Judeo-Iranian languages

Jewish variants of Iranian languages

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Iranian cities with local Jewish dialect[1]

The Judeo-Iranian languages (or dialects) are a number of related Jewish variants of Iranian languages spoken throughout the formerly extensive realm of the Persian Empire. Judeo-Iranian dialects are generally conservative in comparison with those of their Muslim neighbours. Judeo-Shirazi, for example, remains close to the language of Hafez.

Like most Jewish languages, all the Judeo-Iranian languages contain great numbers of Hebrew loanwords, and are written using variations of the Hebrew alphabet. Another name used for some Judeo-Iranian dialects is Latorayi, sometimes interpreted by folk etymology as "not [the language] of the Torah". This refers to a form of the language in which the number of Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords is deliberately maximised to allow it to function as a secret code. In general, however, the number of such loanwords is small compared with that in other Jewish languages such as Yiddish or Judaeo-Spanish.[2]

## Languages

[edit]

The languages include:

* Dzhidi (literary Judeo-Persian)
* Luterā'i (a secret language combining an Aramaic and Hebrew vocabulary with Persian conjunctions and grammatical morphemes)[3][4][5]
* Bukhori (Judeo-Bukharic, Judeo-Tajik, the Jewish language of the distinctive Jewish community centered in Bukhara)
* Judeo-Golpaygani, the Judeo-Persian language traditionally spoken by the Jewish community in the environs of Gulpaigan and western Isfahan province, Iran.[6] The first records of Jewish communities in this region date to approximately 750 BC. Like most Jewish languages, Judæo-Golpaygani was written using Hebrew characters [citation needed], and contained many Hebrew loanwords. [citation needed] Following the decline and consolidation of the Persian Jewish community in the mid-20th century, Judæo-Golpaygani fell into disuse, being replaced by Dzhidi, Judæo-Hamedani, and Persian, among those speakers remaining in Iran, and by English and Hebrew by those emigrating to the United States and Israel.
* Judeo-Yazdi = Judeo-Kermani (spoken in the environs of Yazd and elsewhere in Yazd province, in central Iran; in Kerman and elsewhere in Kerman province, in south-central Iran)
* Judeo-Shirazi (spoken in Shiraz and elsewhere in Fars province, in southwestern Iran)
* Judeo-Isfahani (spoken in Isfahan and environs, as well as elsewhere in central and southern Isfahan province, Iran)
* Judeo-Hamedani (spoken in Hamadan and elsewhere in Hamadan province, in western Iran)
* Judeo-Kashani (spoken in Kashan,[7][8][9] Abyaneh,[9] and elsewhere in northern Isfahan province, in western Iran)
* Luflā'i (a Kashani variant of Luterā'i)[3][4][5]
* Judeo-Borujerdi (spoken in Borujerd and elsewhere in Lorestan province, in western Iran)
* Judeo-Nehevandi (spoken in Nahavand and elsewhere in northern Hamadan province, in western Iran)
* Judeo-Khunsari (spoken in Khansar and elsewhere in far-western Isfahan province, in western Iran)
* Juhuri (Judæo-Tat) (A Jewish-Tat dialect spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan, Dagestan (North Caucasus).
* Jewish Neo-Aramaic languages, while not Iranian languages, were spoken in Iranian Azerbaijan and Iranian Kurdistan.

## Language samples

[edit]

* Oral history in Judeo-Shirazi

* Oral history in Judeo-Hamedani-Borujerdi

* Oral history in Judeo-Esfahani

* Oral history in Lishan Deni (Jewish Neo-Aramaic)

* Oral history in Lishan Didan (Jewish Neo-Aramaic)

* Oral history in Lishan Noshan (Jewish Neo-Aramic)

## See also

[edit]

* Jews in Iran
* Jewish languages

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Borjian, Habib (2014). "What is Judeo-Median and how does it differ from Judeo-Persian?". The Journal of Jewish Languages. 2 (2): 117–142\. doi:10.1163/22134638-12340026.
2. ^ Habib Borjian, “Judeo-Iranian Languages,” in Lily Kahn and Aaron D. Rubin, eds., A Handbook of Jewish Languages, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2015, pp. 234-295. [1].
3. ^ a b "Judeo-Iranian". Archived from the original on 2016-07-29.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
4. ^ a b "Encyclopædia Iranica: Loterāʾi". Archived from the original on 2016-07-29.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
5. ^ a b "Encyclopædia Iranica: Judeo-Persian Communities of Iran x. Judeo-Persian Jargon (Loterāʾi)". Archived from the original on 2016-07-29.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
6. ^ Levy, Habib (1999). Comprehensive History of the Jews of Iran. Translated by George W. Maschke.
7. ^ "I Think, Therefore I Am - Original Persian" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2016-07-25.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
8. ^ "I Think Therefore I am" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
9. ^ a b Norman “Nourollah” Gabay. I Think, Therefore I Am Retrieved 17 December 2022

* Schmidt, Rüdiger, ed. (1989). Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden: Reichert. ISBN 3-88226-413-6.

## External links

[edit]

* Jewish dialect of Isfahan, Encyclopedia Iranica[permanent dead link]
* Article from Jewish Languages site Archived 2016-07-29 at the Wayback Machine

* v
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Jewish languages

Afroasiatic|

| Hebrew|

| Eras|

* Biblical
* Mishnaic
* Medieval
* Modern

|

Reading traditions|

* Ashkenazi
* Sephardi
* Mizrahi
* Italian
* Yemenite
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Judaeo-Aramaic/Targum|

* Biblical
* Talmudic
* Babylonian
* Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
* Galilean
* Barzani
* Betanure
* Hulaulá
* Koy Sanjaq
* Lishana Deni
* Lishán Didán
* Lishanid Noshan
* Sanandaj

Judaeo-Arabic|

* Judaeo-Algerian
* Judaeo-Egyptian
* Judaeo-Fessi
* Judaeo-Iraqi
* Judaeo-Baghdadi
* Judaeo-Moroccan
* Judaeo-Palestinian
* Judaeo-Tripolitanian
* Judaeo-Syrian
* Judaeo-Tunisian
* Judaeo-Yemeni

Others|

* Geʽez (Ethiosemitic)
* Kayla/Qwara (Cushitic)
* Judaeo-Berber (Berber)

Indo-European|

| Germanic|

| Yiddish (dialects/argots)|

* Eastern
* Galitzish
* Litvish
* Poylish
* Ukrainish
* Udmurtish
* Klezmer-loshn
* Western
* Judaeo-Alsatian
* Lachoudisch
* Scots-Yiddish

|

Jewish English|

* Yeshivish
* Yinglish
* Heblish

Judaeo-Romance|

* Judaeo-Catalan
* Judaeo-Italian
* Judaeo-Livornese
* Judaeo-Mantuan
* Judaeo-Piedmontese
* Judaeo-Roman
* Judaeo-Spanish
* Haketia
* Tetuani
* Judaeo-Latin
* Judaeo-Provençal
* Judaeo-Gascon
* Judaeo-Portuguese
* Judaeo-Aragonese
* Zarphatic

Judaeo-Iranian|

* Bukhori
* Judaeo-Tat
* Judaeo-Persian
* Judaeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
* Judaeo-Shirazi
* Judaeo-Yazdi–Kermani
* Judaeo-Kashani
* Judaeo-Golpaygani

Others|

* Jewish Koine Greek, Yevanic (Hellenic)
* Knaanic, Pre-1970s Odesan Russian (Slavic)
* Judaeo-Urdu, Judaeo-Marathi (Indo-Aryan)

Others|

* Krymchak, Karaim (Turkic)
* Judaeo-Malayalam (Dravidian)
* Judaeo-Georgian (Kartvelian)
* Judaeo-Papiamento (Portuguese-based Creole)
* Judaeo-Malay (Malayic)

Sign languages|

* Israeli Sign Language (German Sign)
* Algerian Jewish Sign Language (village sign language)

Italics indicate extinct languages

* v
* t
* e

Iranian languages

History|

* Proto-Iranian
* Old Iranian
* Middle Iranian
* New Iranian

Eastern|

| Pamir|

* Ishkashimi
* Khufi
* Munji
* Rushani
* Sanglechi
* Sarghulami
* Shughni
* Bartangi
* Khufi
* Oroshori
* Sarikoli
* Vanji
* Wakhi
* Yazghulami
* Yidgha

|

Others|

* Avestan
* Bactrian
* Khwarezmian
* Parachi
* Pashto
* Central
* Northern
* Southern
* Wanetsi
* Ormuri
* Scythian
* Alanic
* Ossetian
* Digor
* Iron
* Jassic
* Cimmerian
* Saka
* Sogdian
* Yaghnobi

Western|

| North|

* Ashtiani
* Balochi
* Koroshi
* Makrani
* Daylami
* Fars
* Gazi
* Judeo-Esfahani
* Gilaki
* Eastern Gilaki
* Galeshi
* Western Gilaki
* Gorgani
* Gozarkhani
* Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
* Kajali
* Karan
* Karingani
* Kavir
* Khunsari
* Kurdish
* Abduyi
* Kurmanji
* Laki
* Sorani
* Hewlêrî
* Xwarin
* Kalhor
* Kordali
* Korouni
* Mazanderani
* Tabaroid
* Median
* Razi
* Natanzi
* Nayini
* Old Azeri
* Parthian
* Razajerdi
* Semnani
* Lasgerdi
* Sangsari
* Semnani proper
* Sorkhei
* Shahrudi
* Sivandi
* Soi
* Abuzaydabadi
* Judeo-Kashani
* Talysh
* Tati
* Alviri-Vidari
* Harzandi
* Kilit
* Kho'ini
* Maraghei
* Tatoid
* Vafsi
* Zaza–Gorani
* Gorani
* Shabaki
* Zaza
* Zoroastrian Dari

|

South|

* Achomi
* Judeo-Shirazi
* Bashkardi
* Garmsiri
* Khargi
* Khuzestani Persian
* Dezfuli
* Shushtari
* Kuhmareyi
* Kumzari
* Luri
* Bakhtiari
* Northern Luri
* Southern Luri
* Mamasani
* Old Kazeruni
* Old Persian
* Middle Persian
* Persian
* Aimaq
* Dari
* Hazaragi
* Sistani
* Dehwari
* Iranian
* Basseri
* Esfahani
* Kermanshahi
* Khorasani
* Kuwaiti
* Tehrani
* Judeo-Persian
* Pahlavani
* Tajik
* Bukharian
* Caucasian Tat
* Armeno-Tat
* Judeo-Tat
* Northwestern Fars

Others|

* Badeshi (unclassified)

* Italics indicate extinct or historical languages.
* Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

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Jews and Judaism in Iran

History|

* Iran
* Persia
* Byzantine Empire

Groups|

| People|

* Iranian Jews
* Diaspora
* Rabbis
* Iranian Jews in Israel
* Iranian people of Jewish descent
* Mountain Jews
* Persian Jews
* Jews and Judaism in Kurdistan

|

Politics|

* Antisemitism
* Anti-Zionism
* Israel–Iran relations
* Tehran Jewish Committee
* World Congress of Mountain Jews

Other|

* Judaism in Persia and Iran
* Judeo-Persian languages
* Persian Jewish cuisine

Synagogues|

* Abrishami
* Danial
* Ettefagh
* Ezra Yaghoub
* Haim
* Khorasaniha
* Molla Hanina
* Pol-e-Choobi
* Rah-e Danesh
* Sanandaj
* Yusef Abad
* Zargarian

|

Schools|

| (former)|

* Hamadan
* Kermanshah
* Kurosh
* Tehran

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* List of Iranian Jews
* List of synagogues

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