July 25

<< | July | >>

|
|

Su  | Mo  | Tu  | We  | Th  | Fr  | Sa
|  | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05
06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12
13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19
20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26
27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |
2025
July 25 in recent years

2024 (Thursday)
2023 (Tuesday)
2022 (Monday)
2021 (Sunday)
2020 (Saturday)
2019 (Thursday)
2018 (Wednesday)
2017 (Tuesday)
2016 (Monday)
2015 (Saturday)

Day of the year

July 25 is the 206th day of the year (207th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 159 days remain until the end of the year.

## Events

[edit]

### Pre-1600

[edit]

* 306 - Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
* 315 - The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge.
* 677 - Climax of the Siege of Thessalonica by the Slavs in a three-day assault on the city walls.
* 864 - The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings.
* 918 - Wang Geon becomes King of Goryeo after overthrowing Gung Ye in a coup the previous day[1]
* 1137 - Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Prince Louis, later King Louis VII of France, at the Cathedral of Saint-André in Bordeaux.
* 1139 - Battle of Ourique: The Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques who is proclaimed King of Portugal.
* 1261 - The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
* 1278 - The naval Battle of Algeciras takes place in the context of the Spanish Reconquista resulting in a victory for the Emirate of Granada and the Maranid Dynasty over the Kingdom of Castile.
* 1467 - The Battle of Molinella: The first battle in Italy in which firearms are used extensively.
* 1536 - Sebastián de Belalcázar on his search of El Dorado founds the city of Santiago de Cali.
* 1538 - The city of Guayaquil is founded by the Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana and given the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil.
* 1547 - Henry II of France is crowned.
* 1554 - The royal wedding of Mary I and Philip II of Spain celebrated at Winchester Cathedral.[2]
* 1567 - Don Diego de Losada founds the city of Santiago de Leon de Caracas, modern-day Caracas, the capital city of Venezuela.
* 1591 - The Duke of Parma is defeated near the Dutch city of Nijmegen by an Anglo-Dutch force led by Maurice of Orange.[3]
* 1593 - Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism.

### 1601–1900

[edit]

* 1603 - James VI and I and Anne of Denmark are crowned in Westminster Abbey.[4]
* 1609 - The English ship Sea Venture, en route to Virginia, is deliberately driven ashore during a storm at Bermuda to prevent its sinking; the survivors go on to found a new colony there.
* 1668 - A magnitude 8.5 earthquake strikes eastern China, killing over 43,000 people.[5]
* 1693 - Ignacio de Maya founds the Real Santiago de las Sabinas, now known as Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Mexico.
* 1718 - At the behest of Tsar Peter the Great, the construction of Kadriorg Palace, dedicated to his wife Catherine, begins in Tallinn.[6]
* 1722 - Dummer's War begins along the Maine-Massachusetts border.
* 1755 - British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council order the deportation of the Acadians.
* 1759 - French and Indian War: In Western New York, British forces capture Fort Niagara from the French, who subsequently abandon Fort Rouillé.
* 1783 - American Revolutionary War: The war's last action, the Siege of Cuddalore, is ended by a preliminary peace agreement.
* 1788 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completes his Symphony No. 40 in G minor (K550).
* 1792 - The Brunswick Manifesto is issued to the population of Paris promising vengeance if the French royal family is harmed.
* 1797 - Horatio Nelson loses more than 300 men and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife (Spain).
* 1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte defeats a numerically superior Ottoman army under Mustafa Pasha at the Battle of Abukir.
* 1814 - War of 1812: An American attack on Canada is repulsed.
* 1824 - Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua.
* 1835 – James Bowman Lindsay demonstrates a constant electric light at a public meeting in Dundee, Scotland.[7][8]
* 1837 - The first commercial use of an electrical telegraph is successfully demonstrated in London by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone.
* 1853 - Joaquin Murrieta, the famous Californio bandit known as the "Robin Hood of El Dorado", is killed.
* 1861 - American Civil War: The United States Congress passes the Crittenden–Johnson Resolution, stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery, in the wake of the defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.
* 1866 - The United States Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army. Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to be promoted to this rank.
* 1868 - The Wyoming Territory is established.
* 1869 - The Japanese daimyōs begin returning their land holdings to the emperor as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms. (Traditional Japanese Date: June 17, 1869).
* 1894 - The First Sino-Japanese War begins when the Japanese fire upon a Chinese warship.
* 1897 - American author Jack London embarks on a sailing trip to take part in the Klondike's gold rush, from which he wrote his first successful stories.[9]
* 1898 - Spanish–American War: The American invasion of Spanish-held Puerto Rico begins, as United States Army troops under General Nelson A. Miles land and secure the port at Guánica.[10]

### 1901–present

[edit]

* 1908 - Ajinomoto is founded. Kikunae Ikeda of the Tokyo Imperial University discovers that a key ingredient in kombu soup stock is monosodium glutamate (MSG), and patents a process for manufacturing it.
* 1909 - Louis Blériot makes the first flight across the English Channel in a heavier-than-air machine from Calais to Dover, England, United Kingdom in 37 minutes.
* 1915 - RFC Captain Lanoe Hawker becomes the first British pursuit aviator to earn the Victoria Cross.
* 1917 - Sir Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%).
* 1925 - Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.
* 1934 - The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt.
* 1940 - General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss Army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal.
* 1942 - The Norwegian Manifesto calls for nonviolent resistance to the German occupation.
* 1943 - World War II: Benito Mussolini is forced out of office by the King (encouraged by the Grand Council of Fascism) and is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
* 1944 - World War II: Operation Spring is one of the bloodiest days for the First Canadian Army during the war.
* 1946 - The Crossroads Baker device is the first underwater nuclear weapon test.
* 1956 - Forty-five miles south of Nantucket Island, the Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria collides with the MS Stockholm in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51.
* 1957 - The Tunisian King Muhammad VIII al-Amin is replaced by President Habib Bourguiba.
* 1958 - The African Regroupment Party holds its first congress in Cotonou.
* 1961 - Cold War: In a speech John F. Kennedy emphasizes that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO.
* 1965 - Bob Dylan goes electric at the Newport Folk Festival, signaling a major change in folk and rock music.
* 1969 - Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This is the start of the "Vietnamization" of the war.
* 1971 - The Sohagpur massacre is perpetrated by the Pakistan Army.[11]
* 1973 - Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched.
* 1976 - Viking program: Viking 1 takes the famous Face on Mars photo.
* 1978 - Puerto Rican police shoot two nationalists in the Cerro Maravilla murders.
* 1978 - Birth of Louise Joy Brown, the first human to have been born after conception by in vitro fertilisation, or IVF.[12]
* 1979 - In accord with the Egypt–Israel peace treaty, Israel begins its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula.
* 1983 - Black July: Thirty-seven Tamil political prisoners at the Welikada high security prison in Colombo are massacred by the fellow Sinhalese prisoners.
* 1984 - Salyut 7 cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk.
* 1993 - Israel launches a massive attack against Lebanon in what the Israelis call Operation Accountability, and the Lebanese call the Seven-Day War.
* 1993 - The Saint James Church massacre occurs in Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa.
* 1994 - Israel and Jordan sign the Washington Declaration, that formally ends the state of war that had existed between the nations since 1948.
* 1995 - A gas bottle explodes in Saint Michel station of line B of the RER (Paris regional train network). Eight are killed and 80 wounded.
* 1996 - In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.
* 2000 - Concorde Air France Flight 4590 crashes outside of Paris shortly after taking off at Charles de Gaulle Airport, killing 113 people.
* 2007 - Pratibha Patil is sworn in as India's first female president.
* 2010 - WikiLeaks publishes classified documents about the War in Afghanistan, one of the largest leaks in U.S. military history.
* 2018 - As-Suwayda attacks: Coordinated attacks occur in Syria.[13]
* 2019 - National extreme heat records set this day in the UK, Belgium, The Netherlands and Germany during the July 2019 European heat wave.

## Births

[edit]

### Pre-1600

[edit]

* 975 - Thietmar, bishop of Merseburg (d. 1018)
* 1016 - Casimir I the Restorer, duke of Poland (d. 1058)[14]
* 1109 - Afonso I, king of Portugal (d. 1185)
* 1165 - Ibn Arabi, Andalusian Sufi mystic, poet, and philosopher (d. 1240)
* 1261 - Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1312)
* 1291 - Hawys Gadarn, Welsh noblewoman (d. 1353)
* 1336 - Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1404)[15]
* 1394 - James I, king of Scotland (d. 1437)
* 1404 - Philip I, Duke of Brabant (d. 1430)
* 1421 - Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (d. 1461)
* 1450 - Jakob Wimpfeling, Renaissance humanist (d. 1528)
* 1486 - Albrecht VII, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1547)
* 1498 - Hernando de Aragón, Archbishop of Zaragoza (d. 1575)
* 1532 - Alphonsus Rodriguez, Jesuit lay brother and saint (d. 1617)
* 1556 - George Peele, English translator, poet, and dramatist (d. 1596)
* 1562 - Katō Kiyomasa, Japanese warlord (d. 1611)
* 1573 - Christoph Scheiner, German astronomer and Jesuit (d. 1650)
* 1581 - Brian Twyne, English archivist (d. 1644)

### 1601–1900

[edit]

* 1605 - Theodore Haak, German scholar (d. 1690)
* 1633 - Joseph Williamson, English politician (d. 1701)
* 1654 - Agostino Steffani, Italian composer and diplomat (d. 1728)
* 1657 - Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer (d. 1714)
* 1658 - Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll, Scottish general (d. 1703)
* 1683 - Pieter Langendijk, Dutch playwright and poet (d. 1756)
* 1750 - Henry Knox, American general and politician, 1st United States Secretary of War (d. 1806)
* 1753 - Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires, French-Spanish captain and politician, 10th Viceroy of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (d. 1810)
* 1797 - Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1889)
* 1806 - Maria Weston Chapman, American abolitionist (d. 1885)
* 1839 - Francis Garnier, French captain and explorer (d. 1873)
* 1844 - Thomas Eakins, American painter, sculptor, and photographer (d. 1916)
* 1847 - Paul Langerhans, German pathologist, physiologist and biologist (d. 1888)
* 1848 - Arthur Balfour, Scottish-English lieutenant and politician, 33rd Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930)
* 1857 - Frank J. Sprague, American naval officer and inventor (d. 1934)
* 1865 - Jac. P. Thijsse, Dutch botanist and conservationist (d. 1945)
* 1866 - Frederick Blackman, English physiologist and academic (d. 1947)
* 1867 - Max Dauthendey, German author and painter (d. 1918)
* 1867 - Alexander Rummler, American painter (d. 1959)
* 1869 - Platon, Estonian bishop and saint (d. 1919)
* 1870 - Maxfield Parrish, American painter and illustrator (d. 1966)
* 1875 - Jim Corbett, Indian hunter, environmentalist, and author (d. 1955)
* 1878 - Masaharu Anesaki, Japanese philosopher and scholar (d. 1949)
* 1882 - George S. Rentz, American commander (d. 1942)
* 1883 - Alfredo Casella, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1947)
* 1886 - Edward Cummins, American golfer (d. 1926)
* 1894 - Walter Brennan, American actor (d. 1974)
* 1894 - Gavrilo Princip, Bosnian Serb revolutionary (d. 1918)
* 1895 - Ingeborg Spangsfeldt, Danish actress (d. 1968)
* 1896 - Jack Perrin, American actor and stuntman (d. 1967)
* 1896 - Josephine Tey, Scottish author and playwright (d. 1952)

### 1901–present

[edit]

* 1901 - Ruth Krauss, American author and poet (d. 1993)
* 1901 - Mohammed Helmy, Egyptian physician and Righteous Among the Nations (d. 1982)
* 1901 - Lila Lee, American actress and singer (d. 1973)
* 1902 - Eric Hoffer, American philosopher and author (d. 1983)
* 1905 - Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-Swiss novelist, playwright, and memoirist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1994)
* 1905 - Georges Grignard, French race car driver (d. 1977)
* 1905 - Denys Watkins-Pitchford, English author and illustrator (d. 1990)
* 1906 - Johnny Hodges, American saxophonist and clarinet player (d. 1970)
* 1908 - Bill Bowes, English cricketer (d. 1987)
* 1908 - Ambroise-Marie Carré, French priest and author (d. 2004)
* 1908 - Jack Gilford, American actor (d. 1990)
* 1909 - Elizabeth Francis, American centenarian (d. 2024)[16]
* 1914 - Woody Strode, American football player and actor (d. 1994)
* 1915 - S. U. Ethirmanasingham, Sri Lankan businessman and politician
* 1915 - Joseph P. Kennedy Jr., American lieutenant and pilot (d. 1944)
* 1916 - Lucien Saulnier, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 1989)
* 1917 - Fritz Honegger, Swiss lawyer and politician (d. 1999)
* 1918 - Jane Frank, American painter and sculptor (d. 1986)
* 1920 - Rosalind Franklin, English biophysicist, chemist, and academic (d. 1958)[17]
* 1921 - Adolph Herseth, American soldier and trumpet player (d. 2013)
* 1921 - Lionel Terray, French mountaineer (d. 1965)
* 1922 - John B. Goodenough, American materials scientist, physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2023)[18]
* 1923 - Estelle Getty, American actress (d. 2008)
* 1923 - Edgar Gilbert, American mathematician and theorist (d. 2013)
* 1923 - Maria Gripe, Swedish journalist and author (d. 2007)
* 1924 - Frank Church, American lawyer and politician (d. 1984)
* 1924 - Scotch Taylor, South African cricketer and hockey player (d. 2004)
* 1925 - Benny Benjamin, American R&B drummer (d. 1969)
* 1925 - Jerry Paris, American actor and director (d. 1986)
* 1925 - Dick Passwater, American race car driver (d. 2020)[19]
* 1925 - Jutta Zilliacus, Finnish journalist and politician
* 1926 - Whitey Lockman, American baseball player, coach, and manager (d. 2009)
* 1926 - Bernard Thompson, British television producer and director (d. 1998)
* 1926 - Beatriz Segall, Brazilian actress (d. 2018)
* 1927 - Daniel Ceccaldi, French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2003)
* 1927 - Midge Decter, American journalist and author (d. 2022)
* 1927 - Sadiq Hussain Qureshi, Pakistani politician, 10th Governor of Punjab (d. 2000)
* 1927 - Jean-Marie Seroney, Kenyan activist and politician (d. 1982)
* 1928 - Dolphy, Filipino actor, singer, and producer (d. 2012)
* 1928 - Mario Montenegro, Filipino actor (d. 1988)
* 1928 - Nils Taube, Estonian-English businessman (d. 2008)
* 1929 - Judd Buchanan, Canadian businessman and politician, 36th Canadian Minister of Public Works
* 1929 - Somnath Chatterjee, Indian lawyer and politician, 14th Speaker of the Lok Sabha (d. 2018)
* 1929 - Eddie Mazur, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1995)
* 1930 - Murray Chapple, New Zealand cricketer and manager (d. 1985)
* 1930 - Maureen Forrester, Canadian actress and singer (d. 2010)
* 1930 - Alice Parizeau, Polish-Canadian journalist and criminologist (d. 1990)
* 1930 - Herbert Scarf, American economist and academic (d. 2015)
* 1930 - Annie Ross, Scottish-American singer and actress (d. 2020)
* 1931 - James Butler, English sculptor and educator (d. 2022)
* 1932 - Paul J. Weitz, American astronaut (d. 2017)[20]
* 1934 - Don Ellis, American trumpet player and composer (d. 1978)
* 1934 - Claude Zidi, French director and screenwriter
* 1935 - Barbara Harris, American actress and singer (d. 2018)
* 1935 - Adnan Khashoggi, Saudi Arabian businessman (d. 2017)
* 1935 - Gilbert Parent, Canadian educator and politician, 33rd Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada (d. 2009)
* 1935 - John Robinson, American football player and coach (d. 2024)[21]
* 1935 - Larry Sherry, American baseball player and coach (d. 2006)
* 1935 - Lars Werner, Swedish lawyer and politician (d. 2013)
* 1936 - Gerry Ashmore, English race car driver (d. 2021)
* 1936 - Glenn Murcutt, English-Australian architect and academic
* 1937 - Colin Renfrew, Baron Renfrew of Kaimsthorn, English archaeologist and academic
* 1939 - S. Ramadoss, Indian politician[22]
* 1940 - Richard Ballantine, American-English journalist and author (d. 2013)
* 1941 - Manny Charlton, Spanish-born Scottish rock musician and songwriter (d. 2022)
* 1941 - Nate Thurmond, American basketball player (d. 2016)
* 1941 - Emmett Till, African-American lynching and kidnapping victim (d. 1955)
* 1942 - Bruce Woodley, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist
* 1943 - Jim McCarty, English singer and drummer
* 1943 - Erika Steinbach, Polish-German politician
* 1944 - Sally Beauman, English journalist and author (d. 2016)
* 1946 - José Areas, Nicaraguan drummer
* 1946 - Nicole Farhi, French fashion designer and sculptor
* 1946 - John Gibson, American radio host
* 1946 - Rita Marley, Cuban-Jamaican singer
* 1946 - P. Selvarasa, Sri Lankan politician
* 1946 - Ljupka Dimitrovska, Macedonian-Croatian pop singer (d. 2016)
* 1948 - Steve Goodman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1984)
* 1950 - Mark Clarke, English singer-songwriter and bass player
* 1951 - Jack Thompson, American lawyer and activist
* 1951 - Verdine White, American bass player and producer
* 1952 - Eduardo Souto de Moura, Portuguese architect, designed the Estádio Municipal de Braga
* 1953 - Walter Payton, American football player and race car driver (d. 1999)
* 1953 - Joseph A. Tunzi, Chicago based author, foremost expert on Elvis Presley
* 1953 - Robert Zoellick, American banker and politician, 14th United States Deputy Secretary of State
* 1954 - Ken Greer, Canadian guitarist, keyboard player, and producer
* 1954 - Sheena McDonald, Scottish journalist
* 1954 - Jochem Ziegert, German footballer and manager
* 1955 - Iman, Somalian-English model and actress
* 1955 - Randall Bewley, American guitarist and songwriter (d. 2009)
* 1956 - Frances Arnold, American scientist and engineer
* 1957 - Mark Hunter, English politician
* 1957 - Steve Podborski, Canadian skier
* 1958 - Alexei Filippenko, American astrophysicist and academic
* 1958 - Thurston Moore, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
* 1959 - Fyodor Cherenkov, Russian footballer and manager (d. 2014)
* 1959 - Geoffrey Zakarian, American chef and author
* 1960 - Alain Robidoux, Canadian snooker player
* 1960 - Justice Howard, American photographer
* 1960 - Māris Martinsons, Latvian film director, producer, screenwriter, and editor
* 1962 - Carin Bakkum, Dutch tennis player
* 1962 - Doug Drabek, American baseball player and coach
* 1963 - Denis Coderre, Canadian politician, 44th Mayor of Montreal
* 1963 - Julian Hodgson, Welsh chess player
* 1964 - Anne Applebaum, American journalist and author
* 1964 - Tony Granato, American ice hockey player and coach
* 1964 - Breuk Iversen, American designer and journalist
* 1965 - Marty Brown, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
* 1965 - Illeana Douglas, American actress, director, producer, and screenwriter
* 1965 - Torey Lovullo, American baseball player and coach[23]
* 1965 - Dale Shearer, Australian rugby league player
* 1966 - Daryl Halligan, New Zealand rugby player and sportscaster
* 1966 - Maureen Herman, American bass player
* 1966 - Diana Johnson, English politician
* 1967 - Matt LeBlanc, American actor and producer
* 1967 - Ruth Peetoom, Dutch minister and politician
* 1967 - Tommy Skjerven, Norwegian footballer and referee
* 1968 - Rudi Bryson, South African cricketer
* 1968 - Shi Tao, Chinese journalist and poet
* 1969 - Jon Barry, American basketball player and sportscaster
* 1969 - Annastacia Palaszczuk, Australian politician, 39th Premier of Queensland
* 1969 - D. B. Woodside, American actor[24]
* 1971 - Roger Creager, American singer-songwriter
* 1971 - Tracy Murray, American basketball player
* 1971 - Billy Wagner, American baseball player and coach
* 1972 - David Penna, Australian rugby league player and coach
* 1973 - David Denman, American actor[24]
* 1973 - Dani Filth, English singer-songwriter
* 1973 - Kevin Phillips, English footballer
* 1973 - Igli Tare, Albanian footballer
* 1974 - Lauren Faust, American animator, producer, and screenwriter
* 1974 - Julia Laffranque, Estonian lawyer and judge
* 1974 - Kenzo Suzuki, Japanese rugby player and wrestler
* 1975 - Jody Craddock, English footballer and coach
* 1975 - Jean-Claude Darcheville, Guianan-French footballer
* 1975 - El Zorro, Mexican wrestler
* 1975 - Brian Gibson, American bass player
* 1975 - Evgeni Nabokov, Russian ice hockey player
* 1976 - Marcos Assunção, Brazilian footballer
* 1976 - Jovica Tasevski-Eternijan, Macedonian poet and critic
* 1976 - Javier Vázquez, Puerto Rican-American baseball player
* 1977 - Kenny Thomas, American basketball player
* 1978 - Gerard Warren, American football player
* 1979 - Ali Carter, English snooker player
* 1979 - Tom Lungley, English cricketer and umpire
* 1979 - Ahmed Tantawi, Egyptian politician and journalist[25]
* 1980 - Shawn Riggans, American baseball player
* 1980 - Toni Vilander, Finnish race car driver
* 1980 - David Wachs, American actor and producer
* 1980 - Scott Waldrom, New Zealand rugby player
* 1981 - Finn Bálor, Irish wrestler[26]
* 1981 - Conor Casey, American soccer player
* 1981 - Constantinos Charalambidis, Cypriot footballer
* 1981 - Yūichi Komano, Japanese footballer
* 1981 - Mac Lethal, American rapper and producer
* 1981 - Jani Rita, Finnish ice hockey player
* 1982 - Jason Dundas, Australian TV host
* 1982 - Brad Renfro, American actor and musician (d. 2008)
* 1983 - Nenad Krstić, Serbian basketball player
* 1984 - Loukas Mavrokefalidis, Greek basketball player
* 1985 - James Lafferty, American actor and athlete
* 1985 - Nelson Piquet Jr., Brazilian race car driver
* 1985 - Hugo Rodallega, Colombian footballer
* 1986 - Abraham Gneki Guié, Ivorian footballer
* 1986 - Hulk, Brazilian footballer
* 1987 - Richard Bachman, American ice hockey player
* 1987 - Mitchell Burgzorg, Dutch footballer and rapper
* 1987 - Fernando, Brazilian footballer
* 1987 - Jax Jones, English DJ, singer and songwriter
* 1987 - Eran Zahavi, Israeli footballer
* 1988 - Sarah Geronimo, Filipino singer and actress[27]
* 1988 - John Goossens, Dutch footballer
* 1988 - Tom Hiariej, Dutch footballer
* 1988 - Stacey Kemp, English skater
* 1988 - Paulinho, Brazilian footballer
* 1988 - Anthony Stokes, Irish footballer
* 1989 - Natalia Vieru, Russian basketball player
* 1990 - Thodoris Karapetsas, Greek footballer
* 1991 - Toni Duggan, English footballer
* 1991 - Hasan Piker, American Twitch streamer
* 1992 - Sergei Simonov, Russian ice hockey player (d. 2016)
* 1994 - Natalija Stevanović, Serbian tennis player[28]
* 1994 - Andrei Vasilevskiy, Russian ice hockey player[29]
* 1995 - Alvin Kamara, American football player[30]
* 1995 - Maria Sakkari, Greek tennis player[31]
* 1997 - Nat Butcher, Australian rugby league player
* 2000 - Meg Donnelly, American actress[24]
* 2000 - Zhang Hao, Chinese singer[32]
* 2001 - Bryce Young, American football player[33]
* 2002 - Alperen Şengün, Turkish basketball player[34]
* 2002 - Adam Hložek, Czech footballer[35]

## Deaths

[edit]

### Pre-1600

[edit]

* 306 - Constantius Chlorus, Roman emperor (b. 250)
* 885 - Ragenold, margrave of Neustria
* 1011 - Ichijō, emperor of Japan (b. 980)
* 1190 - Sibylla, queen of Jerusalem
* 1195 - Herrad of Landsberg, abbess, author, and illustrator (b. c. 1130)[36]
* 1409 - Martin I, king of Sicily (b. 1376)
* 1471 - Thomas à Kempis, German priest and mystic
* 1472 - Charles of Artois, French nobleman (b. 1394)
* 1492 - Innocent VIII, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1432)
* 1564 - Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1503)[37]
* 1572 - Isaac Luria, Ottoman rabbi and mystic (b. 1534)

### 1601–1900

[edit]

* 1608 - Pomponio Nenna, Italian composer (b. 1556)
* 1616 - Andreas Libavius, German physician and chemist (b. 1550)
* 1643 - Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull, English general and politician (b. 1584)
* 1681 - Urian Oakes, English-American minister and educator (b. 1631)
* 1790 - Johann Bernhard Basedow, German educator and reformer (b. 1723)
* 1790 - William Livingston, American soldier and politician, 1st Governor of New Jersey (b. 1723)
* 1791 - Isaac Low, American merchant and politician (b. 1735)
* 1794 - André Chénier, Greek-French poet and author (b. 1762)
* 1794 - Jean-Antoine Roucher, French poet and author (b. 1745)
* 1794 - Friedrich von der Trenck, Prussian adventurer and author (b. 1726)
* 1826 - Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet and publisher (b. 1795)
* 1831 - Maria Szymanowska, Polish composer and pianist (b. 1789)
* 1834 - Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English philosopher, poet, and critic (b. 1772)
* 1842 - Dominique Jean Larrey, French physician and surgeon (b. 1766)
* 1843 - Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and inventor of waterproof fabric (b. 1766)[38]
* 1861 - Jonas Furrer, Swiss lawyer and politician, President of the Swiss Confederation (b. 1805)
* 1865 - James Barry, English soldier and surgeon (b. 1799)
* 1887 - John Taylor, American religious leader, 3rd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (b. 1808)

### 1901–present

[edit]

* 1934 - François Coty, French businessman, founded Coty (b. 1874)
* 1934 - Engelbert Dollfuss, Austrian politician, 14th Chancellor of Austria (b. 1892)
* 1934 - Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary (b. 1888)[39][40][41]
* 1942 - Fred Englehardt, American triple jumper (b. 1879)
* 1947 - Kathleen Scott, English sculptor (b. 1878)[42]
* 1952 - Herbert Murrill, English organist and composer (b. 1909)
* 1958 - Otto Lasanen, Finnish wrestler (b. 1891)
* 1959 - Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, Polish-born Irish rabbi and author (b. 1888)
* 1962 - Thibaudeau Rinfret, Canadian lawyer and jurist, 9th Chief Justice of Canada (b. 1879)
* 1963 - Ugo Cerletti, Italian neurologist and academic (b. 1877)
* 1966 - Frank O'Hara, American poet and critic (b. 1926)
* 1967 - Konstantinos Parthenis, Egyptian-Greek painter (b. 1878)
* 1971 - John Meyers, American swimmer and water polo player (b. 1880)
* 1971 - Leroy Robertson, American composer and educator (b. 1896)
* 1973 - Amy Jacques Garvey, Jamaican-American journalist and activist (b. 1895)
* 1973 - Louis St. Laurent, Canadian lawyer and politician, 12th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1882)
* 1977 - Shivrampant Damle, Indian educationist (b. 1900)[43]
* 1980 - Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (b. 1938)
* 1981 - Rosa A. González, Puerto Rican nurse, author, feminist, and activist (b. 1889)
* 1982 - Hal Foster, Canadian-American author and illustrator (b. 1892)
* 1984 - Bryan Hextall, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1913)
* 1984 - Big Mama Thornton, American singer-songwriter (b. 1926)
* 1986 - Vincente Minnelli, American director and screenwriter (b. 1903)
* 1988 - Judith Barsi, American child actress (b. 1978)
* 1989 - Steve Rubell, American businessman, co-owner of Studio 54 (b. 1943)
* 1991 - Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician (b. 1893)
* 1992 - Alfred Drake, American actor and singer (b. 1914)
* 1995 - Charlie Rich, American singer-songwriter (b. 1932)
* 1997 - Ben Hogan, American golfer (b. 1912)
* 1998 - Evangelos Papastratos, Greek businessman, co-founded Papastratos (b. 1910)
* 2000 - Rudi Faßnacht, German footballer, coach, and manager (b. 1934)
* 2002 - Abdel Rahman Badawi, Egyptian philosopher and poet (b. 1917)
* 2003 - Ludwig Bölkow, German engineer (b. 1912)
* 2003 - John Schlesinger, English actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1926)
* 2004 - John Passmore, Australian philosopher and academic (b. 1914)
* 2005 - Albert Mangelsdorff, German trombonist (b. 1928)
* 2006 - Ezra Fleischer, Romanian-Israeli poet and philologist (b. 1928)
* 2007 - Bernd Jakubowski, German footballer and manager (b. 1952)
* 2008 - Jeff Fehring, Australian footballer (b. 1955)
* 2008 - Tracy Hall, American chemist and academic (b. 1919)
* 2008 - Randy Pausch, American computer scientist and educator (b. 1960)
* 2009 - Vernon Forrest, American boxer (b. 1971)
* 2009 - Stanley Middleton, English author (b. 1919)
* 2009 - Harry Patch, English soldier (b. 1898)
* 2009 - Yasmin Ahmad, Malaysian film director (b. 1958)[44]
* 2011 - Michael Cacoyannis, Cypriot-Greek director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1922)
* 2012 - B. R. Ishara, Indian director and screenwriter (b. 1934)
* 2012 - Barry Langford, English director and producer (b. 1926)
* 2012 - Greg Mohns, American-Canadian football player and coach (b. 1950)
* 2012 - Franz West, Austrian painter and sculptor (b. 1947)
* 2013 - Walter De Maria, American sculptor, illustrator, and composer (b. 1935)
* 2013 - William J. Guste, American lawyer and politician (b. 1922)
* 2013 - Hugh Huxley, English-American biologist and academic (b. 1924)
* 2014 - Bel Kaufman, German-American author and academic (b. 1911)
* 2014 - Richard Larter, Australian painter and illustrator (b. 1929)
* 2015 - Jacques Andreani, French diplomat, French ambassador to the United States (b. 1929)
* 2015 - R. S. Gavai, Indian lawyer and politician, 18th Governor of Kerala (b. 1929)
* 2015 - Bob Kauffman, American basketball player and coach (b. 1946)
* 2016 - Tim LaHaye, American Christian minister and author (b. 1926)[45]
* 2016 - Tom Peterson, American television personality (b. 1930)[46]
* 2017 - Michael Johnson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1944)
* 2018 - Sergio Marchionne, Italian-Canadian businessman[47] (b. 1952)
* 2019 - Beji Caid Essebsi, 4th President and 9th Prime Minister of Tunisia (b. 1926)[48]
* 2020 - Peter Green, English blues rock guitarist, singer-songwriter and founder of Fleetwood Mac (b. 1946)[49]
* 2020 - Lou Henson, American college basketball coach (b. 1932)[50]
* 2022 - Paul Sorvino, American actor (b. 1939)[51]
* 2024 – Shafin Ahmed, Bangladeshi bassist and singer-songwriter (b. 1961)[52]
* 2024 – Martin Indyk, American diplomat (b. 1951)[53]

## Holidays and observances

[edit]

* Christian feast day:
* Anne (Eastern Christianity)
* Christopher (Western Christianity)
* Cucuphas
* Glodesind
* James the Great (Western Christianity)
* John I Agnus
* Julian of Le Mans (translation)
* Magnerich of Trier
* July 25 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
* Earliest day on which Father's Day can fall, while July 31 is the latest; celebrated on last Sunday in July. (Dominican Republic)
* Earliest day on which National Tree Planting Day can fall, while July 31 is the latest; celebrated on last Sunday in July. (Australia)
* Earliest day on which Navy Day can fall, while July 31 is the latest; celebrated on last Sunday in July. (Russia)
* Guanacaste Day (Costa Rica)
* National Baha'i Day (Jamaica)
* National Day of Galicia (Galicia, Spain)
* Puerto Rico Constitution Day (Puerto Rico)
* Republic Day (Tunisia)
* International Afro-descendant Women's Day[54]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Kang, Hi-Woong (1964). "The Eclipse of the Silla Aristocracy". The development of the Korean ruling class from late Silla to early Koryo (PhD thesis). University of Washington. ProQuest 302110231. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
2. ^ Alexander Samson, Mary and Philip: The marriage of Tudor England and Habsburg Spain (Manchester, 2020), p. 110.
3. ^ Watson (1839). The history of the reign of Philip the Second, king of Spain. Tegg. pp. 474–75.474-75&rft.pub=Tegg&rft.date=1839&rft.au=Watson&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=rU71KMHN4V8C&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:July+25" class="Z3988">
4. ^ Jemma Field, 'Anna of Denmark', Aidan Norrie, Carolyn Harris, J. L. Laynesmith, Danna R. Messer, Elena Woodacre, Tudor and Stuart Consorts: Power, Influence, and Dynasty (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), p. 214.
5. ^ "CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE". NGDC. Retrieved 9 Dec 2020.
6. ^ "Kadriorg Palace – Tallinn, Estonia". Spotting History. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
7. ^ Challoner, Jack; et al. (2009). 1001 Inventions That Changed The World. Hauppauge NY: Barrons Educational Series. p. 305\. ISBN 978-1844036110.
8. ^ "James Bowman Lindsay - Local History Centre, Leisure and Culture Dundee". Leisure and Culture Dundee. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
9. ^ Peter Lourie: Jack London and the Klondike Gold Rush. Henry Holt, 2017. ISBN 978-0805097573.
10. ^ Marley, David (2008). Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere, 1492 to the Present. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 604\. ISBN 9781598841008.
11. ^ "আজ শেরপুরের সোহাগপুর গণহত্যা দিবস" [Today is Sohagpur Genocide Day in Sherpur]. Jaijaidin. 25 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
12. ^ Hutchinson, Martin (24 July 2003). "I helped deliver Louise". BBC News. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
13. ^ "Syria war: More than 200 dead in suicide attacks". BBC. 25 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
14. ^ Gallus (Anonymus) (1 January 2003). Anonima tzw. Galla kronika czyli Dzieje ksi???t i w?adc¢w polskich. Central European University Press. pp. 73–. ISBN 978-963-9241-40-4.
15. ^ Steven Mueller (2007). The Wittelsbach Dynasty. Waldmann Press. ISBN 978-0-9702576-3-5.
16. ^ Caplan, Anna Lazarus (2023-08-11). "Houston Woman Born During Taft Presidency Marks 114th Birthday with Five Generations of Family". Peoplemag. Retrieved 2023-12-29.
17. ^ Davis, Burtron H.; Strom, E. Thomas (January 2018). "Rosalind Franklin: Her Pathway to DNA". ACS Symposium Series. 1311: 265–282\. doi:10.1021/bk-2018-1311.ch011. ISBN 978-0-8412-3391-1.265-282&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021/bk-2018-1311.ch011&rft.isbn=978-0-8412-3391-1&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Burtron+H.&rft.au=Strom,+E.+Thomas&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:July+25" class="Z3988">
18. ^ "John B. Goodenough". Retrieved 27 June 2023.
19. ^ "Dick Passwater". Retrieved 1 October 2018.
20. ^ Canales, Christina (25 October 2017). "Skylab, Shuttle Astronaut Paul Weitz Dies at 85". NASA. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
21. ^ Dragon, Tyler (November 11, 2024). "John Robinson, former USC Trojans and Los Angeles Rams coach, dies at 89". USA Today. Retrieved November 21, 2024.
22. ^ "PM,Tamil Nadu CM greet PMK founder S Ramadoss on his 82nd birthday". The Times of India. 25 July 2020.
23. ^ "Torey Lovullo Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Rookie ..." baseball-reference.com. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
24. ^ a b c Rose, Mike (25 July 2022). "Today's famous birthdays list for July 25, 2022 includes celebrity Matt LeBlanc". The Plain Dealer. Associated Press. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
25. ^ Hatem, Mona (16 December 2015). "Phase2 individual winners" (in Arabic). National Elections Commission. Archived from the original (xls) on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
26. ^ "Finn Balor". ESPN. 14 September 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
27. ^ San Diego, Bayani Jr. (August 6, 2009). "Sarah Geronimo grows up". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 8, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2010. "She turned 21 on July 25."
28. ^ "Natalija Stevanovic | Player Stats & More – WTA Official". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
29. ^ "Andrei Vasilevskiy Stats And News". NHL.com. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
30. ^ "Alvin Kamara". ESPN. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
31. ^ "WTAtennis.com Profile: Maria Sakkari". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
32. ^ ""제로즈 덕분"…제로베이스원 장하오, 데뷔 후 맞이한 생일→팬들 위한 선물 예고". 톱스타뉴스 (in Korean). 25 July 2024. Retrieved 1 March 2025.
33. ^ "Bryce Young". ESPN. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
34. ^ "Alperen Sengun Stats, Height, Weight, Position, Draft ..." basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
35. ^ "Adam Hložek". Bundesliga. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
36. ^ "Herrad of Landsberg | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
37. ^ "Ferdinand I | Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
38. ^ Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (11 September 2002). Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Routledge. p. 786\. ISBN 978-1-134-65019-4.
39. ^ Skirda, Alexandre (2004) [1982]. Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921. Translated by Sharkey, Paul. Oakland: AK Press. p. 285\. ISBN 978-1-902593-68-5. OCLC 60602979.
40. ^ Malet, Michael (1982). Nestor Makhno in the Russian Civil War. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 192\. ISBN 978-0-333-25969-6. OCLC 8514426.
41. ^ Peters, Victor (1970). Nestor Makhno: The Life of an Anarchist. Winnipeg: Echo Books. p. 96\. OCLC 7925080.
42. ^ "Scott, nee Bruce, (Edith Agnes) Kathleen, Lady Scott [other married name (Edith Agnes) Kathleen Young, Lady Kennet, known as Kathleen Kennet]". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34283. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
43. ^ Gadre, Vishwas; Limaye, Anand, eds. (16 December 2012). "Sagwe-Miraj-Kivale gharane" [The House of Sagwe, Miraj and Kivale]. दामले कुलवृत्तांत [The Damle Family Genealogy Almanac] (in Marathi) (2nd ed.). Mumbai: Damle Samiti. p. 256.
44. ^ Hanim, Nurbaiti; Noordin, Zalinah. "Film director Yasmin Ahmad dies". The Star. Retrieved 25 August 2022.
45. ^ Banks, Adelle (July 28, 2016). "Tim LaHaye, Evangelical Leader and 'Left Behind' Co-Author, Dead at 90". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
46. ^ Nelson, Scott Bernard (July 25, 2016). "Portland advertising legend Tom Peterson dies at 86". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on 2016-07-29. Retrieved 2016-07-25.
47. ^ Di Paolo Griseri (25 July 2018). "E' morto Sergio Marchionne, l'uomo che salvò l'auto italiana". Repubblica.it. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
48. ^ "Obituary: Tunisia's President Beji Caid Essebsi". BBC News. 2019-07-25. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
49. ^ "Obituary: Peter Green, British Blues virtuoso". BBC News. 2020-07-25. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
50. ^ "Legendary Fighting Illini Lou Henson Passes Away at 88". 29 July 2020.
51. ^ Barnes, Mike (2022-07-25). "Paul Sorvino, Actor in 'Goodfellas' and 'That Championship Season,' Dies at 83". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
52. ^ Arts & Entertainment Desk (2024-07-26). "Shafin Ahmed to be laid to rest atop his father's grave". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
53. ^ "Martin Indyk, former U.S. diplomat and author, dies at 73". NPR. Retrieved July 27, 2024.
54. ^ "Internacional Afro-descendant Women's Day". Unesco Chair on Education for Social Justice. Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Retrieved 2023-07-15.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to July 25.

* "On This Day". BBC.
*   * The New York Times: On This Day
* "Historical Events on July 25". OnThisDay.com.

* v
* t
* e

Months and days of the year

Today: April 10, 2025 [refresh]

January|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30
* 31

February|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29

March|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30
* 31

April|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30

May|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30
* 31

June|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30

July|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30
* 31

August|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30
* 31

September|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30

October|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30
* 31

November|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30

December|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30
* 31

* Related: List of non-standard dates

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template