José de Alencar

Brazilian writer (1829–1877)

For other uses, see José de Alencar (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with former Brazilian Vice President José Alencar.

José de Alencar

José de Alencar, c. 1870

Born| José Martiniano de Alencar
(1829-05-01)May 1, 1829
Fortaleza, Empire of Brazil
Died| December 12, 1877(1877-12-12) (aged 48)
Rio de Janeiro, Empire of Brazil
Pen name| Erasmo

Occupation| Lawyer, politician, orator, novelist, dramatist
Nationality| Brazilian
Alma mater| University of São Paulo
Literary movement| Romanticism
Notable works| O Guarani, Senhora, Lucíola, Iracema, Ubirajara
Spouse| Georgina Augusta Cochrane
Children| Augusto de Alencar, Mário de Alencar
Relatives| José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar, Leonel Martiniano de Alencar
Signature

José Martiniano de Alencar (May 1, 1829 – December 12, 1877) was a Brazilian lawyer, politician, orator, novelist and dramatist. He is considered to be one of the most famous and influential Brazilian Romantic novelists of the 19th century, and a major exponent of the literary tradition known as "Indianism". Sometimes he signed his works with the pen name Erasmo. He was patron of the 23rd chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

## Biography

[edit]

The house where José de Alencar was born and lived in until 1844, in the Messejana neighborhood, in Fortaleza

José Martiniano de Alencar was born in Messejana, Fortaleza, Ceará, on May 1, 1829, to politician José Martiniano Pereira de Alencar and his cousin Ana Josefina de Alencar. His family was a rich and influential clan in Northeastern Brazil, his grandmother being famous landowner Barbara Pereira de Alencar, heroine of the Pernambucan Revolution. Moving to São Paulo in 1844, he graduated in Law at the Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo in 1850 and started his career in law in Rio de Janeiro. Invited by his friend Francisco Otaviano, he became a collaborator for the journal Correio Mercantil. He also wrote many chronicles for the Diário do Rio de Janeiro and the Jornal do Commercio. Alencar would compile all the chronicles he wrote for these newspapers in 1874, under the name Ao Correr da Pena.

It was in the Diário do Rio de Janeiro, during the year of 1856, that Alencar gained notoriety, writing the Cartas sobre A Confederação dos Tamoios, under the pseudonym Ig. In them, he bitterly criticized the homonymous poem by Gonçalves de Magalhães. Even the Brazilian Emperor Pedro II, who esteemed Magalhães very much, participated in this polemic, albeit under a pseudonym. Also in 1856, he wrote and published under feuilleton form his first romance, Cinco Minutos, that received critical acclaim. In the following year, his breakthrough novel, O Guarani, was released; it would be adapted into a famous opera by Brazilian composer Antônio Carlos Gomes 13 years later. O Guarani would be first novel of what is informally called Alencar's "Indianist Trilogy" – a series of three novels by Alencar that focused on the foundations of the Brazilian nation, and on its indigenous peoples and culture. The other two novels, Iracema and Ubirajara, would be published on 1865 and 1874, respectively. Although called a trilogy, the three books are unrelated in their plots.

Monument to José de Alencar in Rio de Janeiro

Alencar was affiliated with the Conservative Party of Brazil, being elected as a general deputy for Ceará. He was the Brazilian Minister of Justice from 1868 to 1870, having famously opposed the abolition of slavery.[1] He also planned to be a senator, but Pedro II never appointed him, under the pretext of Alencar being too young;[2] with his feelings hurt, he would abandon politics later.

He was very close friends with the also famous writer Machado de Assis, who wrote an article in 1866 praising his novel Iracema, that was published the year before, comparing his Indianist works to Gonçalves Dias, saying that "Alencar was in prose what Dias was in poetry". When Assis founded the Brazilian Academy of Letters in 1897, he chose Alencar as the patron of his chair.

In 1864 he married Georgina Augusta Cochrane, daughter of an eccentric British aristocrat. They would have six children – Augusto (who would be the Brazilian Minister of External Relations in 1919, and also the Brazilian ambassador in the United States from 1920 to 1924), Clarisse, Ceci, Elisa, Mário (who would be a journalist and writer, and a member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters) and Adélia. (It is implied that Mário de Alencar was actually an illegitimate son of Machado de Assis, a fact that inspired Assis to write his famous novel Dom Casmurro.[3])

Alencar died in Rio de Janeiro in 1877, a victim of tuberculosis. A theatre in Fortaleza, the Theatro José de Alencar, was named after him. His works were marked by the influence of his Roman Catholic faith.[4][5]

## Works

[edit]

### Novels

[edit]

* Cinco Minutos (1856)
* A Viuvinha (1857)
* O Guarani (1857)
* Lucíola (1862)
* Diva (1864)
* Iracema (1865)
* As Minas de Prata (1865 — 1866)
* O Gaúcho (1870)
* A Pata da Gazela (1870)
* O Tronco do Ipê (1871)
* A Guerra dos Mascates (1871 — 1873)
* Til (1871)
* Sonhos d'Ouro (1872)
* Alfarrábios (1873)
* Ubirajara (1874)
* O Sertanejo (1875)
* Senhora (1875)
* Encarnação (1893 — posthumous)

### Theatre plays

[edit]

* O Crédito (1857)
* Verso e Reverso (1857)
* O Demônio Familiar (1857)
* As Asas de um Anjo (1858)
* Mãe (1860)
* A Expiação (1867)
* O Jesuíta (1875)

### Chronicles

[edit]

* Ao Correr da Pena (1874)

### Autobiography

[edit]

* Como e Por Que sou Romancista (1873)

### Critics and polemics

[edit]

* Cartas sobre A Confederação dos Tamoios (1856)
* Cartas Políticas de Erasmo (1865 — 1866)
* O Sistema Representativo (1866)

* Brazil portal
* Literature portal

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Cartas a favor da escravidão | Hedra". www.hedra.com.br. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05.
2. ^ RODRIGUES, Antonio Edmilson Martins; FALCON, Francisco José Calazans. José de Alencar: O Poeta Armado do Século XIX. [S.l.]: FGV Editora, 2001.
3. ^ Mário de Alencar: Machado de Assis' son? Archived 2008-10-03 at the Wayback Machine (in Portuguese)
4. ^ Sanches, Rafaela Mendes Mano (2019). "Figurações da Religião Cristã Em José de Alencar: Entre Santos, Errantes e Amaldiçoados". Cadernos do Il (58): 134–149\. doi:10.22456/2236-6385.92221.134-149&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info:doi/10.22456/2236-6385.92221&rft.aulast=Sanches&rft.aufirst=Rafaela+Mendes+Mano&rft_id=https://seer.ufrgs.br/cadernosdoil/article/view/92221&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:José+de+Alencar" class="Z3988">
5. ^ Quelhas, Iza Terezinha Gonçalves (2020). "O Suicídio Na Ficção e No Periódico Católico: A Viuvinha, de José de Alencar, e a Abelha – Verdade e Caridade". Reflexão Estética da Literatura 2. pp. 74–85\. doi:10.22533/at.ed.8942026107. ISBN 9786557064894. S2CID 229000993.74-85&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229000993#id-name=S2CID&rft_id=info:doi/10.22533/at.ed.8942026107&rft.isbn=9786557064894&rft.aulast=Quelhas&rft.aufirst=Iza+Terezinha+Gonçalves&rft_id=https://www.atenaeditora.com.br/post-artigo/40820&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:José+de+Alencar" class="Z3988">

## External links

[edit]

Portuguese Wikisource has original text related to this article:

José de Alencar (original works in Portuguese)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to José de Alencar.

* Portuguese Wikiquote has quotations related to: José de Alencar
* Works by José Martiniano de Alencar at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about José de Alencar at the Internet Archive
* Works by José de Alencar at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
* José de Alencar's biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters (in Portuguese)
* A biography of Alencar at the official site of Messejana (in Portuguese)

Preceded by

New creation

Brazilian Academy of Letters – Patron of the 23rd chair | Succeeded by

Machado de Assis (founder)

|
|

* v
* t
* e

Novels by José de Alencar

* Cinco Minutos (1856)
* A Viuvinha (1857)
* O Guarani (1857)
* Lucíola (1862)
* Diva (1864)
* Iracema (1865)
* As minas de prata (1865–1866)
* O gaúcho (1870)
* A pata da gazela (1870)
* O Tronco do Ipê (1871)
* A guerra dos mascates (1871–1873)
* Til (1871)
* Sonhos d'ouro (1872)
* Alfarrábios (1873)
* Ubirajara (1874)
* O sertanejo (1875)
* Senhora (1875)
* Encarnação (1893)

* v
* t
* e

Patrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters

Chairs
1 to 10|

1 (Adelino Fontoura): Luís Murat ► Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay ► Ivan Monteiro de Barros Lins ► Bernardo Élis ► Evandro Lins e Silva ► Ana Maria Machado
2 (Álvares de Azevedo): Coelho Neto ► João Neves da Fontoura ► João Guimarães Rosa ► Mário Palmério ► Tarcísio Padilha ► Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca
3 (Artur de Oliveira): Filinto de Almeida ► Roberto Simonsen ► Aníbal Freire da Fonseca ► Herberto Sales ► Carlos Heitor Cony ► Joaquim Falcão
4 (Basílio da Gama): Aluísio Azevedo ► Alcides Maia ► Viana Moog ► Carlos Nejar
5 (Bernardo Guimarães): Raimundo Correia ► Oswaldo Cruz ► Aloísio de Castro ► Cândido Mota Filho ► Rachel de Queiroz ► José Murilo de Carvalho ► Ailton Krenak
6 (Casimiro de Abreu): Teixeira de Melo ► Artur Jaceguai ► Goulart de Andrade ► Barbosa Lima Sobrinho ► Raimundo Faoro ► Cícero Sandroni
7 (Castro Alves): Valentim Magalhães ► Euclides da Cunha ► Afrânio Peixoto ► Afonso Pena Júnior ► Hermes Lima ► Pontes de Miranda ► Diná Silveira de Queirós ► Sérgio Correia da Costa ► Nelson Pereira dos Santos ► Cacá Diegues
8 (Cláudio Manuel da Costa): Alberto de Oliveira ► Oliveira Viana ► Austregésilo de Athayde ► Antônio Calado ► Antônio Olinto ► Cleonice Berardinelli ► Ricardo Cavaliere
9 (Gonçalves de Magalhães): Carlos Magalhães de Azeredo ► Marques Rebelo ► Carlos Chagas Filho ► Alberto da Costa e Silva ► Lilia Moritz Schwarcz
10 (Evaristo da Veiga): Rui Barbosa ► Laudelino Freire ► Osvaldo Orico ► Orígenes Lessa ► Lêdo Ivo ► Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira

Chairs
11 to 20|

11 (Fagundes Varela): Lúcio de Mendonça ► Pedro Augusto Carneiro Lessa ► Eduardo Ramos ► João Luís Alves ► Adelmar Tavares ► Deolindo Couto ► Darcy Ribeiro ► Celso Furtado ► Hélio Jaguaribe ► Ignácio de Loyola Brandão
12 (França Júnior): Urbano Duarte de Oliveira ► Antônio Augusto de Lima ► Vítor Viana ► José Carlos de Macedo Soares ► Abgar Renault ► Lucas Moreira Neves ► Alfredo Bosi ► Paulo Niemeyer Filho
13 (Francisco Otaviano): Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay ► Francisco de Castro ► Martins Júnior ► Sousa Bandeira ► Hélio Lobo ► Augusto Meyer ► Francisco de Assis Barbosa ► Sérgio Paulo Rouanet ► Ruy Castro
14 (Franklin Távora): Clóvis Beviláqua ► Antônio Carneiro Leão ► Fernando de Azevedo ► Miguel Reale ► Celso Lafer
15 (Gonçalves Dias): Olavo Bilac ► Amadeu Amaral ► Guilherme de Almeida ► Odilo Costa Filho ► Marcos Barbosa ► Fernando Bastos de Ávila ► Marco Lucchesi
16 (Gregório de Matos): Araripe Júnior ► Félix Pacheco ► Pedro Calmon ► Lygia Fagundes Telles ► Jorge Caldeira
17 (Hipólito da Costa): Sílvio Romero ► Osório Duque-Estrada ► Edgar Roquette-Pinto ► Álvaro Lins ► Antônio Houaiss ► Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco ► Fernanda Montenegro
18 (João Francisco Lisboa): José Veríssimo ► Barão Homem de Melo ► Alberto Faria ► Luís Carlos ► Pereira da Silva ► Peregrino Júnior ► Arnaldo Niskier
19 (Joaquim Caetano): Alcindo Guanabara ► Silvério Gomes Pimenta ► Gustavo Barroso ► Silva Melo ► Américo Jacobina Lacombe ► Marcos Almir Madeira ► Antônio Carlos Secchin
20 (Joaquim Manuel de Macedo): Salvador de Mendonça ► Emílio de Meneses ► Humberto de Campos ► Múcio Leão ► Aurélio de Lira Tavares ► Murilo Melo Filho ► Gilberto Gil

Chairs
21 to 30|

21 (Joaquim Serra): José do Patrocínio ► Mário de Alencar ► Olegário Mariano ► Álvaro Moreira ► Adonias Filho ► Dias Gomes ► Roberto Campos ► Paulo Coelho
22 (José Bonifácio the Younger): Medeiros e Albuquerque ► Miguel Osório de Almeida ► Luís Viana Filho ► Ivo Pitanguy ► João Almino
23 (José de Alencar): Machado de Assis ► Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira ► Alfredo Pujol ► Otávio Mangabeira ► Jorge Amado ► Zélia Gattai ► Luiz Paulo Horta ► Antônio Torres
24 (Júlio Ribeiro): Garcia Redondo ► Luís Guimarães Filho ► Manuel Bandeira ► Cyro dos Anjos ► Sábato Magaldi ► Geraldo Carneiro
25 (Junqueira Freire): Franklin Dória ► Artur Orlando da Silva ► Ataulfo de Paiva ► José Lins do Rego ► Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco ► Alberto Venancio Filho
26 (Laurindo Rabelo): Guimarães Passos ► João do Rio ► Constâncio Alves ► Ribeiro Couto ► Gilberto Amado ► Mauro Mota ► Marcos Vilaça
27 (Antônio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro): Joaquim Nabuco ► Dantas Barreto ► Gregório da Fonseca ► Levi Carneiro ► Otávio de Faria ► Eduardo Portella ► Antonio Cicero ► Edgard Telles Ribeiro
28 (Manuel Antônio de Almeida): Inglês de Sousa ► Xavier Marques ► Menotti Del Picchia ► Oscar Dias Correia ► Domício Proença Filho
29 (Martins Pena): Artur Azevedo ► Vicente de Carvalho ► Cláudio de Sousa ► Josué Montello ► José Mindlin ► Geraldo Holanda Cavalcanti
30 (Pardal Mallet): Pedro Rabelo ► Heráclito Graça ► Antônio Austregésilo ► Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira ► Nélida Piñon ► Heloísa Teixeira

Chairs
31 to 40|

31 (Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa): Luís Caetano Pereira Guimarães Júnior ► João Batista Ribeiro de Andrade Fernandes ► Paulo Setúbal ► Cassiano Ricardo ► José Cândido de Carvalho ► Geraldo França de Lima ► Moacyr Scliar ► Merval Pereira
32 (Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre): Carlos de Laet ► Ramiz Galvão ► Viriato Correia ► Joracy Camargo ► Genolino Amado ► Ariano Suassuna ► Zuenir Ventura
33 (Raul Pompeia): Domício da Gama ► Fernando Magalhães ► Luís Edmundo ► Afrânio Coutinho ► Evanildo Bechara
34 (Sousa Caldas): João Manuel Pereira da Silva ► José Maria da Silva Paranhos Jr. ► Lauro Müller ► Aquino Correia ► Magalhães Júnior ► Carlos Castelo Branco ► João Ubaldo Ribeiro ► Zuenir Ventura ► Evaldo Cabral de Mello
35 (Tavares Bastos): Rodrigo Otávio ► Rodrigo Otávio Filho ► José Honório Rodrigues ► Celso Cunha ► Cândido Mendes de Almeida ► Godofredo de Oliveira Neto
36 (Teófilo Dias): Afonso Celso ► Clementino Fraga ► Paulo Carneiro ► José Guilherme Merquior ► João de Scantimburgo ► Fernando Henrique Cardoso
37 (Tomás António Gonzaga): José Júlio da Silva Ramos ► José de Alcântara Machado ► Getúlio Vargas ► Assis Chateaubriand ► João Cabral de Melo Neto ► Ivan Junqueira ► Ferreira Gullar ► Arno Wehling
38 (Tobias Barreto): Graça Aranha ► Alberto Santos-Dumont ► Celso Vieira ► Maurício Campos de Medeiros ► José Américo de Almeida ► José Sarney
39 (Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen): Manuel de Oliveira Lima ► Alberto de Faria ► Rocha Pombo ► Rodolfo Garcia ► Elmano Cardim ► Otto Lara Resende ► Roberto Marinho ► Marco Maciel ► José Paulo Cavalcanti Filho
40 (José Maria da Silva Paranhos Sr.): Eduardo Prado ► Afonso Arinos ► Miguel Couto ► Alceu Amoroso Lima ► Evaristo de Moraes Filho ► Edmar Bacha

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|

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Related topics|

* Coleridge's theory of life
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← Age of Enlightenment

Modernism →

Category

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Monarchism in Brazil

Organizations|

* Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action
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People|

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* Luiz Philippe of Orléans-Braganza
* Arlindo Veiga dos Santos
* Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira
* Antônio Conselheiro
* José do Patrocínio
* José Bonifácio de Andrada
* Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
* Eduardo Prado

Historical Events|

* Independence of Brazil (1822)
* Revolta da Armada (1893-1894)
* Federalist Revolution (1893-1895)
* War of Canudos (1896-1897)
* Revolta de Ribeirãozinho (1902)
* 1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum (1993)

Vassouras branch|

* Pedro Henrique (1921–1981)
* Luiz (1981–2022)
* Bertrand (since 2022)

Petrópolis branch|

* Pedro Gastão (1940–2007)
* Prince Pedro Carlos (since 2007)

Relevant Articles|

* Kingdom of Brazil
* Empire of Brazil
* List of monarchs of Brazil
* Monarchism in Brazil
* Brazilian nobility

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Israel
* Catalonia

Academics|

* CiNii

People|

* Trove
* Deutsche Biographie
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC

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