspended)
* Vietnam
* Georgia
* Kazakhstan
* Cuba
* Republic of Moldova
* Mongolia
* Russia
* Romania
* Slovakia (suspended)
* Uzbekistan
* Egypt[7]

Associate members are:

* Germany
* Hungary
* Italy
* South Africa
* Serbia

Scientific collaboration with organizations including:

* CERN – since 2014, subject to restrictions detailed in the CERN Council resolutions 3671[8] and 3638[9] following the invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation. Collaboration to be reviewed well in advance of January 2025, the expiration date of the International Cooperation Agreement.
* UNESCO – since 1997
* BMBF, since 1991.[10]
* INFN, since 1996.[10]
* University of Turin, since 1999.[11][10]
* EPS, since 1990.[12]

Former members: In December 2022 the Czech Republic,[13] Poland[14] and Ukraine[15] terminated their membership and Bulgaria and Slovakia suspended their participation in JINR.[16] The Democratic People's Republic of Korea was one of the founding states in 1956. It has been suspended from participating in JINR since 2015.[17]

## Structure of research

[edit]

The main fields of the institute's research are:

* Theoretical physics
* Elementary particle physics
* Relativistic nuclear physics
* Heavy ion physics
* Low and intermediate energy physics
* Nuclear physics with neutrons
* Condensed matter physics
* Radiobiology
* Computer networking, computing and computational physics
* Educational programme

The JINR possess eight laboratories and University Centre.

JINR laboratories  Name | Realm of Physics | Facilities | Notes

|
|
|

University Centre (UC) | Academic Environment  |  |
Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical Physics (BLTP) | Theoretical physics |  |
Veksler and Baldin Laboratory of High Energy Physics (VBLHE) | High Energy Physics | Nuclotron, Synchrophasotron, NICA | Nuclotron is the first superconductive synchrotron in World with particle energy up to 7 GeV. Synchrophasotron has particle energy of 4 GeV. NICA is associated with Nuclotron experiment
Laboratory of Particle Physics (LPP) | Particle Physics |  |
Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems (DLNP) | Nuclear physics | Synchrocyclotron | Synchrocyclotron with the energy 680 MeV and with the intensity of extracted beam 2.5mkA.[18] In addition it is used for Radiation therapy
Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) | Nuclear physics | U400, U400M, IC100 Cyclotron and MT-25 microtron[19] | The laboratory producing new elements
Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics (FLNP) | Nuclear physics | IBR-2 [ru], IREN | IBR-2 [ru] high-flux pulsed Fast-neutron reactor and together with IREN Facility are main Neutron source[20]
Laboratory of Information Technologies (LIT) | Theoretical physics | HybriLIT | Provision with the network, computing and information resources as well as mathematical support of experimental and theoretical studies
Laboratory of Radiation Biology (LRB) | Radiation therapy, Radiobiology |  |

## Superheavy Element Factory

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The Superheavy Element Factory (SHE factory) at the JINR, opened in 2019, is a new experimental complex dedicated to superheavy element research. Its facilities enable a tenfold increase in beam intensity; such an increase in sensitivity enables the study of reactions with lower cross sections that would otherwise be inaccessible. Sergey Dmitriev, director of the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, believes that the SHE factory will enable closer examination of nuclei near the limits of stability, as well as experiments aimed at the synthesis of elements 119 and 120.[21][22]

## Scientific achievements

[edit]

More than 40 major achievements in particle physics have been made through experiments at JINR, including:

* 1957 – prediction of neutrino oscillation, published in JETP by Bruno Pontecorvo[23]
* 1976 – element 107 (bohrium)[24]
* 1999 – element 114 (flerovium)[25]
* 2000 – element 116 (livermorium)[26]
* 2002 – element 118 (oganesson)[27]
* 2003 – element 115 (moscovium) and element 113 (nihonium)[28]
* 2010 – synthesis of element 117 (tennessine)[29]

## Prizes and awards

[edit]

JINR has instituted awards to honour and encourage high-level research in the fields of physics and mathematics since 1961.

* The Bogolyubov Prize for young scientists – an award for young researchers in theoretical physics.
* The Bogolyubov Prize – an international award to scientists with outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and applied mathematics.
* The Bruno Pontecorvo Prize – is an award to scientists with contribution to elementary particle physics.

The first award was dedicated to Wang Ganchang, deputy director from 1958 to 1960 and the Soviet Professor Vladimir Veksler for the discovery of antisigma-minus hyperon.[30][clarification needed]

## Directors

[edit]

* Dmitry Blokhintsev (1956–1965)
* Nikolay Bogolyubov (1966–1988)
* Dezső Kiss [hu] (1989–1991)
* Vladimir Kadyshevsky (1992–2005)
* Alexei Sisakian [ru] (2005–2010)
* Mikhail G. Itkis [ru] (May 2010–September 2011) ad interim
* Victor A. Matveev (2012–2020)
* Grigory V. Trubnikov (since 2021)

## Gallery

[edit]

* Wang Ganchang

* Postage stamp of the USSR, 1976

* Georgy Flyorov, founder of JINR

* Yuri Oganessian

* Eduard Kozulin, head of group at the Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, checking the experiment readiness of the super sensitive analyzer of heavy atoms mass.

* a picture of JINR members

## See also

[edit]

* Nuclotron
* Institute for Nuclear Research
* Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Russian particle physics laboratory in Novosibirsk
* Institute for High Energy Physics, Russian particle physics laboratory in the vicinity of Moscow; located south of Moscow
* Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Russian particle physics laboratory in the vicinity of Moscow; located in Moscow proper
* Bogolyubov Prize for young scientists, an award for young scientists provided by JINR

## Notes

[edit]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "JINR".
2. ^ Объединенный институт ядерных исследований (Дубна)
3. ^ "International Intergovernmental Organization Joint Institute for Nuclear Research" (PDF). Laboratory of High Energies of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. 18 July 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2008.
4. ^ a b "UNESCO and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research: 20 years of collaboration in support of basic sciences for sustainable development". 15 February 2018.
5. ^ "JINR (Observer status suspended) | International Relations". international-relations.web.cern.ch. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
6. ^ "Member States".
7. ^ "Egypt became full-fledged JINR Member State – Výzkumné infrastruktury".
8. ^ "3671 Resolution Decision making JINR" (PDF). cern.ch. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
9. ^ "3638 Resolution Decision making JINR" (PDF). cern.ch. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
10. ^ a b c "Physics at JINR" (PDF). cern.ch. 23 June 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
11. ^ "DISAT - Theory of Fundamental Interactions".
12. ^ "EPS Historic Sites - JINR in Dubna - European Physical Society (EPS)". Archived from the original on 23 October 2020.
13. ^ "From Czech Radio (in Russian)". 31 December 2022.
14. ^ "Польша заявила о прекращении научно-технического сотрудничества с Россией". РИА Новости. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
15. ^ "Кабінет Міністрів України - Україна виходить зі складу членів Об'єднаного інституту ядерних досліджень". www.kmu.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
16. ^ "EU countries pulling back from joint research institute in Russia". 29 July 2022. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
17. ^ "Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)". Retrieved 7 July 2023.
18. ^ "RuPAC2014 - List of Keywords (synchro-cyclotron)". accelconf.web.cern.ch. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
19. ^ Kalagin, Igor and others (2018), Heavy Ion Cyclotrons of FLNR JINR - Status and Plans,26th Russian Particle Accelerator Conference doi =10.18429/JACoW-RuPAC2018-WEXMH02
20. ^ Valery, Shvetsov. (2017). Neutron Sources at the Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. Quantum Beam Science. 1. 6. 10.3390/qubs1010006.
21. ^ Dmitriev, S.; Itkis, M.; Oganessian, Y. (2016). "Status and perspectives of the Dubna superheavy element factory" (PDF). EPJ Web of Conferences. 131 (8001): 08001. Bibcode:2016EPJWC.13108001D. doi:10.1051/epjconf/201613108001.
22. ^ "Inauguration of the Factory of superheavy elements". Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. 26 March 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
23. ^ Pontecorvo, B. (1957). "Inverse beta processes and nonconservation of lepton charge". Zhurnal Éksperimental'noĭ i Teoreticheskoĭ Fiziki. 34: 247. reproduced and translated in "[no title cited]". Soviet Physics JETP. 7: 172. 1958.
24. ^ "Bohrium | chemical element".
25. ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (1999). "Synthesis of Superheavy Nuclei in the 48Ca + 244Pu Reaction" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 83 (16): 3154. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.3154O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
26. ^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov; Lobanov; Abdullin; Polyakov; Shirokovsky; Tsyganov; Gulbekian; Bogomolov; Gikal; Mezentsev; Iliev; Subbotin; Sukhov; Ivanov; Buklanov; Subotic; Itkis; Moody; Wild; Stoyer; Stoyer; Lougheed; Laue; Karelin; Tatarinov (2000). "Observation of the decay of 292116". Physical Review C. 63 (1): 011301. Bibcode:2000PhRvC..63a1301O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301.
27. ^ "Oganesson - noble but not a gas".
28. ^ Oganessian; et al. (2003). "Experiments on the synthesis of element 115 in the reaction 243Am(48Ca,xn)291−x115" (PDF). JINR Preprints.
29. ^ Glanz, James (6 April 2010). "Scientists Discover Heavy New Element". The New York Times.
30. ^ "50thAnniversary of the Veksler and Baldin Laboratory of High Energies of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research" (PDF). Laboratory of High Energies of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. 27 October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2008.

## External links

[edit]

* JINR Website
* JINR Telegram Channel
* Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Website Archived 21 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine

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