Journalism in Australia

The Age headquarters in Melbourne

Journalism in Australia is an industry with an extensive history. Reporters Without Borders placed Australia 26th on a list of 180 countries ranked by press freedom in 2020, ahead of both the United Kingdom and United States.[1] Most print media in the country is owned by either News Corp Australia or Nine Entertainment.

## History

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The front page of the Sydney Gazette

Most of the published material in the first twenty years of the New South Wales colony was to inform residents of the rules and laws of the time. These were printed with a portable wooden and iron printing press. Since half of the convicts of the time were not able to read, it was compulsory for these notices to be read at Sunday church services.[2]

On 22 November 1800, George Howe arrived in Australia. Nicknamed "Happy", Howe was born in the West Indies, although his father had been a native of Ireland.[3] In London, Howe had worked in the print industry for several newspapers including The Times, but was sent to New South Wales after being charged with shoplifting, a crime which was also punishable by hanging.

In 1803, Howe started production on Australia's first newspaper, the Sydney Gazette. While much of its content was government notices, there was also an abundance of news to report in the burgeoning colony. An extract from the paper about the first Koala to be captured told of the "graveness of the visage", which "would seem to indicate a more than ordinary portion of animal sagacity".[4]

One news gathering technique that Howe used for local content was to place a slip box outside of the store where the Gazette was published, to let the public suggest stories. Because of the country's geographic isolation, international news arriving via arriving ships was usually printed 10 to 14 weeks out of date.

The Sydney Gazette was the only paper published until 1824, when William Wentworth began publishing the colony's first uncensored newspaper, The Australian (no connection with the current paper of the same name, which was established by Rupert Murdoch in 1964).[5]

The Australian Journalist's Association (AJA) was formed in 1910 and registered federally in 1911.[6] In 1921, the University of Queensland became the first Australian institution to offer a diploma of journalism.[7] The AJA was amalgamated in 1992 into the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance.[8]

In 1956, Ampol Petroleum founder Sir William Gaston Walkley established Australia's most prestigious Journalism Awards, the Walkleys.[9]

On 16 October 1975, five Australian journalists, now known as the Balibo Five, reporting on the invasion of East Timor (then Portuguese Timor) by Indonesia were murdered at a house in Balibo. The journalists, from both the Nine Network and the Seven Network, were killed by Indonesian soldiers after recording footage which proved Indonesia was behind the conflict, as opposed to the claim it was an internal Timorese coup.[10]

Paul Moran, an ABC cameraman from Adelaide became the first Australian journalist to die while covering the Iraq war in March 2003. He was killed while working when a car bomb near him exploded.[11] The ABC foreign correspondent working with Moran, Eric Campbell, survived the explosion and went on to write about the incident in his book Absurdistan.[12]

## Legal protection

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The ABC headquarters in Sydney

Australian journalists are more vulnerable to defamation action than many of their international counterparts.[citation needed] Australia lacks both a bill of rights and an explicit rights to freedom of speech in the Australian constitution.[13] Writing in 2021, the BBC stated that "Australian media outlets have been overwhelmingly united in their criticism of strict local defamation laws".[14]

The 2006 Reporters Without Borders survey ranking the countries of the world in relative press freedom listed Australia as number 35 behind Ghana and Mauritius. Australia's score of nine had increased greatly since scoring a much better three in 2002. According to the Australia's Right to Know campaign, a collaborative effort between all major Australian media publishers and outlets, major causes in the decline of press freedom include anti-terrorism legislation (Australian anti-terrorism legislation, 2004 and Australian Anti-Terrorism Act 2005), sedition laws, suppression orders and Freedom of Information requests.[15][16]

### Implied freedom

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In 1992, the High Court of Australia saw the case of Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Commonwealth, concerning a decision the previous year which inserted Part IIID into the Broadcasting Act 1942. The resulting regulations banned political advertising during Federal, State or Local elections. There was some free time provided for political messages, but 90 percent of this was allocated to parties in the previous government. A majority decision found in favour of Australian Capital Television, ruling there was an implied right to freedom of political communication in the constitution.

The 4–3 decision of the Theophanous v Herald and Weekly Times Ltd case two years later enforced the previous ruling to the extent of validating the constitution's implied freedom of speech as a defamation defense, however this would not last.[17]

### Lange v ABC

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In 1997, the High Court heard the case of former New Zealand Prime Minister Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation on the rulings of the Theophanous and Stephens v West Australian Newspapers. "While the judges unanimously confirmed the existence of an implied constitutional freedom of political speech, they did not cite it as a defense against defamation action by politicians."[18]

Since Australian law does not currently accept the implied freedoms as a defamation defense, Australian journalists facing slander or libel must use common law defense. This involves the defendant proving that they:[18]

* did believe defamatory imputations were true
* undertook reasonable steps to confirm the accuracy of defamatory information
* had reasonable grounds for a belief that defamatory imputations were true
* included a response from the defamed person, except where this was seen as not practical or was unnecessary

## Education in journalism

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Many Australian universities provide journalism and communication courses. The majority of new Australian journalists have a tertiary education in the field. In 2000, seven of eight cadetships given by the Age were given to those with a journalism degree.[18] In the same year, however, the Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance estimated Australian universities produced approximately 600 students graduating with either a Bachelor of Journalism or an undergraduate degree majoring in Journalism, with another (approx.) 50 graduates with a Masters qualification. The alliance estimated these graduates were competing for fewer than 150 jobs. Since that time the situation has worsened considerably, with a record 4750 journalism students enrolled in 2010 for fewer than 1000 jobs. Additionally, depending on their own personal preference, many editors prefer to employ graduates with qualifications in other fields in the belief that they (as working journalists) are better equipped to pass on journalistic skills than academics (who have left the profession).[19]

The following Australian tertiary educational institutions provide journalism courses:

* Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia
* Central Queensland University
* Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia
* Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland
* Charles Sturt University
* Deakin University
* Griffith University
* James Cook University, Townsville
* Jschool: Journalism Education & Training, Brisbane
* La Trobe University, Melbourne
* Macleay College, Sydney and Melbourne
* Macquarie University, Sydney
* Monash University, Melbourne
* Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia
* Queensland University of Technology
* Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
* Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne
* University of Melbourne, Melbourne
* University of Newcastle
* University of New South Wales
* University of Notre Dame
* University of Southern Queensland
* University of Queensland
* University of South Australia
* University of the Sunshine Coast
* Western Sydney University
* University of Wollongong
* University of Technology, Sydney
* University of Canberra

## See also

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* Journalism portal

* Australian Broadcasting Corporation
* Media of Australia
* List of newspapers in Australia
* Journalism
* Journalism education
* Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance
* Media Watch
* Newspapers in Australia
* Walkley Awards
* National Women's Media Centre
* Television in Australia#News and current affairs
* List of Australian television news services
* Australian Financial Review
* 6 News Australia

## References

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1. ^ "2020 World Press Freedom Index | Reporters Without Borders". RSF. 30 January 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
2. ^ "The birth of the newspaper in Australia - Australia's Culture Portal". Cultureandrecreation.gov.au. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
3. ^ "Birth of the Book in Australia". Booktown.com.au. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
4. ^ "Pig Bites Baby!: Stories from Australia's First Newspaper". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 April 2003. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
5. ^ "Wentworth, William Charles - Biographical entry - Encyclopedia of Australian Science". Asap.unimelb.edu.au. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
6. ^ "Australian Journalists Association (i) - Trade Union entry". Australian Trade Union Archives. Atua.org.au. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
7. ^ "Bachelor of Journalism - Courses and Programs - The University of Queensland, Australia". Uq.edu.au. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
8. ^ "Alliance Online". Alliance.org.au. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
9. ^ "The Walkley Awards for Excellence in Journalism - History". Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 7 October 2006.
10. ^ "The day the military murdered our boys". News.com.au. 9 December 2006. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
11. ^ "ABC Pays Tribute to Cameraman killed in Iraq". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
12. ^ Campbell, Eric (2005). Absurdistan. Sydney: HarperCollins. pp. 317–334\. ISBN 0-7322-7980-1.
13. ^ "Would a Bill of Rights improve the quality of Australian journalism? - On Line Opinion - 15/11/2000". On Line Opinion. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
14. ^ "Chau Chak Wing: Chinese-Australian businessman wins media defamation case". BBC News. 2 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
15. ^ "Gagging justice - Gotcha with Gary Hughes Blog". The Australian. 28 August 2006. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
16. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20070614191017/http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,21705229-2,00.html. Archived from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007. `{{cite web}}`: Missing or empty `|title=` (help)
17. ^ "Australian Parliamentary Library - 1996-97 Research Paper 10". Aph.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2 July 2005. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
18. ^ a b c Conley, David (2002). The Daily Miracle. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 11\. ISBN 0-19-551374-6.
19. ^ "Reference at www.theaustralian.com.au".

## Further reading

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* Bruns, Axel. "A Chance for Diversity? Australian online journalism." in by Eugenia Siapera and Andreas Veglis, eds. The Handbook of Global Online Journalism (2012) pp: 412+
* Carter, David. "Magazine Culture: notes Towards a History of Australian Periodical Publication 1920-1970." Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature (2013): 69–79.
* Collins, Ross F.; Palmegiano, E. M. Rise of Western Journalism, 1815-1914: Essays on the Press in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain & the United States (2008)
* Deitz, Milissa. Watch this space: The future of Australian journalism (2011), argues that online journals, blogs, social networking, twitter and smart phones will return journalism to its democratic roots, recreating the feisty, informed speech extinguished by the concentration of ownership
* Hanusch, Folker, Peter English, and Jane Fynes-Clinton. "Assessing the discipline: an analysis of Australian Journalism Review articles 2000-2010." Australian Journalism Review 33#.2 (2011): 85.
* Harrington, Stephen. Australian TV News: New Forms, Functions, and Futures (2014) excerpt
* Harrington, Stephen. "Australian journalism studies after'journalism': Breaking down the disciplinary boundaries (for good)." Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy, (2012) pp. 156–162. online
* Ricketson, M. Australian Journalism Today (Palgrave Macmillan, Melbourne, 2012)
* Turner, Graeme. "Post‐Journalism: News and Current Affairs Programming from the Late '80s to the Present", Media International Australia, (1996) no. 82, pp. 78‐91.
* Turner, Graeme. Media Wars': Journalism, Cultural and Media Studies in Australia', Journalism (2000) 1#3 pp. 353–365.
* Walker, Robin Berwick. The Newspaper Press in New South Wales, 1803–1920 (Intl Specialized Book Service Inc, 1976)
* Walker, Robin Berwick. Yesterday's news: history of the newspaper press in New South Wales from 1920 to 1945 (Intl Specialized Book Service Inc, 1980)
* Webby, Elizabeth. "Australia" in J. Don Vann, and Rosemary T. VanArsdel, eds. Periodicals of Queen Victoria's Empire: An Exploration (1996) pp. 19–59 in JSTOR

## External links

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Library resources about
Journalism in Australia

* * *

* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries

* Official Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance Website Archived 27 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine