Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer

European mission to study Jupiter and its moons since 2023

This article is about the ESA-led mission currently en route to Jupiter. For the cancelled NASA mission proposal, see Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter.

Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer

Artist's impression of the JUICE spacecraft orbiting Jupiter

Names| JUICE
Mission type| Jupiter orbiter
Operator| European Space Agency
COSPAR ID| 2023-053A
SATCAT no.| 56176
Website| www.esa.int
Mission duration| Cruise phase:
8 years
Science phase:
3.5 years
Elapsed:
1 year, 5 months and 14 days
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer| Airbus Defence and Space
Launch mass| 6,070 kg (13,380 lb)[1]
Dry mass| 2,420 kg (5,340 lb)[1]
Dimensions| 16.8 x 27.1 x 13.7 meters[1]
Power| 850 watts[1]
Start of mission
Launch date| 14 April 2023 12:14:36 UTC[2]
Rocket| Ariane 5 ECA+ (VA-260)
Launch site| Kourou ELA-3
Contractor| Arianespace
Flyby of Moon
Closest approach| 19 August 2024, 21:16 UTC
Distance| 700 km (430 mi)
Flyby of Earth
Closest approach| 20 August 2024, 21:57 UTC
Distance| 6,807 km (4,230 mi)
Flyby of Venus
Closest approach| 31 August 2025
Flyby of Earth
Closest approach| 29 September 2026
Flyby of Earth
Closest approach| 18 January 2029
Jupiter orbiter
Orbital insertion| July 2031 (planned)
Orbital departure| December 2034 (planned)
Ganymede orbiter
Orbital insertion| December 2034 (planned)
Orbital parameters
Periapsis altitude| 500 km (310 mi)
Apoapsis altitude| 500 km (310 mi)
| Instruments

GALA| GAnymede Laser Altimeter
JANUS| Jovis, Amorum ac Natorum Undique Scrutator
J-MAG| JUICE-MAGnetometer
MAJIS| Moons And Jupiter Imaging Spectrometer
PEP| Particle Environment Package
RIME| Radar for Icy Moons Exploration
RPWI| Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation
SWI| Sub-millimeter Wave Instrument
UVS| UV imaging Spectrograph
3GM| Gravity and Geophysics of Jupiter and Galilean Moons

JUICE mission insignia

Cosmic Vision

<- Euclid

SMILE ->

The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice, formerly JUICE[3]) is an interplanetary spacecraft on its way to orbit and study three icy moons of Jupiter: Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. These planetary-mass moons are planned to be studied because they are thought to have beneath their frozen surfaces significant bodies of liquid water, which would make them potentially habitable for extraterrestrial life.[4][5]

JUICE is the first interplanetary spacecraft to the outer Solar System planets not launched by the United States and the first set to orbit a moon other than Earth's Moon. Launched by the European Space Agency (ESA), from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana on 14 April 2023, with Airbus Defence and Space as the main contractor,[6][7] it is expected to reach Jupiter in July 2031 after four gravity assists and eight years of travel.[8][9] In December 2034, the spacecraft will enter orbit around Ganymede for its close-up science mission.[8] Its period of operations will overlap with NASA's Europa Clipper mission, launching in October 2024.

## Background

[edit]

The mission, started as a reformulation of the Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter proposal, which was to be ESA's component of the cancelled Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace (EJSM-Laplace).[10] It became a candidate for the first L-class mission (L1) of the ESA Cosmic Vision Programme, and its selection was announced on 2 May 2012.[11]

In April 2012, JUICE was recommended over the proposed Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA) X-ray telescope and a gravitational wave observatory (New Gravitational wave Observatory (NGO)).[12][13]

In July 2015, Airbus Defence and Space was selected as the prime contractor to design and build the probe, to be assembled in Toulouse, France.[14]

By 2023, the mission was estimated to cost ESA 1.5 billion euros ($1.6 billion).[15]

## Spacecraft

[edit]

Juice inside Airbus Defence and Space Astrolabe facilities, 2023

The main spacecraft design drivers are related to the large distance to the Sun, the use of solar power, and Jupiter's harsh radiation environment. The orbit insertions at Jupiter and Ganymede and the large number of flyby manoeuvres (more than 25 gravity assists, and two Europa flybys) require the spacecraft to carry about 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) of chemical propellant.[16] The total delta-V capability of the spacecraft is about 2,700 m/s (6,000 mph).[17]

Juice has a fixed 2.5 meter diameter high-gain antenna and a steerable medium-gain antenna, both X- and K-band will be used. Downlink rates of 2 Gb/day are possible with ground-based Deep Space Antennas. On-board data storage capability is 1.25 Tb.[1]

The Juice main engine is a hypergolic bi-propellant (mono-methyl hydrazine and mixed oxides of nitrogen) 425 N thruster. A 100 kg multilayer insulation provides thermal control. The spacecraft is 3-axis stabilized using momentum wheels. Radiation shielding is used to protect onboard electronics from the Jovian environment[1] (the required radiation tolerance is 50 kilorad at equipment level[17]).

The Juice science payload has a mass of 280 kg and includes the JANUS camera system, the MAJIS visible and infrared imaging spectrometer, the UVS ultraviolet imaging spectrograph, RIME radar sounder, GALA laser altimeter, SWI submillimetre wave instrument, J-MAG magnetometer, PEP particle and plasma package, RPWI radio and plasma wave investigation, 3GM radio science package, the PRIDE radio science instrument, and the RADEM radiation monitor. A 10.6-meter deployable boom will hold J-MAG and RPWI, a 16-meter-long deployable antenna will be used for RIME. Four 3-meter booms carry parts of the RPWI instrument. The other instruments are mounted on the spacecraft body, or for 3GM, within the spacecraft bus.[1]

## Timeline

[edit]

Ariane 5 launch of the ESA Juice spacecraft

### Launch

[edit]

Juice was launched into space on 14 April 2023 from the Guiana Space Centre on an Ariane 5 rocket. This was the final launch of an ESA science mission using the Ariane 5 vehicle,[18] and was the second to last launch of the rocket overall.[19]

The launch was originally scheduled for 13 April 2023, but due to poor weather the launch was postponed.[20] The next day a second launch attempt succeeded, with liftoff occurring at 12:14:36 UTC. After the spacecraft separated from the rocket, it established a successful radio signal connection with the ground at 13:04 UTC. Juice's solar arrays were deployed about half an hour later, prompting ESA to deem the launch a success.[18]

### Trajectory

[edit]

Following the launch, there will be multiple planned gravity assists to put Juice on a trajectory to Jupiter:[8]

* A flyby of the Earth–Moon system in August 2024
* Venus flyby in August 2025
* Second flyby of Earth in September 2026
* A third and final flyby of Earth in January 2029

Juice will pass through the asteroid belt twice. A flyby of the asteroid 223 Rosa was proposed to occur in October 2029, but was abandoned to save fuel for the primary Jovian mission.[21][22][23]

Gravity assists include:[24]

* Interplanetary transfer (Earth, Venus, Earth, Earth)[18]
* Jupiter orbit insertion and apocentre reduction with multiple Ganymede gravity assists
* Reduction of velocity with Ganymede–Callisto assists
* Increase inclination with 10–12 Callisto gravity assists

Trajectories of Juice

Around the Sun

Around Jupiter

Around Ganymede

Sun * Earth * Juice * Venus * 223 Rosa * Jupiter * Ganymede * Callisto  * Europa

### Summary of intended Jupiter mission phases

[edit]

The main characteristics of the Jupiter reference tour are summarised below (source: Table 5-2 of ESA/SRE(2014)1[17]). This scenario assumed an early June 2022 launch, however, the delta-V requirements are representative due to the rather short, repetitive orbital configurations of Europa, Ganymede and Callisto.

Event | Duration | Delta-V notes[17]

|
|

Jupiter orbit insertion:

When it arrives in the Jovian system in July 2031,[8] Juice will first perform a 400 km (250 mi) Ganymede gravity assist flyby to reduce spacecraft velocity by ~300 m/s (670 mph), followed by ~900 m/s (2,000 mph) Jupiter orbit insertion engine burn ~7.5 hours later. Finally, a Perijove Raising Manoeuvre (PRM) burn at apoapsis will raise the periapsis of JUICE's initial 13x243 Jovian radii elongated orbit to match that of Ganymede (15 Rj).

| 186 days | 952 m/s (2,130 mph).
2nd Ganymede flyby to initial encounter with Callisto: 2nd, 3rd and 4th Ganymede flyby to reduce the orbital period and inclination of JUICE's orbit, followed by 1st flyby of Callisto. | 193 days | 27 m/s (60 mph).
Europa phase: Starting in July 2032,[8] there will be two <400 km (250 mi) flybys of Europa followed by another Callisto flyby. The brief Europa encounters (during which the probe is expected to sustain a third of its lifetime radiation exposure[25]) are planned such that the radiation exposure is as low as possible, first by encountering Europa at perijove (i.e. the spacecraft's perijove is equal to Europa’s orbital radius), and second by having only one low perijove passage per Europa flyby. | 35 days | 30 m/s (67 mph).
Inclined phase: ~6 further flybys of Callisto and Ganymede to temporarily increase the orbital inclination to 22 degrees. This will allow investigating Jupiter's polar regions and Jupiter's magnetosphere[8] at the maximum inclination over a four-month period. | 208 days | 13 m/s (29 mph).
Transfer to Ganymede: A series of Callisto and Ganymede gravity assists will be performed to gradually reduce JUICE's speed by 1,600 m/s (3,600 mph). Finally, a series of distant ~45,000 km (28,000 mi) flybys of the far side of Ganymede (near the Jupiter-Ganymede-L2 Lagrange point) will further reduce the required orbital insertion delta-V by 500 m/s (1,100 mph). | 353 days | 60 m/s (130 mph).
Ganymede orbital phase: In December 2034,[8] Juice will enter an initial 12-hour polar orbit around Ganymede after performing a 185 m/s (410 mph) delta-V braking burn. Jupiter gravitational perturbations will gradually reduce the minimum orbital altitude to 500 km (310 mi) after ~100 days. The spacecraft will then perform two major engine firings to enter a nearly circular 500 km (310 mi) polar orbit, for a further six months of observations (e.g. Ganymede's composition and magnetosphere). At the end of 2035,[8] Jupiter perturbations will cause JUICE to impact on Ganymede within weeks as the spacecraft runs out of propellant. | 284 days | 614 m/s (1,370 mph).
Full tour (Jupiter orbit insertion to end of mission) | 1259 days | 1,696 m/s (3,790 mph).

## Science objectives

[edit]

Ganymede view by the Galileo spacecraft Section of Europa's icy surface

The JUICE orbiter will perform detailed investigations on Ganymede and evaluate its potential to support life. Investigations of Europa and Callisto will complete a comparative picture of these Galilean moons.[26] The three moons are thought to harbour internal liquid water oceans, and so are central to understanding the habitability of icy worlds.

The main science objectives for Ganymede, and to a lesser extent for Callisto, are:[26]

* Characterization of the ocean layers and detection of putative subsurface water reservoirs
* Topographical, geological and compositional mapping of the surface
* Study of the physical properties of the icy crusts
* Characterization of the internal mass distribution, dynamics and evolution of the interiors
* Investigation of Ganymede's tenuous atmosphere
* Study of Ganymede's intrinsic magnetic field and its interactions with the Jovian magnetosphere.

For Europa, the focus is on the chemistry essential to life, including organic molecules, and on understanding the formation of surface features and the composition of the non-water-ice material. Furthermore, JUICE will provide the first subsurface sounding of the moon, including the first determination of the minimal thickness of the icy crust over the most recently volcanically active regions.

More distant spatially resolved observations will also be carried out for several minor irregular satellites and the volcanically active moon Io.

## Science instruments

[edit]

JUICE instruments Testing a 1:18 scale model of Juice's RIME antenna in the Hertz facility, 2023

On 21 February 2013, after a competition, 11 science instruments were selected by ESA, which were developed by science and engineering teams from all over Europe, with participation from the US.[27][28][29][30] Japan also contributed several components for SWI, RPWI, GALA, PEP, JANUS and J-MAG instruments, and will facilitate testing.[31][32][33]

Jovis, Amorum ac Natorum Undique Scrutator (JANUS)

The name is Latin for "comprehensive observation of Jupiter, his love affairs and descendants."[34] It is a camera system to image Ganymede and interesting parts of the surface of Callisto at better than 400 m/pixel (resolution limited by mission data volume). Selected targets will be investigated in high-resolution with a spatial resolution from 25 m/pixel down to 2.4 m/pixel with a 1.3° field of view. The camera system has 13 panchromatic, broad and narrow-band filters in the 0.36 μm to 1.1 μm range, and provides stereo imaging capabilities. JANUS will also allow relating spectral, laser and radar measurements to geomorphology and thus will provide the overall geological context.

Moons and Jupiter Imaging Spectrometer (MAJIS)

A visible and infrared imaging spectrograph operating from 400 nm to 5.70 μm, with spectral resolution of 3–7 nm, that will observe tropospheric cloud features and minor gas species on Jupiter and will investigate the composition of ices and minerals on the surfaces of the icy moons. The spatial resolution will be down to 75 m (246 ft) on Ganymede and about 100 km (62 mi) on Jupiter.

UV Imaging Spectrograph (UVS)

An imaging spectrograph operating in the wavelength range 55–210 nm with spectral resolution of <0.6 nm that will characterise exospheres and aurorae of the icy moons, including plume searches on Europa, and study the Jovian upper atmosphere and aurorae. Resolution up to 500 m (1,600 ft) observing Ganymede and up to 250 km (160 mi) observing Jupiter.

Sub-millimeter Wave Instrument (SWI)

A spectrometer using a 30 cm (12 in) antenna and working in 1080–1275 GHz and 530–601 GHz with spectral resolving power of ~107 that will study Jupiter's stratosphere and troposphere, and the exospheres and surfaces of the icy moons.

Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA)

A laser altimeter with a 20 m (66 ft) spot size and 10 cm (3.9 in) vertical resolution at 200 km (120 mi) intended for studying topography of icy moons and tidal deformations of Ganymede.

Radar for Icy Moons Exploration (RIME)
The RIME antenna in stowed configuration. A "selfie" photograph, shortly after launch by the Juice monitoring camera 2 (JMC2), with Earth in the background

An ice-penetrating radar working at frequency of 9 MHz (1 and 3 MHz bandwidth) emitted by a 16 m (52 ft) antenna; will be used to study the subsurface structure of Jovian moons down to 9 km (5.6 mi) depth with vertical resolution up to 30 m (98 ft) in ice.

During post-launch commissioning of the spacecraft, the RIME antenna failed to properly deploy from its mounting bracket.[35] After several weeks of attempts to free the instrument, it was successfully deployed on 12 May of the same year.[36]

JUICE-Magnetometer (J-MAG)
The scalar sub-instrument (MAGSCA), an optical magnetometer with low absolute error, is part of J-MAG

JUICE will study the subsurface oceans of the icy moons and the interaction of Jovian magnetic field with the magnetic field of Ganymede using a sensitive magnetometer.

Particle Environment Package (PEP)

A suite of six sensors to study the magnetosphere of Jupiter and its interactions with the Jovian moons. PEP will measure positive and negative ions, electrons, exospheric neutral gas, thermal plasma and energetic neutral atoms present in all domains of the Jupiter system from 1 meV to 1 MeV energy.

Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation (RPWI)

RPWI will characterise the plasma environment and radio emissions around the spacecraft, it is composed of four experiments: GANDALF, MIME, FRODO and JENRAGE. RPWI will use four Langmuir probes, each one mounted at the end of its own dedicated boom and sensitive up to 1.6 MHz, to characterize plasma, and receivers in the frequency range 80 kHz to 45 MHz to measure radio emissions.[37] This scientific instrument is somewhat notable for using Sonic the Hedgehog as part of its logo.[38][39]

Gravity and Geophysics of Jupiter and Galilean Moons (3GM)

3GM is a radio science package comprising a Ka transponder and an ultrastable oscillator.[40] 3GM will be used to study the gravity field – up to degree 10 – at Ganymede and the extent of internal oceans on the icy moons, and to investigate the structure of the neutral atmospheres and ionospheres of Jupiter (0.1 – 800 mbar) and its moons. 3GM carries Israeli-built atomic clock "that will measure tiny vacillations in a radio beam".[41][42]

Planetary Radio Interferometer and Doppler Experiment (PRIDE)

The experiment will generate specific signals transmitted by JUICE's antenna and received by very-long-baseline interferometry to perform precision measurements of the gravity fields of Jupiter and its icy moons.

## See also

[edit]

* Spaceflight portal

* Exploration of Jupiter
* Europa Clipper – Planned NASA space mission to Jupiter
* Galileo – former Jupiter orbiter
* Juno – current Jupiter orbiter
* Tianwen 4 – Planned Jupiter/Callisto orbiter
* Jupiter flybys: Pioneer 10 / 11; Voyager 1 / 2; Ulysses; Cassini–Huygens; New Horizons
* 17776, a speculative fiction work featuring a sapient JUICE

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
2. ^ "European Space Agency: Blast off for Jupiter icy moons mission". BBC News. 14 April 2023. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
3. ^ "Juice, exploring Jupiter's icy moons". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
4. ^ Clark, Stuart (5 March 2023). "'It's like finding needles in a haystack': the mission to discover if Jupiter's moons support life". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
5. ^ "ESA—Selection of the L1 mission" (PDF). ESA. 17 April 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
6. ^ "ESA's Juice lifts off on quest to discover secrets of Jupiter's icy moons". ESA. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
7. ^ "JUICE. Searching for life on Jupiter's icy moons". www.airbus.com. 27 October 2021. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h "Juice's journey and Jupiter system tour". ESA. 29 March 2022. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
9. ^ "JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE)". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA. 28 October 2021. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
10. ^ "JUICE (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer): a European-led mission to the Jupiter system" (PDF). Copernicus.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
11. ^ Amos, Jonathan (2 May 2012). "ESA selects 1bn-euro Juice probe to Jupiter". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
12. ^ Lakdawalla, Emily (18 April 2012). "JUICE: Europe's next mission to Jupiter?". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
13. ^ Amos, Jonathan (19 April 2012). "Disappointed astronomers battle on". BBC News. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
14. ^ "Preparing to build ESA's Jupiter mission". ESA Science & Technology. European Space Agency. 17 July 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
15. ^ Rainbow, Jason (20 January 2023). "Europe's Jupiter-bound JUICE spacecraft is ready for April launch".
16. ^ "JUICE—Spacecraft". ESA Science & Technology. European Space Agency. 16 March 2012. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
17. ^ a b c d "ESA/SRE(2014)1 JUICE definition study report (Red Book)". ESA. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
18. ^ a b c "ESA's Juice lifts off on quest to discover secrets of Jupiter's icy moons". ESA. 14 April 2023. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
19. ^ Foust, Jeff (14 April 2023). "Ariane 5 launches ESA's JUICE mission to Jupiter". SpaceNews. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
20. ^ @Arianespace (13 April 2023). "Today's Flight #VA260 has been delayed due to weather condition (risk of lightning) at the scheduled liftoff time from Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana. The Ariane 5 launch vehicle and its passenger JUICE are in stable and safe condition" (Tweet). Retrieved 16 April 2023 - via Twitter.
21. ^ Avdellidou, C.; Pajola, M.; Lucchetti, A.; Agostini, L.; Delbo, M.; Mazzotta Epifani, E.; Bourdelle De Micas, J.; Devogèle, M.; Fornasier, S.; Van Belle, G.; Bruot, N.; Dotto, E.; Ieva, S.; Cremonese, G.; Palumbo, P. (2021). "Characterisation of the main belt asteroid (223) Rosa" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 656: L18. Bibcode:2021A&A...656L..18A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142600. S2CID 244753425.
22. ^ Warren, Haygen (20 March 2023). "As launch approaches, JUICE project manager discusses trajectories and science". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
23. ^ European Space Agency [@ESA_JUICE] (14 December 2023). "🧃 Time for another visit to the #ESAJuice bar 😉 At 8⃣% of the way to Jupiter, we have an update on our journey. We had been considering slightly diverting Juice to visit an asteroid en route to #Jupiter. To maximise fuel for our main mission (the tour around the gas giant and its icy moons), we have decided against this asteroid flyby" (Tweet) - via Twitter.
24. ^ "JUICE (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer)" (PDF). Universities Space Research Association. European Space Agency. March 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
25. ^ "Jupiter's radiation belts – and how to survive them". www.esa.int.
26. ^ a b "JUICE—Science objectives". ESA Science & Technology. European Space Agency. 16 March 2012. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
27. ^ "ESA chooses instruments for its Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer". ESA Science & Technology. ESA. 21 February 2013. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
28. ^ "JUICE science payload". ESA Science & Technology. European Space Agency. 7 March 2013. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
29. ^ "The JUICE Instruments". National Centre for Space Studies. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
30. ^ "Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE): Science objectives, mission and instruments" (PDF). Universities Space Research Association. 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
31. ^ "JUICE-JAPAN". JAXA. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
32. ^ Saito, Y.; Sasaki, S.; Kimura, J.; Tohara, K.; Fujimoto, M.; Sekine, Y. (1 December 2015). "Current Status of Japanese Participation to Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer "JUICE"". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2015: P11B–2074. Bibcode:2015AGUFM.P11B2074S. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
33. ^ "木星氷衛星探査衛星 JUICE – 日本が JUICE で目指すサイエンス" [Jupiter Ice Moon Exploration Satellite JUICE – Science that Japan is aiming for with JUICE] (PDF). JAXA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
34. ^ Köhler, Ulrich (December 2021). "Of Distant Moons and Oceans" (PDF). German Aerospace Center. pp. 34–37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
35. ^ "Work continues to deploy Juice RIME antenna". www.esa.int. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
36. ^ "Juice's RIME antenna breaks free". www.esa.int. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
37. ^ "Payload - JUICE - Cosmos". www.cosmos.esa.int. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
38. ^ "木星氷衛星探査機に搭載の電波観測装置が「ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ」と共に木星へ" [Radio observation equipment installed in the Jupiter ice satellite probe goes to Jupiter with 'Sonic the Hedgehog']. Tohoku University. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
39. ^ Plunkett, Luke (3 October 2019). "Actual Space Mission Picks Sonic The Hedgehog As An Official Mascot". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
40. ^ Shapira, Aviv; Stern, Avinoam; Prazot, Shemi; Mann, Rony; Barash, Yefim; Detoma, Edoardo; Levy, Benny (2016). "An Ultra Stable Oscillator for the 3GM experiment of the JUICE mission". 2016 European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF). pp. 1–5. doi:10.1109/EFTF.2016.7477766. ISBN 978-1-5090-0720-2. S2CID 2489857.
41. ^ "Israeli Instrument Bound for Jupiter - Weizmann Wonder Wander - News, Features and Discoveries". Weizmann Wonder Wander - News, Features and Discoveries from the Weizmann Institute of Science. 7 January 2016.
42. ^ "ESA will launch JUICE to Jupiter, with Israeli technologies and scientific research". סוכנות החלל הישראלית.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to JUICE (spacecraft).

* ESA's JUICE page
* Future Planetary Exploration JUICE – Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter Revised Proposal
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2011) (OPAG October 2011 Presentations)
* JUICE (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer) (OPAG March 2012 Presentations)
* JUICE-JAPAN – JAXA
* JUICE – NASA
* JUICE article on eoPortal by ESA
* YouTube channel the making of JUICE – ESA
* The making of Juice: the film by ESA

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* List of quadrangles on Ganymede
* List of craters on Ganymede

|

Impact craters|

* Achelous
* El
* Epigeus
* Gula
* Khensu
* Kittu
* Neith
* Nergal

Regions|

* Galileo Regio

Sulci|

* Uruk Sulcus

Faculae|

* Memphis Facula

Catenae|

* Enki Catena

Exploration|

| Past|

* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* New Horizons
* Juno

|

Planned|

* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2023)
* Europa Clipper (2024)

Cancelled|

* Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter
* Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
* Laplace-P

Other|

* Ganymede in fiction
* Life

* v
* t
* e

Callisto

Geology|

| Lists|

* List of geological features on Callisto
* List of craters on Callisto

|

Craters|

* Adlinda
* Arcas
* Asgard
* Burr
* Doh
* Njord
* Omolʹ
* Tornarsuk
* Utgard
* Hár
* Heimdall
* Jalkr
* Keelut
* Lofn
* Tindr
* Valhalla
* Egdir
* Mimir

Catenae|

* Gomul Catena

Exploration|

| Past|

* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* New Horizons
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer

|

Future|

* Europa Clipper (2024)
* Tianwen-4 (2029)

Cancelled|

* Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
* Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter

Other|

* Callisto in fiction
* Galilean moons
* Life
* Colonization
* Moons of Jupiter

* v
* t
* e

Europa

Geology|

| Chaotic terrain|

* Conamara Chaos

|

Craters|

* Pwyll
* Cilix

Lists|

* List of lineae on Europa
* List of geological features on Europa
* List of craters on Europa

Exploration|

| Past|

* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* New Horizons

|

Planned|

* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2023)
* Europa Clipper (2024)

Cancelled|

* Jupiter Europa Orbiter
* Europa Lander
* Europa Orbiter
* Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
* Jovian Europa Orbiter
* Laplace-P/Europa Lander

Other|

* Life
* Europa in fiction

* v
* t
* e

European Space Agency

| Spaceports|

* Guiana Space Centre
* Esrange

|

Launch vehicles|

* Ariane 5
* Ariane 6
* Vega

Facilities|

* Space Operations Centre
* Space Research and Technology Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* European Astronaut Centre
* Space Astronomy Centre
* Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility

Communications|

* ESTRACK
* European Data Relay System

Programmes|

* Artemis
* ESM
* Aurora
* ATV
* Copernicus
* Sentinel
* Columbus
* CryoSat
* EGNOS
* GALILEO
* ELIPS
* ExoMars
* FLPP
* Living Planet Programme
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Science Programme
* Horizon 2000
* Cosmic Vision
* Pride

Predecessors|

* European Launcher Development Organisation
* European Space Research Organisation

Related topics|

* Arianespace
* ESA Television
* EUMETSAT
* European Space Camp
* GEWEX
* Planetary Science Archive

Projects and missions

Science|

| Solar physics|

* ISEE-2 (1977–1987)
* Ulysses (1990–2009)
* SOHO (1995–present)
* Cluster II (2000–2024)
* Solar Orbiter (2020–present)
* Vigil (2031)

|

Planetary science|

* Giotto (1985–1992)
* Huygens (1997–2005)
* SMART-1 (2003–2006)
* Mars Express (2003–present)
* Rosetta/Philae (2004–2016)
* Venus Express (2005–2014)
* ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (2016–present)
* BepiColombo (2018–present)
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2023)
* Hera (2024)
* Rosalind Franklin rover (2028)
* Comet Interceptor (2029)
* EnVision (2031)

Astronomy and
cosmology

* Cos-B (1975–1982)
* IUE (1978–1996)
* EXOSAT (1983–1986)
* Hipparcos (1989–1993)
* Hubble Space Telescope (1990–present)
* Eureca (1992–93)
* ISO (1995–1998)
* XMM-Newton (1999–present)
* INTEGRAL (2002–present)
* CoRoT (2006–13)
* Planck (2009–2013)
* Herschel (2009–2013)
* Gaia (2013–present)
* CHEOPS (2019–present)
* James Webb Space Telescope (2021–present)
* Euclid (2023–present)
* PLATO (2026)
* ARIEL (2029)
* ARRAKIHS (2030s)
* Athena (2035)
* LISA (2035)

Earth observation|

* Copernicus (1988–present)
* Meteosat First Generation (1977–1997)
* ERS-1 (1991–2000)
* ERS-2 (1995–2011)
* Meteosat Second Generation (2002–present)
* Envisat (2002–2012)
* Double Star (2003–2007)
* MetOp (2006–present)
* GOCE (2009–2013)
* SMOS (2009–present)
* CryoSat-2 (2010–present)
* Swarm (2013–present)
* Sentinel-1 / 1A / 1B (2014–present)
* Sentinel-2 / 2A / 2B / 2C (2015–present)
* Sentinel-3 / 3A / 3B (2016–present)
* Sentinel-5 Precursor (2017–present)
* ADM-Aeolus (2018–present)
* Biomass (2024)
* EarthCARE (2024)
* Meteosat Third Generation (Sentinel-4) (2024)
* ALTIUS (2025)
* FLEX (2025)
* MetOp-SG-A (2025)
* MetOp-SG-B (2025)
* SMILE (2025)
* FORUM (2027)

ISS spaceflight|

* ISS contribution (1998–present)
* Columbus (2008–present)
* Jules Verne (2008)
* Cupola (2010–present)
* Johannes Kepler (2011)
* Edoardo Amaldi (2012)
* Albert Einstein (2013)
* Georges Lemaître (2014)
* European Robotic Arm (2021)

Telecommunications|

* GEOS 2 (1978)
* Olympus-1 (1989–1993)
* Artemis (2001–present)
* GIOVE-A (2005–present)
* GIOVE-B (2008–present)
* HYLAS-1 (2010–present)
* Galileo IOV (2011–present)
* Galileo FOC (2014–present)
* EGNOS
* European Data Relay System (2016–present)

Technology
demonstrators

* ARD (1998)
* PROBA-1 (2001–present)
* YES2 (2007)
* PROBA-2 (2009–present)
* PROBA-V (2013–present)
* IXV (2015)
* LISA Pathfinder (2015–2017)
* OPS-SAT (2019–present)
* PROBA-3 (2024)

Cancelled
and proposed|

* AIDA
* Ariane 5 ME
* Calathus Mission
* Ceres Polar Lander
* Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
* CSTS
* Darwin Mission
* Don Quijote
* e.Deorbit
* EChO
* Eddington
* EXPERT
* Hermes
* Hopper
* LOFT
* Lunar Lander
* Marco Polo
* MarcoPolo-R
* Mars sample return mission
* ODINUS
* Phootprint
* SOLARIS
* SPICA
* STE-QUEST
* THESEUS

Failed|

* Cluster
* CryoSat-1
* GEOS 1
* Schiaparelli EDM

Future missions in italics

* Category
* Commons
* Wikinews
* WikiProject

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to Venus

Active missions|

| Orbiters|

* Akatsuki

|

Flybys|

* Parker Solar Probe (en route)
* BepiColombo (en route)
* Solar Orbiter (en route)
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (en route)

Past missions|

| Orbiters|

* Magellan
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter
* Venera 9
* 10
* 15
* 16
* Venus Express

|

Flybys|

* Venera 1†
* Mariner 2
* Zond 1†
* Venera 2†
* Mariner 5
* 10
* Venera 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* MESSENGER
* IKAROS
* Shin-en†

Descent probes|

* Venera 3†
* 4
* 5
* 6
* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe

Landers|

* Venera 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Pioneer Venus Small Probes

Balloon probes|

* Vega 1
* 2

Failed launches|

* Tyazhely Sputnik
* Mariner 1
* 2MV-1 No.1
* 2MV-1 No.2
* 2MV-2 No.1
* Kosmos 21
* 3MV-1 No.2
* Kosmos 27
* 96
* 167
* 482

Planned missions|

| Orbiters|

* Venus Orbiter Mission (2028)
* VERITAS (2031)
* EnVision (2031)

|

Flybys|

* Dragonfly (2028)
* MBR Explorer (2028)

Descent probes|

* Venus Life Finder (2025)
* DAVINCI (2031–2032)

Proposed missions|

| Venus missions|

* AREE
* CUVE
* HAVOC
* HOVER
* VAMP
* Venera-D
* VICI
* VISAGE
* VISE
* VOICE
* VOX
* Zephyr

|

Flybys|

* Mercury-P
* Laplace-P
* NASA Uranus orbiter and probe

Cancelled / concepts|

* European Venus Explorer
* Inspiration Mars
* TMK-Mavr
* Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
* Vesta

Program overviews|

* Venera
* 3MV
* Mariner
* Pioneer Venus
* Vega

Related|

* Colonization
* Observations and explorations
* List of artificial objects on Venus
* List of missions
* Manned Venus flyby
* Terraforming
* VeSpR

* Missions are ordered by launch date. † indicates failure en route or before any data returned.

* v
* t
* e

NASA Planetary Missions Program Office

Discovery program

| Missions|

| Main|

* NEAR Shoemaker
* Mars Pathfinder
* Lunar Prospector
* Stardust
* Genesis
* CONTOUR†
* MESSENGER
* Deep Impact
* Dawn
* Kepler
* GRAIL
* InSight
* Lucy
* Psyche
* VERITAS
* DAVINCI

|

Opportunity|

* ASPERA-3
* EPOXI
* NExT
* Moon Mineralogy Mapper
* Strofio
* MEGANE

Proposals|

| Finalists|

* Mission 12
* Comet Hopper
* Titan Mare Explorer
* Mission 13 and 14
* DAVINCI
* NEOCam
* VERITAS
* Mission 15 and 16
* Io Volcano Observer
* Trident

|

Candidates|

* Enceladus Life Finder
* Icebreaker Life
* ISOCHRON
* JET
* LIFE
* MANTIS
* Mars Geyser Hopper
* Moon Diver
* PADME
* Phobos Surveyor
* Whipple

New Frontiers program

| Missions|

* New Horizons
* Juno
* OSIRIS-REx
* Dragonfly

|

Proposals|

| Finalists|

* Mission 2
* MoonRise
* Mission 3
* MoonRise
* SAGE
* Mission 4
* CAESAR

|

Candidates|

* CONDOR
* CORSAIR
* ELF
* ELSAH
* Oceanus
* SPRITE
* VICI
* VISAGE
* VOX

Solar System Exploration program

| Missions|

* DART
* JUICE instruments
* Europa Clipper

|

* Underline indicates active current missions
* Italics indicate missions yet to launch
* Symbol † indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned

* v
* t
* e

2023 in space

* « 2022

2024 »

Space probe launches |

* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (April 2023)
* Chandrayaan-3 (July 2023)
* Luna 25 (August 2023)
* XRISM (September 2023)
* SLIM (September 2023)
* Psyche (October 2023)

Impact events|

* 2023 CX1

Selected NEOs|

* Asteroid close approaches
* 2023 AV
* 2023 BU
* (367789) 2011 AG5
* 2023 DW
* 2023 DZ2
* 2023 GQ2
* (164121) 2003 YT1
* (341843) 2008 EV5
* 2023 FW13

Discoveries|

* F200DB-045
* Rings of Quaoar
* WISE J0336−0143
* CEERS 1019 black hole
* UHZ1 quasar
* Volcanism on Venus confirmation
* 3 moons of Jupiter
* 63 moons of Saturn
* SN 2023ixf supernova in Pinwheel Galaxy (M101)
* Phosphates on Enceladus
* Gravitational wave background detection
* Neutrino Milky Way map
* GRB 230307A Second-brightest gamma-ray burst
* 152830 Dinkinesh is a binary
* Ursa Major III

Exoplanets |

* HD 110067
* b
* c
* d
* e
* f
* g
* LHS 475 b
* TOI-672 b
* TOI-700 e
* TOI-3235 b
* WASP-193b
* Silicates in VHS J1256–1257 b
* No atmosphere in TRAPPIST-1b
* No atmosphere in TRAPPIST-1c
* K2-18b of methane and carbon dioxide

Comets |

* C/2022 E3 (ZTF)
* 96P/Machholz
* C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)
* C/2023 E1 (ATLAS)
* C/2021 T4 (Lemmon)
* C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)
* 103P/Hartley
* 2P/Encke
* C/2023 H2 (Lemmon)
* 62P/Tsuchinshan
* 12P/Pons–Brooks brightening multiple times

Space exploration|

* Lucy (Dinkinesh flyby; November 2023)
* OSIRIS-REx (sample return from asteroid Bennu; September 2023)
* First space-based solar power demonstration
* Euclid Space telescope (launch; 1 July 2023)

* Outer space portal
* Category:2022 in outer space — Category:2023 in outer space — Category:2024 in outer space

* v
* t
* e

← 2022

Orbital launches in 2023

2024 →

January|

* ION SCV-007 & 008 (Astrocast × 4), Orbiter SN1† (Unicorn-2G†, Unicorn-2H†), Vigoride-5, ICEYE × 3, Lynk Tower 03, Lynk Tower 04, ÑuSat × 4, Flock 4y × 36, KSF3 × 4, Gama Alpha, Lemur-2 × 6, Milspace-2 1, MilSpace-2 2, Platform 2, SpaceBEE × 12,
* Shijian 23
* AMAN†, CIRCE 1†, CIRCE 2†, ForgeStar-0†, Prometheus 2A†, Prometheus 2B†, STORK-6†
* OneWeb L16 (40 satellites)
* Apstar 6E
* Yaogan 37, Shiyan 22A, Shiyan 22B
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D 34, Jilin-1 Hongwai-01A × 2, Jilin-1 Mofang-02A × 3
* LDPE-3A, USA-342 / CBAS-2
* USA-343 / GPS III-06
* Starlink G2-4 (51 satellites)
* Hawk × 3
* IGS-Radar 7
* Starlink G5-2 (56 satellites)
* Starlink G2-6 (49 satellites), ION SCV-009

February|

* Starlink G5-3 (53 satellites)
* Elektro-L №4
* Amazonas Nexus
* Progress MS-22
* Starlink G5-4 (55 satellites)
* Starlink G2-5 (51 satellites)
* Inmarsat-6 F2
* ChinaSat 26
* Soyuz MS-23
* Starlink G6-1 (21 satellites)

March|

* SpaceX Crew-6
* Starlink G2-7 (51 satellites)
* Nahid-1†
* ALOS-3†
* OneWeb L17 (40 satellites)
* Olymp-K №2 / Luch-5X
* SpaceX CRS-27
* Shiyan 19
* Capella 9, Capella 10
* Gaofen 13-02
* Starlink G2-8 (52 satellites)
* SES-18, SES-19
* Kosmos 2567 / Bars-M 4L
* BlackSky 18, BlackSky 19
* Starlink G5-5 (56 satellites)
* OneWeb L18 (36 satellites)
* Ofeq-13
* Kosmos 2568 / EO MKA №4
* Starlink G5-10 (56 satellites)
* PIESAT-1A 01, PIESAT-1B × 3
* Yaogan 34-04

April|

* SDA Transport Layer Tranche 0 × 8, SDA Tracking Layer Tranche 0 × 2
* Intelsat 40e / TEMPO
* JUICE
* ION SCV-010 (Kepler-20, Kepler-21), Vigoride-6, Hawk × 3, İMECE, ÑuSat × 4, Brokkr-1, DEWA SAT-2, LacunaSat-2F, Lemur-2 × 3, Sateliot_0 / Platform 3, TAIFA-1
* Fengyun 3G
* Starlink G6-2 (21 satellites)
* Starlink G3-5 (46 satellites)
* O3b mPOWER 3, O3b mPOWER 4

May|

* ViaSat-3.1
* Starlink G5-6 (56 satellites)
* TROPICS 05, TROPICS 06
* Tianzhou 6
* Starlink G2-9 (51 satellites)
* BeiDou-3 G4
* Starlink G6-3 (22 satellites)
* Iridium 9 (5 satellites), OneWeb L19 (15 satellites), JoeySat
* Axiom Mission 2
* Progress MS-23
* TROPICS 03, TROPICS 07
* Kondor-FKA №1
* Arabsat 7B (BADR-8)
* NVS-01
* Shenzhou 16
* Malligyong-1†
* Starlink G2-10 (52 satellites)

June|

* Starlink G6-4 (22 satellites)
* SpaceX CRS-28 (Maya-5, Maya-6)
* Shiyan 24A, Shiyan 24B
* Starlink G5-11 (52 satellites)
* ION SCV-011 (Unicorn-2I), Orbiter SN3, Blackjack Aces × 4, ICEYE × 4, ÑuSat × 4, GEISAT, Lemur-2 × 3, MISR-A, MISR-B, SpaceBEE × 12, Tiger-4, XVI
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 8, Jilin-1 Gaofen-06A × 30, Jilin-1 Pingtai-02A × 2
* SATRIA
* Shiyan 25
* Starlink G5-7 (47 satellites)
* USA-345 / Orion 11
* Starlink G5-12 (56 satellites)
* Meteor-M №2-3

July|

* Euclid
* Syracuse 4B
* Starlink G5-13 (48 satellites)
* Starlink G6-5 (22 satellites)
* Chandrayaan-3 (Vikram, Pragyan)
* Starlink G5-15 (54 satellites)
* Lemur-2 × 2
* Starlink G6-15 (15 satellites)
* Starlink G6-6 (22 satellites)
* Yaogan 36-05 (3 satellites)
* Starlink G6-7 (22 satellites)
* Jupiter-3 / EchoStar-24

August|

* Cygnus NG-19
* Fengyun 3F
* Galaxy-37
* Starlink G6-8 (22 satellites)
* Kosmos 2569 / GLONASS-K2 13L
* Starlink G6-20 (15 satellites)
* S-SAR 02 / Huanjing-2F
* Luna 25
* Starlink G6-9 (22 satellites)
* Starlink G6-10 (22 satellites)
* Gaofen 12-04
* Starlink G7-1 (21 satellites)
* Progress MS-24
* Malligyong-1 F2†
* Acadia 1
* Jilin-1 Kuanfu-02A
* SpaceX Crew-7
* Starlink G6-11 (22 satellites)
* Yaogan 39-01 (3 satellites)

September|

* Starlink G6-13 (22 satellites)
* Aditya-L1
* SDA Transport Layer Tranche 0 × 11, SDA Tracking Layer Tranche 0 × 2
* Starlink G6-12 (21 satellites)
* Yaogan 33-03
* XRISM, SLIM (LEV-1, LEV-2)
* Starlink G6-14 (22 satellites)
* Yaogan 40 (3 satellites)
* USA-346 / Silentbarker 1, USA-347 / Silentbarker 2, USA-348 / Silentbarker 3
* Starlink G7-2 (21 satellites)
* Soyuz MS-24
* Starlink G6-16 (22 satellites)
* Yaogan 39-02 (3 satellites)
* Acadia 2†
* Starlink G6-17 (22 satellites)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-04B†
* Starlink G6-18 (22 satellites)
* Starlink G7-3 (21 satellites)
* Yaogan 33-04
* Starlink G6-19 (22 satellites)

October|

* Yaogan 39-03 (3 satellites)
* Starlink G6-21 (22 satellites)
* KuiperSat-1, KuiperSat-2
* THEOS-2, MACSAT
* Starlink G7-4 (21 satellites)
* Psyche
* Starlink G6-22 (22 satellites)
* Starlink G6-23 (22 satellites)
* Starlink G7-5 (21 satellites)
* Starlink G6-24 (23 satellites)
* Yaogan 39-04 (3 satellites)
* Shenzhou 17
* Kosmos 2570 / Lotos-S1 №7 (Kosmos 2571)
* Starlink G7-6 (22 satellites)
* Starlink G6-25 (23 satellites)

November|

* TJS-10
* Starlink G6-26 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G6-27 (23 satellites)
* ChinaSat 6E
* SpaceX CRS-29
* ION SCV-015 (Lemur-2 NANAZ, OSW Cazorla, Unicorn-2J, Unicorn-2K), Aether-1, Aether-2, FalconSAT-X, ICEYE × 4, Pelican-1, B1B2 Barry, Flock-4q × 36, Lemur-2 × 10, PEARL-1C, PEARL-1H, Platform 5, STORK-7 / Aman-1
* O3b mPOWER 5, O3b mPOWER 6
* Haiyang-3A
* Starlink G6-28 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G7-7 (22 satellites)
* Malligyong-1 F3
* Starlink G6-29 (23 satellites)
* Kosmos 2572 / Razdan 1
* Starlink G6-30 (23 satellites)

December|

* Progress MS-25
* ION SCV-012 (Unicorn × 3), EIRSAT-1, Hayasat-1
* Starlink G6-31 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G6-33 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G7-8 (22 satellites)
* Yaogan 39-05 (3 satellites)
* Reusable Experimental Spacecraft
* Yaogan 41
* Starlink G6-34 (23 satellites)
* Kosmos 2573 / Bars-M 5L
* Starlink G6-32 (23 satellites)
* SARah-2, SARah-3
* Shiyan 24C-01, Shiyan 24C-02, Shiyan 24C-03
* BeiDou-3 M25, BeiDou-3 M26
* Kosmos 2574 / Razbeg No.1
* USA-349 / X-37B OTV-7
* Starlink G6-36 (23 satellites)

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

* v
* t
* e

21st-century space probes

Active space probes
(deep space missions)|

| Sun|

* Parker Solar Probe
* Solar Orbiter

|

Moon|

* ARTEMIS
* CAPSTONE
* Chandrayaan-2
* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 4 (Yutu-2 rover)
* Chang'e 5
* Danuri
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* Queqiao
* Queqiao 2
* Tiandu 1 and 2
* Chang'e 6
* ICUBE-Q

Mars|

* Emirates Mars Mission
* ExoMars TGO
* Mars Express
* 2001 Mars Odyssey
* MAVEN
* MRO
* MSL Curiosity rover
* Tianwen-1
* Mars 2020
* Perseverance rover

Other planets|

* BepiColombo
* Mercury
* Akatsuki
* Venus
* Juno
* Jupiter
* Juice
* Jupiter

Minor planets|

* Chang'e 2
* Hayabusa2 / MINERVA-II
* Lucy
* New Horizons
* OSIRIS-REx
* Psyche

Interstellar space|

* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2

Completed after 2000
(by termination date)|

| 2000s|

* 2001
* NEAR Shoemaker
* Deep Space 1
* 2003
* Pioneer 10
* Galileo
* Nozomi
* 2004
* Genesis
* 2005
* Huygens
* 2006
* Mars Global Surveyor
* 2008
* Phoenix
* 2009
* Chang'e 1
* Ulysses
* Chandrayaan-1
* SELENE
* LCROSS

|

2010s|

* 2010
* Hayabusa
* MER Spirit rover
* 2011
* Stardust
* 2012
* GRAIL
* 2013
* Deep Impact
* 2014
* LADEE
* Venus Express
* Chang'e 5-T1
* 2015
* MESSENGER
* PROCYON
* IKAROS
* 2016
* Rosetta / Philae
* Yutu rover
* ExoMars Schiaparelli
* 2017
* LISA Pathfinder
* Cassini
* 2018
* MASCOT
* Dawn
* Longjiang-1
* 2019
* MarCO
* MER Opportunity rover
* Beresheet
* Longjiang-2
* Chandrayaan-2 / Pragyan rover

2020s|

* 2020
* Chang'e 5
* 2022
* Double Asteroid Redirection Test
* Mangalyaan
* InSight
* 2023
* Hakuto-R Mission 1
* Luna 25
* Chandrayaan-3 / Pragyan rover
* Zhurong rover
* 2024
* Peregrine Mission One
* Ingenuity helicopter
* SLIM
* IM-1

* List of Solar System probes
* List of lunar probes
* List of extraterrestrial orbiters
* List of space telescopes

*[no.]: number
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template