Kampala

Capital and the largest city of Uganda

This article is about the city. For the hill, see Kampala Hill.

Capital city in Kampala District, Uganda

Kampala

Capital city

Counter-clockwise; from top: Panoramic view of central Kampala, Bahá'i Temple, Makerere University, panoramic view of Lake Victoria, Kampala Worker's House, Uganda National Mosque

Kampala highlighted in red inside the Republic of Uganda

Kampala

Location of Kampala in Uganda

Show map of Uganda

Kampala

Location in Africa

Show map of Africa

Coordinates: 00°18′49″N 32°34′52″E﻿ / ﻿0.31361°N 32.58111°E﻿ / 0.31361; 32.58111
Country|  Uganda
City| Kampala District
Government

• Lord Mayor| Erias Lukwago
• Executive Director| Hajjat Sharifah Buzeki
Area

• Capital city

| 189 km2 (73 sq mi)
• Land| 176 km2 (68 sq mi)
• Water| 13 km2 (5 sq mi)
• Metro

| 8,451.9 km2 (3,263.3 sq mi)
Elevation

| 1,200 m (3,900 ft)
Population

(2019)[1]

• Capital city

| 1,680,600
• Density| 9,500/km2 (25,000/sq mi)
• Metro

| 6,709,900[1]
Demonyms| Munnakampala
Time zone| UTC+03:00 (EAT)
Website| www.kcca.go.ug

Kampala (UK: /kæmˈpɑːlə/,[2][3] US: /kɑːmˈ-/ ⓘ)[2][4] is the capital and largest city of Uganda. The city proper has a population of 1,875,834 (2025)[5] and is divided into the five political divisions of Kampala Central, Kawempe, Makindye, Nakawa, and Rubaga.[6]

Kampala's metropolitan area consists of the city proper and the neighboring Wakiso District, Mukono District, Mpigi District, Buikwe District and Luweero District. It has a rapidly growing population that is estimated at 6,709,900 people in 2019 by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics[7] in an area of 8,451.9 km2 (3,263.3 square miles). Other estimates estimate put the size of the metropolitan area at around four million people.[8]

In 2015, this metropolitan area generated an estimated nominal GDP of $13.80221 billion (constant US dollars of 2011),[9] which was more than half of Uganda's GDP for that year, indicating the importance of Kampala to Uganda's economy.

Kampala is reported to be among the fastest-growing cities in Africa, with an annual population growth rate of 4.03 percent,[10] by City Mayors. Mercer (a New York–based consulting firm) has regularly ranked Kampala as East Africa's best city to live in,[11][12] ahead of Nairobi and Kigali.

## Etymology

[edit]

Kampala originally referred to only the present-day Old Kampala hill, on whose summit Fort Lugard was located, and the initial headquarters of the British colonial authorities in the soon to be Uganda Protectorate.[13]

Before the British construction of Fort Lugard, the hill was a hunting reserve of the Kabaka (King) of Buganda and had several species of antelope, especially the impala. As a result, when the British colonial officials were allocated this hill by the then Kabaka of Buganda, they referred to it as "The Hill of the Impala".[citation needed]

The natives, in whose territory this British settlement was located, then translated "Hill of the Impala" as Akasozi k’empala. This was then shortened to K'empala and finally, the name ‘Kampala’ was brought to life. Kasozi means "hill", ke "of", and empala the plural of "impala". Hence the name "Kampala" came to refer to this initial British colonial settlement that would later on spread out from the occupied Old Kampala hill near the pre-existing Kibuga (capital) of the Buganda Kingdom.[14]

## History

[edit]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Kampala.

Kampala, the city from Cathedral Hill in 1936.

This area of numerous hills and swamps that later become known as Kampala was part of the core of the highly centralised Buganda Kingdom. It was also the site of the shifting Kibuga (capital) of the different Bassekabaka (kings) of the Buganda Kingdom, with each Kabaka (king) upon coronation, or subsequently during their reign, setting up their Kibuga (capital) on a new and or different hill as they wished or desired.[citation needed]

### 19th century

[edit]

The first written description of this Kibuga (capital) was by the explorer Sir Richard Burton in his book, The Lake Region of East Africa, published in 1860. In the book, Burton, relying on the information collected by Snay Bin Amir, an Arab trader, described the Kibuga as:

> …the settlement is not less than a day's journey in length, the buildings are of cane and rattan. The sultan's (Kabaka) palace is at least a mile long and the circular huts neatly arranged in a line are surrounded by a strong fence which has only four gates.

In 1862, when explorer John Speke arrived in Buganda, the Kibuga (capital) was at Bandabarogo, present-day Banda Hill, and the reigning Kabaka (King) was Mutesa I.[15]

In 1875, explorer Henry Morton Stanley reported the capital as being at present-day Lubaga Hill, where he met the same Kabaka, Mutesa I. During this visit, Stanley wrote a letter that was published in The Daily Telegraph, inviting missionaries to come to Buganda. He also described the Kibuga in his 1870s dispatches to The New York Herald, thus:

> As we approached the capital, the highway from Usavara [Busabala] increased in width from 20 ft [6 meters] to 150 ft [45 meters]...Arrived at the capital I found the vast collection of huts crowning the eminence were the Royal Quarters, around which ran several palisades and circular courts, between which and the city was a circular road, ranging from 100 ft [30 meters] to 200 ft [60 meters] in width with gardens and huts...

— Bennet, N.R. (ed.) Stanley's Dispatches to the New York Herald, 1871–1872, 1874–1877, Boston, 1970.

In 1877, the first missionaries from the Church Mission Society, who were of the Protestant faith, arrived from the United Kingdom and were allocated Namirembe Hill. Two years later, in 1879, the Catholic White Fathers also arrived, first settling at the present-day village of Kitebi near Lubaga; subsequently, they would be allocated Lubaga Hill. The arrival of these two missionary groups laid the ground for the religious wars of 1888 to 1892 between their new converts and forced the missionaries from Great Britain to then lobby for the British government to take over Buganda/Uganda as a protectorate.[citation needed]

In 1890, Frederick Lugard, an agent of the Imperial British East Africa Company, arrived in Buganda during the reign of Kabaka Mwanga II, with whom he signed a treaty of protection by the British government over Buganda, and the Kibuga (capital) was located at Mengo Hill. Captain Lugard would, later on, be allocated the Kampala hill that would soon be known as Old Kampala, and on which he built a fort.[16]

In 1895, Mengo Senior School, the first school offering Western education in Kampala, was opened by the Church Missionary Society at Namirembe hill, where mostly the children of chiefs and pages of the royal palaces were students.[citation needed]

In 1897, Mwanga launched a rebellion but was defeated and was subsequently captured and exiled, in 1899, to the Seychelles alongside Omukama Kabalega, and his 3-year-old son was made Kabaka by the combined forces of the European officers leading Nubian and Baganda colonial soldiers.[17] This state of affairs later culminated in the signing of the Buganda Agreement (1900) that formalised British colonial rule in Buganda.[citation needed]

Also in 1897, Kampala's first Western-style health facility, Mengo Hospital, was opened on Namirembe hill by British doctor and missionary Sir Albert Ruskin Cook. In addition, Sir Albert Ruskin Cook founded Mulago Hospital, the current National Referral Hospital, at Mulago hill in 1913.[18]

In 1899, the Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa founded Lubaga Hospital on Lubaga Hill.[citation needed]

### 20th century

[edit]

In 1900, the regents of the infant Kabaka Daudi Cwa II (who were Apolo Kagwa, the Katikiro (Prime Minister) of Buganda, Stanislaus Mugwanya, the Mulamuzi (Chief Judge) of Buganda, and Zakaria Kisingiri, the Muwanika (Chief Treasurer) of Buganda, with Bishop Alfred Tucker), signed the Buganda Agreement on behalf of Buganda with Sir Harry Johnston, who signed on behalf of the British government.[19][20] This agreement with Sir Harry Johnston created new land tenures such as freehold, Crown land, and mailo, and divided up and allocated the land in such a way that would come to define the development of Kampala.[citation needed]

The land in Buganda's Kibuga (capital), including Mengo Hill and Makerere Hill, was allocated to the young Kabaka, the Baganda colonial collaborators, etc., under mailo and freehold. The religious missions were also formally allocated land they were previously occupying. Thus, the Catholic White Fathers got Lubaga Hill, the Protestant Church Missionary Society got Namirembe Hill, the Muslims under Prince Nuhu Mbogo's leadership received Kibuli Hill, the British Catholic Mill Hill Missionaries received most of Nsambya Hill. The Uganda Protectorate government obtained land classified as Crown lands in the area such as Old Kampala Hill, Nakasero Hill, etc.[citation needed]

To legalise the above changes, the following laws and ordinances were subsequently passed: The Crown lands Ordinance of 1903, The Land Law of 1908, The Registration of Land Titles ordinance of 1922, and the Busulu and Envujo law of 1928.[21][22]

In 1906, the Crown lands consisting of Old Kampala, Nakasero hills etc. and covering 567 hectares (5.67 km2; 1,400 acres) was consolidated and gazetted as Kampala Township.[citation needed]

In 1912, Kampala Township received its first land-use plan and had a European and Asian population of 2,850.[23]

In 1922, Kampala's oldest university, Makerere, was founded as the Uganda Technical College at the present Makerere Hill and initially offered carpentry, building construction, mechanics, arts, education, agriculture, and medicine.

In 1930, the first sewerage plan was prepared to target a population of 20,000 people in the Nakasero and Old Kampala areas of the Kampala township. This plan guided sewerage development from 1936 to 1940 in planned urban areas of the Kampala Township and excluded the Kibuga area occupied by the Baganda and other natives.[24]

Kampala. The Imperial Hotel in 1936.

In 1931, the Uganda Railway line reached Kampala, connecting Kampala to Mombasa Port, thirty-five years after the commencement of its construction.[25]

In 1938, The East African Power & Lighting Company was granted a licence for thermal electric power generation and distribution for the towns of Kampala and Entebbe, and in the same year Sir Philip Mitchel, the Governor of Uganda, switched on Kampala and Uganda's first electric street lights.[26][27]

In 1945, Ernst May, a German architect, was commissioned by the Uganda Protectorate Government to design a new physical plan for Kampala. Ernst May's plan of 1947 was intended to extend Kampala eastwards covering Kololo Hill and Naguru Hill, and with the commercial centre on the southern slopes of Nakasero Hill, an industrial zone in the southeast of Kampala, and, for the first time, a planned residential zone for the Ugandan natives.[28] The plan was never fully implemented, and in 1951 the third physical plan by Henry Kendall was instead adopted, though it incorporated some elements of Ernst May's 1947 plan.[29]

Kampala in 1950s

Henry Kendall's 1951 plan expanded Kampala from the 5.67 km2 (2.19 square miles) area of the 1930 plan to an area of 28 km2 (11 square miles) incorporating areas like Kololo Hill, and the Industrial Area. However, like the first two planning schemes, the 1951 plan failed to achieve many of its stated objectives.[29]

On 9 October 1962, Uganda gained independence; subsequently the capital city was transferred from Entebbe to Kampala and in the same year, Kampala was granted city status.[citation needed]

In 1968, six years after Uganda attained independence, the boundaries of Kampala were expanded incorporating the Kibuga (then known as Mengo Municipality), Kawempe and Nakawa Townships, and areas including Muyenga and Ggaba.[30] This increased the administrative area of Kampala from 28 km2 (11 square miles) to the current 189 km2 (73 square miles).[citation needed]

In 1972, the fourth physical plan for Kampala was made covering the newly incorporated areas of Kampala's boundary extensions of 1968, but the subsequent political and economic turmoil of the 1970s and 1980s meant the plan was never implemented.[30][31]

The Battle of Kampala during the Ugandan Bush War occurred in January 1986. It resulted in the capture of the city by the National Resistance Movement, led by Yoweri Museveni and the subsequent surrender of the Ugandan government.[citation needed]

Similarly, the fifth physical plan for Kampala, made in 1994, like the 1972 plan, was also never implemented.[32]

### 21st century

[edit]

In 2010, the Kampala Capital City Authority Act was enacted, giving the Ugandan Government more control of the administration of Kampala. The act also created the Kampala Metropolitan Physical Planning Authority with the stated aims of improving the infrastructure of the City of Kampala and the surrounding districts of Wakiso, Mukono, Buikwe, Mpigi and Luwero.[33]

On 11 July 2010, suicide bombers affiliated with al-Shabaab, a Sunni Islamist group based in Somalia, carried out two nearly simultaneous bombings in Kampala, killing 74 people.[34][35] After eleven years of relative calm, on 16 November 2021, the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), an Islamist group based in eastern Congo with ties to the Islamic State, carried out two suicide bombings near the central police station and parliament, killing three people and injuring 36.[36][37][35]

## Geography

[edit]

Lake Victoria

### Topography

[edit]

Apartment block in Kololo

The City of Kampala covers a total area of 189 km2 (73 square miles), comprising 176 km2 (68 square miles) of land and 13 km2 (5.0 square miles) of water.

Kampala is a hilly place with its valleys filled with sluggish rivers/ swamps. The highest point in the city proper is the summit of Kololo hill at 1,311 metres (4,301 ft), located in the center of the city and the lowest point at the shores of Lake Victoria south of the city center at altitude of 1,135 metres (3,724 ft).

#### Hills

[edit]

The Kasubi Tombs

Kampala was originally built on seven hills, but it has expanded to cover more than the original seven hills.

The original seven hills are:

* Old Kampala Hill on which Fort Lugard was located, the first seat of the British colonial authorities in colonial Uganda.
* The second is Mengo Hill which was the then Kibuga (capital) of Buganda kingdom at the start of British colonial rule.
* The third is Kibuli Hill, that is home to the Kibuli Mosque.
* The fourth is Namirembe Hill, that was home to the Anglican (Wangeleza) faction of the Buganda religious wars of 1888 to 1892 and site of Namirembe Anglican Cathedral.
* The fifth is Lubaga Hill, that was home to the White Fathers Catholic (Wafaransa) faction of the above-mentioned Buganda religious wars and also site of the Rubaga Catholic Cathedral.
* The sixth is Nsambya Hill, site of the former Cathedral of St Peter's Nsambya and allocated to the British Catholic Mill Hill Mission during the signing of the Uganda Agreement (1900).
* The seventh is Nakasero Hill on whose summit was Fort Nakasero, a British military installation built after relocating from Fort Lugard in Old Kampala. The hill was also the site of the European Hospital (the current government analytical laboratory opposite Ministry of Public Service headquarters).

#### Swamps and slow rivers

[edit]

Due to Kampala's hilly nature and tropical climate, the valleys have slow rivers/swamps that tend to flow southwards towards Lake Victoria or northwards. These seasonal and or permanent swamps cover 15% of Kampala's land area. They include:

* Kinawataka swamp river covering an area of 1.5 km2 (0.58 square miles) flowing southwards into Lake Victoria and is located in Nakawa Division.[38]
* Nakivubo swamp river covering an area of 5.29 km2 (2.04 square miles) flowing southwards to Lake Victoria from the foothills of Makerere and of length 9 kilometres (5.6 mi).[38][39]
* Lubigi swamp covering an area of 2.85 km2 (1.10 square miles) flowing westwards from the foothills of Kisaasi into the Mayanja River.[38]
* Kansanga swamp[40]
* Kyetinda swamp

### Vegetation

[edit]

Kampala, due to the diversity of habitats that include wetlands and hills, was previously covered with short grasses on the tops of the hills, elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), Cyperus papyrus, African water lily etc. in the swamps and evergreen forests with trees such as African olive (mpafu) and Natal fig (mutuba).[41]

### Geology

[edit]

Kampala is located on the East African Plateau between the two arms of the East African Rift and on the northern limits of Tanzania Craton.

360-degree Kampala City panorama from the Old Gaddafi Mosque

### Climate

[edit]

Kampala has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) under the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system.

A facet of Kampala's weather is that it features two annual wetter seasons. While the city does not have a true dry season month, it experiences heavier precipitation from August to December and from February to June. However, it is between February and June that Kampala sees substantially heavier rainfall per month, with April typically seeing the heaviest amount of precipitation at an average of around 169 millimetres (6.7 in) of rain.

Climate data for Kampala

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 33
(91)  | 36
(97)  | 33
(91)  | 33
(91)  | 29
(84)  | 29
(84)  | 29
(84)  | 29
(84)  | 31
(88)  | 32
(90)  | 32
(90)  | 32
(90)  | 36
(97)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 28.6
(83.5)  | 29.3
(84.7)  | 28.7
(83.7)  | 27.7
(81.9)  | 27.3
(81.1)  | 27.1
(80.8)  | 26.9
(80.4)  | 27.2
(81.0)  | 27.9
(82.2)  | 27.7
(81.9)  | 27.4
(81.3)  | 27.9
(82.2)  | 27.8
(82.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 23.2
(73.8)  | 23.7
(74.7)  | 23.4
(74.1)  | 22.9
(73.2)  | 22.6
(72.7)  | 22.4
(72.3)  | 22.0
(71.6)  | 22.2
(72.0)  | 22.6
(72.7)  | 22.6
(72.7)  | 22.5
(72.5)  | 22.7
(72.9)  | 22.7
(72.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 17.7
(63.9)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 18.0
(64.4)  | 17.9
(64.2)  | 17.6
(63.7)  | 17.1
(62.8)  | 17.1
(62.8)  | 17.2
(63.0)  | 17.4
(63.3)  | 17.5
(63.5)  | 17.5
(63.5)  | 17.6
(63.7)
Record low °C (°F)  | 12
(54)  | 14
(57)  | 13
(55)  | 14
(57)  | 15
(59)  | 12
(54)  | 12
(54)  | 12
(54)  | 13
(55)  | 13
(55)  | 14
(57)  | 12
(54)  | 12
(54)
Average rainfall mm (inches)  | 68.4
(2.69)  | 63.0
(2.48)  | 131.5
(5.18)  | 169.3
(6.67)  | 117.5
(4.63)  | 69.2
(2.72)  | 63.1
(2.48)  | 95.7
(3.77)  | 108.4
(4.27)  | 138.0
(5.43)  | 148.7
(5.85)  | 91.5
(3.60)  | 1,264.3
(49.77)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.8  | 5.1  | 9.5  | 12.2  | 10.9  | 6.3  | 4.7  | 6.7  | 8.6  | 9.1  | 8.4  | 7.4  | 93.7
Average relative humidity (%)  | 66  | 68.5  | 73  | 78.5  | 80.5  | 78.5  | 77.5  | 77.5  | 75.5  | 73.5  | 73  | 71.5  | 74.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 155  | 170  | 155  | 120  | 124  | 180  | 186  | 155  | 150  | 155  | 150  | 124  | 1,824
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[42] Climate-Data.org for mean temperatures[43]
Source 2: BBC Weather[44]

## Education

[edit]

Makerere University Makerere University Main building in the pre independence years

Pre-primary education

Pre-primary education is offered only by private entities which are located in the various neighbourhoods of Kampala and is lightly regulated by the Ministry of Education and Sports and starts from age of 6 weeks. Education in Kampala city is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions offering a wide range of educational training that includes pre-primary, primary, secondary, vocational, technical undergraduate and post-graduate education.[citation needed]

Primary and secondary education in Kampala

Kampala has a number of both primary and secondary schools in every parish that are mostly privately owned and a handful that are state-owned and are also lightly regulated by the City Education directorate and Ministry of Education and Sports.[45]

Some of the private institutions:

* Kampala Parents School
* Aga Khan School
* Gayaza High School
* Good Times Primary School
* Global Junior School[3]
* Kawempe Muslim secondary school

Further information: Kinaawa High School Kawempe

Vocational and technical education in Kampala

Kampala has a number of both private and state institutions offering training in a broad range of fields as indicated in the table below:

Vocation/technical

institution

| Speciality | Location  | Ownership | Est

|
|
|
|

Nakawa Vocational Training Institute[46] |

* Electricity/electronic
* Automotive/auto – electrical
* Brick/block laying and concrete practice
* Welding and fabrication
* Sheet metal and plumbing
* Wood working
* Machining and Fitting

| Nakawa  | State owned | 1971
Tiner International School of Beauty[47] |

* Hairdressing
* Beauty therapy

| Wandegeya  | Private | 1995
Jimmy Sekasi Institute of Catering[48] |

* Food and beverage

| Kabalagala  | Private | 1989
St Mbaaga Major Seminary[49] |

* Theology

| Ggaba  | Private  | 1976

The city is also home to various public and private universities in the country including Makerere University, Kyambogo University, Kampala University, African Bible University, International University of East Africa, Ndejje University and many others.[citation needed]

Kyambogo university library

## Demographics

[edit]

Street map of Kampala View of Kampala from space

See also: Demographics of Uganda

The population of Kampala city proper has been rapidly increasing from 62,264 in 1948 to 1,189,142 in 2002, then 1,507,080 in 2014. In 2019, the population was estimated to be 1,650,800.[50][51]

Kampala, being the capital city and economic engine of Uganda, has a diverse ethnic population drawn from all parts of the country and also from neighboring countries such as Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, South Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia, and even from countries as far away as India and China.[52][53][54][55]

Cross-cultural intimate relations in Kampala and even Uganda as a whole is still unusual. Although many of Kampala's residents live and work in close contact, they still define themselves by their ethnic origins. This is more evident in the native languages (alongside Luganda and English) that are used at home, workplaces, and public spaces. In addition to the Baganda and Banyankole, other large ethnic groups include the Basoga, Bafumbira, Batoro, Bakiga, Alur, Bagisu (better known as Bamasaba), Banyoro, Iteso, Langi, and Acholi.[56]

Historical population data for Kampala

Year  | 1948  | 1959  | 1969  | 1980  | 1991  | 2002  | 2014  | 2019

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Kampala (city proper)  | 62,264[57] | 107,058[57] | 330,700[58] | 458,503[58] | 774,241[58] | 1,189,142[58] | 1,507,080[58] | 1,650,800[58]

## Culture

[edit]

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Ndere Centre in Kampala is a centre where all traditional Ugandan dances are represented. This dance is from the south of Uganda, on the border with Rwanda.

### Cultural institutions

[edit]

Prominent institutions include the Uganda Museum and the Ugandan National Theatre.

The city also serves as the seat of the Buganda kingdom in Mengo.

Bulange Mengo the headquarters of Buganda kingdom

One of the most notable sites is the Kasubi Tombs, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the burial grounds of the Buganda kings.[59]

The Independence Monument, located in the heart of Kampala, is a symbol of Uganda's freedom from colonial rule.

## Shopping and Entertainment

[edit]

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Kampala is also known for its vibrant shopping scene, offering everything from traditional crafts to modern fashion. Owino market (also known as St Balikuddembe market) is one of the largest and busiest markets in Uganda, where one can find an array of goods including clothes, shoes, and fresh produce. The city is also filled with a number of shopping malls and arcades such as Acacia mall and Imperial mall.

Wandegeya Market is located near Makerere University.[60] There is also Nakasero Market, one of Africa's largest and liveliest.[61]

Kampala's nightlife is another aspect of the city's leisure that cannot be overlooked. The city is alive with music and dance, with numerous bars, clubs, and lounges offering entertainment late into the night. Kabalagala and Kololo are popular areas for nightlife.

## Cuisine

[edit]

For those who prefer dining in a more formal setting, Kampala has numerous restaurants that offer a variety of cuisines. [citation needed]

Cafe javas is a popular chain that offers a blend of local and international dishes for both a casual meal and a business meeting. [citation needed]

One dish is called TV Chicken, named because the chicken is roasted in a rotisserie oven with a glass window that customers can watch the chicken through.[62]

Nsenene vendors (nsenene are grasshoppers) set up shop in May and November, during grasshopper season.[63]

Gaba Fish Market, located on Lake Victoria, is the biggest fish market.[64]

Luwombo a special dish in Kampala Kampala's cuisine

### Ndere Cultural Centre

[edit]

A prominent cultural centre in the Kampala area of Kisasi that aims to promote Ugandan and African cultural expressions through music, dance, and drama. The name Ndere is derived from the noun 'endere', which means flute. As an instrument found in all cultures, it is chosen as a peaceful symbol of the universality of cultural expressions. The Ndere centre is famous for its Ndere troupe, a music and dance troupe that perform several nights every week at the centre showcasing music and dance from all over Uganda as well as Rwanda and Burundi.[65]

Mandela National Stadium

### Sports

[edit]

Kampala is home to the City Oilers, one of East Africa's top basketball club teams. It is the only East African team that competes in the FIBA Africa Clubs Champions Cup. The Oilers play their home games in the MTN Arena, which is based in Kampala's Lugogo Area.[66]

The city hosted the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 2017. The city also hosted the Rugby Africa Cup in 2024 at the Mandela National Stadium. The 2027 Africa Cup of Nations will be hosted in the city alongside neighbouring countries of Tanzania and Kenya.[citation needed]

The city has a number of stadiums and sports complexes:

1\. Mandela National Stadium (Namboole Stadium)

The Mandela National Stadium, commonly known as Namboole Stadium, is the largest and most iconic sports facility in Uganda. Located just outside Kampala in Bweyogerere, this multi-purpose stadium has a seating capacity of over 45,000 and is the primary venue for major sporting events, including football matches, athletics, and concerts. The stadium is home to the Uganda national football team, the Cranes, and hosts various local and international competitions.

2\. Lugogo Sports Complex

Lugogo is a well-known sports hub in Kampala, offering facilities for a range of sports including tennis, cricket, and boxing. The MTN Arena within the complex is a modern indoor arena with a capacity of around 3,000, used for basketball, netball, volleyball, and other indoor sports. The Lugogo Cricket Oval is another highlight, hosting national and international cricket matches, making it the center of cricket in Uganda.

3\. Kampala Golf Club

Located in the heart of the city, the Kampala Golf Club is Uganda's oldest golf course and a premier destination for golfers. The 18-hole course offers a challenging yet scenic layout, with well-maintained greens and fairways. The club also has a driving range and a clubhouse, making it a popular spot for both serious golfers and those looking to relax in a green environment.[citation needed]

4\. Hamz Nakivubo Stadium

The renewed stadium formerly known as Nakivubo War memorial Stadium is found in the central business district of Kampala

Hamz stadium in Nakivubo, Kampala

The city is home to various football clubs playing in the Uganda Premier League such as Kampala Capital City Authority FC, SC Villa, Police FC, and Express FC There are also a number of teams in Kampala playing in the FUFA Women Super League like Kawempe Muslim LFC, Lady Doves FC and many others

## Notable people

[edit]

### Politics

[edit]

#### Heads of State

[edit]

* Idi Amin (Dada)
* Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, one of Africa's longest ruling presidents[67]
* Mutesa II of Buganda, the 1st president. Kabaka of Buganda
* Paulo Muwanga, former president and prime minister
* Apollo Milton Obote, led Uganda to independence in 1962[68]
* Tito Okello

#### Monarchs

[edit]

* Muteesa I, the 30th Kabaka of Buganda
* Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda, the 36th Kabaka of Buganda

#### MP/elected officials

[edit]

* Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu, Ugandan politician, businessman, entrepreneur, philanthropist and musician
* Zohran Mamdani, New York State Assemblyman

#### Municipal

[edit]

* Erias Lukwago, Ugandan lawyer and politician and the Lord Mayor of Kampala City

#### Other

[edit]

* Salma Lakhani, Lieutenant Governor for the province of Alberta

### Activists

[edit]

* Esther Nakajjigo, humanitarian and human rights activist
* Pepe Julian Onziema, human rights activist

### Artists

[edit]

* Alex Mukulu

### Business

[edit]

* Maggie Kigozi
* James Mulwana
* Sudhir Ruparelia, Ugandan entrepreneur and builder, Founder Chairman of Ruparelia Group
* Hasmukh Dawda

### Chess

[edit]

* Robert Katende
* Phiona Mutesi, chess prodigy and subject of the 2012 book and 2016 Disney film Queen of Katwe

### Fashion

[edit]

* Santa Anzo
* Stella Atal
* Anita Beryl
* Aamito Lagum, fashion model, winner of the first season of Africa's Next Top Model
* Sylvia Owori

### Film & Television

[edit]

* Shimit Amin, Uganda-born Indian filmmaker
* Mathew Nabwiso, Ugandan actor
* Whitney Peak, Uganda-born Canadian actress

### Journalists

[edit]

* Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, British journalist and author
* Nancy Kacungira
* Maurice Mugisha
* Rajat Neogy, Ugandan-Indian journalist, writer, poet and founder and editor of Transition Magazine
* Solomon Serwanjja

### Law

[edit]

* Julia Sebutinde (born 1954), jurist on the International Court of Justice

### Music

[edit]

* Rachael Kungu (born 1978), DJ and recording artist

### Public speakers

[edit]

* Derreck Kayongo

### Religion & Spirituality

[edit]

* Robert Kayanja
* Martin Ssempa
* John Sentamu, Archbishop of York

### Scientists & academicians

[edit]

* Kwatsi Alibaruho
* Ash Amin, British academic and geographer
* Venansius Baryamureeba
* Alex Coutinho
* Ellinor Catherine Cunningham van Someren, scientist
* Ivan Edwards
* Sebastian Kyalwazi
* Joshua Sikhu Okonya
* Samuel Sejjaaka, professor
* Robert Ssentongo (surgeon)

### Sports

[edit]

* Micheal Azira, Ugandan footballer, who plays for the New Mexico United in the USL Championship
* Cornelius Boza-Edwards, former boxer
* Moses Magogo Hassim, FUFA President who took Uganda Cranes to AFCON after 39 years and first Ugandan on CAF Executive
* Mandy Juruni, basketball coach
* John Mugabi, world champion boxer[69]
* Martin Kayongo-Mutumba
* Denis Onyango, footballer
* Wasswa Serwanga, American football player
* Pione Sisto, footballer, Ugandan born Danish footballer
* Joshua Cheptegei, long-distance runner, world-record holder in the 10,000 metres and 5000 metres
* Jacob Kiplimo, long-distance runner, world-record holder in the Half marathon

### Writers

[edit]

* Marcel Theroux, British novelist

### Other

[edit]

* Allen Kagina, executive director, Uganda National Roads Authority, UNRA
* Julius Kakeeto, Bank executive and CEO of PostBank Uganda
* Jennifer Musisi, former execute Director of Kampala Capital City Authority

People awarded the honorary citizenship of Kampala are:

Date  | Name  | Notes

|
|

16 June 2017 | Aga Khan IV (1936–2025) | British humanitarian and Imam of Nizari-Ismaili Shia Islam[70][71]

## Economy

[edit]

Traditional Fishermen on Lake Victoria outside Kampala The Church House, downtown Kampala

Efforts are underway to relocate heavy industry to the Kampala Business and Industrial Park, located in Namanve, Mukono District, approximately 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) east of the city's central business district,[72] thereby cutting down on city traffic congestion. Some of the businesses that maintain their headquarters in the city center include all of the 25 commercial banks licensed in Uganda; the New Vision Group, the leading news media conglomerate and majority owned by the government; and the Daily Monitor publication, a member of the Kenya-based Nation Media Group. Air Uganda maintained its headquarters in an office complex on Kololo Hill in Kampala.[73] Crown Beverages Limited, the sole Pepsi-Cola franchise bottler in the country, is situated in Nakawa, a division of Kampala, about 5 kilometres (3 mi) east of the city centre.[74]

The informal sector is a large contributor to Kampala's GDP. Citizens who work in the formal sector also participate in informal activities to earn more income for their families. A public servant in Kampala, for example, may engage in agriculture in addition to working in the formal sector. Other informal fields include owning taxis and urban agriculture. The use of Kampala's wetlands for urban farming has increased over the past few decades. It connects the informal rural settlements with the more industrialized parts of the city. The produce grown in the wetlands is sold in markets in the urban areas.[75]

In December 2015, Google launched its first Wi-Fi network in Kampala.[76]

While more than 30 percent of Kampala's inhabitants practice urban agriculture, the city of Kampala donated 13 hectares (32 acres) to promote urban agriculture in the northeastern parish of Kyanja, in Nakawa Division.[77]

## Transport

[edit]

Kampala is served by Entebbe International Airport, which is the largest airport in Uganda.

Taxi station in Kampala Pioneer buses (2020)

Boda-bodas (local motorbike transport) are a popular mode of transport that gives access to many areas within and outside the city. Standard fees for these range from USh:1,000 to 2,000 or more. Boda-bodas are useful for passing through rush-hour traffic, although many are poorly maintained and dangerous.[78]

In early 2007, it was announced that Kampala would remove commuter taxis from its streets and replace them with a comprehensive city bus service. (In Kampala, the term "taxi" refers to a 15-seater minibus used as public transport.) The bus service was expected to cover the greater Kampala metropolitan area including Mukono, Mpigi, Bombo, Entebbe, Wakiso and Gayaza. As of December 2011[update] the service had not yet started.[79] Having successfully completed the Northern Bypass, the government, in collaboration with its stakeholders, now plans to introduce the bus rapid transit (BRT) system in Kampala by 2014. On 12 March 2012, Pioneer Easy Bus Company, a private transport company, started public bus service in Kampala with an estimated 100 buses each with a 60-passenger capacity (30 seated and 30 standing), acquired from China. Another 422 buses were expected in the country in 2012. The buses operate 24 hours daily.[citation needed] The company has a concession to provide public transport in the city for the next five years.[80][81] The buses were impounded for back taxes in December 2013. The company expected to resume operation in February 2015.[82]

In 2014, Uganda's President Yoweri Museveni and a Chinese transportation company signed a Memorandum of Understanding, to embark at some point on building a light rail system in Kampala[citation needed], similar to the one in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

On 11 April 2011, the pressure group Activists for Change (A4C) held its first Walk to Work protest near Kampala, in response to a comment by President Museveni on the increased cost of fuel, which had risen by 50 percent between January and April 2011. He said: "What I call on the public to do is to use fuel sparingly. Don't drive to bars."[83][84] The protest, which called on workers to walk to work to highlight the increased cost of transport in Uganda,[83] was disrupted by police, who fired tear gas and arrested three-time presidential candidate Kizza Besigye and Democratic Party leader Norbert Mao.[85] In the course of the protest, Besigye was shot in the right arm by a rubber bullet. The government blamed the violence on protesters.[84]

In 2016, the Rift Valley Railways Consortium (RVR) and Kampala Capital City Authority established passenger rail service between Namanve and Kampala and between Kampala and Kyengera. Those services were temporarily discontinued after RVR lost its concession in Uganda in October 2017.[86] However, when Uganda Railways Corporation took over the operations of the metre gauge railway system in Uganda in 2018, the service was restored in February that year.[87] A new Kampala to Port Bell route is being planned to be added in the 2018/2019 financial year.[86]

## Places of worship

[edit]

* Baha'i House of Worship in Kampala

* St. Paul's Anglican Cathedral located on Namirembe Hill

* Rubaga Cathedral, the seat for the Roman Catholic Church

* Uganda National Mosque (Islam)

Among the places of worship are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala (Catholic Church), Church of Uganda (Anglican Communion), Presbyterian Church in Uganda (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Baptist Union of Uganda (Baptist World Alliance), and Assemblies of God.[88] There are also Muslim mosques.

Kampala hosts a Bahá'í House of Worship known as the Mother Temple of Africa which is situated on Kikaya Hill in the outskirts of the city. The temple was inaugurated in January 1961.[89]

## Health Care

[edit]

Kampala is the country's main hub for health care services. It offers a mix of public hospitals, private clinics, and specialized medical centers that serve both locals and international visitors. The quality of care varies depending on the type of facility, but in general, Kampala provides the best medical options in the country.[90]

Public health care in Kampala is overseen by the Ministry of Health. The city hosts key government hospitals such as Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda's largest and most advanced public hospital. Mulago serves as a teaching hospital for Makerere University's College of Health Sciences and provides a wide range of services, including surgery, maternal health, pediatrics, and specialized care. While public hospitals are often affordable or free, they face challenges like overcrowding, long waiting times, limited medical supplies, and under-staffing.[91]

Kampala also has a growing number of private hospitals and clinics offering higher standards of care, often preferred by the middle class, expats, and medical tourists. Some notable private institutions include: Nakasero Hospital – a modern private hospital known for advanced diagnostics and surgery. International Hospital Kampala (IHK) – a leading facility offering general and specialized care. Kampala Hospital – known for quality services and patient-focused care. Case Hospital – provides both inpatient and outpatient services among many others. Private facilities tend to be better equipped and offer faster service but come at a higher cost. Many accept international health insurance, though it's important to confirm in advance.

## Gallery

[edit]

* Mengo Palace

* Kampala skyline

* Entrance to the Parliament building

* Stride monument

* Kampala City by night

* Nelson Mandela National Stadium, the home of the national football team, the Uganda Cranes

* Independence Monument

* Namugongo Martyrs Shrine

* Uganda Museum

* National Theatre

* Uganda House – Kampala / Jinja Road

## See also

[edit]

* Uganda portal
* Cities portal

* List of banks in Uganda
* List of tallest buildings in Kampala
* Timeline of Kampala#Bibliography
* Wakaliwood – A film studio based in Kampala

## References

[edit]

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## External links

[edit]

* Official website

Kampala at Wikipedia's sister projects:

* Media from Commons
* Travel guides from Wikivoyage

* v
* t
* e

Kampala District

Capital: Kampala

Divisions|

* Kampala Central Division
* Kawempe Division
* Lubaga Division
* Makindye Division
* Nakawa Division

Neighborhoods|

* Banda
* Bugoloobi
* Bukoto
* Busega
* Butabika
* Bwaise
* Ggaba
* Kabalagala
* Kamwookya
* Kansanga
* Kaleerwe
* Kanyanya
* Kasubi
* Katwe
* Kawaala
* Kawempe
* Kibuli
* Kibuye
* Kigoowa
* Kikaaya
* Kisaasi
* Kiwaatule
* Kulambiro
* Kololo
* Kyambogo
* Kyebando
* Lubaga
* Lungujja
* Luzira
* Makerere
* Makindye
* Mbuya
* Mengo
* Mpererwe
* Mulago
* Munyonyo
* Muyenga
* Naakulabye
* Naguru
* Najjanankumbi
* Nakasero
* Nakawa
* Nakawa–Naguru Estates
* Namirembe
* Namungoona
* Namuwongo
* Nateete
* Ndeeba
* Nsambya
* Ntinda
* Old Kampala
* Port Bell
* Wandegeya

Banking|

* Bank of Uganda
* Uganda Deposit Protection Fund
* ABC Bank (Uganda)
* Absa Bank Uganda Limited
* Bank of Africa Uganda Limited
* Bank of Baroda Uganda Limited
* Bank of India (Uganda)
* DFCU Group
* Cairo Bank Uganda
* Centenary Bank
* Citibank
* DFCU Bank
* Diamond Trust Bank
* Ecobank
* Equity Bank
* Exim Bank (Uganda)
* Finance Trust Bank
* Guaranty Trust Bank
* Housing Finance Bank
* I&M Bank Uganda
* KCB Bank Uganda Limited
* NCBA Bank Uganda
* Opportunity Bank Uganda Limited
* PostBank Uganda
* Salaam Bank Uganda
* Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited
* Standard Chartered Uganda
* Tropical Bank
* United Bank for Africa
* East African Development Bank
* Uganda Development Bank
* Pride Microfinance Limited
* FINCA Uganda Limited
* UGAFODE Microfinance Limited
* Exodus Sacco
* Yako Bank Uganda Limited
* Letshego Microfinance Uganda

Industry|

* Aya Group
* Quality Chemical Industries Limited
* FI Holdings–House of Dawda Group
* Mukwano Group
* Kiira Motors Corporation
* Sarrai Group

Media|

* Daily Monitor
* New Vision
* New Vision Group
* The Independent (Uganda)
* The Observer (Uganda)

Information technology|

* Airtel Uganda
* K2 Telecom
* MTN Uganda
* Uganda Communications Commission
* Uganda Telecommunications Corporation Limited
* Vodafone Uganda

Economy|

* Dott Services
* National Housing and Construction Company
* Tirupati Development Uganda Limited
* Insurance Regulatory Authority of Uganda
* National Food and Drug Authority
* National Planning Authority
* National Identification and Registration Authority
* National Social Security Fund
* National Water and Sewerage Corporation
* Uganda Securities Exchange
* Uganda Investment Authority
* Ruparelia Group
* Kyagalanyi Coffee Limited
* Brookside Dairy Limited
* Jesa Farm Dairy Limited
* Uganda Retirement Benefits Regulatory Authority
* Uganda Land Commission
* Capital Markets Authority of Uganda
* Uganda Coffee Development Authority
* ROKO Construction Company
* Uganda Business Facilitation Centre

Transport|

* Uganda Air Cargo
* Uganda Airlines
* Kampala Airport
* Uganda National Roads Authority
* Entebbe–Kampala Expressway
* Kampala–Jinja Expressway
* Kampala–Jinja Highway
* Kampala–Entebbe Road
* Kampala–Gayaza Road
* Kampala–Bombo Expressway
* Kampala–Busunju Expressway
* Kampala–Mpigi Expressway
* Kampala–Masaka Road
* Kampala–Mityana Road
* Kampala–Hoima Road
* Kampala Northern Bypass Highway
* Kampala Southern Bypass Highway
* Kampala Outer Beltway
* Tondeka Metro Bus Service

Energy|

* Umeme
* Electricity Regulatory Authority
* Uganda National Oil Company
* Uganda Refinery Holding Company
* Uganda National Pipeline Company
* Petroleum Authority of Uganda
* Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited
* Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited
* Uganda Energy Credit Capitalisation Company

Notable
landmarks|

* Afrexim Bank House, Kampala
* Bulange
* Christ the King Catholic Church
* Uganda Parliament Buildings
* Kampala Capital City Authority Complex
* DFCU House
* Kampala Protea Hotel
* Kampala Hilton Garden Inn
* Kampala Hilton Hotel
* Kampala Serena Hotel
* Kampala Sheraton Hotel
* Imperial Hotels Group
* Imperial Royale Hotel
* Grand Imperial Hotel
* Janani Luwum Church House
* Kampala Kingdom Hotel
* Kampala Speke Hotel
* Mapeera House
* Movement House
* Munyonyo Commonwealth Resort
* Thobani Centre
* Speke Resort and Conference Center
* East African Development Bank Building
* Bank of Uganda Building Complex
* Mengo Palace
* Kabaka's Place Banda
* Namirembe Cathedral
* Rubaga Cathedral
* Makerere University Main Campus
* National Water and Sewerage Corporation Headquarters Building
* Kampala Tower
* Hotel Africana
* Kibuli Mosque
* Old Kampala Mosque
* Uganda Inspectorate of Government Towers
* Uganda Ministry of Education Complex
* Uganda Museum
* Uganda National Cultural Centre
* Uganda National Records Centre and Archives
* Kasubi Tombs
* DFCU House
* Pension Towers
* JLOS House Project
* Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala

Education|

* Aga Khan University, Kampala
* Cavendish University Uganda
* Clarke International University
* Habib Medical School
* Institute of Petroleum Studies Kampala
* International Health Sciences University
* International University of East Africa
* ISBAT University
* Kampala International School
* Kampala University
* Kibuli Secondary School
* Kitante Hill Secondary School
* Kololo Senior Secondary School
* Kyambogo University
* Law Development Centre
* Makerere College School
* Makerere University
* Makerere University Business School
* Mengo Senior School
* Nabisunsa Girls' Secondary School
* Nakawa Vocational Training Institute
* Nexus International University
* Rubaga Community School
* Stafford University Uganda
* St. Augustine International University
* St. Lawrence University
* Uganda Christian University School of Medicine
* Team University
* Uganda Industrial Research Institute
* Uganda Management Institute
* Uganda Martyrs University School of Medicine
* Uganda National Entrepreneurship Development Institute
* Uganda Technology and Management University
* Victoria University Uganda
* Uganda National Council for Higher Education

Health|

* Aga Khan University Hospital, Kampala
* Butabika Hospital
* Case Medical Centre
* International Hospital Kampala
* Kadic Hospital
* Kampala Hospital
* Kampala Medical Chambers Hospital
* Kawempe General Hospital
* Kibuli Hospital
* Kiruddu General Hospital
* Lubaga Hospital
* Makerere University Hospital
* Mbuya Military Hospital
* Mengo Hospital
* Mulago Hospital
* Mulago Women's Referral Hospital
* Murchison Bay Hospital
* Upper Mulago Regional Referral Hospital
* Nakasero Hospital
* Naguru General Hospital
* Nsambya Hospital
* Paragon Hospital
* Uganda Cancer Institute
* Uganda Heart Institute
* Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council
* Women's Hospital International and Fertility Centre
* Galilee Community General Jewish Hospital of Uganda
* International Medical Group
* Uganda Joint Medical Store

Legal|

* A.F. Mpanga Advocates
* ENSafrica
* Kampala Associated Advocates
* Kasirye Byaruhanga and Company Advocates
* Kateera & Kagumire Advocates
* Katende Ssempebwa & Company Advocates
* Kigozi Ssempala Mukasa Obonyo Advocates
* Ligomarc Advocates
* Sebalu & Lule Advocates

Environment|

* National Environment Management Authority of Uganda

Notable people|

* Apolo Nsibambi
* Nasser Sebaggala
* David Serwadda
* Fred Ruhindi
* John Ssebaana Kizito
* Bulaimu Muwanga Kibirige
* Erias Lukwago
* Ian Clarke
* Jennifer Musisi
* Josephine Nambooze
* Maria Kiwanuka
* Laurence Sematimba
* Joseph Kizito
* Justinian Tamusuza
* Robert Ssejjemba
* Eugene Sseppuya
* Phillip Ssozi
* Sudhir Ruparelia
* Wasswa Serwanga
* Yusef Sozi
* Margaret Zziwa
* Beti Kamya-Turwomwe
* Moses Matovu
* Mohammed Hamid
* Hasmukh Dawda

* v
* t
* e

Capitals of African countries

Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics

* Abuja, Nigeria
* Accra, Ghana
* Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
* Algiers, Algeria
* Antananarivo, Madagascar
* Asmara, Eritrea
* Bamako, Mali
* Bangui, Central African Republic
* Banjul, Gambia
* Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
* Brazzaville, Rep. of the Congo
* Cairo, Egypt
* Conakry, Guinea
* Dakar, Senegal
* Djibouti, Djibouti
* Dodoma, Tanzania
* El Aaiún (claimed)/Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic1
* Freetown, Sierra Leone
* Gaborone, Botswana
* Garoowe, Puntland1
* Gitega, Burundi
* Harare, Zimbabwe
* Hargeisa, Somaliland1
* Jamestown, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha2
* Juba, South Sudan
* Kampala, Uganda
* Khartoum, Sudan
* Kigali, Rwanda
* Kinshasa, D.R. Congo
* Libreville, Gabon
* Lilongwe, Malawi
* Lomé, Togo
* Luanda, Angola
* Lusaka, Zambia
* Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
* Maputo, Mozambique
* Maseru, Lesotho
*     * Mbabane (executive)

* Lobamba (legislative), Eswatini

* Mogadishu, Somalia
* Monrovia, Liberia
* Moroni, Comoros
* Nairobi, Kenya
* N'Djamena, Chad
* Niamey, Niger
* Nouakchott, Mauritania
* Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
* Port Louis, Mauritius
* Porto-Novo, Benin
* Praia, Cape Verde
*     * Pretoria (executive)

* Cape Town (legislative)

* Bloemfontein (judicial), South Africa

* Rabat, Morocco
* São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe
* Tripoli, Libya
* Tunis, Tunisia
* Victoria, Seychelles
* Windhoek, Namibia
*     * Yamoussoukro (political)

* Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast

* Yaoundé, Cameroon

* 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation
* 2 British Overseas Territory

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area
* 2

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* İslâm Ansiklopedisi
* Yale LUX

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