Judgement

Psychological concept

"Judgment" redirects here. For other uses, see Judgment (disambiguation).

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Judgement (or judgment)[1] is the evaluation of given circumstances to make a decision. Judgement is also the ability to make considered decisions.[citation needed]

In an informal context, a judgement is opinion expressed as fact. In logic, judgements assert the truth of statements. In the context of a legal trial, a judgement is a final finding, statement or ruling, based on evidence, rules and precedents, called adjudication (see Judgment (law)). In the context of psychology, judgment informally references the quality of a person's cognitive faculties and adjudicational capabilities, typically called wisdom. In formal psychology, judgement and decision making (JDM) is a cognitive process by which individuals reason, make decisions, and form opinions and beliefs.[2][3]

## Psychology

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In cognitive psychology (and related fields like experimental philosophy, social psychology, behavioral economics, or experimental economics), judgement is part of a set of cognitive processes by which individuals reason, make decisions, and form beliefs and opinions (collectively, judgement and decision making, abbreviated JDM). This involves evaluating information, weighing evidence, making choices, and coming to conclusions. Judgements are often influenced by cognitive biases, heuristics, prior experience, social context, abilities (e.g., numeracy, probabilistic thinking), and psychological traits (e.g., tendency toward analytical reasoning). In research, the Society for Judgment and Decision Making is an international academic society dedicated to the topic; they publish the peer-reviewed journal Judgment and Decision Making.

## Aristotle's study of judgement

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The power or faculty of judgement may be used to render judgements, in seeking to understand ideas and the things they represent, by means of ratiocination, using good or poor discernment or judgement. Each use of the word judgement has a different sense, corresponding to the triad of mental power, act, and habit.[citation needed]

Whether habits can be classified or studied scientifically, and whether there is such a thing as human nature[relevant?], are ongoing controversies.[citation needed]

### Judging power or faculty

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Aristotle observed that the ability to judge takes two forms: making assertions and thinking about definitions. He defined these powers in distinctive terms. Making an assertion as a result of judging can affirm or deny something; it must be either true or false. In a judgement, one affirms a given relationship between two things, or one denies a relationship between two things exists. The kinds of definitions that are judgements are those that are the intersection of two or more ideas rather than those indicated only by usual examples — that is, constitutive definitions.[citation needed]

Later Aristotelians, like Mortimer Adler, questioned whether "definitions of abstraction" that come from merging examples in one's mind are really analytically distinct from judgements. The mind may automatically tend to form a judgement upon having been given such examples.[citation needed]

### Distinction of parts

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In informal use, words like "judgement" are often used imprecisely, even when keeping them separated by the triad of power, act, and habit.[citation needed]

Aristotle observed that while propositions can be drawn from judgements and called "true" and "false", the objects that the terms try to represent are only "true" or "false"—with respect to the judging act or communicating that judgement—in the sense of "well-chosen" or "ill-chosen".[citation needed]

## Judgement in religion

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### Abrahamic Religions

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The Last Judgement is a significant concept in the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), and also found in the Frashokereti of Zoroastrianism. [citation needed]

### Christianity

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Jesus warned about judging others in the Sermon on the Mount: "Do not judge, so that you may not be judged." (Matthew 7:1–5).[citation needed]

## See also

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Wikiquote has quotations related to Judgement.

* Philosophy portal
* Psychology portal

* Ad hominem – Attacking the person rather than the argument
* Bias – Inclination for or against
* Character assassination – Deliberate effort to damage an individual's reputation or credibility
* Choice – Deciding between multiple options
* Decree – Edict or proclamation usually issued by a head of state
* Defamation – Communication causing harm to reputation
* Discrimination – Prejudicial treatment based on membership in a certain group
* False accusation – Claim or allegation of wrongdoing that is untrue
* Gaslighting – Type of psychological manipulation
* General judgment – Christian theological concept
* Judgment at Nuremberg – 1961 film by Stanley Kramer
* Category:Judgment in Christianity
* Phronesis – Ancient Greek word for a type of wisdom or intelligence
* Prejudice – Attitudes based on preconceived categories
* Presumption of guilt – Presumption that a person is guilty of a crime
* Social undermining – Type of anti-social behavior
* Smear campaign – Effort to damage someone's reputation
* Understanding – Ability to think about and use concepts to deal adequately with a subject
* Value judgment – Philosophical and ethical concept

## References

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1. ^ "judgement". The Website of Prof. Paul Brians. 19 May 2016.
2. ^ Keren, Gideon; Wu, George, eds. (2015). The Wiley Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-46839-5.
3. ^ Sternberg, Robert J.; Sternberg, Karin (2017). Cognitive psychology (Seventh ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-64465-6.

## Further reading

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* Wanga, Zheng; et al. (2014). "Context effects produced by question orders reveal quantum nature of human judgments". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (26): 9431–9436\. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.9431W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1407756111. PMC 4084470. PMID 24979797.

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