Jurassic Park (film)

1993 film by Steven Spielberg

This article is about the original 1993 film. For the franchise, see Jurassic Park. For other uses, see Jurassic Park (disambiguation).

"Jurassic Park 1" redirects here. For the first novel, see Jurassic Park (novel).

Jurassic Park

Theatrical release poster

Directed by| Steven Spielberg
Screenplay by|

* Michael Crichton
* David Koepp

Based on| Jurassic Park
by Michael Crichton
Produced by|

* Kathleen Kennedy
* Gerald R. Molen

Starring|

* Sam Neill
* Laura Dern
* Jeff Goldblum
* Richard Attenborough
* Bob Peck
* Martin Ferrero
* BD Wong
* Samuel L. Jackson
* Wayne Knight
* Joseph Mazzello
* Ariana Richards

Cinematography| Dean Cundey
Edited by| Michael Kahn
Music by| John Williams

Production
companies

Universal Pictures[1]
Amblin Entertainment

Distributed by| Universal Pictures

Release dates

* June 9, 1993 (1993-06-09) (Uptown Theater)
* June 11, 1993 (1993-06-11) (United States)

Running time

| 127 minutes[2]
Country| United States
Language| English
Budget| $63 million[3]
Box office| $1.058 billion[4]

Jurassic Park is a 1993 American science fiction action film directed by Steven Spielberg, produced by Kathleen Kennedy and Gerald R. Molen, and starring Sam Neill, Laura Dern, Jeff Goldblum, and Richard Attenborough. It was written by Michael Crichton and David Koepp, based on Crichton's 1990 novel. The film is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, near Costa Rica, where wealthy businessman John Hammond (Attenborough) and a team of genetic scientists have created a wildlife park of de-extinct dinosaurs. When industrial sabotage leads to a catastrophic shutdown of the park's power facilities and security precautions, a small group of visitors struggle to survive and escape the now perilous island.

Before Crichton's novel was published, four studios put in bids for its film rights. With the backing of Universal Pictures, Spielberg acquired the rights for $1.5 million. Crichton was hired for an additional $500,000 to adapt the novel for the screen. Koepp wrote the final draft, which left out much of the novel's exposition and violence, while making numerous changes to the characters. Filming took place in California and Hawaii from August to November 1992, and post-production lasted until May 1993, supervised by Spielberg in Poland as he filmed Schindler's List. The dinosaurs were created with groundbreaking computer-generated imagery by Industrial Light & Magic, and with life-sized animatronic dinosaurs built by Stan Winston's team. To showcase the film's sound design, which included a mixture of various animal noises for the dinosaur sounds, Spielberg invested in the creation of DTS, a company specializing in digital surround sound formats. The film was backed by an extensive $65 million marketing campaign, which included licensing deals with over 100 companies.

Jurassic Park premiered on June 9, 1993, at the Uptown Theater in Washington, D.C., and was released two days later in the United States. It was a blockbuster hit and went on to gross over $914 million worldwide in its original theatrical run,[5] surpassing Spielberg's own E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial to become the highest-grossing film of all time until the release of Titanic in 1997.[6] The film received critical acclaim, with praise to its special effects, sound design, action sequences, John Williams's score, and Spielberg's direction.[7] The film won 20 awards, including three Academy Awards for technical achievements in visual effects and sound design. Following its 20th anniversary re-release in 2013, Jurassic Park became the oldest film in history to surpass $1 billion in ticket sales and the 17th overall.

In the years since its release, film critics and industry professionals have often cited Jurassic Park as one of the greatest movies in history. Its pioneering use of computer-generated imagery is considered to have paved the way for the visual effects practices of modern cinema. In 2018, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The film spawned a multimedia franchise that includes six sequels, video games, theme park attractions, comic books and various merchandise.

## Plot

[edit]

Industrialist John Hammond has created Jurassic Park, an animal theme park of cloned dinosaurs, on the island of Isla Nublar, near the coast of Costa Rica. After a Velociraptor kills a handler, the park's investors, represented by lawyer Donald Gennaro, demand a safety certification. Gennaro invites chaotician Ian Malcolm, and Hammond invites paleontologist Alan Grant and paleobotanist Ellie Sattler. Upon arrival, the group is shocked to see living Brachiosaurus and Parasaurolophus. At the park's visitor center, the group learns that the cloning was accomplished by extracting dinosaur DNA from prehistoric mosquitoes preserved in amber. DNA from frogs, among other animals, was used to fill in gaps in the dinosaurs' genome.

To prevent breeding, the dinosaurs were made female by direct chromosome manipulation. The group witnesses the hatching of a baby Velociraptor and visits the raptor enclosure. During lunch, the group debates the ethics of cloning and the park's creation. Malcolm warns of the implications of genetic engineering while Grant and Sattler express uncertainty over the ability of humans and dinosaurs to coexist. Hammond's grandchildren, Lex and Tim, join the others for a park tour while Hammond oversees them from the control room. Most of the dinosaurs fail to appear, and the group encounters a sick Triceratops. The tour is cut short as a tropical storm approaches. The park employees leave for the mainland on a boat while the visitors return to their railed-electric tour vehicles, except Sattler, who stays behind with the park's veterinarian, Doctor Harding, to study the Triceratops.

Jurassic Park's disgruntled lead computer programmer, Dennis Nedry, was previously bribed by Lewis Dodgson, a man working for Hammond's corporate rival, to steal frozen dinosaur embryos. He deactivates the park's security system to access the embryo storage room and stores them inside a container disguised as a Barbasol shaving cream can. Nedry's sabotage cuts power to the tour vehicles, stranding them as they near the park's Tyrannosaurus rex paddock. Most of the park's electric fences have also been deactivated, allowing the Tyrannosaurus to escape and attack the group. After the Tyrannosaurus overturns a tour vehicle, it injures Malcolm and devours Gennaro while Grant, Lex, and Tim escape. On his way to deliver the embryos to the island's docks, Nedry gets lost in the rain, crashes his Jeep Wrangler and is killed by a venom-spitting Dilophosaurus.

Sattler helps the game warden Robert Muldoon search for survivors; they find Malcolm just before the Tyrannosaurus returns and chases them away. Grant, Tim, and Lex take shelter in a treetop and encounter a Brachiosaurus herd. Back at the visitor center, Sattler convinces Hammond not to recreate the park, as his vision is beyond human control. Grant and the kids discover the broken shells of dinosaur eggs the following morning. Grant concludes that the dinosaurs are breeding, which is possible because of amphibian DNA—animals like West African frogs can change their sex in a single-sex environment, enabling the dinosaurs to breed. The three later encounter a Gallimimus stampede being hunted by the Tyrannosaurus.

Unable to decipher Nedry's code to reactivate the security system, Hammond and chief engineer Ray Arnold decide to reboot the park's systems. The group shuts down the park's power grid and retreats to an emergency bunker while Arnold heads to a maintenance shed to complete the rebooting process. When Arnold fails to return, Sattler and Muldoon head over, discovering the shutdown has released the Velociraptors. Muldoon distracts two of them while Sattler turns the power back on before being attacked by the third and discovering Arnold's severed arm. At the same time, Muldoon is caught off-guard and killed by a Velociraptor.

Grant, Tim, and Lex reach the visitor center. Grant heads out to look for Sattler, leaving Tim and Lex inside. The raptors appear and pursue Tim and Lex throughout a kitchen, but they escape, locking one in a freezer before joining Grant and Sattler. The group reaches the control room, and Lex restores the park's systems, allowing them to contact Hammond, who calls for help. As they try to leave, they are cornered by the two remaining raptors, but the Tyrannosaurus appears and dispatches them while the group flees. Hammond arrives in a jeep with Malcolm and they board a helicopter to leave the island.

## Cast

[edit]

Main article: List of Jurassic Park characters

* Sam Neill as Alan Grant: A paleontologist
* Laura Dern as Ellie Sattler: A paleobotanist
* Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm: A mathematician and chaos theorist
* Richard Attenborough as John Hammond: CEO and founder of InGen
* Bob Peck as Robert Muldoon: Jurassic Park's game warden
* Martin Ferrero as Donald Gennaro: A lawyer representing Hammond's investors who are concerned about the safety of Jurassic Park
* B.D. Wong as Henry Wu: Jurassic Park's chief geneticist
* Joseph Mazzello as Tim Murphy: Lex's younger brother and Hammond's grandson
* Ariana Richards as Lex Murphy: Tim's older sister and Hammond's granddaughter
* Samuel L. Jackson as Ray Arnold: Jurassic Park chief engineer
* Wayne Knight as Dennis Nedry: Jurassic Park computer programmer
* Jerry Molen as Doctor Harding: Jurassic Park veterinarian
* Miguel Sandoval as Juanito Rostagno, who oversees an amber mine for Hammond in the Dominican Republic
* Cameron Thor as Lewis Dodgson: An employee working for InGen's corporate rival, identified in the novel and later in the sequel films as Biosyn
* Whit Hertford as a boy who is lectured about raptors by Grant while at his dig site[8]
* Greg Burson as the voice of Mr. DNA
* Richard Kiley as the voice of the Jurassic Park tour vehicle guide

## Production

[edit]

### Development

[edit]

Michael Crichton's book attracted the attention of director Steven Spielberg (right) even before it was published. The author was also responsible for the film's first scripts.

Michael Crichton's 1990 novel Jurassic Park was originally conceived as a screenplay in the 1980s, and went through numerous changes before being published as a book.[9][10] In the late 1970s, a bidding war began for the film rights to Crichton's then-upcoming novel Congo, which would not be made into a film until 1995. With Jurassic Park, Crichton hoped to avoid another bidding war and the same protracted outcome by offering the film rights at a fixed price of $1.5 million, as he was primarily concerned with ensuring that a film actually be produced; he was less interested in receiving a top offer.[11]

Crichton submitted the Jurassic Park manuscript to his publisher in May 1990. Director Steven Spielberg learned of the novel that month while he was discussing a screenplay with Crichton that would become the television series ER. Spielberg had a life-long fascination with dinosaurs and expressed interest in Jurassic Park. After reading the galleys, he committed to direct the film adaptation.[12] He liked the novel's sense of adventure and its scientific explanation for dinosaur resurrection,[13] saying it provided "a really credible look at how dinosaurs might someday be brought back alongside modern mankind".[14]

Crichton was represented by an agent at Creative Artists Agency. Spielberg recalled that "the agency got ahold of it; and they, of course, encouraged a bidding war, even though Michael had kind of promised me the book privately."[12] Major studios bid for the film rights, each with a director in mind. This included Warner Bros. and Tim Burton, Columbia Pictures and Richard Donner, and 20th Century Fox and Joe Dante.[15] Crichton spoke with each director and endorsed Spielberg as the most likely candidate to get the film made, noting it would be "a very difficult picture" and calling Spielberg "arguably the most experienced and most successful director of these kinds of movies".[16] Universal Pictures, also backing Spielberg as director, acquired the rights in May 1990,[17][18] less than a week after they were offered for sale and six months before the novel's publication.[19]

James Cameron revealed in 2012 that he had tried to purchase the rights, only to discover that Spielberg had acquired them a few hours prior.[20] Cameron said his version of Jurassic Park would have been "much nastier", comparing it with his 1986 film Aliens. He realized he was not the right director for Jurassic Park after seeing the finished product, commending Spielberg for making a film which could be enjoyed by children.[21] Dante also praised it, but disagreed with Spielberg's decision to make Hammond more of a protagonist, a departure from the novel.[22]

Storyboards and sketches were already being produced weeks after the rights were acquired.[23] Because of the island setting and abundance of dinosaurs, Spielberg believed it would be advantageous to hire a production designer as soon as possible, choosing Rick Carter about two years before the start of filming. They read the galleys and held many meetings to discuss which scenes would work best in the film adaptation.[24] Spielberg said that with Jurassic Park, he "was really just trying to make a good sequel to Jaws, on land."[25] He was also heavily inspired by the 1933 film King Kong,[26] calling it the "high-water mark" for special effects and for imagining "what it would be like to do a King Kong of today."[27] He cited the 1962 film Hatari! as another inspiration, calling it "the high-water mark of man versus the natural in a feature film."[28] Spielberg described the 1956 film Godzilla, King of the Monsters! as the most masterful dinosaur film of his youth, because it made him and viewers believe it was really happening.[29][30] Although he did not set out to make a dinosaur film better than any others, he did want Jurassic Park to be "the most realistic of them all."[30]

It eventually became clear to Spielberg that Jurassic Park would require more time in development, in order to determine the effects needed to create the dinosaurs. He shifted focus to his 1991 film Hook, while continuing to monitor progress on Jurassic Park, including script revisions. The art department went on an eight-month hiatus from Jurassic Park to work on Death Becomes Her, another Universal film.[31] After completing Hook, Spielberg wanted Schindler's List to be his next film. Sid Sheinberg, president of Music Corporation of America (Universal's parent company at the time) gave the greenlight to Schindler's List on the condition that Spielberg make Jurassic Park first.[15] Set designs began to be finalized in January 1992; a hotel was among locations at the fictional park that would be cut from the film.[32]

Kathleen Kennedy, who co-founded Amblin Entertainment with Spielberg, would serve as a producer on Jurassic Park alongside Gerald Molen, who had worked with Amblin in the past.[33] Kennedy handled the creative aspects of the project, while Molen managed production-related elements.[34] Dean Cundey, the cinematographer for Hook, would rejoin Spielberg for Jurassic Park, signing on to the project relatively late in pre-production. However, he had followed the film's progress through an association with Carter;[35] both had worked on Death Becomes Her.[36] Cundey described his cinematography as "a realistic, crisp, color-saturated look," aligning with Spielberg's vision for the film.[35] Michael Kahn, Spielberg's longtime film editor, would also return for Jurassic Park.[37]

### Writing

[edit]

Crichton had mixed feelings about being offered a further $500,000 to write the film adaptation: "I was so tired of the whole area that I didn't really want to do the screenplay. I was sick of Malcolm and I was sick of Grant–and I was even sick of the dinosaurs. But I really felt that I knew the dimensions of the story." Crichton recognized that, by writing the screenplay himself, the project could avoid the same issues he experienced while developing the novel.[38]

Before writing the film, he met several times with Spielberg to discuss which aspects of the book he liked and disliked. Crichton completed his first draft later in 1990, but said "nobody was happy with it at all"; the draft skipped ahead to action rather than building up to it, as in the novel. At Spielberg's suggestion, Crichton rewrote the script in 40-page increments, with the first batch being better received. Crichton was aided by existing storyboards and sketches as he continued to rework the script, with the remaining 80 pages completed in early 1991.[39]

#### New writers

[edit]

Crichton had agreed only to write a preliminary version of the film: "I told Steven, 'I'll do a draft for you and cut it down to budgetable size; but then you're going to want somebody else to polish the characters.' I think that sort of surprised him, because writers never say, 'Get somebody else.'"[23] Crichton finished his draft as Spielberg was filming Hook, the latter co-written by Malia Scotch Marmo and produced by Kennedy. While on the set of Hook, Scotch Marmo was reading the Jurassic Park novel and learned from Kennedy about the film adaptation, accepting an offer to work on its screenplay. Scotch Marmo began writing Jurassic Park in October 1991. She chose to start from scratch, with the novel as her basis, although she did read Crichton's screenplay and consulted with him. Spielberg also agreed to provide her with his own copy of the novel, which contained highlighted aspects of the book that he enjoyed. In addition, she looked at the numerous storyboards produced up to that point.[40]

Scotch Marmo focused on building up the characters "to give them more life and more purpose" than in Crichton's novel and screenplay. She removed Malcolm from the story and tried to incorporate his characteristics into Grant, whom she found to be underdeveloped. She also sought to emphasis the major themes of the novel, specifically the "fatal flaw of trying to control nature," for instance by showing jungle vegetation creeping into the park's unfinished visitor center: "The idea was that nature was always in the way, always pushing hard against the intrusion."[41] In the novel, Hammond is killed by a group of Procompsognathus. Crichton's draft had also included a death scene, with Hammond killed by a Velociraptor at the visitor center.[42] In Scotch Marmo's draft, Hammond would choose to stay behind on Isla Nublar, and the other characters would escape after surviving a T. rex attack on their helicopter.[43][44]

Scotch Marmo spent five months writing her draft and worked closely with Spielberg, noting that their collaboration was unlike most films in which writers "get an assignment, go home, write it and turn it in." She would send him 15 pages at a time, and then would rework them to his liking, sending the revised pages back along with the next 15.[45] She completed her draft in March 1992; Spielberg read it twice and was dissatisfied. She recalled later, "As a writer, that's a terrible feeling. The natural urge is to say: 'Give me another week. I can work it out. I know I can.' But the truth is, sometimes you do hit and sometimes you miss. It's just a shame that it takes so long to find out."[46]

The final drafts of Jurassic Park were written by David Koepp, seen in 2022

Spielberg immediately began searching for a new writer,[47] and Universal president Casey Silver recommended David Koepp, who co-wrote Death Becomes Her.[48][49] Koepp had not read the novel, but quickly obtained a copy, and later discussed the book with Spielberg. Koepp disliked doing rewrites because "it's very hard to get into the mind of somebody else and try to follow what they were doing." Spielberg told Koepp he could start from scratch, allowing his own ideas to fully develop. He read through the novel four times before he began writing the screenplay, and chose not to read the earlier drafts until he finished his own. Two sequences from the novel were mandated: the T. rex attack on a tour vehicle, and the raptors in the kitchen. Otherwise, Koepp was generally allowed to make his own creative choices.[50]

Koepp found it difficult to condense the novel's scientific exposition, especially the dialogue that explains how the dinosaurs were created. Spielberg devised an idea to easily convey the cloning process through a short, animated film shown to the park visitors. Koepp named the film's cartoon narrator "Mr. DNA", after Spielberg jokingly referred to the character as such.[51] Like Scotch Marmo, Koepp also sought to flesh out the characters of the novel while merging Malcolm's traits into Grant,[51][52] finding the former character too difficult to write: "I told Steven before I started, 'That guy's gotta go. [...] He's just talking for pages at a time about esoteric scientific concepts'."[53]

After Koepp finished his first draft, Spielberg sent it to Scotch Marmo for her opinion, and she replied with 12 pages of input; these were forwarded to Koepp, who found them helpful. He continued to work closely with Spielberg and with additional feedback from Scotch Marmo.[54] Malcolm was written in at Spielberg's insistence, after Jeff Goldblum auditioned for the film and was deemed perfect for the role.[53] Koepp tried to make the characters interesting, with moments such as Malcolm flirting with Sattler, leading to Grant's jealousy.[14] He also tried to avoid excessive character detail because "whenever they started talking about their personal lives, you couldn't care less."[55] Spielberg suggested modifying a scene so that the T. rex pursues characters in a Jeep; originally, it only depicted them driving away after hearing the dinosaur's footsteps.[56]

Rewrites continued until just before the start of filming.[54] Crichton noted that the final draft differed drastically from his earlier script, but praised the changes and said the new screenplay "seems very compatible with my way of thinking—it fits in my mind."[57] Scotch Marmo did not receive credit for her work.[58]

#### Novel changes

[edit]

Crichton said that because the novel was "fairly long,"[59] at nearly 400 pages,[47] the film adaptation would only have about 10-20% of its content; scenes were dropped for budgetary and practical reasons, and the violence was toned down.[59] Spielberg said, "What I wanted to do was boil the book down and choose my seven or eight favorite scenes and base the script around those." In a departure from the novel, Spielberg sought to reduce the number of dinosaurs, believing it would not be "physically possible" to make the film otherwise.[13] Koepp said the novel was written "more or less like a movie," making it one of the easier book-to-film adaptations he had worked on. He said that, like with any adaptation, the most difficult part of his writing assignment was to determine the overall structure of the story.[47]

Spielberg removed an early scene in the novel, in which Procompsognathus kill a baby, as he found it too horrific.[60] Another scene set in a pterosaur aviary was also removed, as it did not move the plot along.[61] A major sequence, present in the novel and the two earlier screenplays, involved the T. rex chasing Grant and Hammond's grandchildren in a raft down a river. Koepp chose not to include this in his script: "I never wanted the raft sequence. It seemed to me that at certain points in the book we were being taken on sort of an obligatory tour past every dinosaur the park had to offer." He said the omission was an easy choice, calling the sequence redundant and noting that it would have been "monstrously expensive" to shoot.[62][63] Novel scenes that were cut from the film adaptation would gradually be included in sequels,[64][65] with the raft sequence being featured in the 2025 film Jurassic World Rebirth.[66]

Several characters were modified for the film. Originally a ruthless and greedy businessman in the novel, Hammond was rewritten to be sympathetic, as Spielberg related to the character's obsession with showmanship.[67] The ages of Tim and Lex were switched; Spielberg did this because he wanted to work with the younger Joseph Mazzello, and it allowed him to introduce the subplot of Lex's adolescent crush on Grant. For the film, Lex would also take on Tim's interest in computers.[68] In another change, Grant and Sattler are made a couple for the film, adding subtle romance.[69] Koepp changed Grant's relationship with the children, making him initially hostile to them to allow for more character development.[15] This is partly reflected through his relationship with Sattler, who wants them to have children of their own.[70] Removed from the film was Ed Regis, the park's public relations chief, whose cowardly traits were merged into Donald Gennaro.[71] Several other characters were reduced to one scene each, including Henry Wu,[72] Dr. Harding,[73] and Dodgson.[74] The name of InGen's corporate rival and Dodgson's employer, Biosyn, is also omitted and eventually featured in the 2022 film Jurassic World Dominion.[75]

### Casting

[edit]

Because much of the film's budget was going toward its dinosaur effects, Spielberg sought to cast relatively unknown actors, saying further: "Basically, I wanted good, solid actors who weren't going to charge outrageous prices. I didn't want to spend three to five million dollars apiece on actors".[76] Kurt Russell and Richard Dreyfuss were considered for the role of Alan Grant, but were deemed too expensive.[77] William Hurt,[78] Harrison Ford,[79] and Tim Robbins turned down the role, which eventually went to Sam Neill.[80] Laura Dern was cast as Ellie Sattler,[81] after Robin Wright and Juliette Binoche turned down offers to play the character.[82][83] Stacy Haiduk,[84] Gwyneth Paltrow, and Helen Hunt had also auditioned for the role.[85]

Casting director Janet Hirshenson felt that Jeff Goldblum was right to play Ian Malcolm after reading the novel, although Jim Carrey also auditioned for the role.[86] According to Hirshenson, Carrey "was terrific, too, but I think pretty quickly we all loved the idea of Jeff".[87] Richard Attenborough was cast as John Hammond, but was initially hesitant to join the project, which marked his first acting role in 14 years. He eventually signed on at the insistence of Spielberg, who told him, "I can't see anyone else playing it but you".[88] Neill, Dern, Goldblum, and Attenborough were cast late in pre-production, with only a few weeks to prepare for their roles.[89] According to Neill, the process "all happened real quick. I hadn't read the book, knew nothing about it, hadn't heard anything about it, and in a matter of weeks I'm working with Spielberg".[87] The start of filming was delayed a month to accommodate Neill's schedule.[90]

Ariana Richards, who plays Lex Murphy, said: "I was called into a casting office, and they just wanted me to scream. I heard later on that Steven had watched a few girls on tape that day, and I was the only one who ended up waking his sleeping wife on the couch, and she came running through the hallway to see if the kids were all right".[87] Christina Ricci also auditioned to play Lex.[91] Joseph Mazzello had screen-tested for a role in Hook, but was deemed too young. Spielberg promised him they would work together on a future film, subsequently casting him for the role of Tim.[87]

Hirshenson, who previously cast Whoopi Goldberg in the 1990 film Ghost, had Samuel L. Jackson audition as Ray Arnold after Goldberg noted his performance in the 1991 film Jungle Fever. Spielberg and Hirshenson were instantly impressed with Jackson and gave him the role.[52] Spielberg chose Wayne Knight to play Dennis Nedry after seeing him in the 1992 film Basic Instinct.[69][92] BD Wong was cast as Dr. Henry Wu, both of Asian descent. He was disappointed by how small the role turned out to be compared with the novel,[93] believing the character's reduced screentime to be the result of "racial exclusion".[72] Cameron Thor had worked with Spielberg on Hook, and initially auditioned to play Malcolm, before being cast as Dodgson.[74] Molen took on the small role of Dr. Harding.[73] In the novel, Richard Kiley provides the voice of the guide for the park's tour vehicles. For the film, Kiley was cast in the same role.[94]

### Design

[edit]

The film features customized Ford Explorers (top) and Jeep Wranglers

Production designer Rick Carter did not want the fictional theme park to have "a lot of commercialized edifices that feel shallow and overly bright and overly energetic. Even though that is something that the park would probably evolve into if it were finished, I thought as a film it would feel shallow. This is, after all, not Disneyland."[95] The exterior design of the park's visitor center was loosely based on a Jerusalem temple.[96] The interior design featured a dinosaur theme, including skeletons and a mural, the latter by artist Doug Henderson.[97][98] For the control room, set designer Lauren Cory referred to computer environments at several theme parks as well as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[99][100] The set included a wall-mounted 6-by-8-foot (1.8 m × 2.4 m) screen and numerous computers,[99] lent by Apple, Silicon Graphics and Thinking Machines Corporation.[101][102][103]

The park's vehicles were designed by art director John Bell.[104] Crichton's book has electric-powered Toyota Land Cruisers as the tour vehicles, but Spielberg made a deal with the Ford Motor Company, which provided seven Ford Explorers.[105][106] They received a custom paint job and a plexiglass roof. Like in the novel, the vehicles are presented as autonomous cars. They travel on a track that, in reality, was non-functional.[107] Industrial Light & Magic, along with veteran customizer George Barris, modified the Explorers to be controlled by drivers hidden in the trunk of the vehicles,[108][109] with front-mounted cameras allowing them to see the road. Barris also customized Jeep Wranglers used by the park's workers.[110]

In the film, Dodgson gives Nedry a container, disguised as a can of shaving cream, which is used to transport the stolen dinosaur embryos.[111][112] According to Bell, the script did not specify a brand of shaving cream, so he browsed at a drug store and eventually chose Barbasol for its distinctive design.[14][104][113] In addition, Bell designed night vision goggles used by Tim, prior to the T. rex breakout.[113]

The decision was made to forego a costume designer.[114] Instead, Molen brought on the costume supervisors from Hook, who selected ready-to-wear clothing for the cast from various retailers. Malcolm's all-black outfit was an aspect lifted from the novel, and Goldblum added to it by wearing a black leather jacket. Hammond's all-white outfit was meant to evoke him as a sort of religious figure or deity.[115]

### Filming

[edit]

#### Hawaii

[edit]

Much of the Hawaiian shoot took place on the island of Kauai, with many of the locations standing in for Isla Nublar

The film's fictional setting of Isla Nublar is located near Costa Rica, which was briefly considered as a filming location early on; this idea was scrapped as production would have occurred during the country's rainy season. Puerto Rico was seriously considered as well, until Spielberg settled on Kauai, Hawaii. He attributed this decision to his age: "Had I been twenty-six instead of forty-five, I might have gone to Yucatan or the Philippines or Costa Rica–someplace really rugged." He also liked the idea of "staying in a nice Hawaiian hotel with room service and a pool", while stating that the tropical landscapes were as good, or better than, the alternative sites.[116] In addition, Spielberg was familiar with Hawaii, having filmed there in the past, and was concerned about infrastructure and accessibility at the other locations.[14] Set construction began in early June 1992, nearly three months before the start of filming. Some of the locations were remote and only accessible with off-road vehicles.[117]

Scenes involving Isla Nublar's helipad were shot at Manawaiopuna Falls

After 25 months of pre-production, filming began on August 24, 1992, at Olokele Canyon.[118][102] The three-week Kauai shoot was focused on exterior scenes, many of them set on Isla Nublar during daytime.[17] Spontaneous cloud coverage occurred frequently, necessitating the use of lighting and film exposure tricks in order to match with previously shot footage.[119] Scenes of the park's visitors arriving and departing Isla Nublar, via helicopter, were filmed at Manawaiopuna Falls, which became commonly known as Jurassic Falls after the film's release.[120] Keopuka Rock, alternatively known as Jurassic Rock, was used for an early shot of the helicopter as it approaches Isla Nublar. The rock is located near the island of Maui, but filming otherwise continued on Kauai.[121][122]

The exterior of the Jurassic Park visitor center was built on the grounds of the Valley House Plantation Estate.[123] It was constructed as a 60-foot (18 m)-high facade, nearly 200 feet (61 m) in length.[124] A Jurassic Park gate, marking the start of the theme park tour, was built at the base of Mount Waialeale.[125]

Trees at Allerton Garden, used for a scene involving a dinosaur nest

An early scene, set at an amber mine in the Dominican Republic, was filmed near Hoʻopiʻi Falls.[126][121] A meeting between Nedry and Dodgson was shot in Kapaa, standing in for San José, Costa Rica.[127] The raptor enclosure set was built at Limahuli Garden and Preserve, operated by the National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG).[128] Allerton Garden, another NTBG property, was used in two instances: a set depicting the maintenance shed exterior, and a scene in which Grant discovers a dinosaur nest and realizes the animals are breeding.[129]

Towering fences, standing 24 feet (7.3 m), were among the on-site construction work, representing the electrified perimeters of the T. rex enclosure during daytime scenes. Despite the simple design of the fencing, the project proved to be one of the most difficult for the production crew, as one of the filming sites was the remote Olokele Canyon. Special effects supervisor Michael Lantieri said "we had to haul all of this steel up there, drill holes like you would for telephone poles, pour concrete, and then pull all of the cables, which were three-quarter-inch aluminum with steel in the middle."[130]

Kualoa Ranch on Oahu, where the Gallimimus scene was filmed

The longest stretch of fence measured over 200 feet (61 m), and more than six miles of cable were used in total. Spielberg wanted to avoid sagging in the cables, so the crew hired workers from a local company that was experienced with power lines. Lantieri called the project "an enormous job—and for very little payoff. People will look at the movie and say, 'Oh, there's a fence,' never realizing what it took to get it there."[130] The canyon location was used for a scene in which Grant and the children, on their way to the visitor center, must climb over the fence to proceed.[131]

On September 11, 1992, the last scheduled day of the Kauai shoot, Hurricane Iniki passed directly over the island. The cast and crew found out too late about the impending hurricane and took shelter at their hotel. Spielberg and a small crew ventured outside during the hurricane to capture brief footage, used in the film to depict the storm that hits Isla Nublar. A final scene, depicting a Gallimimus herd, was to be shot on Kauai, but the island was ravaged by the hurricane.[132][133] The scene was instead filmed two weeks later at Kualoa Ranch, located on the island of Oahu. With its high cliffs, the ranch was considered more attractive than the empty plain that was originally planned for the scene.[134] Despite the hurricane, the Hawaiian shoot came in essentially on budget and on schedule.[135]

#### California

[edit]

Most of the filming in California occurred on sound stages, primarily at the Universal Studios Lot

By September 15, 1992, the cast and crew had moved to California, where the remainder of filming was scheduled to take place, primarily on sound stages.[135] The majority of stage shooting occurred at the Universal Studios Lot in the Los Angeles area.[136] Among the first sets to be used there was an industrial-sized kitchen, for when the raptors stalk Lex and Tim.[137][17] Because the kitchen was filled with reflective surfaces, Cundey had to carefully plan the illumination while also using black cloths to hide the light reflections.[138][139] The scene was shot on Stage 24,[102] and other stages at Universal would also be used for Jurassic Park.[95]

Filming moved to Stage 23 for scenes involving the maintenance shed interior, before moving to Red Rock Canyon, which stood in as Grant's paleontological dig site.[140][141] The filmmakers originally planned to shoot in Montana, where the scene is set, but this was scrapped to save time and money. Jack Horner, the film's paleontological advisor, was consulted to ensure an accurate representation of a dig site,[140] although other paleontologists have found the scene to be overly simplified and unrealistic.[142]

Filming continued to progress ahead of schedule,[143] with Spielberg crediting the project's extensive use of storyboards.[69] Back at Universal, Stage 27 was decorated with real and synthetic jungle vegetation for various scenes.[144] The stage was used initially to depict Grant helping Tim out of a tour vehicle, after it has been shoved over a cliff by the T. rex and into a tree.[136] Upon retrieving Tim, the vehicle begins to drop through the tree foliage, forcing the humans to quickly descend before being crushed. This was one of the most challenging scenes to shoot and required the creation of a 50-foot (15 m) artificial tree, made of steel, with the vehicle dropped down the tree multiple times to acquire the needed footage. Spielberg wanted the tree to appear three times taller than it actually was, so three sides were each decorated to represent a different portion of the vehicle drop.[145] The same steel structure was then redressed to serve as a different tree, for a scene in which Grant and the children take refuge and encounter a Brachiosaurus.[146][102] Stage 28 was used for scenes taking place in the park's control room and laboratory.[147] Wong shot his scene on the latter set,[148] over the course of a day or two.[149]

Stage 16 at Warner Bros. Studios was used for the T. rex breakout sequence

Universal lacked a stage large enough to accommodate the T. rex breakout set, which was instead filmed on Stage 16 at Warner Bros. Studios, located nearby.[95] Filming began there on October 27, 1992, with the stage decorated to match the Hawaii footage.[150] The sequence is set at night during a storm, and the stage included rain machines and mud, making the shoot wet and messy for the cast and crew.[151] Spielberg anticipated that the sequence could be the most difficult of the film, due to the rain machines and the logistics of using a life-sized T. rex animatronic.[152] Complications arose when the T. rex began to shake and quiver from extra weight, as the dinosaur's foam rubber skin had absorbed a significant amount of the rainwater. Crew members had to dry the model with shammys between takes.[153][138] The animatronic also lost a tooth during a scene in which it attacks the glass roof on one of the tour vehicles.[154][155]

An early shot in the sequence focuses on the dashboard of one of the vehicles, with ripples forming in a glass of water, caused by the footsteps of the approaching T. rex. This was inspired by Spielberg listening to Earth, Wind and Fire in his car, and the vibrations the bass rhythm caused. Lantieri was unsure how to create the shot until the night before filming when he put a glass of water on his guitar, which achieved the concentric circles in the water that Spielberg wanted. The next morning, guitar strings were put inside the car, and a man on the floor plucked them to achieve the effect.[27][156][157] Like Gennaro, Malcolm was originally scripted to flee in fear from the T. rex. This was changed with an on-set suggestion by Goldblum, who felt that heroic action was better. Instead, the scene features Malcolm using a flare to distract the dinosaur, allowing Grant to retrieve the children from the wrecked tour vehicle.[138]

The Warner Bros. set included the cliff that the T. rex shoves the vehicle over.[158] Koepp questioned the set design,[159] which created an apparent plot hole,[160] as the cliff would appear seemingly where the dinosaur had broken out: "I asked Steven, 'Don't you think people are going to notice that suddenly there's this cliff?' And he looked at me like I was from another planet and pointed at the great big robot of the T. rex and said, 'There's a T. rex! They're not gonna notice anything else but that!' And he was right." Also filmed at Warner Bros. was the T. rex's pursuit of a Jeep.[159] Returning to Universal, the filmmakers shot scenes involving the deaths of Nedry and Muldoon, both on Stage 27;[161][102] this location and Stage 16 were the only sound stages used for exterior scenes.[95]

The T. rex sequence at Warner Bros., shot weeks before the end of filming, made Spielberg realize the dinosaur as the main star of Jurassic Park. He felt that audiences would be disappointed if the T. rex did not make a final appearance, and had the ending changed so the dinosaur faces off against multiple raptors in the visitor center, inadvertently saving the humans.[162][27] Afterward, the T. rex makes what Spielberg described as a "King Kong roar" while a banner reading "When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth" falls.[138] As previously written, Jurassic Park would end with a single raptor pursuing the humans and Grant using a platform machine to maneuver the dinosaur into a fossil tyrannosaur's jaws.[163][164] The visitor center interior was constructed on Stage 12 at Universal. Cundey shot the finale with wide lenses to show off as much of the set as possible, but this also made the placing of on-set lights a "painstaking" process.[165] Jurassic Park wrapped under budget and 12 days ahead of schedule on November 30, 1992.[166][167]

### Dinosaurs on screen

[edit]

See also: Dinosaurs in Jurassic Park

For Jurassic Park, Spielberg sought to go beyond a simple monster movie,[14] with Carter stating that they "tried to find the animal in the dinosaur as opposed to the monster in the dinosaur. The idea was not to make them any less threatening, but rather to keep them from doing as much 'monster schtick.'"[61] Spielberg hired paleontologist Jack Horner to ensure that the dinosaurs would be designed and portrayed accurately, based on then-current knowledge of the animals.[168][169] Certain concepts about dinosaurs were followed, like the theory they evolved into birds and had very little in common with lizards. This prompted the removal of the raptors' flicking tongues in early animatics,[27] as Horner complained it was implausible.[170]

Despite the film title's referencing the Jurassic period, Brachiosaurus and Dilophosaurus are the only dinosaurs featured that lived during that time; the other species in the film did not exist until the Cretaceous.[171] The latter period is mentioned early in the film when Grant describes the ferocity of Velociraptor to a young boy, saying: "Try to imagine yourself in the Cretaceous period".[172]

#### Effects

[edit]

Dennis Muren, seen in 2007, oversaw the computer-generated dinosaurs created by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM)

The dinosaurs were created through various methods, including animatronics and computer-generated imagery (CGI).[162][173] Spielberg sought to use full-scale dinosaurs on-set as much as possible, rather than relying on stop motion, a post-production method commonly used in dinosaur films up to that point.[28] He knew, early on, that stop motion would still be needed for wide shots of the dinosaurs.[174] To help create the dinosaurs, Spielberg consulted and worked closely with Dennis Muren, an effects supervisor at Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), which had already provided effects for several of his films.[175][69] Spielberg hired Phil Tippett to create the dinosaur wide shots using go-motion, a variation of stop-motion, with ILM set to refine his work through compositing.[176]

Separately, Spielberg thought of hiring ride designer Bob Gurr to create the full-scale dinosaurs,[58] having been impressed by his work on a giant mechanical King Kong, made for the King Kong Encounter at Universal Studios Hollywood.[177][178] Upon reflection, Spielberg felt that Gurr's life-sized robots would be too expensive and unconvincing.[177][27] Spielberg then contacted effects artist Stan Winston,[179] having seen his work on the queen alien in the 1986 film Aliens. Winston said the queen was easy compared to a dinosaur animatronic, because it was lightweight and did not have to look like a real animal. Nevertheless, he was intrigued by the offer to work on Jurassic Park.[180]

Winston had one of his company artists, Mark "Crash" McCreery, create numerous dinosaur sketches.[181] These impressed Universal, which eventually hired Winston's team to make the film's on-set dinosaurs.[182] Winston and ILM also worked together on the film Terminator 2: Judgment Day, released in 1991.[183] As with previous films, Winston's workers consisted of two groups: the art department, responsible in this case for the dinosaurs' outer appearance; and the mechanical department, which would handle the technical inner workings.[184] Winston's crew created fully detailed models of the dinosaurs before molding latex skins, which were fitted over complex robotics.[27] Sound stages were considered the most ideal filming environment for the animatronics, allowing sets to be built on elevated platforms with the mechanics of the dinosaurs concealed underneath.[185]

A pre-production T. rex model, displayed at the National Museum of Cinema of Turin, Italy

In addition to wide shots, Tippett was tasked with creating go-motion animatics early on to help develop two major sequences: one depicting the T. rex breakout, and the other involving the raptors in the kitchen. His team built the dinosaur puppets and based their design on maquettes made by Winston.[186][27] Despite go motion's attempts at motion blurs, Spielberg found the end results unsatisfactory for a live-action feature film.[27] He wanted to include a stampede of dinosaur herds, but was unsure how to achieve this. After breaking new ground with the CGI effects in Terminator 2, Muren thought ILM could handle the stampede rather than Tippett: "Creating herds of animals with puppets would be very difficult, so I thought maybe that was something we might be able to do with computer graphics."[183][69]

ILM animator Steve Williams believed that more could be done with CGI than just the stampede: "All of us wanted a crack at the T-rex, but we thought we could never get it because Stan was already in there, and so was Phil. But the attraction was strong, so I secretly started building some T-rex bones in the computer." Williams scanned various photographs to create his virtual skeleton and then animated a walk cycle for it. Fellow animator Mark Dippé also believed that CGI could be used for the film on a large scale, pushing Muren for months to consider the possibility. Muren, Kennedy and Molen were impressed when Williams unveiled his skeleton animation, and Muren was given approval to explore the use of CGI for the herd shots.[187]

The T. rex animation was examined further. Winston's fifth-scale prototype of the dinosaur was scanned by Cyberware, and the data was refined with various computer programs to fit over the skeleton, creating a digital T. rex. Other programs were used to animate the creature, with the finished result impressing Spielberg so much that he scrapped the go-motion method, instead tasking ILM with creating digital dinosaurs for full-body shots.[188] Upon seeing the T. rex animation, Tippett had declared, "I think I'm extinct." Spielberg had this incorporated into the script: Grant, impressed by Jurassic Park's living dinosaurs, says to Sattler, "We're out of a job," to which Malcolm replies, "Don't you mean extinct?"[27][58]

The "Dinosaur Input Device" raptor used for the film

Tippett had assembled a 30-person crew to prepare for the go-motion segments; Spielberg did not wish to lose his expertise, and Muren sought to keep him involved with the project as an advisor to ILM's animators. Muren later noted that "this is the first generation of computer animators, and they are struggling with hardware and software limitations that make the process excruciatingly painful and slow." Although Tippett disliked computers, Muren eventually convinced him to remain involved on Jurassic Park. Tippett and the ILM team spent approximately a month learning each other's respective fields.[188]

Tippett acted as a consultant for dinosaur anatomy,[27] and his animatics were used, along with storyboards, as a reference for what would be shot during the action sequences.[138] ILM's artists were sent on private tours to a local animal park, so they could study large animals – rhinos, elephants, alligators, and giraffes – up close. They also took mime classes to aid in understanding movements.[189] Special effects work continued during post-production, as Tippett's unit adjusted to new technology with Dinosaur Input Devices:[190] models that fed information into computers, allowing them to animate the dinosaurs like stop-motion puppets. In addition, they acted out scenes with the raptors and Gallimimus.[27]

The CGI dinosaurs by ILM, based on Winston's designs,[69] took nearly a year to complete.[191] Compositing the animals onto the live action scenes took around an hour. Rendering the dinosaurs often took two to four hours per frame, while the T. rex in the rain required six hours per frame.[192] Jurassic Park has more than 50 CGI shots, with the end fight between the T. rex and raptors using all-CGI dinosaurs,[27] something that made Spielberg nervous until he saw the finished result.[193] The 127-minute film has 15 minutes of total screen time for the dinosaurs, including nine minutes of animatronics and six minutes of CGI.[154][194][195]

#### List

[edit]

See also: Rexy and Velociraptors in Jurassic Park

The life-sized animatronic Tyrannosaurus rex on the set. It is the largest sculpture ever made by Stan Winston Studio.[196]

Various dinosaurs are featured throughout the film:

* Alamosaurus appears as a skeleton in the Jurassic Park visitor center.[197]
* Brachiosaurus is the first dinosaur the park's visitors see. It is inaccurately depicted as chewing its food and standing up on its hind legs to browse among the high tree branches.[198] According to artist Andy Schoneberg, the chewing was done to make the animal seem docile, resembling a cow chewing its cud. The dinosaur's head and upper neck was the largest puppet without hydraulics built for the film.[199] Despite scientific evidence of Brachiosaurus having limited vocal capabilities, sound designer Gary Rydstrom decided to represent them with whale songs and donkey calls to give them a melodic sense of wonder. Penguins were also recorded to be used in the noises of the dinosaurs.[198]
* Dilophosaurus is also very different from its real-life counterpart, made significantly smaller to ensure audiences did not confuse it with the raptors.[200] Its neck frill and its ability to spit venom are fictitious. Its vocal sounds were made by combining a swan, a hawk, a howler monkey, and a rattlesnake.[27] The animatronic model, nicknamed "Spitter" by Winston's team, was animated by the puppeteers sitting on a trench in the set floor, using a paintball mechanism to spit the mixture of methyl cellulose and K-Y Jelly that served as venom.[201]
* Gallimimus are featured in a stampede scene in which the Tyrannosaurus eats one of them. The Gallimimus was the first dinosaur to be digitized, featured in two ILM tests, initially as a herd of skeletons and then fully skinned while pursued by the T. rex.[27] Its design was based on ostriches, and to emphasize the birdlike qualities, the animation focused mostly on the herd rather than individual animals.[202] As reference for the dinosaurs' run, the animators were filmed running at the ILM parking lot, with plastic pipes standing in as a fallen tree that the Gallimimus jump over.[203] The footage inspired the incorporation of an animal falling, as one of the artists did trying to make the jump.[189] Horse squeals became the Gallimimus's sounds.[204]
* Parasaurolophus appear in the background during the first encounter with the Brachiosaurus.[205]
* Triceratops has an extended cameo, depicted as sick from eating a toxic plant. Its appearance was a logistical nightmare for Winston when Spielberg asked to shoot the animatronic of the sick creature earlier than expected.[206] The model, operated by eight puppeteers on Kauai, was the first dinosaur filmed during production,[14] and was the only one brought to Hawaii for filming.[37] Winston also created a baby Triceratops for Richards to ride, a scene cut from the script for pacing reasons.[207] Rydstrom combined the sound of himself breathing into a cardboard tube with the cows near his workplace at Skywalker Ranch to create the Triceratops vocals.[204]
* The Tyrannosaurus (an individual later referred to by fans as "Rexy")[208] was partly represented by a life-sized animatronic, which stood 6.1 metres (20 ft), weighed 7,900 kilograms (17,400 lb),[209] and was 12 metres (40 ft) long.[210] It was the largest creature made by Winston's studio up to that point.[211] Horner called it "the closest I've ever been to a live dinosaur".[210] While the consulting paleontologists did not agree on the dinosaur's movement, particularly its running capabilities, animator Steve Williams decided to "throw physics out the window and create a T. rex that moved at sixty miles per hour even though its hollow bones would have busted if it ran that fast".[212] The major reason was the T. rex chasing a Jeep, a scene that took two months to finish.[198] The dinosaur is depicted with a vision system based on movement, though later studies indicate the T. rex had binocular vision comparable to a bird of prey.[213] Its roar is a baby elephant's squeal combined with alligator and crocodile noises as well as a tiger's snarl and a lion's roar,[198][214][215] its grunts those of a male koala,[216] and its breath a whale's blow.[198] A dog attacking a rope toy was used for the sounds of the T. rex tearing a Gallimimus apart,[27] while cut sequoias crashing to the ground became the sound of its footsteps.[138]
* Velociraptor plays a major role in the film. The creature's depiction is not based on the actual dinosaur genus, which was significantly smaller. Crichton instead based his version on Deinonychus, which his research had indicated to be a Velociraptor relative.[217] He kept the Velociraptor name as he thought it sounded more dramatic.[218] Shortly before Jurassic Park's release,[219] the similar Utahraptor was discovered, although it proved even bigger than the film's raptors. This prompted Winston to joke, "After we created it, they discovered it".[210] For the attack on Muldoon and parts of the kitchen sequence, the raptors were played by men in suits.[220] Other methods would also be used to portray the dinosaurs, including on-set puppets.[221] During a take on the kitchen set, one of the raptors slammed into Mazzello, who sustained a minor head injury from its hand claw.[222][223] Dolphin screams, walruses bellowing, geese hissing,[27] an African crane's mating call, tortoises mating, and human rasps were mixed to formulate various raptor sounds.[198][216][204] Following discoveries made after the film's release, most paleontologists theorize that dromaeosaurs like Velociraptor and Deinonychus were covered with feathers like modern birds. This feature is included in Jurassic Park III for the male raptors, which have a row of small quills on their heads.[224]

### Post-production

[edit]

Editing had already started during filming, and within days of wrapping, Kahn had a rough cut ready, allowing Spielberg to start filming Schindler's List.[225] During this time, Spielberg left Kennedy in charge of the day-to-day post-production responsibilities on Jurassic Park.[226] He monitored the progress while filming in Poland,[227] and had teleconferences four times a week with ILM's crew.[203] Spielberg estimated that 40 percent of the post-production process was done through this long-distance arrangement.[69] He said working simultaneously on two vastly different productions was "a bipolar experience", where he used "every ounce of intuition on Schindler's List and every ounce of craft on Jurassic Park".[203]

Along with the digital effects, Spielberg wanted the film to be the first with digital sound. He funded the creation of DTS (Digital Theater Systems) to allow audiences to "really hear the movie the way it was intended to be heard".[203] The sound effects crew was supervised by Spielberg's friend and ILM founder George Lucas.[228] Spielberg flew on weekends from Poland to Paris, where he met with sound designer Gary Rydstrom for updates. Rydstrom considered the sound process fun, given the film had all kinds of noise—animal sounds, rain, gunshots, car crashes—and at times no music.[203] The process was finished by the end of April 1993.[198]

As well as the CGI dinosaurs, ILM also created elements such as water splashing and digital face replacement for Ariana Richards's stunt double.[27] Software used to create the dinosaurs and other visual effects included Pixar's RenderMan and Softimage 3D.[229][230] ILM also used the program Viewpaint, which allowed the visual effects artists to paint color and texture directly onto the surface of the computer models.[231] Jurassic Park was completed on May 28, 1993, after ILM concluded its CGI work.[232]

## Music

[edit]

Main article: Jurassic Park (film score)

John Williams, a frequent composer of Spielberg's films,[37] began scoring Jurassic Park at the end of February 1993, and it was recorded a month later. Alexander Courage and John Neufeld provided the score's orchestrations.[198] As with the Spielberg film Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Williams felt he needed to write "pieces that would convey a sense of 'awe' and fascination", given that the film dealt with the "overwhelming happiness and excitement" of seeing live dinosaurs. More suspenseful scenes such as the Tyrannosaurus attack required frightening themes.[233] The first soundtrack album was released on May 25, 1993.[234] For the 20th anniversary of the film's release, a new soundtrack was issued for digital download on April 9, 2013, including four bonus tracks selected by Williams.[235]

## Marketing

[edit]

1917 skeletal diagram of Tyrannosaurus published by Henry Fairfield Osborn, which was the basis of the novel's cover, and subsequently the logo of the movies.[236]

Universal took the lengthy pre-production period to carefully plan the Jurassic Park marketing campaign.[105] It cost $65 million and included deals with 100 companies to market 1,000 products.[237][238] These included: several Jurassic Park video games by Sega and Ocean Software;[239] a toy line by Kenner distributed by Hasbro;[240] McDonald's "Dino-Sized meals";[105] and a novelization for young children.[241]

Much care was put into creating a logo that would serve to equally represent the fictional park and promote the movie and its tie-in products. Universal creative director Tom Martin joined forces with the design firm of Mike Salisbury, and out of 100 designs came one created by Sandy Collora, one of Winston's employees. The design took the T. rex skeleton drawn by Chip Kidd for the book's cover, put it into a circle, and added a rectangle with the title to create a badge-like structure. A jungle silhouette was added underneath for scale, and a Neuland typeface was used on the title.[242][243] John Alvin was hired to design the film's poster; he went through many revisions,[244] with the final design simply using the film's T. rex logo.[236]

Neill recalled that the film was essentially marketed by Universal with the idea that the studio "could make huge blockbusters without 'movie stars", stating, "This was true enough, but I think it slightly irked us, the actors, to be reminded from time to time we were not real 'stars.'"[245] Universal would instead tease the film's dinosaurs as the primary attraction.[246] A teaser trailer was released in December 1992, in which a mine worker discovers a piece of amber that would be used by the theme park. A full trailer debuted shortly thereafter, providing only a fleeting glimpse of the dinosaurs,[247][248] a tactic described by journalist Josh Horowitz, in 2007, as "that old Spielberg axiom of never revealing too much".[249] The film was marketed with the tagline "An Adventure 65 Million Years in the Making". This was a joke Spielberg made on set about the genuine, thousands of years old mosquito in amber used for Hammond's walking stick.[250] Jurassic Park was heavily marketed against its primary competitor, Last Action Hero, which ultimately struggled at the box office and with critics.[246]

## Release

[edit]

### Theatrical

[edit]

Jurassic Park premiered at the Uptown Theater in Washington, D.C. on June 9, 1993,[251][252] in support of two children's charities.[253] The film had previews on 1,412 screens starting at 9:30 pm EDT on Thursday, June 10, and officially opened on Friday in 2,404 theater locations and an estimated 3,400 screens.[254][255][256] Following the film's release, a traveling exhibition called "The Dinosaurs of Jurassic Park" began, showcasing dinosaur skeletons and film props.[257] The film began its international release on June 25, in Brazil before further openings in South America and then rolling out around most of the rest of the world from July 16 until October.[258] The United Kingdom premiere helped save the Lyric Theatre in Carmarthen, Wales from closure, an event chronicled in the 2022 film Save the Cinema.[259]

#### Re-releases

[edit]

In anticipation of the film's Blu-ray release, Jurassic Park had a digital print released in UK cinemas on September 23, 2011.[260]

Poster for the 2013 3D re-release

Two years later, for the 20th anniversary of Jurassic Park, a 3D version of the film was released in cinemas.[261] Spielberg declared that he had produced the film with a sort of "subconscious 3D", as scenes feature animals walking toward the cameras and some effects of foreground and background overlay.[262] In 2011, he stated that Jurassic Park was the only one of his works he had considered for a conversion.[263] Once he saw the 3D version of Titanic in 2012, he liked the new look of the film so much that he hired the same retrofitting company, Stereo D. Spielberg and cinematographer Janusz Kamiński closely supervised the nine-month process in-between the production of Lincoln.[262][264] Stereo D executive Aaron Parry said the conversion was an evolution of what the company had done with Titanic, "being able to capitalize on everything we learned with Jim [James Cameron] on Titanic and take it into a different genre and movie, and one with so many technical achievements". The studio had the help of ILM, which contributed some elements and updated effects shots for a better visual enhancement.[265] It opened in the United States and seven other territories on April 5, 2013,[266] with other countries receiving the re-release over the following six months.[267] In 2018, the film was re-released in select theaters to celebrate its 25th anniversary.[268][269][270] On August 25, 2023, the 3D version of the film was re-released in theaters to celebrate its 30th anniversary.[271]

### Home media

[edit]

Jurassic Park was first officially released on VHS by CIC Video on October 3, 1994, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, where it had an exclusive seven-week rental window before going on sale on November 21.[272] In the rest of the world, it was officially released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 4, 1994 (by MCA/Universal Home Video in the United States).[273] Despite the official release date, most US retailers decided not to wait that long and were selling it by 1 October.[274] With 17 million units sold,[275] Jurassic Park is the fifth-best-selling VHS tape ever.[276] Three years later, a THX certified Widescreen VHS was released on September 9, 1997.[277][278]

The film was also first released as a Collector's Edition DVD and VHS on October 10, 2000, in both Widescreen (1.85:1) and Full Screen (1.33:1) versions, and as part of a box set with the sequel The Lost World: Jurassic Park and both movies' soundtrack albums.[279][280] It was the 13th-best-selling DVD of 2000 counting both versions, finishing the year with 910,000 units sold.[281] Following the release of Jurassic Park III, a new box set with all the films called Jurassic Park Trilogy was released on December 11, 2001.[282] It was repackaged as Jurassic Park Adventure Pack on November 29, 2005.[283]

The trilogy was released on Blu-ray on October 25, 2011,[284] debuting at number five on the Blu-ray charts,[285] and nominated as the best release of the year by both the Las Vegas Film Critics Society[286] and the Saturn Awards.[287] In 2012, Jurassic Park was among twenty-five films chosen by Universal for a box set celebrating the studio's 100th anniversary,[288] while also receiving a standalone 100th anniversary Blu-ray featuring an augmented reality cover.[289] The following year, the 20th anniversary 3D conversion was issued on Blu-ray 3D.[290]

The film, alongside The Lost World, Jurassic Park III and Jurassic World, was released as part of a 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray box set on May 22, 2018, in honor of the original film's 25th anniversary.[291]

#### Television premiere

[edit]

Jurassic Park was broadcast on television for the first time on NBC on May 7, 1995, following the April 26 airing of The Making of Jurassic Park.[292] Some 68.12 million people tuned in, garnering NBC a 36 percent share of all available viewers that night. Jurassic Park was the highest-rated theatrical film broadcast on television by any network compared to theatrical film ratings since April 1987.[293] In June–July 1995, the film aired a number of times on the Turner Network Television (TNT) network.[293]

## Reception

[edit]

### Box office

[edit]

Jurassic Park became the highest-grossing film released worldwide up to that time, replacing Spielberg's own E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982).[294] It grossed $3.1 million from Thursday night screenings in the United States and Canada on June 10, and $50.1 million in its first weekend from 2,404 theaters, breaking the opening weekend record set by Batman Returns the year before.[255][246] Jurassic Park held that record until 1995 when Batman Forever took it.[295] It grossed a record $81.7 million by the end of its first week,[296] and reached $100 million in a record nine days,[297] and remained at number one for three weeks. It eventually grossed $357 million in the US and Canada, ranking second of all-time behind E.T.[298][299] Box Office Mojo estimates the film sold over 86.2 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[3]

Jurassic Park also did very well in international markets and was the first film to gross $500 million overseas, surpassing the record $280 million overseas gross of E.T.[300][301] In Brazil, it also set an opening weekend record with a gross of $1,738,198 from 141 screens.[297] It went on to break further opening records around the world including in the United Kingdom, Japan, India, South Korea, Mexico, Germany, Australia, Taiwan, Italy, Denmark, South Africa and France.[302][303][304][305] In Japan, the film grossed $8.4 million from 237 screens in two days (including previews).[302]

In the United Kingdom, Jurassic Park also beat the opening weekend record set by Batman Returns with a gross of £4.875 million ($7.4 million) from 434 screens, including a record £443,000 from Thursday night previews, and also beat Terminator 2: Judgment Day's opening week record, with £9.2 million.[302][306][307][308] The film held the UK record until it was beaten by Independence Day in 1996.[309] After 12 days of grossing over £1 million a day, Jurassic Park was the eighth highest-grossing film of all time in the UK.[310] After just three weeks, it became the highest-grossing, surpassing Ghost and eventually doubling the record with a gross of £47.9 million.[311][312] It spent a record eight consecutive weekends at the top of the UK box office.[313] Jurassic Park would remain as Europe's box office leader before being surpassed by Aladdin.[314]

In Australia, the film had the widest release ever and was the first to open with a one-day gross of more than A$1 million, grossing A$5,447,000 (US$3.6 million) in its first four days from 192 screens, beating the opening record of Terminator 2 and the weekly record set by The Bodyguard with a gross of A$6.8 million.[315][316][303] In the same weekend, it also set an opening record in Germany with a gross of DM 16.8 million ($10.5 million) from 644 screens.[303][315] In Italy, it had the widest release ever in 344 theaters and grossed a record Lire 9.5 billion ($6.1 million).[304] After 115 days of release, it surpassed E.T. as the highest-grossing film worldwide of all time.[317] It eventually opened in France on October 20, 1993, and grossed a record 75 million F ($13 million) in its opening week from over 515 screens.[318][305] Its first week admissions in France of almost 2.3 million surpassed the previous record set by Rambo: First Blood Part II in 1985.[319]

The film set all-time records in, among others, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Japan (in US Dollars), Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Spain, Thailand and the United Kingdom.[258][320][321][301][322][323] Ultimately the film grossed $914 million worldwide in its initial release,[5] with Spielberg reportedly earning over $250 million, the most a director or actor had earned from one film at the time.[324][258] Its record gross was surpassed in 1998 by Titanic, the first film to gross over $1 billion.[325]

The 2011 UK release grossed £245,422 ($786,021) from 276 theaters, finishing at eleventh on the weekend box office list.[326] The 3D re-release in 2013 opened at fourth place in the US, with $18.6 million from 2,771 locations. IMAX showings accounted for over $6 million, with the 32 percent being the highest IMAX share ever for a nationwide release.[327] The reissue earned $45.4 million in the United States and Canada. The international release had its most successful weekend in late August, when it managed to climb to the top of the box office with a $28.8 million debut in China.[328] This helped to bring the film's lifetime gross to $1.03 billion.[329] Jurassic Park was the 17th, and oldest, film to surpass the $1 billion mark,[330] and the only film by Universal to achieve this until 2015, when the studio released Furious 7, Minions, and the fourth Jurassic Park installment Jurassic World.[331]

Jurassic Park earned an additional $374,238 in 2018 for its 25th anniversary re-release.[332] In June 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic closing most theaters worldwide and limiting what films played, Jurassic Park returned to 230 theaters (mostly drive-ins). It grossed $517,600, finishing in first for the fourth time in its history.[333] As of 2025, Jurassic Park remains among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time, both in the US and Canada (not adjusted for inflation) and worldwide.[334][335] It also remains the highest-grossing film directed by Spielberg.[336]

### Critical response

[edit]

Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively reported an approval rating of 92% based on 142 reviews, with an average rating of 8.50/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Jurassic Park is a spectacle of special effects and lifelike animatronics, with some of Spielberg's best sequences of sustained awe and sheer terror since Jaws".[7] Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on reviews from 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[1] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[337]

Janet Maslin of The New York Times called it "a true movie milestone, presenting awe- and fear-inspiring sights never before seen on the screen [...] On paper, this story is tailor-made for Mr. Spielberg's talents [but] [i]t becomes less crisp on screen than it was on the page, with much of the enjoyable jargon either mumbled confusingly or otherwise thrown away".[338] In Rolling Stone, Peter Travers called the film "colossal entertainment—the eye-popping, mind-bending, kick-out-the-jams thrill ride of summer and probably the year [...] Compared with the dinos, the characters are dry bones, indeed. Crichton and co-screenwriter David Koepp have flattened them into nonentities on the trip from page to screen".[339] Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four: "The movie delivers all too well on its promise to show us dinosaurs. We see them early and often, and they are indeed a triumph of special effects artistry, but the movie is lacking other qualities that it needs even more, such as a sense of awe and wonderment, and strong human story values".[340] Henry Sheehan of Sight & Sound argued: "The complaints over Jurassic Park's lack of story and character sound a little off the point", noting the story arc of Grant learning to protect Hammond's grandchildren despite his initial dislike of them.[67] Caroline Westbrook of Empire gave the film five stars, calling it "quite simply one of the greatest blockbusters of all time".[341]

### Accolades

[edit]

Year | Award | Category | Nominees | Result

|
|
|
|

1993  | Bambi Awards[342] | International Film  | Jurassic Park | Won
1994  | 66th Academy Awards[343][344] | Best Sound Effects Editing | Gary Rydstrom and Richard Hymns | Won
Best Sound | Gary Summers, Gary Rydstrom, Shawn Murphy and Ron Judkins | Won
Best Visual Effects | Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Phil Tippett and Michael Lantieri | Won
Saturn Awards[345] | Best Direction | Steven Spielberg | Won
Best Science Fiction Film | Jurassic Park | Won
Best Special Effects | Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Phil Tippett and Michael Lantieri  | Won
Best Writing | Michael Crichton and David Koepp | Won
Best Actress  | Laura Dern | Nominated
Best Supporting Actor  | Jeff Goldblum | Nominated
Wayne Knight | Nominated
Best Performance by a Young Actor  | Joseph Mazzello | Nominated
Ariana Richards | Nominated
Best Music  | John Williams | Nominated
Best Costumes  |  | Nominated
Awards of the Japanese Academy[346] | Best Foreign Film | Jurassic Park | Won
BAFTA Awards[347] | Best Special Visual Effects | Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Phil Tippett and Michael Lantieri  | Won
Best Sound  | Gary Summers, Gary Rydstrom, Shawn Murphy and Ron Judkins  | Nominated
BMI Film Music Award[348] | BMI Film Music Award  | John Williams  | Won
Blue Ribbon Awards[349] | Best Foreign Language Film  | Steven Spielberg  | Won
Bram Stoker Award[350] | Screenplay  | Michael Crichton and David Koepp  | Nominated
Cinema Audio Society[351] | Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Feature Film  | Gary Summers, Gary Rydstrom, Shawn Murphy and Ron Judkins  | Nominated
Czech Lions[352] | Best Foreign Language Film  | Steven Spielberg  | Won
Grammy Awards[353] | Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television  | John Williams  | Nominated
MTV Movie Awards[354] | Best Action Sequence  |  | Nominated
Best Movie  | Jurassic Park | Nominated
Best Villain  | T. rex | Nominated
Mainichi Film Concours[355] | Best Foreign Language Film (Fan Choice)  | Steven Spielberg  | Won
Motion Picture Sound Editors[356] | Best Sound Editing  |  | Won
People's Choice Awards[357] | Favorite All-Around Movie  | Jurassic Park | Won
Young Artist Awards[358] | Best Youth Actor Co-Starring in a Motion Picture Drama  | Joseph Mazzello  | Won
Best Youth Actress Leading Role in a Motion Picture Drama  | Ariana Richards  | Won
Outstanding Family Motion Picture – Action/Adventure  | Jurassic Park | Won
Hugo Awards[359] | Best Dramatic Presentation | Jurassic Park | Won

## Legacy

[edit]

Over the years, film critics and industry professionals have often cited Jurassic Park as one of the greatest and most influential movies in history. In 2001, the American Film Institute named Jurassic Park the 35th-most thrilling film of all time.[360] Two years later, Empire called the first encounter with a Brachiosaurus the 28th-most magical moment in cinema.[361] In 2004, Empire judged Jurassic Park to be the sixth-most influential film in the magazine's 15-year lifetime.[362] Film Review, in 2005, declared the film to be one of the five most important in the magazine's 55-year history.[363]

Jurassic Park is included in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die,[364] and in a 2007 list by The Guardian of "1000 films to see before you die".[365] In 2008, an Empire poll of readers, filmmakers, and critics also rated it one of the 500 greatest films of all time.[366] In a 2010 poll, the readers of Entertainment Weekly rated it the greatest summer movie of the previous 20 years.[367] In 2014, it was ranked as one of the 50 greatest films of all time in an extensive poll undertaken by The Hollywood Reporter, which balloted every studio, agency, publicity firm and production house in the Hollywood region.[368] In 2018, Jurassic Park was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, which deemed it "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[369]

In 2019, Mattel produced a line of new toys, including figures based on the film's characters.[370] The film's 30th anniversary was marked with the release of various merchandise,[371] including new toys from Mattel and Lego,[372][373] as well as an event at San Diego Comic-Con.[374]

### Impact

[edit]

Jurassic Park had a wide-ranging impact, particularly as an influence on other films due to its breakthrough use of computer-generated imagery.[375][376][377] The film is regarded as a landmark for visual effects.[378][379][380] Film historian Tom Shone said of the film's innovation and influence, "in its way, Jurassic Park heralded a revolution in movies as profound as the coming of sound in 1927".[381][382] Numerous filmmakers saw the effects as a realization that many of their visions, previously thought unfeasible or too expensive, were now possible.[362] ILM owner George Lucas, realizing the success of creating realistic live dinosaurs by his own company, began work on the Star Wars prequel trilogy;[383] Stanley Kubrick decided to invest in pet project A.I. Artificial Intelligence, which he later got Spielberg to direct;[362] and Peter Jackson began to re-explore his childhood love of fantasy films, a path that led him to The Lord of the Rings and King Kong.[384] Jurassic Park also inspired films and documentaries with dinosaurs such as the American adaptation of Godzilla, Carnosaur (in which Dern's mother Diane Ladd starred), and Walking with Dinosaurs.[362] Winston, enthusiastic about the new technology pioneered by the film, joined with IBM and director James Cameron to form a new special effects company, Digital Domain.[385]

Jurassic Park was also praised for its modern portrayal of dinosaurs.[386] The film has been said to have given rise to a Jurassic Park generation: young people who were inspired to become paleontologists.[387] Among the general public, the film also created an interest in dinosaurs, leading to increased funding for paleontology. This, combined with the rising number of paleontologists, resulted in a surge of dinosaur discoveries.[386]

Jurassic Park's impact extended internationally. It started a trend of dubbing US films into Hindi for the Indian market and was the highest-grossing US film in India at the time with a gross of $3 million.[388] In Canada, the Toronto Raptors, a National Basketball Association team founded in 1995, was named so as a result of the film's popularity.[389] In addition, fans watch the team's playoff games on a large television at Maple Leaf Square, nicknamed Jurassic Park.[390]

### Franchise

[edit]

Further information: Jurassic Park and Jurassic Park video games

The Jurassic Park Discovery Center at Islands of Adventure

Jurassic Park was the beginning of a multimedia franchise. Following the film's success, Crichton wrote a sequel novel, titled The Lost World and released in 1995. Spielberg and Koepp returned respectively as director and writer for the 1997 film adaptation, The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[391] Crichton did not write any further novels in the series, although additional films would be made, featuring previously unused elements from the two books. Spielberg has served as executive producer for subsequent films,[392] which include Jurassic Park III (2001), Jurassic World (2015), Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018), Jurassic World Dominion (2022), and Jurassic World Rebirth (2025). The original film remains the highest rated among critics.[393][394]

The film's story was originally continued in numerous comics, starting in 1993.[395] Two video game sequels, Jurassic Park 2: The Chaos Continues and Jurassic Park: Rampage Edition, would also be released in 1994. Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis, based on the film's concept of building a dinosaur theme park, was released in 2003. Two subsequent games are set shortly after the events of the film – Jurassic Park: The Game, released in 2011;[239][395] and the upcoming Jurassic Park: Survival, announced in 2023.[396]

The film's success also resulted in theme park attractions, with Jurassic Park: The Ride opening at Universal Studios Hollywood in 1996. Other Universal parks would subsequently add their own Jurassic Park rides.[397] Universal Islands of Adventure, opened in Orlando, Florida in 1999,[398] has an entire section dedicated to Jurassic Park that includes many rides and attractions.[399][400]

## See also

[edit]

* List of films featuring dinosaurs
* Survival film
* Mundane science fiction

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Jurassic Park Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
2. ^ "Jurassic Park (1993)". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on June 10, 2022. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
3. ^ a b "Jurassic Park (1993)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on August 4, 2016. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
4. ^ "Jurassic Park". The Numbers. Retrieved February 21, 2024.
5. ^ a b "The Box Office Legacy Of 'Jurassic Park,' 20 Years Later". Forbes. April 5, 2013.
6. ^ "It's a Titanic hit". The Tampa Tribune. February 25, 1998. p. 37\. Archived from the original on August 22, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2022 - via Newspapers.com.
7. ^ a b "Jurassic Park (1993)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2021.
8. ^ Weiss, Josh (June 8, 2023). "Whit Hertford, Jurassic Park's '6-Foot Turkey' Kid, On Working with Spielberg: 'He's a Very Calm Presence'". Syfy. Retrieved February 20, 2025.
9. ^ "Jurassic Park". MichaelCrichton.com. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
10. ^ Crichton, Michael (2001). Michael Crichton on the Jurassic Park Phenomenon (DVD). Universal.
11. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 6.
12. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 6–7.
13. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 12.
14. ^ a b c d e f "Return to Jurassic Park: Dawn of a New Era". Jurassic Park (Blu-ray ed.). 2011.
15. ^ a b c McBride 1997, p. 416–9.
16. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 7–8.
17. ^ a b c DVD Production Notes
18. ^ Hammer, Joshua (June 24, 1990). "The Blockbuster Game". Newsweek. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
19. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 1, 7.
20. ^ Frost, Caroline (September 11, 2012). "Titanic Director James Cameron Reveals He Wanted 'Jurassic Park', But Steven Spielberg Beat Him To It". Huffington Post. Retrieved September 11, 2022.
21. ^ Clark, Travis (April 3, 2018). "James Cameron says Steven Spielberg beat him to the 'Jurassic Park' rights by a few hours — and his version would have been 'much nastier'". Business Insider. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
22. ^ Scobel, Peter; Gilchrist, Todd (September 2, 2022). "How director Joe Dante would have made Jurassic Park". AV Club. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
23. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 9.
24. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 11-12.
25. ^ Macnab, Geoffrey (August 25, 2023). "'Fear was part of the pleasure': How Steven Spielberg mined his dark side to make Jurassic Park". The Independent. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
26. ^ Mottram 2021, p. 17.
27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Jones, James Earl (Host) (1995). The Making of Jurassic Park (VHS). Universal.
28. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 16.
29. ^ Ryfle 1998, p. 15, 17.
30. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 15.
31. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 23–24.
32. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 42–43.
33. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 10.
34. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 67.
35. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 68.
36. ^ Taylor, Drew (June 11, 2013). "5 Versions Of 'Jurassic Park' You Never Saw". IndieWire. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
37. ^ a b c Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 59.
38. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 8–9.
39. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 9–10.
40. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 39–40.
41. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 40–42.
42. ^ Crichton, Michael (January 19, 1991). "Jurassic Park (revised first draft)" (PDF). JurassicOutpost. pp. 98–99. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
43. ^ Scotch Marmo, Malia (March 14, 1992). "Jurassic Park script". JurassicOutpost. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
44. ^ Anderton, Ethan (January 30, 2017). "Unused 'Jurassic Park' Storyboards Reveal A Deleted Alternate Ending". /Film. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
45. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 41.
46. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 53–54.
47. ^ a b c Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 54.
48. ^ McGilligan, Patrick (2010). Backstory 5: Interviews with Screenwriters of the 1990s. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25105-2.
49. ^ Butler, Tom (September 6, 2019). "'Jurassic Park' screenwriter David Koepp reveals the origin of the film's most quoted line". Yahoo. Retrieved February 3, 2025.
50. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 54–55.
51. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 56.
52. ^ a b Mottram 2021, p. 60.
53. ^ a b Lund, Anthony (June 17, 2023). "Jurassic Park Writer Originally Left Jeff Goldblum's Ian Malcolm Out of the Movie". MovieWeb. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
54. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 62.
55. ^ Biskind, Peter (May 1997). "A World Apart". Premiere.
56. ^ "David Koepp: Writer's block". The A.V. Club. September 8, 1999. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
57. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 65.
58. ^ a b c McBride, Joseph (2011). Steven Spielberg: A Biography, Second Edition. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 418, 420. ISBN 978-1-60473-837-7. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
59. ^ a b Biodrowski, Steve. "JURASSIC PARK: Michael Crichton on Adapting his Novel to the Screen Archived November 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine". Cinefantastique Magazine, August 1993 (Vol. 24, No.2), pg. 12
60. ^ "A Tale Of Two 'Jurassics'". Entertainment Weekly. June 18, 1993. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2007.
61. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 14.
62. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 55.
63. ^ Rodgers, Blake (April 2, 2017). "See a Storyboarded T-Rex Scene Cut From the First Jurassic Park". Nerdist. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
64. ^ Duncan, Jody (1997). The Making of The Lost World: Jurassic Park. Ballantine Books. p. 19\. ISBN 9780345407344. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
65. ^ Grubbs, Jefferson (June 11, 2015). "'Jurassic World' Should Feature These Book Scenes". Bustle. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
66. ^ Scott, Ryan (February 4, 2025). "Jurassic World Rebirth Will Finally Adapt The Original Book's Scariest Scene". /Film. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
67. ^ a b McBride 1997, p. 421–422.
68. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 72–73.
69. ^ a b c d e f g "How Jurassic Park Became The Biggest Movie Of All Time". Empire. August 1993. Archived from the original on June 20, 2016.
70. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 57, 72.
71. ^ Skipper, Ben (June 15, 2017). "The 10 craziest Jurassic Park book scenes that should have made the movie". GamesRadar. Retrieved February 9, 2025. "In the book Gennaro is much braver and useful, with the character in the film being more of a amalgam of that character and the unused character of the island's cowardly PR manager Ed Regis."
72. ^ a b Guerrasio, Jason (June 24, 2015). "Actor BD Wong blames 'racial exclusion in Hollywood' for his small role in 'Jurassic Park'". Business Insider. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
73. ^ a b Mottram 2021, p. 61.
74. ^ a b de Semlyen, Nick (September 2013). "Jurassic Park 20th Anniversary: When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth" (PDF). Empire. p. 3\. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2014.
75. ^ Nemiroff, Perri (June 10, 2022). "'Jurassic World Dominion' Director Colin Trevorrow Explains How Biosyn Got Back in the Dinosaur Game". Collider. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
76. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 59–60.
77. ^ "Some Of The Greatest Actors Of All Time Turned Down Jurassic Park". /Film. June 14, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
78. ^ "Answers to all that jazz about 'Jurassic'". The San Bernardino Sun. June 19, 1993. Archived from the original on August 15, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
79. ^ Clark, Noelene (September 16, 2011). "Harrison Ford on an 'Indy' sequel, turning down 'Jurassic Park'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
80. ^ Vries, Hilary (June 13, 1993). "Breakthrough? Who, Me?: Actor Sam Neill pushes into the mainstream with major roles in 'Jurassic Park' and 'The Piano,' but he says it's the long haul that really counts". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
81. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 61, 74.
82. ^ "Robin Wright Penn Writes Off Blockbuster Roles". Star-News. July 13, 1997. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
83. ^ "Juliette Binoche: Martin Scorsese has 'feminine side... He doesn't explore' in his movies". Entertainment Weekly.
84. ^ "Stacy Haiduk Describes Meeting Steven Spielberg And Nearly Being Cast In The First "Jurassic Park"". YouTube. November 10, 2019.
85. ^ "The Huge Role They Almost Got". April 2, 2013. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
86. ^ "Jurassic Park at 30: Jim Carrey Auditioned for Malcolm & More Casting Secrets Revealed". SYFY Official Site. June 5, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
87. ^ a b c d Stack, Tim; Staskiewicz, Keith (April 4, 2013). "Welcome to Jurassic Park: An oral history". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
88. ^ Thomas, Bob (January 27, 1994). "His Fame is Likelier to Rest on 'Jurassic Park' than 'Gandhi'". Greensboro News and Record. Associated Press. Retrieved June 24, 2024.
89. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 70.
90. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 71.
91. ^ Schuldt, Scott (May 26, 1995). "Star Lives Up to Her Precocious Image". The Oklahoman. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
92. ^ Harris, Will (July 25, 2012). "Wayne Knight talks about The Exes, Newman, and working in the mud for Jurassic Park". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
93. ^ Chase, Stephanie (August 24, 2021). "Jurassic Park star says he was 'bitter' about the movie for years". Digital Spy. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
94. ^ Mottram 2021, p. 61, 67.
95. ^ a b c d Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 45.
96. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 78.
97. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 115.
98. ^ Mottram 2021, p. 113.
99. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 99–101.
100. ^ Mottram 2021, p. 92.
101. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 101.
102. ^ a b c d e "Jurassic Park notes". Lost-World.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 1997.
103. ^ "A behind-the-scenes look at the stars of 'Jurassic Park'". The Baltimore Sun. June 21, 1993. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
104. ^ a b "John Bell Interview". JurassicOutpost. March 2, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
105. ^ a b c Shone 2004, p. 219.
106. ^ "All The Right Movies". New York. November 29, 1993. p. 20\. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
107. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 80.
108. ^ Barris, George; Fetherston, David (1996). Barris TV and Movie Cars. MotorBooks International. p. 41\. ISBN 1-61060-818-6.
109. ^ "The Original 'Jurassic Park' Ford Explorers Were Self-Driving—But How?". MotorTrend. May 31, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
110. ^ Udel, James C. (2013). The Film Crew of Hollywood: Profiles of Grips, Cinematographers, Designers, a Gaffer, a Stuntman and a Makeup. McFarland & Company. p. 174\. ISBN 978-0-7864-6484-5. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
111. ^ Armstrong, Vanessa (June 19, 2020). "A tale of a Barbasol can: How the Jurassic Park McGuffin grew beyond David Keopp's intentions". Syfy. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
112. ^ Weiss, Josh (February 14, 2023). "Smuggle dino-embryos with your very own Barbasol can in honor of 'Jurassic Park's 30th anniversary". Syfy. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
113. ^ a b Mottram 2021, p. 32.
114. ^ Goodwin, Betty (June 11, 1993). "And the Dinos Wore Tails". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
115. ^ Mottram 2021, p. 62.
116. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 46–47.
117. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 76.
118. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 65 and 67.
119. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 69.
120. ^ Tsutsumi, Cheryl Chee (June 20, 2018). "An adventure of prehistoric proportions". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018.
121. ^ a b Leasca, Stacey (September 18, 2024). "16 'Jurassic Park' Filming Locations You Can Visit". Travel + Leisure. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
122. ^ Dekneef, Matthew (August 9, 2016). "Maui's Garden of Eden: A Tropical Rest Stop on the Road to Hana". Hawaii Magazine. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
123. ^ "Jurassic Park filming locations". Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
124. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 44, 76.
125. ^ Mottram 2021, p. 77.
126. ^ Mottram 2021, p. 72.
127. ^ Bartlett, Tony (August 25, 1997). "For Movie Buffs, Kauai Tour Guide Delivers the Reel Thing". Travel Weekly. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
128. ^ Mottram 2021, p. 72, 74.
129. ^ Mottram 2021, p. 74, 77.
130. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 79.
131. ^ Mottram 2021, p. 69.
132. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 85–86.
133. ^ Sasaguay, Chris (September 8, 2023). "'Jurassic Park' Barely Survived Its Battle With Mother Nature". Collider. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
134. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 86, 134–5.
135. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 87.
136. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 43, 45.
137. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 89.
138. ^ a b c d e f "Return to Jurassic Park: Making Prehistory". Jurassic Park (Blu-ray ed.). 2011.
139. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 90.
140. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 91–93.
141. ^ Hammond, Jon (October 24, 2022). "Pen in Hand: 'Jurassic Park' and 174 other films and pilots shot at Red Rock Canyon". The Bakersfield Californian. Retrieved February 5, 2025.
142. ^ Black, Riley (April 5, 2013). "The Most Ridiculous Scene in Jurassic Park". Slate. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
143. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 94.
144. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 95.
145. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 96–97.
146. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 98–99.
147. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 99.
148. ^ Mottram 2021, p. 96.
149. ^ Jao, Charline (October 20, 2015). "BD Wong Traces Relationship With Dr. Henry Wu, Wishes Him a Great Jurassic Death". The Mary Sue. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
150. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 103, 106.
151. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 111–112.
152. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 105.
153. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 110–112.
154. ^ a b Effron, Lauren; Gowen, Gwen (May 22, 2018). "'Jurassic Park' turns 25: Behind-the-scenes moments you may not have known about the iconic summer thriller". ABC News. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
155. ^ "Jurassic Park: Hurricanes, T-Rex Bloopers and Other Hilarious Revelations About the Original Movie". April 24, 2020.
156. ^ "The 200 things that rocked our world". Empire. February 2006. p. 131.
157. ^ Grossman, David (November 14, 2016). "There's a Neat Story Behind That Famous Water Cup Shot in 'Jurassic Park'". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
158. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 107.
159. ^ a b Mottram 2021, p. 105.
160. ^ Watson, Fay (January 18, 2024). "Jurassic Park fans are still debating one of the film's biggest 'plot holes'". GamesRadar. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
161. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 112–113.
162. ^ a b "Behind the Scenes". Lost-World.com. Archived from the original on April 1, 1997.
163. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 118.
164. ^ Reyes, Mike (August 16, 2023). "Jurassic Park's Epic T-Rex Ending Almost Didn't Happen. Why That Changed". CinemaBlend. Retrieved February 9, 2025.
165. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 114–115.
166. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 120.
167. ^ Archerd, Army (December 1, 1992). "Spielberg parks 'Jurassic' under sked, budget". Variety. Archived from the original on July 9, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
168. ^ Kutner, Max (December 2, 2014). "The Scientist Behind "Jurassic World", Jack Horner, Breaks Down the Movie's Thrilling Trailer". Smithsonian. Retrieved February 6, 2025.
169. ^ Epstein, Sonia (June 14, 2016). "Science on Screen: Interview with Jack Horner, Jurassic World". Sloan Science & Film. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
170. ^ French, Lawrence. "Jurassic Park: Dinosaur Movements". Cinefantastique. Vol. 24, no. 2\. p. 9.
171. ^ Gould, Stephen (August 12, 1993). "Dinomania". The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2007.
172. ^ Guzman, Rafer (April 4, 2013). "Movies: Dino-mite! Back to Jurassic Park, in 3-D". Portland Press Herald. Archived from the original on January 13, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
173. ^ Browne, Malcolm W. (June 6, 1993). "Visiting 'Jurassic Park' For Real". The New York Times. Retrieved February 6, 2025.
174. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 51.
175. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 17.
176. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 38, 48.
177. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 18–19.
178. ^ Morris, Nigel (2017). A Companion to Steven Spielberg. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-72680-8. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
179. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 19.
180. ^ MacManus, Christopher (April 10, 2013). "Making the dinosaurs of 'Jurassic Park'". CNET. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
181. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 20–21.
182. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 23.
183. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 48.
184. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 24.
185. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 43.
186. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 47.
187. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 49.
188. ^ a b Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 50–53.
189. ^ a b Failes, Ian (April 4, 2013). "Welcome (back) to Jurassic Park". FX Guide. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
190. ^ Knep, Brian; Hayes, Craig; Sayre, Rick; Williams, Tom (1995). "Dinosaur Input Device". Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. pp. 304–309\. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008.
191. ^ "How 4 Minutes Of CGI Dinosaurs In 'Jurassic Park' Took A Year To Make". Insider. November 27, 2014.
192. ^ Peterson, John; Williams, Steve; Letteri, Joe (1994). "Jurassic Park – The Illusion of Life". Silicon Valley ACM Siggraph. p. 1\. Archived from the original on October 11, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2008.
193. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 118–119.
194. ^ Britton, P. (1993). "The WOW Factor". Popular Science: 90.
195. ^ Sciretta, Peter (June 16, 2014). "Jurassic Park Special Effects Before and After". /Film. Retrieved February 7, 2025.
196. ^ "Jurassic Park's T-Rex – Sculpting a Full-Size Dinosaur". Stan Winston School of Character Arts. December 15, 2012. Archived from the original on October 15, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
197. ^ Black, Riley (March 25, 2009). "See Tyrannosaurus Take a Bite out of Alamosaurus". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
198. ^ a b c d e f g h Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 144–6.
199. ^ "Jurassic Park's Brachiosaurus Animatronic Puppet Rehearsal". Stan Winston School of Character Arts. January 23, 2013. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
200. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 36.
201. ^ "Jurassic Park's Spitter – Building the animatronic Dilophosaurus dinosaur puppet". Stan Winston School of Character Arts. April 5, 2013. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
202. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 135.
203. ^ a b c d e "Return to Jurassic Park: The Next Step in Evolution", Jurassic Park Blu-ray (2011)
204. ^ a b c Buchanan, Kyle (September 4, 2013). "You'll Never Guess How the Dinosaur Sounds in Jurassic Park Were Made". Vulture. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
205. ^ Nelson, Ray (November 1996). "Jurassic Park". Popular Science. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
206. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 83.
207. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 64.
208. ^ Scott, Ryan (April 3, 2017). "Original Jurassic Park T-Rex Will Return in Jurassic World 2". MovieWeb. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017.
209. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 95–105.
210. ^ a b c Corliss, Richard (April 26, 1993). "Behind the Magic of Jurassic Park". Time. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2007.
211. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 104.
212. ^ Shone 2004, p. 217.
213. ^ Jaffe, Eric (June 28, 2006). "Sight for 'saur eyes: T. rex vision was among nature's best". Science News. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
214. ^ "How They Designed The T-Rex Roar in 'Jurassic Park'". Film School Rejects. December 16, 2020.
215. ^ "How Jurassic Park Created the T-Rex Roar". CBR.com. May 5, 2022.
216. ^ a b "Why does Hollywood get animals so wrong? And why does it often involve a kookaburra?". ABC News. March 12, 2022. Archived from the original on March 18, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
217. ^ Black, Riley (November 7, 2008). "You say "Velociraptor", I say "Deinonychus"". Smithsonian. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
218. ^ Musante, Fred (June 29, 1997). "Lessons for the Future in Ancient Bones". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
219. ^ "What Do We Really Know About Utahraptor? | Dinosaur Tracking". Smithsonian Magazine. Vol. 21, no. sup003. August 22, 2001. pp. 1–117\. doi:10.1080/02724634.2001.10010852. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 220414868. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2013.
220. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 113–114.
221. ^ "The Ultimate Guide to Jurassic Park". Entertainment Weekly. Time Home Entertainment. June 15, 2018. p. 66\. ISBN 9781547843688. Archived from the original on February 1, 2023.
222. ^ Deckelmeier, Joe (April 27, 2020). "Joseph Mazzello Interview: Jurassic Park". ScreenRant. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
223. ^ Clements, Erin (October 24, 2018). "'Bohemian Rhapsody' star Joseph Mazzello looks back on 'Jurassic Park'". Today.com. Retrieved February 8, 2025.
224. ^ G. S. Paul (2002). Dinosaurs of the Air: The Evolution and Loss of Flight in Dinosaurs and Birds. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
225. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 123, 126.
226. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 121–123.
227. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 138.
228. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 123.
229. ^ "Pixar's RenderMan a true lasting effect". The Hollywood Reporter. August 11, 2008. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
230. ^ "The long and lonely death of Softimage". Digital Arts. Archived from the original on June 16, 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
231. ^ "Viewpaint: ILM's secret weapon on Jurassic Park". vfxblog.com. May 23, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2022.
232. ^ Shay & Duncan 1993, p. 138, 147.
233. ^ Siegel, Robert (February 20, 2012). "The Making of Steven Spielberg's Jurassic Park". Blu-Ray.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
234. ^ "Jurassic Park (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 8, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2007.
235. ^ "Remastered Jurassic Park Soundtrack Includes 4 Unreleased John Williams Tracks" (Press release). Universal Music Enterprises. March 26, 2013. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
236. ^ a b Caron, C. (June 20, 2018). "The Hidden History of the Jurassic Park Logo". TIFF. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
237. ^ Broeske, Pat H. (March 12, 1993). "The Beastmaster". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 15, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2007.
238. ^ Weinraub, Bernard (June 14, 1993). "Selling 'Jurassic': The Film And Toys". The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2025.
239. ^ a b Meikleham, Dave (June 11, 2013). "Twenty years on after Jurassic Park's release, a look back at the video games inspired by the dinosaur franchise". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on July 23, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
240. ^ Wasko, Janet (1995). Hollywood in the Information Age: Beyond the Silver Screen. University of Texas Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-292-79094-0. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
241. ^ Herman, Gail; Crichton, Michael; Koepp, David (1993). Jurassic Park. Grosset & Dunlap. p. 88. ISBN 0-448-40172-X.
242. ^ "The story of the big bad Jurassic Park logosaurus". Grapheine. November 27, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2025.
243. ^ Mottram 2021, p. 37.
244. ^ Sciretta, Peter (August 7, 2014). "Unused 'Jurassic Park' Posters Designed By John Alvin". /Film. Retrieved February 20, 2025.
245. ^ Falcone, Dana Rose (March 24, 2023). "Sam Neill Recalls How 'Jurassic Park' Cast 'Came Very Close' to Dying When Hurricane Hit Set". People. Retrieved February 14, 2025.
246. ^ a b c Brew, Simon (June 18, 2019). "Jurassic Park vs Last Action Hero: The Marketing Battle". Den of Geek. Retrieved February 14, 2025.
247. ^ Mottram 2021, p. 124.
248. ^ Sauter, Michael (June 4, 1993). "Trailer Park". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 16, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2007.
249. ^ Horowitz, Josh (February 15, 2007). "Michael Bay Divulges 'Transformers' Details – And Word Of 'Bad Boys III'". MTV. Archived from the original on February 17, 2007. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
250. ^ Steven Spielberg directs Jurassic Park. Jurassic Park DVD: Universal Pictures. 2001.
251. ^ "Three Big Movies at the Uptown Theater". Ghosts of DC. August 14, 2012. Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
252. ^ August, Lissa (May 21, 1993). "Beltway Barbra". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2007.
253. ^ "The Stars Rain Down On Washington". Entertainment Weekly. June 11, 1993. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2007.
254. ^ Klady, Leonard (June 21, 1993). "Dinosaurs fone home". Variety. p. 3.
255. ^ a b Fox, David J. (June 15, 1993). "Weekend Box Office: Universal's Monster Smash". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2007.
256. ^ Shone 2004, p. 224.
257. ^ Klein, Julia M. (October 31, 1995). "Dino Dominion". The Philadelphia Inquirer. pp. C1, C7. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021 - via Newspapers.com.
258. ^ a b c Klady, Leonard (October 4, 1993). "Billion-Dollar dinos' merchandising mania". Variety. p. 11.
259. ^ Scoutfield, Aled (January 14, 2022). "Save the Cinema: How Jurassic Park helped Carmarthen theatre". BBC News. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
260. ^ White, James (August 26, 2011). "Jurassic Park Is Back on the Big Screen". Empire. Archived from the original on August 30, 2011. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
261. ^ "Release Dates for Kick-Ass 2, 47 Ronin, Jurassic Park 3D, R.I.P.D., Identity Thief, 2 Guns and About Time". Collider. August 15, 2012. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
262. ^ a b Alexander, Bryan (April 3, 2013). "20 years later, 'Jurassic Park' reopens in 3-D". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
263. ^ Rosen, Christopher (December 20, 2011). "Steven Spielberg on 'Tintin', Andy Serkis's Oscar Bona Fides and 'Jurassic Park 3D'". Moviefone. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
264. ^ Chitwood, Adam (December 3, 2011). "Producer Kathleen Kennedy Talks JURASSIC PARK 4, a 3D Re-Release for Jurassic Park, and the Tintin Sequel". Collider. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
265. ^ Kaufman, Debra (April 18, 2013). "Jurassic Park 3D: A New Dimension for a Modern Classic". Creative COW Magazine. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
266. ^ Loria, Daniel (April 7, 2013). "Global: 'Oz' Reaches $450M; 'G.I. Joe' Holds With $40.2M Weekend; 'Croods' Posts $34.1M Weekend". Box Office Media. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
267. ^ Subers, Ray (April 9, 2013). "Around-the-World: 'G.I. Joe' Nears Predecessor, 'Croods' Passes $200M". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
268. ^ Bui, Hoai-Tran (August 16, 2018). "'Jurassic Park' Stomps Back into Theaters for Three Days This Fall". /Film. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
269. ^ "Jurassic Park Returns to Theaters This Fall for 3 Days Only". MovieWeb. August 16, 2018.
270. ^ "Jurassic Park returning to theaters for 25th anniversary in September". Entertainment Weekly. August 16, 2018.
271. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (August 11, 2023). "'Jurassic Park' 30th Anniversary Re-Release Scheduled This Month From RealD & Universal". Deadline. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
272. ^ "Jurassic spark to light up UK rental". Screen International. June 10, 1994. p. 31.
273. ^ "'Jurassic' rumbles to vid in October". Variety. March 22, 1994. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
274. ^ Goldstein, Seth; Fitzpatrick, Eileen (October 15, 1994). "'Jurassic' Sparks Dino-Sized Controversy" (PDF). Billboard. p. 5. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
275. ^ Hettrick, Scott (April 25, 2000). "Spielberg classics swim up to DVD". Variety. Archived from the original on January 5, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
276. ^ "Challenge of Selling a Hit Film to TV Viewers: Television: NBC's promotional dilemma is how to generate interest in the 2-year-old 'Jurassic Park', which is the highest-grossing motion picture in history". Los Angeles Times. May 6, 1995. Archived from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
277. ^ McKay, John (September 6, 1997). "More videos present movies in original widescreen images". The Canadian Press. Brantford Expositor. p. 36\. Archived from the original on March 11, 2023. Retrieved March 11, 2023 - via Newspapers.com.
278. ^ "Jurassic Park db » DVD / Video release". Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
279. ^ Hettrick, Scott (June 14, 2000). "U Home Video preps 'Jurrassic' DVD launch". Variety. Archived from the original on January 5, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
280. ^ "Universal Studios Home Video Announces First Time DVD Releases Of Jurassic Park and The Lost World". PR Newswire. Cision. June 13, 2000. Archived from the original on August 29, 2000. Retrieved June 18, 2019 - via Yahoo.com.
281. ^ "Year End 2000 Top DVD sellers". Variety. December 30, 2000. Archived from the original on July 1, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
282. ^ "Jurassic Park Trilogy". IGN. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
283. ^ IGN DVD (November 17, 2005). "Jurassic Park Adventure Pack". IGN. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
284. ^ Chitwood, Adam (June 27, 2011). "JURASSIC PARK Trilogy Hits Blu-ray October 25th, Trailer Released". Collider. Archived from the original on July 31, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
285. ^ Arnold, Thomas K. (November 2, 2011). "'Captain America' Overtakes 'Pirates of the Caribbean' for No. 1 on DVD Charts". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2013.+1+on+DVD+Charts&rft.date=2011-11-02&rft.au=Arnold,+Thomas+K.&rft_id=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/captain-america-pirates-of-the-caribbean-dvd-charts-256790&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Jurassic+Park+(film)" class="Z3988">
286. ^ Knegt, Peter (December 13, 2011). ""The Artist", Winding Refn Win at Las Vegas Critics Awards". IndieWire. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
287. ^ Goldberg, Matt (February 29, 2012). "Saturn Award Nominations Announced; Hugo and Harry Potter Lead with 10 Nominations Each". Collider. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
288. ^ Chitwood, Adam (February 29, 2012). "Universal Announces Fantastic 25-Film 100th Anniversary Blu-ray Collection". Collider. Archived from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
289. ^ "Universal Pictures partner with Aurasma to celebrate 100th Anniversary: Watch the movies come to life in a brand new way" (Press release). Aurasma. November 20, 2012. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
290. ^ Lawler, Richard (January 27, 2013). "Jurassic Park 3D Blu-ray comes home April 23rd after its one-week theatrical return". Engadget. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
291. ^ Jurassic Park Collection 4K Blu-ray, archived from the original on March 19, 2018, retrieved March 18, 2018
292. ^ Mink, Eric (April 25, 1995). "'Making of Jurassic Park' Really Dino-mite". Daily News. New York. Retrieved February 26, 2013.[dead link‍]
293. ^ a b Huff, Richard (May 10, 1995). "Ratings: 'Jurassic' Parks NBC Right At the Top of the Nielsens". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on August 15, 2011. Retrieved February 26, 2013.[dead link‍]
294. ^ Kilday, Gregg (January 21, 1994). "Hollywood Scores Big". Entertainment Weekly. No. 206\. pp. 32–33\. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2007.
295. ^ "'Batman' Takes a Bite Out of 'Jurassic' Record: Movies: Third Bat film soars to an estimated opening weekend gross of $53 million. 'Pocahontas' makes a staggering $2.7 million in just six--albeit large--theaters". Los Angeles Times. June 19, 1995.
296. ^ Corliss, Richard (June 28, 1993). "Hollywood's Summer: Just Kidding". Time. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved January 26, 2007.
297. ^ a b "Prehistoric records". Screen International. July 9, 1993. p. 24.
298. ^ Fox, David J. (January 3, 1994). "THE YEAR IN MOVIES: '93 a Record-Smasher at the Box Office". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
299. ^ "Jurassic Park (1993) – Weekend Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on February 4, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2007.
300. ^ Groves, Don (September 14, 1993). "'Park' strides past 'E.T.' for o'seas B.O. title". Daily Variety. p. 26.
301. ^ a b Groves, Don (November 22, 1993). "Dinos set o'seas mark of $500 mil". Variety. p. 16.
302. ^ a b c Groves, Don (July 20, 1993). "'Jurassic' renders Japan B.O. record extinct". Daily Variety. p. 1\. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
303. ^ a b c Groves, Don (September 7, 1993). "Dinos dominate world". Daily Variety. p. 30.
304. ^ a b Groves, Don (September 21, 1993). "'Park' conquers Italy". Daily Variety. p. 18.
305. ^ a b Groves, Don (November 8, 1993). "French coin points 'Park' at $500 mil". Variety. p. 9.
306. ^ Groves, Don (July 26, 1993). "U.K. yields to the call of the dinosaurs". Variety. p. 12.
307. ^ "International box office". Variety. August 2, 1993. p. 18\. "$13,982,206; £1=$1.52"
308. ^ Groves, Don (August 2, 1993). "'Park' keeps stomping on world B.O.". Variety. p. 18.
309. ^ "UK Box Office's Weekend Record-Breaker". Screen International. August 16, 1996. p. 23.
310. ^ "Powerful Park". Screen International. July 30, 1993. p. 30.
311. ^ Groves, Don (August 16, 1993). "'Park' leader of summer B.O. pack". Variety. p. 11.
312. ^ BFI Statistical Yearbook (PDF) (2012 ed.). London: British Film Institute. 2013. pp. 22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
313. ^ Scott, Mary (October 31, 1997). "Stripped by Full Monty". Screen International. p. 27.
314. ^ "Aladdin' rides high in Europe". United Press International. November 29, 1993. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
315. ^ a b "International box office". Variety. September 20, 1993. p. 13.
316. ^ Groves, Don (September 20, 1993). "Healthy fall kickoff in Euro B.O.". Variety. p. 13.
317. ^ "The Biggest Movie of All Time (advertisement)". Screen International. October 8, 1993. pp. 6–7.
318. ^ "International Box Office". Variety. November 8, 1993. p. 9\. "$13,089,950; $1=5.8FF"
319. ^ Groves, Don (October 28, 1993). "'Jurassic' passes $450 mil o'seas". Daily Variety. p. 30.
320. ^ "EDI Box Office News: Star Translations". Variety. May 26, 1997. p. 19.
321. ^ Groves, Don (September 6, 1993). "'Sliver' hot, 'Shots' tops in o'seas B.O.". Variety. p. 10.
322. ^ Groves, Don; Wan, Teresa (December 13, 1993). "B.O. gets rocky for chopsockys". Variety. p. 1.
323. ^ "Once Were Warriors (advertisement)". Variety. December 12, 1994. p. 22.
324. ^ McBride 1997, p. 424.
325. ^ Klady, Leonard (March 3, 1998). "'Titanic' Sails to All-Time Box Office Record". Variety. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
326. ^ "UK Box Office: 23- 25 September 2011". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
327. ^ Subers, Ray (April 6, 2013). "Weekend Report: Audiences Thrill to 'Evil Dead', 'Jurassic Park 3D'". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on May 9, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
328. ^ McClintock, Pamela (August 25, 2013). "Global Box Office: 'Jurassic Park 3D' Clobbers the Competition, Huge in China". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
329. ^ Cunningham, Todd (August 21, 2013). "'Jurassic Park' Passes $1B at Box Office - With 3D Asterisk". TheWrap. Archived from the original on September 24, 2013.
330. ^ Polo, Susana (August 27, 2013). "Jurassic Park Becomes Oldest Movie to Make More Than $1 Billion". The Mary Sue. Retrieved February 19, 2025.
331. ^ Han, Angie (June 23, 2015). "'Jurassic World' Sets Record for Fastest Race to $1 Billion". /Film. Archived from the original on November 18, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
332. ^ "Jurassic Park (2018 Re-release)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
333. ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (June 22, 2020). "'Jurassic Park' Roars To No. 1 Again at Weekend Box Office, 27 Years After Original Release". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
334. ^ "Top Lifetime Grosses (domestic)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 16, 2025.
335. ^ "Top Lifetime Grosses (worldwide)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 16, 2025.
336. ^ "Top Grossing Director at the Worldwide Box Office". The Numbers. Retrieved February 20, 2025.
337. ^ "Find CinemaScore" (Type "Jurassic Park" in the search box). CinemaScore. Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
338. ^ Maslin, Janet (June 11, 1993). "Screen Stars With Teeth To Spare". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2007.
339. ^ Travers, Peter (June 1993). "Jurassic Park". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2007.
340. ^ Ebert, Roger (June 11, 1993). "Jurassic Park". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2007.
341. ^ Westbrook, Caroline (August 1993). "Review of Jurassic Park". Empire. No. 50\. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
342. ^ "Burda Publications, Inc. Congratulates its 1993 Bambi Award Recipients" (Press release). Hubert Burda Media. December 9, 1993.
343. ^ "The 66th Academy Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
344. ^ "'Jurassic Park,' another Spielberg movie, also has good night with 3 awards". The Orlando Sentinel. March 22, 1994. p. 6\. Archived from the original on September 21, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2022 - via Newspapers.com.
345. ^ "Past Winners Database". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006.
346. ^ "17th Annual Japanese Academy Awards" (in Japanese). Japan Academy Prize Association. Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
347. ^ "Awards archive". BAFTA. Retrieved February 19, 2025.
348. ^ Borzillo, Carrie (May 28, 1994). "BMI Gives Awards to Television, Movie Music". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
349. ^ ルビー・モレノ快進撃 「月はどっちに出ている」3冠 (in Japanese). The Association of Tokyo Film Journalists. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
350. ^ "Past Bram Stoker Nominees & Winners". horror.org. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
351. ^ "The Cinema Audio Society Awards For Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing 1993–2002". Cinema Audio Society. Archived from the original on June 8, 2004. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
352. ^ "Český lev 1993 – Přehled ocenění" (in Czech). Czech Film and Television Academy. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
353. ^ Moon, Tom (January 7, 1994). "Sting, R.e.m., Houston Grab Grammy Bids Nominations Predictably Conservative; Mariah Carey, Michael Bolton Blocked From Big Awards". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
354. ^ "1994 MTV Movie Awards". MTV. Archived from the original on February 8, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2012.
355. ^ "48th 日本映画大賞". Mainichi Shinbun (in Japanese). Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
356. ^ Cox, Dan (March 20, 1994). "Spielberg pix sound great at MPSE's Golden Reels". Variety. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
357. ^ "1993 20th People's Choice Awards". The Envelope. Archived from the original on October 31, 2006. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
358. ^ "Fifteenth Annual Youth in Film Awards 1992–1993". Young Artist Association. Archived from the original on April 3, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
359. ^ "1994 Hugo Awards". Thehugoawards.org. July 28, 2007. Archived from the original on September 28, 2008.
360. ^ "AFI's 100 Years, 100 Thrills". AFI. June 13, 2001. Archived from the original on February 8, 2007. Retrieved February 13, 2007.
361. ^ "50 Most Magical Movie Moments". Empire. November 28, 2003. p. 122.
362. ^ a b c d Freer, Ian (April 30, 2004). "The 15 Most Influential Films Of Our Lifetime". Empire. p. 120.
363. ^ "Film Review Special #59 – 55 Years Anniversary contents". Film Review. July 28, 2005. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
364. ^ Schneider, Steven Jay, ed. (2012). 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die. Quintessence Editions (5th ed.). Hauppauge, New York: Barron's Educational Series. p. 960\. ISBN 978-1-84403-733-9. OCLC 796279948.
365. ^ "1000 films to see before you die". June 27, 2007. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
366. ^ Simon Braund; Glen Ferris; Ian Freer; Nev Pierce; Chris Hewitt; Dan Jolin; Ian Nathan; Kim Newman; Helen O'Hara; Olly Richards; Owen Willams. "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
367. ^ "Summer Blockbusters: The New Generation", Entertainment Weekly, Page 32, Issue #1112, July 23, 2010.
368. ^ "Hollywood's 100 Favorite Films". The Hollywood Reporter. June 25, 2014. Archived from the original on September 14, 2015. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
369. ^ Barnes, Mike (December 12, 2018). "'Jurassic Park', 'The Shining', 'Brokeback Mountain' Enter National Film Registry". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
370. ^ Anderton, Ethan (June 3, 2021). "Cool Stuff: 'Jurassic Park' Amber Collection Adds Add John Hammond and Ellie Sattler Action Figures". /Film. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
371. ^ Bennett, Tara (June 12, 2023). "Jurassic Park Turns 30: Chomp into the Monstrous Merch Celebrating the Dino-sized Anniversary". Syfy. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
372. ^ Jackson, Matthew (February 21, 2023). "Mattel announces retro toy line for 'Jurassic Park's 30th anniversary". Syfy. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
373. ^ Weiss, Josh (March 9, 2023). "LEGO celebrates 'Jurassic Park's 30th with 5 new dino-sets inspired by Spielberg's classic". Syfy. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
374. ^ Busch, Caitlin (July 21, 2023). "Hold On to Your Butts! Here's What We Saw at SDCC's Jurassic Park 30-Year Anniversary Experience". Syfy. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
375. ^ "Jurassic Park Turns 21: A Look Back at How It Revolutionized Special Effects". Wired. June 10, 2014.
376. ^ "Here's how Jurassic Park changed the special effects game". The A.V. Club. June 11, 2014.
377. ^ "How 'Jurassic Park' Changed Special Effects Forever". Insider. June 13, 2014.
378. ^ "Critic's Picks: 10 Landmark CGI-Meets-Live-Action Movies". The Hollywood Reporter. April 15, 2016.
379. ^ "The 50 greatest special effects movies of all time: Jurassic Park (1993)". The A.V. Club. July 26, 2018.
380. ^ "From 'Avatar' to 'Jurassic Park': 10 Great Films That Have Timeless Visual Effects". Collider. June 30, 2022.
381. ^ "The Jurassic Park Period: How CGI Dinosaurs Transformed Film Forever". The Atlantic. April 5, 2013.
382. ^ Shone 2004, p. 213.
383. ^ Hearn, Marcus (2005). 'ILM and the Digital Revolution' The Cinema of George Lucas. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc, Publishers. p. 174\. ISBN 0-8109-4968-7.
384. ^ Sibley, Brian (2006). Peter Jackson: A Film-maker's Journey. London: HarperCollins. p. 310\. ISBN 0-00-717558-2.
385. ^ "Rex n' Effects". Entertainment Weekly. June 18, 1993. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
386. ^ a b Kelly, Stephen (June 4, 2018). "How Steven Spielberg and Jurassic Park made dinosaurs cool". The Telegraph. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
387. ^ Many Paleontologists Today Are Part Of The 'Jurassic Park' Generation. NPR. July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
388. ^ "The Lost World takes $500m worldwide". Screen International. September 12, 1997. p. 31.
389. ^ "Laying the Groundwork for the NBA in Toronto". Toronto Raptors. Archived from the original on August 4, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
390. ^ "Welcome to Jurassic Park, where hope springs eternal for Toronto sports fans". CBC. May 19, 2019. Archived from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
391. ^ "Encore section". Lost-World.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018.
392. ^ Reyes, Mike (June 12, 2024). "'That's Just Pure Gold': Sherri Crichton's Reaction To Frequent Jurassic Park Remake Rumors Is Something I Can Totally Get Behind". CinemaBlend. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
393. ^ Reiher, Andrea (June 10, 2022). "Every 'Jurassic Park' and 'Jurassic World' Movie, Ranked by Metacritic". Metacritic. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
394. ^ "All Jurassic Park and World Movies Ranked by Tomatometer". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
395. ^ a b Lapin-Bertone, Joshua (June 9, 2022). "Jurassic Universe: Exploring the world outside the movies". Popverse. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
396. ^ Bonk, Lawrence (December 7, 2023). "Jurassic Park: Survival is an adventure game set one day after the original film". Engadget. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
397. ^ Eakin, Marah (June 9, 2023). "An Oral History of Jurassic Park: The Ride". Wired. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
398. ^ Chieffi, Tarah (December 4, 2020). "The untold backstory (and complicated canon) of Universal Orlando's Jurassic Park". Syfy. Retrieved February 15, 2025.
399. ^ "Challenging Disney". Ocala Star-Banner. April 4, 1999. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
400. ^ Schneider, Mike (July 5, 1998). "Theme Parks Set in Motion Around Conference Tables". Lakeland Ledger. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved April 13, 2011.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* McBride, Joseph (1997). Steven Spielberg. Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19177-0.
* Ryfle, Steve (1998). Japan's Favorite Mon-Star: The Unauthorized Biography of the Big G. ECW Press. ISBN 1-55022-348-8.
* Shay, Don; Duncan, Jody (1993). The Making of Jurassic Park: An Adventure 65 million Years in the Making. Boxtree Limited. p. 61\. ISBN 1-85283-774-8.
* Shone, Tom (2004). Blockbuster: How Hollywood learned to stop worrying and love the summer. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-3568-6.
* Mottram, James (2021). Jurassic Park: The Ultimate Visual History. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-68383-545-5.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jurassic Park.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Jurassic Park (film).

* Jurassic Park at IMDb
* Jurassic Park at Box Office Mojo
* Jurassic Park at Rotten Tomatoes
* Jurassic Park at the TCM Movie Database
* Jurassic Park at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films

* v
* t
* e

Jurassic Park

Novels|

* Jurassic Park (1990)
* The Lost World (1995)

Films|

| Jurassic Park|

* Jurassic Park (1993)
* The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
* Jurassic Park III (2001)

|

Jurassic World|

* Jurassic World (2015)
* Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018)
* Jurassic World Dominion (2022)
* Jurassic World Rebirth (2025)

Television|

* Lego Jurassic World: The Secret Exhibit (2018)
* Lego Jurassic World: Legend of Isla Nublar (2019)
* Jurassic World Camp Cretaceous (2020–2022)
* episodes
* "Brave"
* Jurassic World: Chaos Theory (since 2024)

Short films|

* Battle at Big Rock (2019)
* Jurassic World Dominion prologue (2021)

Characters|

| Humans|

* Alan Grant
* Ellie Sattler
* Ian Malcolm
* John Hammond
* Henry Wu
* Owen Grady
* Claire Dearing
* Maisie Lockwood

|

Dinosaurs|

* Rexy
* Velociraptors

Music|

* Jurassic Park
* The Lost World: Jurassic Park
* Jurassic Park III
* Jurassic World
* Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom
* Jurassic World Dominion

Attractions|

* Jurassic Park: The Ride
* Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure
* Canopy Flyer
* Dino-Soarin'
* The Flying Dinosaur
* Jurassic World: The Ride
* VelociCoaster
* Universal Kids Resort

Related|

* Video games
* Lego line
* Live show
* Board game
* Jurassic Park pinball
* The Lost World pinball
* "Weird Al" Yankovic song
* Production of Jurassic World
* Light & Magic
* Jurassic City
* The Jurassic League

* Category

Jurassic Park navigation boxes

* v
* t
* e

Michael Crichton

Bibliography

Novels|

* The Andromeda Strain (1969)
* The Terminal Man (1972)
* The Great Train Robbery (1975)
* Eaters of the Dead (1976)
* Congo (1980)
* Sphere (1987)
* Jurassic Park (1990)
* Rising Sun (1992)
* Disclosure (1994)
* The Lost World (1995)
* Airframe (1996)
* Timeline (1999)
* Prey (2002)
* State of Fear (2004)
* Next (2006)
* Pirate Latitudes (2009) *
* Micro (2011) *
* Dragon Teeth (2017) *
* Eruption (2024) *

Novels written
under pseudonyms|

* Odds On (1966)
* Scratch One (1967)
* Easy Go (1968)
* A Case of Need (1968)
* Zero Cool (1969)
* The Venom Business (1969)
* Drug of Choice (1970)
* Dealing: or the Berkeley-to-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues (1970)
* Grave Descend (1970)
* Binary (1972)

Post-Crichton novels|

* The Andromeda Evolution (2019)

Non-fiction|

* Five Patients (1970)
* Jasper Johns (1977)
* Electronic Life (1983)
* Travels (1988)

Films directed|

* Pursuit (1972)
* Westworld (1973)
* Coma (1978)
* The First Great Train Robbery (1978)
* Looker (1981)
* Runaway (1984)
* Physical Evidence (1989)

Films written|

* Extreme Close-Up (1973)
* Westworld (1973)
* Jurassic Park (1993)
* Rising Sun (1993)
* Twister (1996)

Television series|

* Beyond Westworld (1980)
* ER (1994–2009)
* Westworld (2016–2022)

Adaptations|

* The Andromeda Strain (1971)
* Dealing: Or the Berkeley-to-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues (1972)
* The Carey Treatment (1972)
* Pursuit (1972)
* The Terminal Man (1974)
* The First Great Train Robbery (1978)
* Jurassic Park (1993)
* Rising Sun (1993)
* Disclosure (1994)
* Congo (1995)
* The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
* Sphere (1998)
* The 13th Warrior (1999)
* Timeline (2003)
* The Andromeda Strain (2008)

Video games|

* Amazon (1984)
* Westworld 2000 (1996)
* Timeline (2000)
* Jurassic Park series

Franchises|

* Westworld (1973–2022)
* Jurassic Park (1993–present)

Related|

Antarctica cooling controversy

* *Released posthumously

* v
* t
* e

Steven Spielberg

* Accolades
* Bibliography
* Filmography
* Unrealized projects

Films directed|

* Firelight (1964)
* Slipstream (1967)
* Amblin' (1968)
* Night Gallery (1969; segment "Eyes")
* Duel (1971)
* Something Evil (1972)
* Savage (1973)
* The Sugarland Express (1974)
* Jaws (1975)
* Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)
* 1941 (1979)
* Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
* E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
* Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983)
* Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
* The Color Purple (1985)
* Empire of the Sun (1987)
* Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
* Always (1989)
* Hook (1991)
* Jurassic Park (1993)
* Schindler's List (1993)
* The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
* Amistad (1997)
* Saving Private Ryan (1998)
* A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
* Minority Report (2002)
* Catch Me If You Can (2002)
* The Terminal (2004)
* War of the Worlds (2005)
* Munich (2005)
* Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
* The Adventures of Tintin (2011)
* War Horse (2011)
* Lincoln (2012)
* Bridge of Spies (2015)
* The BFG (2016)
* The Post (2017)
* Ready Player One (2018)
* West Side Story (2021)
* The Fabelmans (2022)
* Untitled film (2026)

Films written only|

* Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies (1973)
* Poltergeist (1982)
* The Goonies (1985)

Films produced only|

* An American Tail: Fievel Goes West (1991)
* Memoirs of a Geisha (2005)
* Flags of Our Fathers (2006)
* Letters from Iwo Jima (2006)
* Super 8 (2011)
* The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014)
* Maestro (2023)
* The Color Purple (2023)
* Music by John Williams (2024)
* The Thursday Murder Club (2025)
* Hamnet (TBA)

Television|

* "L.A. 2017" (1971)
* Amazing Stories (1985–1987)
* High Incident (1996–1997)
* Invasion America (1998)

Video games|

* The Dig (1995)
* Steven Spielberg's Director's Chair (1996)
* Medal of Honor (1999)
* Medal of Honor: Allied Assault (2002)
* Boom Blox (2008)
* Boom Blox Bash Party (2009)

Family|

* Amy Irving (first wife)
* Kate Capshaw (second wife)
* Destry Spielberg (daughter)
* Sasha Spielberg (daughter)
* Arnold Spielberg (father)
* Anne Spielberg (sister)

Related|

* Amblin Partners
* Amblin Entertainment
* Amblin Television
* DreamWorks Television
* Amblimation
* DreamWorks Pictures
* DreamWorks Animation
* USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education
* Steven Spielberg Jewish Film Archive
* Sammy Fabelman
* Spielberg (2017)
* "Cannibal" (2022)

* v
* t
* e

Works by David Koepp

Films directed|

* The Trigger Effect (1996)
* Stir of Echoes (1999)
* Secret Window (2004)
* Ghost Town (2008)
* Premium Rush (2012)
* Mortdecai (2015)
* You Should Have Left (2020)

Films written only|

* Apartment Zero (1988)
* Bad Influence (1990)
* Why Me? (1990)
* I Come in Peace (1990)
* Toy Soldiers (1991)
* Death Becomes Her (1992)
* Jurassic Park (1993)
* Carlito's Way (1993)
* The Paper (1994)
* The Shadow (1994)
* Mission: Impossible (1996)
* The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
* Snake Eyes (1998)
* Panic Room (2002)
* Spider-Man (2002)
* War of the Worlds (2005)
* Zathura: A Space Adventure (2005)
* Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
* Angels & Demons (2009)
* The Little Engine That Could (2011)
* Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit (2014)
* Inferno (2016)
* The Mummy (2017)
* Kimi (2022)
* Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny (2023)
* Presence (2024)
* Black Bag (2025)
* Jurassic World Rebirth (2025)
* Cold Storage (2025)
* Untitled Steven Spielberg film (2026)

TV series created|

* Hack (2002–2004)

* v
* t
* e

Jurassic Park video games

Jurassic Park|

* NES/Game Boy
* Super NES
* Genesis
* Sega CD
* Game Gear/Master System
* Computer
* Rampage Edition
* Arcade
* Interactive
* 2: The Chaos Continues
* Survival

The Lost World|

* Console
* Chaos Island
* Handheld
* Genesis
* Arcade
* Trespasser

Jurassic Park III|

* Arcade
* III: Danger Zone!
* III: Dino Defender
* III: The DNA Factor
* III: Park Builder
* III: Island Attack
* Scan Command
* Survival (cancelled)

Jurassic World trilogy|

* Lego Jurassic World
* Jurassic World: The Game
* Jurassic World Evolution
* Jurassic World Aftermath
* Jurassic World Evolution 2

Other games|

* Warpath
* Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure
* Operation Genesis
* Jurassic Park: The Game
* Jurassic Park Builder
* Jurassic Park Arcade
* Lego Dimensions
* Funko Fusion

Awards for Jurassic Park

* v
* t
* e

Academy Award for Best Sound Editing

Sound Effects
1963–1967|

* Walter Elliott (1963)
* Norman Wanstall (1964)
* Treg Brown (1965)
* Gordon Daniel (1966)
* John Poyner (1967)

Sound Effects Editing
1982–1999|

* Charles L. Campbell and Ben Burtt (1982)
* Jay Boekelheide (1983)
* Kay Rose (1984)
* Charles L. Campbell and Robert Rutledge (1985)
* Don Sharpe (1986)
* Stephen Hunter Flick and John Pospisil (1987)
* Charles L. Campbell and Louis Edemann (1988)
* Ben Burtt and Richard Hymns (1989)
* Cecelia Hall and George Watters II (1990)
* Gary Rydstrom and Gloria S. Borders (1991)
* Tom McCarthy and David E. Stone (1992)
* Gary Rydstrom and Richard Hymns (1993)
* Stephen Hunter Flick (1994)
* Lon Bender and Per Hallberg (1995)
* Bruce Stambler (1996)
* Christopher Boyes and Tom Bellfort (1997)
* Gary Rydstrom and Richard Hymns (1998)
* Dane A. Davis (1999)

Sound Editing
2000–2019|

* Jon Johnson (2000)
* George Watters II and Christopher Boyes (2001)
* Ethan Van der Ryn and Mike Hopkins (2002)
* Richard King (2003)
* Randy Thom and Michael Silvers (2004)
* Mike Hopkins and Ethan Van der Ryn (2005)
* Bub Asman and Alan Robert Murray (2006)
* Karen Baker Landers and Per Hallberg (2007)
* Richard King (2008)
* Paul N. J. Ottosson (2009)
* Richard King (2010)
* Eugene Gearty and Philip Stockton (2011)
* Per Hallberg and Karen Baker Landers / Paul N. J. Ottosson (2012)
* Glenn Freemantle (2013)
* Alan Robert Murray and Bub Asman (2014)
* Mark Mangini and David White (2015)
* Sylvain Bellemare (2016)
* Richard King and Alex Gibson (2017)
* John Warhurst and Nina Hartstone (2018)
* Donald Sylvester (2019)

* v
* t
* e

Academy Award for Best Visual Effects

1963–1980|

* Emil Kosa Jr. – Cleopatra (1963)
* Peter Ellenshaw, Eustace Lycett, and Hamilton Luske – Mary Poppins (1964)
* John Stears – Thunderball (1965)
* Art Cruickshank – Fantastic Voyage (1966)
* L. B. Abbott – Doctor Dolittle (1967)
* Stanley Kubrick – 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
* Robbie Robertson – Marooned (1969)
* A. D. Flowers and L. B. Abbott – Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970)
* Alan Maley, Eustace Lycett, and Danny Lee – Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
* L. B. Abbott and A. D. Flowers – The Poseidon Adventure (1972)
* Frank Brendel, Glen Robinson, and Albert Whitlock – Earthquake (1974)
* Albert Whitlock and Glen Robinson – The Hindenburg (1975)
* Carlo Rambaldi, Glen Robinson, and Frank Van der Veer – King Kong (1976)
* John Stears, John Dykstra, Richard Edlund, Grant McCune, and Robert Blalack – Star Wars (1977)
* Les Bowie, Colin Chilvers, Denys Coop, Roy Field, Derek Meddings, and Zoran Perisic – Superman (1978)
* H. R. Giger, Carlo Rambaldi, Brian Johnson, Nick Allder, and Dennis Ayling – Alien (1979)
* Brian Johnson, Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren, and Bruce Nicholson – The Empire Strikes Back (1980)

1981–2000|

* Richard Edlund, Kit West, Bruce Nicholson, and Joe Johnston – Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
* Carlo Rambaldi, Dennis Muren, and Kenneth F. Smith – E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
* Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren, Ken Ralston, and Phil Tippett – Return of the Jedi (1983)
* Dennis Muren, Michael J. McAlister, Lorne Peterson, and George Gibbs – Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
* Ken Ralston, Ralph McQuarrie, Scott Farrar, and David Berry – Cocoon (1985)
* Robert Skotak, Stan Winston, John Richardson, and Suzanne M. Benson – Aliens (1986)
* Dennis Muren, Bill George, Harley Jessup, and Kenneth F. Smith \- Innerspace (1987)
* Ken Ralston, Richard Williams, Edward Jones, and George Gibbs – Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
* John Bruno, Dennis Muren, Hoyt Yeatman, and Dennis Skotak – The Abyss (1989)
* Eric Brevig, Rob Bottin, Tim McGovern, and Alex Funke – Total Recall (1990)
* Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Gene Warren Jr., and Robert Skotak – Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
* Ken Ralston, Doug Chiang, Douglas Smythe, and Tom Woodruff Jr. – Death Becomes Her (1992)
* Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Phil Tippett, and Michael Lantieri – Jurassic Park (1993)
* Ken Ralston, George Murphy, Stephen Rosenbaum, and Allen Hall – Forrest Gump (1994)
* Scott E. Anderson, Charles Gibson, Neal Scanlan, and John Cox – Babe (1995)
* Volker Engel, Douglas Smith, Clay Pinney, and Joe Viskocil – Independence Day (1996)
* Robert Legato, Mark Lasoff, Thomas L. Fisher, and Michael Kanfer – Titanic (1997)
* Joel Hynek, Nicholas Brooks, Stuart Robertson, and Kevin Mack – What Dreams May Come (1998)
* John Gaeta, Janek Sirrs, Steve Courtley, and Jon Thum – The Matrix (1999)
* John Nelson, Neil Corbould, Tim Burke, and Rob Harvey – Gladiator (2000)

2001–2020|

* Jim Rygiel, Randall William Cook, Richard Taylor, and Mark Stetson – The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
* Jim Rygiel, Joe Letteri, Randall William Cook, and Alex Funke – The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
* Jim Rygiel, Joe Letteri, Randall William Cook, and Alex Funke – The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
* John Dykstra, Scott Stokdyk, Anthony LaMolinara, and John Frazier – Spider-Man 2 (2004)
* Joe Letteri, Brian Van't Hul, Christian Rivers, and Richard Taylor – King Kong (2005)
* John Knoll, Hal Hickel, Charles Gibson, and Allen Hall – Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
* Michael L. Fink, Bill Westenhofer, Ben Morris, and Trevor Wood – The Golden Compass (2007)
* Eric Barba, Steve Preeg, Burt Dalton, and Craig Barron – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008)
* Joe Letteri, Stephen Rosenbaum, Richard Baneham, and Andrew R. Jones – Avatar (2009)
* Paul Franklin, Chris Corbould, Andrew Lockley, and Peter Bebb – Inception (2010)
* Robert Legato, Joss Williams, Ben Grossmann, and Alex Henning – Hugo (2011)
* Bill Westenhofer, Guillaume Rocheron, Erik-Jan de Boer, and Donald R. Elliott – Life of Pi (2012)
* Tim Webber, Chris Lawrence, Dave Shirk, and Neil Corbould – Gravity (2013)
* Paul Franklin, Andrew Lockley, Ian Hunter, and Scott R. Fisher – Interstellar (2014)
* Mark Ardington, Sara Bennett, Paul Norris, and Andrew Whitehurst – Ex Machina (2015)
* Robert Legato, Adam Valdez, Andrew R. Jones, and Dan Lemmon – The Jungle Book (2016)
* John Nelson, Gerd Nefzer, Paul Lambert, and Richard R. Hoover – Blade Runner 2049 (2017)
* Paul Lambert, Ian Hunter, Tristan Myles, and J. D. Schwalm – First Man (2018)
* Guillaume Rocheron, Greg Butler, and Dominic Tuohy – 1917 (2019)
* Andrew Jackson, David Lee, Andrew Lockley, and Scott R. Fisher – Tenet (2020)

2021–present|

* Paul Lambert, Tristan Myles, Brian Connor, and Gerd Nefzer – Dune (2021)
* Joe Letteri, Richard Baneham, Eric Saindon, and Daniel Barrett – Avatar: The Way of Water (2022)
* Takashi Yamazaki, Kiyoko Shibuya, Masaki Takahashi, and Tatsuji Nojima – Godzilla Minus One (2023)
* Paul Lambert, Stephen James, Rhys Salcombe, and Gerd Nefzer – Dune: Part Two (2024)

* v
* t
* e

BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects

1982–2000|

* Richard Edlund – Poltergeist (1982)
* Richard Edlund, Dennis Muren, Ken Ralston, and Kit West – Return of the Jedi (1983)
* Dennis Muren, George Gibbs, Michael J. McAlister, and Lorne Peterson – Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
* George Gibbs and Richard Conway – Brazil (1985)
* Robert Skotak, Brian Johnson, Suzanne M. Benson, John Richardson, and Stan Winston – Aliens (1986)
* Michael Lantieri, Michael Owens, Edward Jones, and Bruce Walters – The Witches of Eastwick (1987)
* George Gibbs, Richard Williams, Ken Ralston, and Edward Jones – Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
* Ken Ralston, Michael Lantieri, John Bell, and Steve Gawley – Back to the Future Part II (1989)
* The production team of Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1990)
* Stan Winston, Dennis Muren, Gene Warren Jr., and Robert Skotak – Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
* Michael Lantieri, Ken Ralston, Alec Gillis, Tom Woodruff Jr., Doug Chiang, and Douglas Smythe – Death Becomes Her (1992)
* Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Phil Tippett, and Michael Lantieri – Jurassic Park (1993)
* Ken Ralston, George Murphy, Stephen Rosenbaum, Doug Chiang, and Allen Hall – Forrest Gump (1994)
* Robert Legato, Michael Kanfer, Matt Sweeney, and Leslie Ekker – Apollo 13 (1995)
* Stefen Fangmeier, John Frazier, Henry LaBounta, and Habib Zargarpour – Twister (1996)
* Mark Stetson, Karen Goulekas, Nick Allder, Neil Corbould, and Nick Dudman – The Fifth Element (1997)
* Stefen Fangmeier, Roger Guyett, and Neil Corbould – Saving Private Ryan (1998)
* John Gaeta, Steve Courtley, Janek Sirrs, and Jon Thum – The Matrix (1999)
* Stefen Fangmeier, John Frazier, Walt Conti, Habib Zargarpour, and Tim Alexander – The Perfect Storm (2000)

2001–2020|

* Jim Rygiel, Richard Taylor, Alex Funke, Randall William Cook, and Mark Stetson – The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
* Jim Rygiel, Joe Letteri, Randall William Cook, and Alex Funke – The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002)
* Joe Letteri, Jim Rygiel, Randall William Cook, and Alex Funke – The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
* Karen Goulekas, Neil Corbould, Greg Strause, and Remo Balcells – The Day After Tomorrow (2004)
* Joe Letteri, Christian Rivers, Brian Van't Hul, and Richard Taylor – King Kong (2005)
* John Knoll, Hal Hickel, Charles Gibson, and Allen Hall – Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
* Michael L. Fink, Bill Westenhofer, Ben Morris, and Trevor Wood – The Golden Compass (2007)
* Eric Barba, Craig Barron, Nathan McGuinness, and Edson Williams – The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008)
* Joe Letteri, Stephen Rosenbaum, Richard Baneham, and Andrew R. Jones – Avatar (2009)
* Chris Corbould, Paul Franklin, Andrew Lockley, and Peter Bebb – Inception (2010)
* Tim Burke, John Richardson, Greg Butler, and David Vickery – Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011)
* Bill Westenhofer, Guillaume Rocheron, and Erik-Jan de Boer – Life of Pi (2012)
* Tim Webber, Chris Lawrence, Dave Shirk, Neil Corbould, and Nikki Penny – Gravity (2013)
* Paul Franklin, Scott R. Fisher, Andrew Lockley, and Ian Hunter – Interstellar (2014)
* Chris Corbould, Roger Guyett, Paul Kavanagh, and Neal Scanlan \- Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)
* Robert Legato, Dan Lemmon, Andrew R. Jones, and Adam Valdez – The Jungle Book (2016)
* Richard R. Hoover, Paul Lambert, Gerd Nefzer, and John Nelson – Blade Runner 2049 (2017)
* Geoffrey Baumann, Jesse James Chisholm, Craig Hammack, and Dan Sudick – Black Panther (2018)
* Greg Butler, Guillaume Rocheron, and Dominic Tuohy – 1917 (2019)
* Scott R. Fisher, Andrew Jackson, and Andrew Lockley – Tenet (2020)

2021–present|

* Brian Connor, Paul Lambert, Tristan Myles, and Gerd Nefzer – Dune (2021)
* Richard Baneham, Daniel Barrett, Joe Letteri, and Eric Saindon – Avatar: The Way of Water (2022)
* Simon Hughes – Poor Things (2023)
* Paul Lambert, Stephen James, Gerd Nefzer, and Rhys Salcombe – Dune: Part Two (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Blue Ribbon Award for Best Foreign Film

* Sunset Boulevard (1951)
* Monsieur Verdoux (1952)
* Forbidden Games (1953)
* The Wages of Fear (1954)
* East of Eden (1955)
* Gervaise (1956)
* La Strada (1957)
* The Old Man and the Sea (1958)
* 12 Angry Men (1959)
* On the Beach (1960)
* Two Women (1961)
* The Grapes of Wrath (1962)
* Sundays and Cybele (1963)
* Lilies of the Field (1964)
* Mary Poppins (1965)
* A Man and a Woman (1966)
* Lenny (1975)
* Taxi Driver (1976)
* Rocky (1977)
* Conversation Piece (1978)
* The Deer Hunter (1979)
* Kramer vs. Kramer (1980)
* The Tin Drum (1981)
* E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
* Flashdance (1983)
* The Right Stuff (1984)
* Witness (1985)
* The Color Purple (1986)
* The Untouchables (1987)
* Wings of Desire (1988)
* Die Hard (1989)
* Field of Dreams (1990)
* The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
* JFK (1992)
* Jurassic Park (1993)
* Pulp Fiction (1994)
* The Bridges of Madison County (1995)
* Seven (1996)
* Titanic (1997)
* L.A. Confidential (1998)
* Life Is Beautiful (1999)
* Dancer in the Dark (2000)
* Joint Security Area (2001)
* Shaolin Soccer (2002)
* Infernal Affairs (2003)
* Mystic River (2004)
* Million Dollar Baby (2005)
* Flags of Our Fathers (2006)
* Dreamgirls (2007)
* The Dark Knight (2008)
* Gran Torino (2009)
* District 9 (2010)
* Black Swan (2011)
* Les Misérables (2012)
* Gravity (2013)
* Jersey Boys (2014)
* Mad Max: Fury Road (2015)
* Rogue One (2016)
* Hidden Figures (2017)
* Bohemian Rhapsody (2018)
* Joker (2019)
* Parasite (2020)
* No Time to Die (2021)
* Top Gun: Maverick (2022)
* The Super Mario Bros. Movie (2023)
* Oppenheimer (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation

1950s|

* 1958: The Incredible Shrinking Man

1960s|

* 1960: The Twilight Zone
* 1961: The Twilight Zone
* 1962: The Twilight Zone
* 1965: Dr. Strangelove
* 1967: Star Trek – "The Menagerie"
* 1968: Star Trek – "The City on the Edge of Forever"
* 1969: 2001: A Space Odyssey

1970s|

* 1970: News coverage of Apollo 11
* 1972: A Clockwork Orange
* 1973: Slaughterhouse-Five
* 1974: Sleeper
* 1975: Young Frankenstein
* 1976: A Boy and His Dog
* 1978: Star Wars
* 1979: Superman

1980s|

* 1980: Alien
* 1981: The Empire Strikes Back
* 1982: Raiders of the Lost Ark
* 1983: Blade Runner
* 1984: Return of the Jedi
* 1985: 2010: The Year We Make Contact
* 1986: Back to the Future
* 1987: Aliens
* 1988: The Princess Bride
* 1989: Who Framed Roger Rabbit

1990s|

* 1990: Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
* 1991: Edward Scissorhands
* 1992: Terminator 2: Judgment Day
* 1993: Star Trek: The Next Generation – "The Inner Light"
* 1994: Jurassic Park
* 1995: Star Trek: The Next Generation – "All Good Things..."
* 1996: Babylon 5 – "The Coming of Shadows"
* 1997: Babylon 5 – "Severed Dreams"
* 1998: Contact
* 1999: The Truman Show

2000s|

* 2000: Galaxy Quest
* 2001: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
* 2002: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring

* v
* t
* e

Japan Academy Film Prize for Outstanding Foreign Language Film

* Rocky (1978)
* Conversation Piece (1979)
* The Deer Hunter (1980)
* Kramer vs. Kramer (1981)
* The Tin Drum (1982)
* E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1983)
* An Officer and a Gentleman (1984)
* Once Upon a Time in America (1985)
* Amadeus (1986)
* Back to the Future (1987)
* Platoon (1988)
* The Last Emperor (1989)
* Die Hard (1990)
* Field of Dreams (1991)
* Dances With Wolves (1992)
* JFK (1993)
* Jurassic Park (1994)
* Schindler's List (1995)
* The Shawshank Redemption (1996)
* Il Postino: The Postman (1997)
* Titanic (1998)
* L.A. Confidential (1999)
* The Sixth Sense (2000)
* Dancer in the Dark (2001)
* Billy Elliot (2002)
* Monster's Ball (2003)
* The Pianist (2004)
* The Last Samurai (2005)
* Million Dollar Baby (2006)
* Flags of Our Fathers (2007)
* Letters from Iwo Jima (2008)
* The Dark Knight (2009)
* Gran Torino (2010)
* Avatar (2011)
* The King's Speech (2012)
* The Intouchables (2013)
* Les Misérables (2014)
* Frozen (2015)
* American Sniper (2016)
* Sully (2017)
* La La Land (2018)
* Bohemian Rhapsody (2019)
* Joker (2020)
* Parasite (2021)
* No Time to Die (2022)
* Top Gun: Maverick (2023)
* Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One (2024)
* Oppenheimer (2025)

* v
* t
* e

Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie

* Beverly Hills Cop II (1988)
* Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1989)
* Look Who's Talking (1990)
* Home Alone (1991)
* The Addams Family (1992)
* Jurassic Park (1994)
* The Lion King (1995)
* Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1996)
* Independence Day (1997)
* Titanic (1998)
* The Rugrats Movie (1999)
* Big Daddy (2000)
* How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2001)
* Rush Hour 2 (2002)
* Austin Powers in Goldmember (2003)
* Finding Nemo (2004)
* The Incredibles (2005)
* Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2006)
* Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2007)
* Alvin and the Chipmunks (2008)
* High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2009)
* Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel (2010)
* The Karate Kid (2011)
* Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked (2012)
* The Hunger Games (2013)
* The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2014)
* The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2015)
* Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2016)
* Ghostbusters (2017)
* Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle (2018)
* Avengers: Infinity War (2019)
* Avengers: Endgame (2020)
* Wonder Woman 1984 (2021)
* Spider-Man: No Way Home (2022)
* Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (2023)
* Barbie (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film

* Slaughterhouse-Five (1972)
* Soylent Green (1973)
* Rollerball (1974/75)
* Logan's Run (1976)
* Star Wars (1977)
* Superman (1978)
* Alien (1979)
* The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
* Superman II (1981)
* E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
* Return of the Jedi (1983)
* The Terminator (1984)
* Back to the Future (1985)
* Aliens (1986)
* RoboCop (1987)
* Alien Nation (1988)
* Total Recall (1989/90)
* Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
* Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1992)
* Jurassic Park (1993)
* Stargate (1994)
* 12 Monkeys (1995)
* Independence Day (1996)
* Men in Black (1997)
* Armageddon/Dark City (1998)
* The Matrix (1999)
* X-Men (2000)
* A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
* Minority Report (2002)
* X2: X-Men United (2003)
* Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)
* Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)
* Children of Men (2006)
* Cloverfield (2007)
* Iron Man (2008)
* Avatar (2009)
* Inception (2010)
* Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011)
* The Avengers (2012)
* Gravity (2013)
* Interstellar (2014)
* Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)
* Rogue One: A Star Wars Story (2016)
* Blade Runner 2049 (2017)
* Ready Player One (2018/19)
* Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019/20)
* Nope (2021/22)
* Avatar: The Way of Water (2022/23)
* Dune: Part Two (2023/24)

* v
* t
* e

Seiun Award for Best Dramatic Presentation

1970–2000|

* Charly / The Prisoner (1970)
* UFO (1971)
* The Andromeda Strain (1972)
* A Clockwork Orange (1973)
* Soylent Green (1974)
* Space Battleship Yamato (1975)
* Star (1976)
* Solaris (1978)
* Star Wars (1979)
* Alien (1980)
* The Empire Strikes Back (1981)
* Blade Runner (1983)
* The Dark Crystal (1984)
* Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1985)
* Back to the Future (1986)
* Brazil (1987)
* Royal Space Force: The Wings of Honnêamise (1988)
* My Neighbor Totoro (1989)
* Gunbuster (1990)
* Ginga Uchū Odyssey (1991)
* Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1992)
* Mama wa Shōgaku 4 Nensei (1993)
* Jurassic Park (1994)
* Zeiram 2 (1995)
* Gamera: Guardian of the Universe (1996)
* Gamera 2: Attack of Legion (1997)
* Ultraman Tiga (1998)
* Martian Successor Nadesico: The Motion Picture – Prince of Darkness (1999)
* Cowboy Bebop (2000)

2001–present|

* Gunparade March (2001)
* Kamen Rider Kuuga (2002)
* Voices of a Distant Star (2003)
* The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2004)
* Planetes (2005)
* Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger (2006)
* The Girl Who Leapt Through Time (2007)
* Dennō Coil (2008)
* Macross Frontier (2009)
* Summer Wars (2010)
* District 9 (2011)
* Puella Magi Madoka Magica (2012)
* Bodacious Space Pirates (2013)
* Pacific Rim (2014)
* Space Battleship Yamato 2199: Odyssey of the Celestial Ark (2015)
* Girls und Panzer der Film (2016)
* Shin Godzilla (2017)
* Kemono Friends (2018)
* SSSS.Gridman (2019)
* Astra Lost in Space (2020)
* Ultraman Z (2021)
* Godzilla Singular Point (2022)
* Shin Ultraman (2023)
* Godzilla Minus One (2024)

* v
* t
* e

Yearly highest-grossing films in the United States

Films listed as number-one by in-year release

1970s–1980s|

* Star Wars (1977)
* Grease (1978)
* Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
* The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
* Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
* E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
* Return of the Jedi (1983)
* Beverly Hills Cop (1984)
* Back to the Future (1985)
* Top Gun (1986)
* Three Men and a Baby (1987)
* Rain Man (1988)
* Batman (1989)

1990s−2000s|

* Home Alone (1990)
* Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)
* Aladdin (1992)
* Jurassic Park (1993)
* Forrest Gump (1994)
* Toy Story (1995)
* Independence Day (1996)
* Titanic (1997)
* Saving Private Ryan (1998)
* Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999)
* How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000)
* Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001)
* Spider-Man (2002)
* The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)
* Shrek 2 (2004)
* Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)
* Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
* Spider-Man 3 (2007)
* The Dark Knight (2008)
* Avatar (2009)

2010s−2020s|

* Toy Story 3 (2010)
* Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011)
* The Avengers (2012)
* The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013)
* American Sniper (2014)
* Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)
* Rogue One (2016)
* Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017)
* Black Panther (2018)
* Avengers: Endgame (2019)
* Bad Boys for Life (2020)
* Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021)
* Top Gun: Maverick (2022)
* Barbie (2023)
* Inside Out 2 (2024)

List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada

Portals:

* Film
* United States
* Speculative fiction
* Dinosaurs
* Science fiction
* 1990s

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* FAST

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Spain
* Norway
* Poland
* Israel
* Catalonia

Other|

* IdRef

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template