Joseph Bonaparte

King of Naples (1806–08) and Spain (1808–13)

For his grandson, see Joseph Lucien Bonaparte.

"José I Bonaparte" redirects here. For the Argentine paleontologist, see José Bonaparte.

Joseph I

Portrait of Joseph Bonaparte (1808)

King of Spain and the Indies
Reign| 6 June 1808 – 11 December 1813
Predecessor| Ferdinand VII or Napoleon I
Successor| Ferdinand VII
King of Naples
Reign| 30 March 1806 – 6 June 1808
Predecessor| Ferdinand IV
Successor| Joachim I
Head of the House of Bonaparte
Tenure| 22 July 1832 – 28 July 1844
Predecessor| Napoleon II
Successor| Louis, Count of Saint-Leu

Born| 7 January 1768
Corte, Corsica, Republic of Genoa
Died| 28 July 1844(1844-07-28) (aged 76)
Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Burial|

Hôtel des Invalides

Spouse|

Julie Clary

(m. 1794)​

Issue
among others| Zénaïde, Princess of Canino and Musignano
Charlotte Napoléone Bonaparte
House| Bonaparte
Father| Carlo Buonaparte
Mother| Letizia Ramolino
Religion| Catholic
Signature|

Joseph Bonaparte (born Giuseppe di Buonaparte, Italian: [dʒuˈzɛppe di ˌbwɔnaˈparte]; Corsican: Ghjuseppe Bonaparte; Spanish: José Bonaparte; 7 January 1768 - 28 July 1844) was a French statesman, lawyer, diplomat and older brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. During the Napoleonic Wars, the latter made him King of Naples in 1806, and then King of Spain and the Indies in 1808, reigning as Joseph I. After the fall of Napoleon, Joseph styled himself Comte de Survilliers and emigrated to the United States, where he settled near Bordentown, New Jersey, on Pointe Breeze estate overlooking the Delaware River not far from Philadelphia.

## Early life and career

[edit]

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Joseph was born in 1768 as Giuseppe Buonaparte to Carlo Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino at Corte, the capital of the Corsican Republic. In the year of his birth, Corsica was invaded by France and conquered the following year. His father was originally a follower of the Corsican patriot leader Pasquale Paoli, but later became a supporter of French rule.

Bonaparte trained as a lawyer. In that role and as a politician and diplomat, he served in the Council of Five Hundred and as the French ambassador to the Papal States. In 1799, he used his position as member of the Council of Five Hundred to help his brother Napoleon to overthrow the Directory. On 30 September 1800, as Minister Plenipotentiary, he signed the Treaty of Mortefontaine, treaty of friendship and commerce between France and the United States, alongside Charles Pierre Claret de Fleurieu, and Pierre Louis Roederer.

## King of Naples

[edit]

Main articles: Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic) and Invasion of Naples (1806)

Portrait of Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples by Jean-Baptiste Wicar

Upon the outbreak of war between France and Austria in 1805, Ferdinand IV of Naples had agreed to a treaty of neutrality with Napoleon I but, a few days later, declared his support for Austria. He permitted a large Anglo-Russian force to land in his kingdom. Napoleon, however, was soon victorious. After the War of the Third Coalition was shattered on 5 December at the Battle of Austerlitz, Ferdinand was subject to Napoleon's wrath.

On 27 December 1805, Napoleon issued a proclamation from the Schönbrunn declaring Ferdinand to have forfeited his kingdom. He said that a French invasion would soon follow to ensure that "the finest of countries is relieved from the yoke of the most faithless of men".[1]

On 31 December Napoleon commanded Joseph Bonaparte to move to Rome, where he would be assigned to command the army sent to dispossess Ferdinand of his throne. Although Bonaparte was the nominal commander-in-chief of the expedition, Marshal Masséna was in effective command of operations, with General St. Cyr second. But, St. Cyr, who had previously held the senior command of French troops in the region, soon resigned in protest at being made subordinate to Masséna and left for Paris. An outraged Napoleon ordered St. Cyr to return to his post at once.[2]

On 8 February 1806 the French invasion force of forty-thousand men crossed into Naples. The centre and right of the army under Masséna and General Reynier advanced south from Rome, while Giuseppe Lechi led a force down the Adriatic coast from Ancona. On his brother's recommendation, Bonaparte attached himself to Reynier.[3] The French advance faced little resistance. Even before any French troops had crossed the border, the Anglo-Russian forces had beaten a prudent retreat, the British withdrawing to Sicily, and the Russians to Corfu. Abandoned by his allies, King Ferdinand had also already set sail for Palermo on 23 January. Queen Maria-Carolina lingered a little longer in the capital but, on 11 February, fled to join her husband.

The first obstacle the French encountered was the fortress of Gaeta; its governor, Prince Louis of Hesse-Philippsthal, refused to surrender his charge. There was no meaningful delay of the invaders, as Masséna detached a small force to besiege the garrison before continuing south. Capua opened its gates after only token resistance.[4] On 14 February Masséna took possession of Naples and, the following day, Bonaparte staged a triumphant entrance into the city.[5] Reynier was quickly dispatched to seize control of the Strait of Messina and, on 9 March, inflicted a crushing defeat of the Neapolitan Royal Army at the Battle of Campo Tenese, effectively destroying it as a fighting force and securing the entire mainland for the French.

On 30 March 1806 Napoleon issued a decree installing Joseph Bonaparte as King of Naples and Sicily; the decree said as follows:

"Napoleon, by the Grace of God and the constitutions. Emperor of the French and King of Italy, to all those to whom these presents come, greetings. The interests of our people, the honor of our Crown, and the tranquility of the Continent of Europe requiring that we should assure, in a stable and definite manner, the lot of the people of Naples and of Sicily, who have fallen into our power by the right of conquest, and who constitute a part of the Grand Empire, we declare that we recognize, as King of Naples and of Sicily, our well-beloved brother, Joseph Napoleon, Grand Elector of France. This Crown will be hereditary, by order of primogeniture, in his descendants male, legitimate, and natural, etc."[6]

Napoleonic Italy in 1810, with Naples being the same extent under Joseph (1806–1808)

Joseph's arrival in Naples was warmly greeted with cheers and he was eager to be a monarch well liked by his subjects. Seeking to win the favour of the local elites, he maintained in their posts the vast majority of those who had held office and position under the Bourbons and was anxious to not in any way appear a foreign oppressor. With a provisional government set up in the capital, Joseph then immediately set off, accompanied by General Lamarque, on a tour of his new realm. The principal object of the tour was to assess the feasibility of an immediate invasion of Sicily and the expulsion of Ferdinand and Maria-Carolina from their refuge in Palermo. But, upon reviewing the situation at the Strait of Messina, Joseph was forced to admit the impossibility of such an enterprise, the Bourbons having carried off all boats and transports from along the coast and concentrated their remaining forces, alongside the British, on the opposite side.[7] Unable to possess himself of Sicily, Joseph was nevertheless master of the mainland and he continued his progress through Calabria and on to Lucania and Apulia, visiting the main villages and meeting the local notables, clergy and people, allowing his people to grow accustomed to their new king and enabling himself to form first-hand a picture of the condition of his kingdom.[8]

Julie Clary, Queen of Naples, with her daughter Zenaïde Bonaparte in 1807, by Robert Lefèvre

Upon returning to Naples, Bonaparte received a deputation from the French Senate congratulating him upon his accession. The King formed a ministry staffed by many competent and talented men; he was determined to follow a reforming agenda and bring Naples the benefits of the French Revolution, without its excesses. Saliceti was appointed Minister of Police, Roederer Minister of Finance, Miot Minister of the Interior and General Dumas Minister of War. Marshal Jourdan was also confirmed as Governor of Naples, an appointment made by Napoleon, and served as Bonaparte's foremost military adviser.

Bonaparte embarked on an ambitious programme of reform and regeneration, in order to raise Naples to the level of a modern state in the mould of Napoleonic France. Monastic orders were suppressed, their property nationalised, and their funds confiscated to steady the royal finances.[9] Feudal privileges and taxes were abolished; however, the nobility was compensated by an indemnity in the form of a certificate that could be exchanged in return for lands nationalised from the Church.[10] Provincial intendants were instructed to engage those dispossessed former monks who were willing to work in public education, and to ensure that elderly monks no longer able to support themselves could move into communal establishments founded for their care.[11] A college for the education of young girls was established in each province. A central college was founded at Aversa for the daughters of public functionaries, and the ablest from the provincial schools, to be admitted under the personal patronage of Queen Julie.[12]

The practice of forcibly recruiting prisoners into the army was abolished. To suppress and control robbers in the mountains, military commissions were established with the power to judge and execute, without appeal, all those brigands arrested with arms in their possession.[13] Public works programmes were begun to provide employment to the poor and invest in improvements to the kingdom. Highways were built to Reggio. The project of a Calabrian road was completed under Bonaparte within the year after decades of delay.[14] In the second year of his reign, Bonaparte installed the first system of public street-lighting in Naples, modelled on that operating in Paris.[10]

Although the kingdom was not at that time furnished with a constitution, and thus Joseph's will as monarch reigned supreme, there is yet no instance of him ever adopting a measure of policy without prior discussion of the matter in the Council of State and the passing of a majority vote in favour his course of action by the counsellors.[15] Joseph thus presided over Naples in the best traditions of Enlightened absolutism, doubling the revenue of the crown from seven to fourteen million ducats in his brief two-year reign while all the time seeking to lighten the burdens of his people rather than increase them.[16]

Joseph ruled Naples for two years before being replaced by his sister's husband, Joachim Murat. Joseph was then made King of Spain in August 1808, soon after the French invasion.

## King of Spain and the Indies

[edit]

Portrait by Joseph Flaugier, c. 1809

Main articles: Spain under Joseph Bonaparte, Peninsular War, and Bayonne Constitution

Coat of arms as King of Naples

Coat of arms as King of Spain

Royal monogram as King of Spain

Spanish gold coin from 1811

Joseph somewhat reluctantly left Naples, where he was popular, and arrived in Spain, where he was extremely unpopular. Joseph came under heavy fire from his opponents in Spain, who tried to smear his reputation by calling him Pepe Botella (Joe Bottle) for his alleged heavy drinking, an accusation echoed by later Spanish historiography, despite the fact that Joseph was abstemious. His arrival as a foreign sovereign sparked a massive Spanish revolt against French rule, and the beginning of the Peninsular War. Thompson says the Spanish revolt was, "a reaction against new institutions and ideas, a movement for loyalty to the old order: to the hereditary crown of the Most Catholic kings, which Napoleon, an excommunicated enemy of the Pope, had put on the head of a Frenchman; to the Catholic Church persecuted by republicans who had desecrated churches, murdered priests, and enforced a loi des cultes (law of religion); and to local and provincial rights and privileges threatened by an efficiently centralized government.[17]

Joseph temporarily retreated with much of the French Army to northern Spain. Feeling himself in an ignominious position, Joseph then proposed his own abdication from the Spanish throne, hoping that Napoleon would sanction his return to the Neapolitan Throne he had formerly occupied. Napoleon dismissed Joseph's misgivings out of hand, and to back up the raw and ill-trained levies he had initially allocated to Spain, the Emperor sent heavy French reinforcements to assist Joseph in maintaining his position as King of Spain. Despite the easy recapture of Madrid, and nominal control by Joseph's government over many cities and provinces, Joseph's reign over Spain was always tenuous at best, and was plagued with near-constant conflict with pro-Bourbon guerrillas. Joseph and his supporters never established complete control over the country, and after a series of failed military campaigns, he would eventually abdicate the throne.

King Joseph's Spanish supporters were called josefinos or afrancesados (frenchified). During his reign, he ended the Spanish Inquisition, partly because Napoleon was at odds with Pope Pius VII at the time. Despite such efforts to win popularity, Joseph's foreign birth and support, plus his membership of a Masonic lodge,[18] virtually guaranteed he would never be accepted as legitimate by the bulk of the Spanish people. During Joseph's rule of Spain, Venezuela declared independence from Spain. The king had virtually no influence over the course of the ongoing Peninsular War: Joseph's nominal command of French forces in Spain was mostly illusory, as the French commanders theoretically subordinate to King Joseph insisted on checking with Napoleon before carrying out Joseph's instructions.

Spanish caricature about Bonaparte falsely alleged alcoholism.

King Joseph abdicated the Spanish throne and returned to France after the main French forces were defeated by a British-led coalition at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813. During the closing campaign of the War of the Sixth Coalition, Napoleon I left his brother to govern Paris with the title Lieutenant General of the Empire. As a result, he was again in nominal command of the French Imperial Army that was defeated at the Battle of Paris.

He was seen by some Bonapartists as the rightful Emperor of the French after the death of Napoleon's own son Napoleon II in 1832, although he did little to advance his claim.

## Later life in the United States and Europe

[edit]

King Joseph at Point Breeze, portrait painted on 2 February 1832 by the French artist Innocent-Louis Goubaud, during a visit to Bonaparte at his estate in New Jersey Joseph Bonaparte Historical Marker at 260 S 9th St Philadelphia PA

Bonaparte travelled to the United States onboard the Commerce under the name of M. Bouchard. British naval officers had searched the vessel three times but never found Bonaparte on board and the ship arrived on 15 July 1815.[19] In the period 1817–1832, Bonaparte lived primarily in the United States (where he sold the jewels he had taken from Spain).[20] He first settled in New York City and Philadelphia, where his house became the centre of activity for French migrants.[21] In 1823, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.[22] Later he purchased an estate, called Point Breeze[23] and formerly owned by Stephen Sayre. It was in Bordentown, New Jersey, on the east side of the Delaware River. It was located near the confluence of Crosswicks Creek and the Delaware. He considerably expanded Sayre's home and created extensive gardens in the picturesque style. When his first home was destroyed by fire in January 1820 he converted his stables into a second grand house. On completion, it was generally viewed – perhaps diplomatically – as the "second-finest house in America" after the White House.[24] At Point Breeze, Bonaparte entertained many of the leading intellectuals and politicians of his day.[23]

In the summer of 1825, the Quaker scientist Reuben Haines III described Bonaparte's estate at Point Breeze, in a letter to his cousin:

> I partook of royal fare on solid silver and attended by six waiters who supplied me with 9 courses of the most delicious viands, many of which I could not possibly tell what they were composed of; spending the intermediate time in Charles' private rooms looking over the Herbarium and Portfolios of the Princess, or riding with her and the Prince drawn by two Elegant Horses along the ever varying roads of the park amidst splendid Rhododendrons on the margin of the artificial lake on whose smooth surface gently glided the majestic European swans. Stopping to visit the Aviary enlivened by the most beautiful English pheasants, passing by alcoves ornamented with statues and busts of Parian marble, our course enlivened by the footsteps of the tame deer and the flight of the Woodcock, and when alighting stopping to admire the graceful form of two splendid Etruscan vases of Porphyry 3 ft. high & 2 in diameter presented by the Queen of Sweden [Joseph's sister-in-law Desiree Clary Bernadotte] or ranging [?] through the different appartments of the mansion through a suite of rooms 15 ft. in [height] decorated with the finest productions of the pencils of Coregeo [sic]! Titian! Rubens! Vandyke! Vernet! Tenniers [sic] and Paul Potter and a library of the most splended books I ever beheld.[25][26]

Another visitor a few years later, British writer Thomas Hamilton, described Bonaparte himself:

> Joseph Bonaparte, in person, is about the middle height, but round and corpulent. In the form of his head and features there certainly exists a resemblance to Napoleon, but in the expression of the countenance there is none. I remember, at the Pergola Theatre of Florence, discovering Louis Bonaparte from his likeness to the Emperor, which is very striking, but I am by no means confident that I should have been equally successful with Joseph. There is nothing about him indicative of high intellect. His eye is dull and heavy; his manner ungraceful and deficient in that ease and dignity which we vulgar people are apt to number among the necessary attributes of majesty. **** I am told he converses without any appearance of reserve on the circumstances of his short and troubled reign — if reign, indeed, it can be called — in Spain. He attributes more than half his misfortunes, to the jealousies and intrigues of the unruly marshals, over whom he could exercise no authority. He admits the full extent of his unpopularity, but claims credit for a sincere desire to benefit the people.[27]

Reputedly some Mexican revolutionaries offered to crown Bonaparte as Emperor of Mexico in 1820, but he declined.[20] Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821.

In 1832, Bonaparte moved to London, returning to his estate in the United States only intermittently.[23] In 1844, he died in Florence, Italy. His body was returned to France and buried in Les Invalides, in Paris.[28]

## Family

[edit]

The Sisters Zénaïde and Charlotte Bonaparte by Jacques-Louis David, 1821

Bonaparte married Marie Julie Clary, daughter of François Clary and his wife, on 1 August 1794 in Cuges-les-Pins, France. They had three daughters:

* Julie Joséphine Bonaparte (Genoa, 29 February 1796 – Genoa, 6 June 1797).
* Zénaïde Laetitia Julie Bonaparte (Paris, 8 July 1801 – Naples, 8 August 1854); married in Brussels on 29 June 1822 to Charles Lucien Bonaparte, 2nd Prince of Canino and Musignano (Paris, 24 May 1803 - Paris, 29 July 1857).
* Charlotte Napoléone Bonaparte (Paris, 31 October 1802 – Sarzana, 2 March 1839); married in Brussels on 23 July 1826 to Napoléon Louis Bonaparte (Paris, 11 October 1804 - Rome, 17 March 1831), formerly King of Holland and Grand-Duke of Berg, without issue.

He identified the two surviving daughters as his heirs.

He also fathered two children with Maria Giulia Colonna, the Countess of Atri:[citation needed]

* Giulio (9 September 1807 – 1836), unmarried and without issue.
* Teresa (30 September/29 October 1808 – died in infancy).

Bonaparte had two American daughters born at Point Breeze, his estate in Bordentown, New Jersey, by his mistress, Annette Savage of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ("Madame de la Folie"):

* Pauline Josephann Holton (1819 - 6 December 1823).
* Caroline Charlotte Delafolie (New Jersey[a], 1822[29] \- 25 December 1890); married Colonel Zebulon Howell Benton[30] (27 January 1811 - 16 May 1893) of Jefferson County, New York, and had four daughters and three sons[31][32]

Bonaparte had two more sons by Émilie (Hémart) Lacoste,[33] wife of Félix Lacoste, founder of the Courrier des États-Unis:[34]

* Félix-Joseph-François Lacoste[35] (Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, 22 March 1825 - Paris, 1859 or Neuilly, 15 February 1922), married in Metz on 28 March 1857 Isabelle de Gerando (? - 1878), and had 2 sons.
* a son Lacoste (Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, 22 March 1825 - died young)

## Freemasonry

[edit]

Joseph Bonaparte was admitted to Marseille's lodge la Parfaite Sincérité in 1793.[36][37][38] He was asked by his brother Napoleon to monitor freemasonry as Grand Master of the Grand Orient of France (1804–1815).[39][40][41][42] He founded the Grand Lodge National of Spain (1809).[43] With Cambacérès, he encouraged the post-Revolution rebirth of the Freemasonry Order in France.[39][44][45][46]

## Legacy

[edit]

* Joseph Bonaparte Gulf in the Northern Territory of Australia is named after him.
* Lake Bonaparte, located in the town of Diana, New York, United States, is also named after him.[citation needed]

## Representation in other media

[edit]

* The romantic web among Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Julie Clary, and Désirée Clary was the subject of the novel Désirée (1951), by Annemarie Selinko.[citation needed]
* The novel was adapted as a film of the same name, Désirée (1954), with Cameron Mitchell as Joseph Bonaparte.

## See also

[edit]

* Bayonne Statute

## References

[edit]

1. ^ The Confidential Correspondence of Napoleon Bonaparte with his Brother Joseph, Vol. 1, 80.
2. ^ The Confidential Correspondence of Napoleon Bonaparte with his Brother Joseph, Vol. 1, 82.
3. ^ The Confidential Correspondence of Napoleon Bonaparte with his Brother Joseph, Vol. 1, 81.
4. ^ J. S. C. Abbott, A History of Joseph, King of Naples, 104.
5. ^ J. S. C. Abbott, A History of Joseph, King of Naples, 105.
6. ^ J. S. C. Abbott, A History of Joseph, King of Naples, 105–106.
7. ^ Biographical Sketch of Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, Count de Survilliers, 15.
8. ^ Biographical Sketch of Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, Count de Survilliers, 16.
9. ^ Biographical Sketch of Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, Count de Survilliers, 22.
10. ^ a b Biographical Sketch of Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, Count de Survilliers, 29.
11. ^ Biographical Sketch of Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, Count de Survilliers, 23.
12. ^ Biographical Sketch of Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, Count de Survilliers, 24.
13. ^ Biographical Sketch of Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, Count de Survilliers, 24; J. S. C. Abbott, A History of Joseph, King of Naples, 113.
14. ^ Biographical Sketch of Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, Count de Survilliers, 25.
15. ^ Biographical Sketch of Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, Count de Survilliers, 34–35.
16. ^ Biographical Sketch of Joseph Napoleon Bonaparte, Count de Survilliers, 35.
17. ^ J. M. Thompson, Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall (1951) 244–245
18. ^ Ross, Michael The Reluctant King, 1977, pp. 34–35
19. ^ The Silver Messenger (11 September 1900). "Refuge of a King". Chronicling America. The Silver Messenger. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
20. ^ a b "Joseph Bonaparte at Point Breeze". Flat Rock. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
21. ^ "PHMC Historical Markers Program". Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
22. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
23. ^ a b c Slotnik, Daniel E. (31 January 2021). "Napoleon's Brother Lived in N.J. Here's What Happened to the Estate". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
24. ^ "The Story of Bonaparte's Point Breeze". HouseHistree.com. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
25. ^ Stroud, Patricia Tyson (2000). The Emperor of Nature: Charles-Lucien Bonaparte and his World. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 37\. ISBN 978-0812235463.
26. ^ Wyck Association Collection (Mss.Ms.Coll.52). American Philosophical Society Library. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. https://search.amphilsoc.org/collections/view?docId=ead/Mss.Ms.Coll.52-ead.xml;query=Wyck;brand=default#top
27. ^ Hamilton, Thomas, Men and Manners in America, p.207 (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Blanchard, 1833) (retrieved June 16, 2024).
28. ^ Kwoh, Leslie (10 June 2007). "Yes, a Bonaparte feasted here". Star Ledger. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
29. ^ "United States Census, 1850". FamilySearch.
30. ^ This family was not related to the more famous T. H. Bentons, but Zebulon reportedly felt the name was appropriate.
31. ^ Haddock, John A. 1823– (26 October 1894). "Growth of a Century : as illustrated in the history of Jefferson County, New York, from 1793 to 1894". Philadelphia, Pa. : Sherman - via Internet Archive.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
32. ^ "Caroline Charlotte Delafolie Bonaparte b. 1822 Philadelphia, PA, d. 25 Dec 1890: Geneagraphie – Families all over the world". geneagraphie.com. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
33. ^ Émilie would also later be the mistress of Prosper Mérimée
34. ^ Stroud, Patricia Tyson (13 May 2005). The Man Who Had Been King: The American Exile of Napoleon's Brother Joseph. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3872-3.
35. ^ Stroud, Patricia Tyson (13 May 2005). The Man Who Had Been King: The American Exile of Napoleon's Brother Joseph. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3872-3.
36. ^ La franc-maçonnerie Jean Massicot (Desnoël ed.)
37. ^ Les Francs-maçons et leur religion Jacques Duchenne (Publibook ed.)
38. ^ Revue d'histoire de Bayonne, du pays basque et du Bas-Adour, Numéro 159, p. 176
39. ^ a b Franc-maçonnerie et politique au siècle des lumières: Europe-Amérique p. 55 – article Le binôme franc-maçonnerie-Révolution – José Ferrer Benimeli (Presses Univ de Bordeaux ed., 2006)
40. ^ Histoire de la franc-maçonnerie en France Jean André Faucher and Achille Ricker (Nouvelles éditions latines ed., 1967)
41. ^ Histoire du Grand Orient de France p. 338, Achille Godefroy Jouaust, (Brissard et Teissier ed. 1865)
42. ^ Chronique de la Franc-maçonnerie en Corse: 1772–1920 p. 66. Charles Santoni (A. Piazzola ed., 1999)
43. ^ Masonería e Ilustración: Del siglo de las luces a la actualidad pp. 61, 109
44. ^ Les francs-maçons: Des inconditionnels de l'espoir p. 22 François Deschatres (L’Harmattan ed. 2012)
45. ^ Histoire de la franc-maçonnerie en France – p. 231 Jean André Faucher and Achille Ricker
46. ^ Essai sur l'origine et l'histoire de la franc-maçonnerie en Guadeloupe – Guy Monduc (G. Monduc ed., 1985)

## Further reading

[edit]

* Connelly, Owen S. Jr. "Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain" History Today (Feb 1962), Vol. 12 Issue 2, pp. 86–96.
* Schom, Alan (1997). Napoleon Bonaparte: A Life. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 9780060929589.
* Stroud, Patricia Tyson (2005). The Man who had been King: The American Exile of Napoleon's Brother Joseph. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812290424. biography: book received the New Jersey Council for the Humanities first place book award in 2006.

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Also listed as New York or Philadelphia

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph Bonaparte.

* Joseph Bonaparte at Point Breeze
* Joseph Bonaparte and the Jersey Devil
* Antiguo Régimen: José I Bonaparte (in Spanish)
* "Bonaparte, Joseph" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
* Spencer Napoleonica Collection Archived 5 December 2012 at archive.today at Newberry Library

Joseph Bonaparte

House of Bonaparte

Born: 7 January 1768 Died: 28 July 1844

Regnal titles
Preceded by

Ferdinand IV

|  King of Naples
1806 – 1808  | Succeeded by

Joachim I

Preceded by

Ferdinand VII

|  King of Spain
1808 – 1813  | Succeeded by

Ferdinand VII

Titles in pretence
Preceded by

Napoléon II

| — TITULAR —
Emperor of the French
King of Italy
22 July 1832 – 28 July 1844  | Succeeded by

Louis I

* v
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Napoleon

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Life and career|

* Stay in Auxonne [fr]
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Battles and wars|

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Views|

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Homes and honours|

* Arc de Triomphe
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* Château de Malmaison
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* Emperor Napoleon I Monument
* Equestrian statue
* Palace of Fontainebleau
* Hôtel des Invalides
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Legacy and memory|

* Bank of France
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* German Romanticism
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* Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)

Family|

* Joséphine de Beauharnais (first wife)
* Marie Louise (second wife)
* Charles Léon (son)
* Alexandre Walewski (son)
* Napoleon II (son)
* Carlo Maria Buonaparte (father)
* Letizia Ramolino (mother)
* Joseph Bonaparte (brother)
* Lucien Bonaparte (brother)
* Louis Bonaparte (brother)
* Jérôme Bonaparte (brother)
* Caroline Bonaparte (sister)
* Pauline Bonaparte (sister)
* Elisa Bonaparte (sister)

Category / Commons

* v
* t
* e

Imperial House of France of the First French Empire

Emperor and immediate family|

* Napoleon, Emperor of the French
* Joséphine, Empress of the French
* Marie Louise, Empress of the French
* Napoleon, King of Rome

French Princes|

* Joseph Bonaparte
* Louis Bonaparte
* Joachim Murat
* Eugène de Beauharnais
* Elisa Bonaparte
* Jérôme Bonaparte
* Joseph Fesch
* Lucien Bonaparte

Several family members held additional titles in vassal states

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Naples

* Charles I*
* Charles II
* Robert
* Joanna I with Louis I
* Charles III
* Ladislaus (1st reign)
* Louis II
* Ladislaus (2nd reign)
* Joanna II
* René I
* Alfonso I*
* Ferdinand I
* Alfonso II
* Ferdinand II
* Frederick
* Louis III
* Ferdinand III*
* Joanna III*
* Charles IV*
* Philip I*
* Philip II*
* Philip III*
* Charles V*
* Charles VI*
* Charles VII*
* Ferdinand IV* (1st reign)
* Parthenopean Republic
* Ferdinand IV* (2nd reign)
* Joseph I
* Joachim I
* Ferdinand IV* (3rd reign)

*Also Monarch of Sicily

* v
* t
* e

Monarchs of Spain

List of monarchs | Monarchs' family tree

Dynastic union|

* Isabella I & Ferdinand V
* Joanna & Philip I

Personal union|

* Charles I
* Philip II
* Philip III
* Philip IV
* Charles II

Political union|

* Philip V
* Louis I
* Philip V
* Ferdinand VI
* Charles III
* Charles IV
* Joseph
* Ferdinand VII
* Isabella II
* Amadeo
* Alfonso XII
* Alfonso XIII
* Juan Carlos I
* Felipe VI

* v
* t
* e

Napoleonic Wars

* Third Coalition
* Fourth Coalition
* Peninsular War
* Fifth Coalition
* French Invasion of Russia
* Sixth Coalition
* Seventh Coalition

Belli-
gerents|

| France,
client states
and allies|

* France
* Polish Legions
* Italy
* Holland
* Etruria
* Swiss Confederation
* Naples
* Confederation of the Rhine
* Bavaria
* Saxony
* Westphalia
* Württemberg
* Denmark–Norway
* Ottoman Empire
* Persia
* Spain

|

Coalition
forces|

* United Kingdom
* Austria
* Russia
* Prussia
* Spain
* Portugal
* Sicily
* Papal States
* Ottoman Empire
* Persia
* Sardinia
* Sweden
* Netherlands
* Brunswick
* Hanover
* Nassau
* French Royalists

Major
battles|

| Prelude|

* French Revolution
* First Coalition
* Second Coalition
* 18 Brumaire
* Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
* Duc d'Enghien Execution
* Coronation of Napoleon

|

1805|

* Diamond Rock
* Cape Finisterre
* Wertingen
* Günzburg
* Haslach-Jungingen
* Elchingen
* Ulm
* Verona
* Trafalgar
* Caldiero
* Cape Ortegal
* Amstetten
* Dürenstein
* Schöngrabern
* Austerlitz

1806|

* Gaeta
* Campo Tenese
* Maida
* Schleiz
* Saalfeld
* Jena–Auerstedt
* Erfurt
* Halle
* Magdeburg
* Prenzlau
* Pasewalk
* Stettin
* Waren-Nossentin
* Lübeck
* Greater Poland uprising
* Hamelin
* Czarnowo
* Golymin
* Pułtusk

1807|

* Mohrungen
* Eylau
* Ostrołęka
* Kolberg
* Danzig
* Stralsund I
* Mileto
* Guttstadt-Deppen
* Heilsberg
* Friedland
* Stralsund II
* Copenhagen
* Invasion of Portugal

1808|

* Dos de Mayo
* Bruch
* Rosily Squadron
* Cabezón
* 1st Zaragoza
* Valencia
* Medina de Rioseco
* Bailén
* Roliça
* Vimeiro
* Zornoza
* Valmaseda
* Burgos
* Espinosa
* Tudela
* Somosierra
* 2nd Zaragoza
* Sahagún
* Benavente

1809|

* Castellón
* Uclés
* Corunna
* Valls
* Tyrolean Rebellion
* Villafranca
* Yevenes/Yébenes
* Ciudad Real
* 1st Porto
* Medellín
* Bergisel
* Sacile
* Teugen-Hausen
* Raszyn
* Abensberg
* Landshut
* Eckmühl
* Ratisbon
* Neumarkt-Sankt Veit
* Dalmatian Campaign
* Ebelsberg
* Girona
* Piave River
* Grijó
* 2nd Porto
* Wörgl
* Tarvis
* Aspern-Essling
* Alcañiz
* Sankt Michael
* Stralsund
* Raab
* María
* Graz
* Wagram
* Korneuburg
* Stockerau
* Gefrees
* Hollabrunn
* Schöngrabern
* Armistice of Znaim
* Talavera
* Walcheren Campaign
* Ölper
* Almonacid
* Tamames
* Ocaña
* Alba de Tormes

1810|

* Cádiz
* Astorga
* Ciudad Rodrigo
* Barquilla
* Côa
* Almeida
* Bussaco

1811|

* Gebora
* Barrosa
* Pombal
* Redinha
* Casal Novo
* Campo Maior
* Sabugal
* Almeida
* Fuentes de Oñoro
* Tarragona
* Albuera
* Usagre
* Saguntum
* Arroyo dos Molinos
* Valencia

1812|

* Ciudad Rodrigo
* Badajoz
* Villagarcia
* Almaraz
* Maguilla
* Mir
* Ekau
* Salamanca
* García Hernández
* Saltanovka
* Ostrovno
* Vitebsk
* Kobryn
* Klyastitsy
* Majadahonda
* Gorodechno
* Smolensk
* 1st Polotsk
* Valutino
* Mesoten
* Borodino
* Moscow
* Burgos
* Tarutino
* 2nd Polotsk
* Venta del Pozo
* Maloyaroslavets
* Chashniki
* Vyazma
* Smoliani
* Krasnoi
* Berezina

1813|

* Castalla
* Lützen
* Bautzen
* Tarragona
* Luckau
* Vitoria
* San Sebastián
* Pyrenees
* Sorauren
* Großbeeren
* Katzbach
* Dresden
* 1st Kulm
* San Marcial
* Dennewitz
* 2nd Kulm
* Göhrde
* Roßlau
* Wartenburg
* Bidassoa
* Leipzig
* Hanau
* Nivelle
* Bornhöved
* Sehested

1814|

* 1st Bar-sur-Aube
* Brienne
* La Rothière
* Mincio River
* Champaubert
* Montmirail
* Château-Thierry
* Vauchamps
* Garris
* Mormant
* Montereau
* Orthez
* 2nd Bar-sur-Aube
* Gué-à-Tresmes
* Saint-Julien
* Laubressel
* Craonne
* Laon
* Mâcon
* Reims
* Limonest
* Arcis-sur-Aube
* Fère-Champenoise
* Saint-Dizier
* Montmartre
* Paris
* Toulouse
* Bayonne

1815|

* Panaro
* Occhiobello
* Carpi
* Casaglia
* Ronco
* Cesenatico
* Pesaro
* Scapezzano
* Tolentino
* Ancona
* Castel di Sangro
* San Germano
* Gaeta
* Quatre Bras
* Ligny
* Waterloo
* Wavre
* Rocheserviere
* La Suffel
* Rocquencourt
* Issy

Info|

| French and ally
military and
political leaders|

* Napoleon
* Louis-Alexandre Berthier
* Joachim Murat
* Louis-Nicolas Davout
* Jean Lannes
* Auguste de Marmont
* André Masséna
* Michel Ney
* Jean-de-Dieu Soult
* Marshal Victor
* Jean-Baptiste Bessières
* Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
* Joseph I
* Louis Bonaparte
* Jérôme Bonaparte
* Prince Poniatowski
* Prince Eugène
* Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
* Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
* Frederick I of Württemberg
* Frederick VI of Denmark

|

Coalition
military and
political leaders|

* Duke of Wellington
* Rowland Hill
* John Moore
* Horatio Nelson
* Thomas Cochrane
* Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
* Manuel Lapeña
* Archduke Charles
* Prince von Schwarzenberg
* Archduke John of Austria
* Alexander I of Russia
* Mikhail Kutuzov
* Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
* Count Bennigsen
* Pyotr Bagration
* Peter Wittgenstein
* Frederick William III of Prussia
* Gebhard von Blücher
* Duke of Brunswick
* Prince of Hohenlohe
* Ferdinand VII of Spain
* Miguel de Álava
* Maria I of Portugal
* Prince Regent John of Portugal
* Count of Feira
* William, Prince of Orange
* Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
* Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
* Prince Charles John of Sweden
* Louis XVIII

Related
conflicts|

* Anglo-Russian War
* Anglo-Spanish War
* Anglo-Swedish War
* Anglo-Turkish War
* Anglo-Danish War
* Gunboat War
* Dano-Swedish War
* Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)
* Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)
* Russo-Persian War
* Russo-Turkish War
* Spanish American wars of independence
* Swedish–Norwegian War
* War of 1812

Treaties|

* Campo Formio
* Lunéville
* Amiens
* Artlenburg
* Pressburg
* Finckenstein
* Tilsit
* Cintra
* Schönbrunn
* Paris (1810)
* Paris (February 1812)
* Paris (March 1812)
* Paris (1814)
* Tauroggen
* Ried
* Chaumont
* Kiel
* Mantua
* Casalanza
* Fontainebleau (1814)
* Paris (1815)

Miscellaneous|

* Bibliography
* Bourbon Restoration
* Casualties
* Congress of Erfurt
* Continental System
* Conference of Dresden
* England expects that every man will do his duty
* Films
* Grande Armée
* Uniforms
* Longwood House
* Types of military

* v
* t
* e

Pretenders to the French throne since 1792

Capetian pretenders
(1792–present)
Coat of arms of the House of Capet|

| House of Bourbon
(French branch)
(1792-1883)|

* Louis XVI 1792-1793
Louis XVII 1793-1795
Louis XVIII 1795-18241
Charles X 1824-18362
Louis XIX 1836-1844
Henri V 1844-1883

|

House of Orléans
(1883–present)|

* Philippe VII3 1883-1894
Philippe VIII 1894-1926
Jean III 1926-1940
Henri VI 1940-1999
Henri VII 1999-2019
Jean IV 2019-present

House of Bourbon
(Spanish branch)
(1883-present)|

* Jean III 1883-1887
Charles XI 1887-1909
Jacques I 1909-1931
Charles XII 1931-1936
Alphonse I4 1936-1941
Henri VI 1941-1975
Alphonse II 1975-1989
Louis XX 1989-present

Bonaparte pretenders
(1814–present)
Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte|

* Napoléon I 1814-18215
Napoléon II 1821-1832
Joseph 1832-1844
Louis 1844-1846
Napoléon III 1846-18736
Napoléon IV 1873-1879
Napoléon V Jérôme 1879-18917
Napoléon V Victor 1879-19268
Napoléon VI 1926-1997
Napoléon VII Charles 1997-present9
Napoléon VIII Jean-Christophe 1997-present10

1 Actually reigned twice: first from 1814-1815, second from 1815-1824
2 Actually reigned from 1824-1830
3 Orléanist pretender from 1848-1873 as Louis Philippe II
4 Reigned as King of Spain from 1886-1931 as Alfonso XIII
5 Briefly restored and then deposed in 1815
6 Actually reigned from 1852-1870
7 Pretense disputed by son
8 Pretense disputed by father until 1891
9 Pretense disputed by son
10 Pretense disputed by father

* v
* t
* e

Bonaparte family

1st generation|

* Joseph I of Spain
* Napoléon I
* Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Elisa, Grand Duchess of Tuscany
* Louis I of Holland
* Pauline, Princess of Guastalla
* Caroline, Queen of Naples
* Jérôme I of Westfalia

2nd generation|

* Zénaïde, Princess of Canino and Musignano
* Princess Charlotte
* Napoléon II
* Charlotte, Princess Mario Gabrielli
* Charles Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Prince Louis Lucien
* Prince Pierre Napoléon
* Napoléon Charles, Prince Royal of Holland
* Louis II of Holland
* Napoléon III
* Dermide Leclerc
* Prince Jérôme Napoléon
* Prince Jérôme
* Mathilde, Princess of San Donato
* Napoléon, Prince of Monfort

3rd generation|

* Joseph Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Lucien, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Augusta, Princess Placido Gabrielli
* Napoléon Charles, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Roland, Prince of Canino and Musignano
* Jeanne, Marchioness of Villeneuve-Escaplon
* Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France
* Prince Jerome Napoleon II
* Prince Charles
* Victor, Prince Napoléon
* Prince Louis Bonaparte
* Princess Marie Letizia, Duchess of Aosta
* William Bonaparte-Wyse
* Marie Bonaparte-Wyse
* Lucien Bonaparte-Wyse

4th generation|

* Princess Mary, Mrs. Enrico Gotti
* Eugénie, Princess of La Moskowa
* Marie, Princess George of Greece and Denmark
* Marie Clotilde, Countess Serge de Witt
* Louis, Prince Napoléon
* Andrew Bonaparte-Wyse
* Eugenia Rasponi

5th generation|

* Charles, Prince Napoléon

6th generation|

* Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon

* v
* t
* e

French Revolution

* Causes
* Timeline
* Ancien Régime
* Revolution
* Constitutional monarchy
* Republic
* Directory
* Consulate
* Glossary
* Journals
* Museum

Significant civil and political events by year

1788|

* Day of the Tiles (7 Jun 1788)
* Assembly of Vizille (21 Jul 1788)

1789|

* What Is the Third Estate? (Jan 1789)
* Réveillon riots (28 Apr 1789)
* Convocation of the Estates General (5 May 1789)
* Death of the Dauphin (4 June 1789)
* National Assembly (17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
* Tennis Court Oath (20 Jun 1789)
* National Constituent Assembly (9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
* Storming of the Bastille (14 Jul 1789)
* Great Fear (20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
* Abolition of Feudalism (4–11 Aug 1789)
* Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (26 Aug 1789)
* Women's March on Versailles (5 Oct 1789)
* Nationalization of the Church properties (2 Nov 1789)

1790|

* Abolition of the Parlements (Feb–Jul 1790)
* Avignon–Comtat Venaissin War (Jun 1790 – 1791)
* Abolition of the Nobility (23 Jun 1790)
* Civil Constitution of the Clergy (12 Jul 1790)
* Fête de la Fédération (14 Jul 1790)

1791|

* Flight to Varennes (20–21 Jun 1791)
* Champ de Mars massacre (17 Jul 1791)
* Declaration of Pillnitz (27 Aug 1791)
* The Constitution of 1791 (3 Sep 1791)
* National Legislative Assembly (1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)

1792|

* France declares war (20 Apr 1792)
* Brunswick Manifesto (25 Jul 1792)
* Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary (Jun 1792)
* 10th of August (10 Aug 1792)
* September Massacres (Sep 1792)
* National Convention (20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
* First republic declared (22 Sep 1792)

1793|

* Execution of Louis XVI (21 Jan 1793)
* Revolutionary Tribunal (9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
* Reign of Terror (27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
* Committee of Public Safety
* Committee of General Security
* Fall of the Girondists (2 Jun 1793)
* Assassination of Marat (13 Jul 1793)
* Levée en masse (23 Aug 1793)
* The Death of Marat (painting)
* Law of Suspects (17 Sep 1793)
* Marie Antoinette is guillotined (16 Oct 1793)
* Anti-clerical laws (throughout the year)

1794|

* Danton and Desmoulins guillotined (5 Apr 1794)
* Law of 22 Prairial (10 Jun 1794)
* Thermidorian Reaction (27 Jul 1794)
* Robespierre guillotined (28 Jul 1794)
* White Terror (Fall 1794)
* Closing of the Jacobin Club (11 Nov 1794)

1795–6|

* Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III (1 Apr 1795)
* Constitution of the Year III (22 Aug 1795)
* Directoire (1795–99)
* Council of Five Hundred
* Council of Ancients
* 13 Vendémiaire (5 Oct 1795)
* Conspiracy of the Equals (May 1796)

1797|

* Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 Sep 1797)
* Second Congress of Rastatt (Dec 1797)

1798|

* Law of 22 Floréal Year VI (11 May 1798)

1799|

* Coup of 30 Prairial VII (18 Jun 1799)
* Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 Nov 1799)
* Constitution of the Year VIII (24 Dec 1799)
* Consulate

Revolutionary campaigns

1792|

* Verdun
* Thionville
* Valmy
* Royalist Revolts
* Chouannerie
* Vendée
* Dauphiné
* Lille
* Siege of Mainz
* Jemappes
* Namur

1793|

* First Coalition
* War in the Vendée
* Battle of Neerwinden
* Battle of Famars (23 May 1793)
* Expedition to Sardinia (21 Dec 1792 – 25 May 1793)
* Battle of Kaiserslautern
* Siege of Mainz
* Battle of Wattignies
* Battle of Hondschoote
* Siege of Bellegarde
* Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
* Siege of Toulon (18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
* First Battle of Wissembourg (13 Oct 1793)
* Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
* Second Battle of Wissembourg (26–27 Dec 1793)

1794|

* Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies (24 Apr 1794)
* Second Battle of Boulou (Pyrenees) (30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
* Battle of Tourcoing (18 May 1794)
* Battle of Tournay (22 May 1794)
* Glorious First of June (1 Jun 1794)
* Battle of Fleurus (26 Jun 1794)
* Chouannerie
* Battle of Aldenhoven (2 Oct 1794)
* Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 – 7 Jun 1795)

1795|

* Siege of Luxembourg (22 Nov 1794 – 7 Jun 1795)
* Peace of Basel

1796|

* Italian campaign (1796)
* Battle of Lonato (3–4 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Castiglione (5 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Theiningen
* Battle of Neresheim (11 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Amberg (24 Aug 1796)
* Battle of Würzburg (3 Sep 1796)
* Battle of Rovereto (4 Sep 1796)
* First Battle of Bassano (8 Sep 1796)
* Battle of Emmendingen (19 Oct 1796)
* Battle of Schliengen (26 Oct 1796)
* Second Battle of Bassano (6 Nov 1796)
* Battle of Calliano (6–7 Nov 1796)
* Battle of Arcole (15–17 Nov 1796)
* Ireland expedition (Dec 1796)

1797|

* Italian campaign (1797)
* Naval Engagement off Brittany (13 Jan 1797)
* Battle of Rivoli (14–15 Jan 1797)
* Battle of the Bay of Cádiz (25 Jan 1797)
* Treaty of Leoben (17 Apr 1797)
* Battle of Neuwied (18 Apr 1797)
* Treaty of Campo Formio (17 Oct 1797)

1798|

* French invasion of Switzerland (28 January – 17 May 1798)
* French Invasion of Egypt (1798–1801)
* Irish Rebellion of 1798 (23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
* Quasi-War (1798–1800)
* Peasants' War (12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)

1799|

* Second Coalition (1798–1802)
* Siege of Acre (20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
* Battle of Ostrach (20–21 Mar 1799)
* Battle of Stockach (25 Mar 1799)
* Battle of Magnano (5 Apr 1799)
* Battle of Cassano (27–28 Apr 1799)
* First Battle of Zurich (4–7 Jun 1799)
* Battle of Trebbia (17–20 Jun 1799)
* Battle of Novi (15 Aug 1799)
* Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)

1800|

* Battle of Marengo (14 Jun 1800)
* Convention of Alessandria (15 Jun 1800)
* Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800)
* League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02)

1801|

* Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801)
* Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801)
* Algeciras campaign (8 Jul 1801)

1802|

* Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
* Treaty of Paris (25 Jun 1802)

Military leaders

France|

| French Army|

* Eustache Charles d'Aoust
* Charles-Pierre Augereau
* Alexandre de Beauharnais
* Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
* Louis-Alexandre Berthier
* Jean-Baptiste Bessières
* Napoléon Bonaparte
* Guillaume Brune
* Jean François Carteaux
* Jean-Étienne Championnet
* Chapuis de Tourville
* Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
* Louis-Nicolas Davout
* Louis Desaix
* Jacques François Dugommier
* Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
* Charles François Dumouriez
* Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
* Louis-Charles de Flers
* Paul Grenier
* Emmanuel de Grouchy
* Jacques Maurice Hatry
* Lazare Hoche
* Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
* François Christophe de Kellermann
* Jean-Baptiste Kléber
* Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
* Jean Lannes
* Charles Leclerc
* Claude Lecourbe
* François Joseph Lefebvre
* Étienne Macdonald
* Jean-Antoine Marbot
* Marcellin Marbot
* François Séverin Marceau
* Auguste de Marmont
* André Masséna
* Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
* Jean Victor Marie Moreau
* Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
* Joachim Murat
* Michel Ney
* Pierre-Jacques Osten [fr]
* Nicolas Oudinot
* Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
* Jean-Charles Pichegru
* Józef Poniatowski
* Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
* Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
* Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
* Joseph Souham
* Jean-de-Dieu Soult
* Louis-Gabriel Suchet
* Belgrand de Vaubois
* Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno

|

French Navy|

* Charles-Alexandre Linois

Opposition|

|  Austria|

* József Alvinczi
* Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
* Count of Clerfayt (Walloon)
* Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
* Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze (Swiss)
* Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
* Pál Kray (Hungarian)
* Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc (French)
* Maximilian Baillet de Latour (Walloon)
* Karl Mack von Leiberich
* Rudolf Ritter von Otto (Saxon)
* Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
* Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
* Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
* Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló (Hungarian)
* Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
* Dagobert von Wurmser

|

Britain|

* Sir Ralph Abercromby
* James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
* Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
* Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

Netherlands|

* William V, Prince of Orange

Prussia|

* Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
* Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen

Russia|

* Alexander Korsakov
* Alexander Suvorov
* Andrei Rosenberg

Spain|

* Luis Firmin de Carvajal
* Antonio Ricardos

Other significant figures and factions

Patriotic Society of 1789|

* Jean Sylvain Bailly
* Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
* François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
* Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
* Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
* Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
* Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
* Nicolas de Condorcet

Feuillants
and monarchiens

* Grace Elliott
* Arnaud de La Porte
* Jean-Sifrein Maury
* François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
* Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
* Antoine Barnave
* Lafayette
* Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
* Charles Malo François Lameth
* André Chénier
* Jean-François Rewbell
* Camille Jordan
* Madame de Staël
* Boissy d'Anglas
* Jean-Charles Pichegru
* Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
* Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac

Girondins|

* Jacques Pierre Brissot
* Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
* Madame Roland
* Father Henri Grégoire
* Étienne Clavière
* Marquis de Condorcet
* Charlotte Corday
* Marie Jean Hérault
* Jean Baptiste Treilhard
* Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
* Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
* Jean Debry
* Olympe de Gouges
* Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
* Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux

The Plain|

* Abbé Sieyès
* de Cambacérès
* Charles-François Lebrun
* Pierre-Joseph Cambon
* Bertrand Barère
* Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
* Philippe Égalité
* Louis Philippe I
* Mirabeau
* Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
* Jean Joseph Mounier
* Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
* François de Neufchâteau

Montagnards|

* Maximilien Robespierre
* Georges Danton
* Jean-Paul Marat
* Camille Desmoulins
* Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
* Paul Barras
* Louis Philippe I
* Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
* Jacques-Louis David
* Marquis de Sade
* Georges Couthon
* Roger Ducos
* Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
* Jean-Henri Voulland
* Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
* Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
* Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
* Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
* Jean-Pierre-André Amar
* Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
* Prieur de la Marne
* Gilbert Romme
* Jean Bon Saint-André
* Jean-Lambert Tallien
* Pierre Louis Prieur
* Antoine Christophe Saliceti

Hébertists
and Enragés|

* Jacques Hébert
* Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
* Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
* Charles-Philippe Ronsin
* Antoine-François Momoro
* François-Nicolas Vincent
* François Chabot
* Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
* Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
* François Hanriot
* Jacques Roux
* Stanislas-Marie Maillard
* Charles-Philippe Ronsin
* Jean-François Varlet
* Theophile Leclerc
* Claire Lacombe
* Pauline Léon
* Gracchus Babeuf
* Sylvain Maréchal

Others|

| Figures|

* Charles X
* Louis XVI
* Louis XVII
* Louis XVIII
* Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
* Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
* Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
* Marie Antoinette
* Napoléon Bonaparte
* Lucien Bonaparte
* Joseph Bonaparte
* Joseph Fesch
* Joséphine de Beauharnais
* Joachim Murat
* Jean Sylvain Bailly
* Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
* Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
* Talleyrand
* Thérésa Tallien
* Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
* Catherine Théot
* Madame de Lamballe
* Madame du Barry
* Louis de Breteuil
* de Chateaubriand
* Jean Chouan
* Loménie de Brienne
* Charles Alexandre de Calonne
* Jacques Necker
* Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
* List of people associated with the French Revolution

|

Factions|

* Jacobins
* Cordeliers
* Panthéon Club
* Social Club

Influential thinkers

* Les Lumières
* Beaumarchais
* Edmund Burke
* Anacharsis Cloots
* Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
* Pierre Claude François Daunou
* Diderot
* Benjamin Franklin
* Thomas Jefferson
* Antoine Lavoisier
* Montesquieu
* Thomas Paine
* Jean-Jacques Rousseau
* Abbé Sieyès
* Voltaire
* Mary Wollstonecraft

Cultural impact

* La Marseillaise
* Cockade of France
* Flag of France
* Liberté, égalité, fraternité
* Marianne
* Muscadin
* Bastille Day
* Panthéon
* French Republican calendar
* Metric system
* Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
* Cult of the Supreme Being
* Cult of Reason
* Temple of Reason
* Sans-culottes
* Phrygian cap
* Women in the French Revolution
* Incroyables and merveilleuses
* Symbolism in the French Revolution
* Historiography of the French Revolution
* Influence of the French Revolution
* Films

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Grand Masters of the Grand Orient de France

18th century|

* Prince Philippe d’Orléans (1771–1792)
* Alexandre Roëttiers de Montaleau (1795–1804)

19th century|

* Prince Joseph Bonaparte (1805–06)
* Prince Jean-Jacques de Cambacérès (1806–14)
* Pierre de Ruel (1814–21)
* Étienne Macdonald (1821–33)
* Antoine-Guillaume Rampon (1833–35)
* Alexandre Louis Joseph, comte de Laborde (1835–42)
* Emmanuel Dieudonné Pons (1842–47)
* Laurent Bertrand (1847–49)
* Marie-Auguste Desanlis (1849–51)
* Saint-Albin Berville (1851–52)
* Lucien, 3rd Prince Murat (1852–61)
* Général Bernard Magnan (1861–65)
* Général Émile Mellinet (1865–70)
* Léonide Babaud-Laribière (1870–72)
* Antoine de Saint Jean (1872–83)
* Charles Marie Gabriel Cousin (1883–85)
* Jean-Claude Colfavru (1885–87)
* Frédéric Desmons (1887–89)
* Henri Thulié (1889–92)
* Paul Viguier (1892–93)
* Henri Thulié (1893–94)
* Jean-Baptiste Antoine Blatin (1894–95)
* Louis Lucipia (1895–96)
* Frédéric Desmons (1896–98)
* Louis Lucipia (1898–1900)

20th century|

* Frédéric Desmons (1900–03)
* Louis Lafferre (1903–05)
* Frédéric Desmons (1905–07)
* Louis Lafferre (1907–09)
* Frédéric Desmons (1909–10)
* Georges Bouley (1910–11)
* Charles Marie Debierre (1911–13)
* Georges Corneau (1913–20)
* Charles Marie Debierre (1920–21)
* Général Augustin Gérard (1921–22)
* Arthur Mille (1922–25)
* Arthur Groussier (1925–26)
* Joseph Brenier (1926–27)
* Arthur Groussier (1927–30)
* Frédéric Estèbe (1930–31)
* Arthur Groussier (1931–34)
* Adrien Pouriau (1934–36)
* Arthur Groussier (1936–45)
* Francis Viaud (1945–48)
* Louis Bonnard (1948–49)
* Francis Viaud (1949–52)
* Paul Chevallier (1952–53)
* Francis Viaud (1953–56)
* Marcel Ravel (1956–58)
* Robert Richard (1958–59)
* Marcel Ravel (1959–61)
* Jacques Mitterrand (1961–64)
* Paul Anxionnaz (1964–65)
* Alexandre Chevalier (1965–66)
* Paul Anxionnaz (1966–69)
* Jacques Mitterrand (1969–71)
* Frédéric Zeller (1971–73)
* Jean-Pierre Prouteau (1973–75)
* Serge Behar (1975–77)
* Michel Baroin (1977–79)
* Roger Leray (1979–81)
* Paul Gourdot (1981–86)
* Roger Leray (1986–87)
* Jean-Robert Ragache (1987–88)
* Christian Pozzo di Borgo (1988–89)
* Jean-Robert Ragache (1989–92)
* Gilbert Abergel (1992–94)
* Patrick Kessel (1994–96)
* Jacques Lafouge (1996–97)
* Philippe Guglielmi (1997–99)
* Simon Giovanaï (1999–2000)

21st century|

* Alain Bauer (2000–03)
* Bernard Brandmeyer (2003–05)
* Gérard Pappalardo (2005)
* Jean-Michel Quillardet (2005–08)
* Pierre Lambicchi (2008–10)
* Guy Arcizet (2010–12)
* José Gulino (2012–13)
* Daniel Keller (2013–16)
* Christophe Habas (2016–2017)
* Philippe Foussier (2017-2019)
* Jean-Philippe Hubsch (2019-2021)
* Georges Serignac (2021-2023)
* Guillaume Trichard (2023-2024)
* Nicolas Penin (2024-present)

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