Kaohsiung

City in southern Taiwan

"Dagao" redirects here. For the ethnic group, see Dagaaba people. For the former county, see Kaohsiung County.

"Takau" redirects here. For other uses, see Takau (disambiguation).

Special municipality in Republic of China

Kaohsiung City

高雄市[I]

Takau, Takao, Takow

Special municipality

Kaohsiung skyline

Kaohsiung National Stadium

Kaohsiung Museum of History

Lotus Pond

National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts

Kaohsiung Music Center

Flag

Logo (stylized form of 高)

Etymology: Takao Prefecture
Nickname(s):

The Harbor City (Gǎngdū), The Maritime Capital, The Waterfront City

Country|  Republic of China (Taiwan)
Fongshan County| 1683
Takao Prefecture| September 1920
Kaohsiung City| 25 October 1945
Kaohsiung County| 6 December 1945
Upgraded to Yuan-controlled municipality| 1 July 1979
Merger with Kaohsiung County| 25 December 2010
City seat| Lingya District (mayor's office)
Fongshan District (City Council)
22°36′54″N 120°17′51″E﻿ / ﻿22.61500°N 120.29750°E﻿ / 22.61500; 120.29750
Districts| 38
Largest district| Sanmin District
Government

• Mayor

| Chen Chi-mai (DPP)
Legislature| Kaohsiung City Council
National representation

• Legislative Yuan

| 8 of 113 constituencies
Area

• Total

| 2,951.85 km2 (1,139.72 sq mi) (4th)
Elevation

| 9 m (30 ft)
Population

• October 2023 estimate

| 2,737,660 (3rd)

* * *

2,565,000 (urban)[1] (3rd)
GDP (PPP)| 2016 estimate

• Total

| US$45,285 (12th)
GDP (nominal)| 2016 estimate

• Total

| NT$684,260 (12th)
Time zone| UTC+8 (National Standard Time)
Calling code| 07
Postal code|

800–852

ISO 3166 code| TW-KHH
Website| www.kcg.gov.tw/en (in English)
Symbols

Flower| Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)
Tree| Cotton Tree (Bombax ceiba)

Pratas Island

Taiping Island

Kaohsiung

class=notpageimage|

Location of Pratas Island and Taiping Island (administered by Cijin District, Kaohsiung) relative to the city of Kaohsiung
Legend：  red: Pratas Island blue: Taiping Island green: Kaohsiung

Kaohsiung City

"Kaohsiung" in Chinese characters

Chinese name
Chinese| 高雄市
Literal meaning| Japanese transcription of an old Siraya name
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Gāoxióng Shì
Bopomofo| ㄍㄠ ㄒㄩㄥˊ ㄕˋ
Gwoyeu Romatzyh| Gaushyong Shyh
Wade–Giles| Kao1-hsiung2 Shih4
Tongyong Pinyin| Gaosyóng Shìh
Yale Romanization| Gāusyúng Shr̀
MPS2| Gāushiúng Shr̀
IPA| [káʊ.ɕjʊ̌ŋ ʂɻ̩̂]
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ| Kô-hiùng-sṳ
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping| gou1 hung4 si5
IPA| [kɔw˥ hʊŋ˩ si˩˧]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ| Ko-hiông-chhī
Tâi-lô| Ko-hiông-tshī
Japanese name
Kanji| 高雄市
Hiragana| たかおし
Katakana| タカオシ
| Transcriptions

Revised Hepburn| Takao-shi
Kunrei-shiki| Takao-si

Kaohsiung,[a] officially Kaohsiung City,[I] is a special municipality located in southern Taiwan. It ranges from the coastal urban center to the rural Yushan Range with an area of 2,952 km2 (1,140 sq mi). Kaohsiung City has a population of approximately 2.73 million people as of October 2023 and is Taiwan's third most populous city and largest city in southern Taiwan.[4]

Founded in the 17th century as a small trading village named Takau, a name of indigenous origins,[b] the city has since grown into the political and economic center of southern Taiwan, with key industries such as manufacturing, steel-making, oil refining, freight transport and shipbuilding. It is classified as a "Sufficiency" level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network,[5] with some of the most prominent infrastructures in Taiwan.

Kaohsiung is of strategic importance to the nation as the city is the main port city of Taiwan; the Port of Kaohsiung is the largest and busiest harbor in Taiwan and more than 67% of the nation's exports and imports container throughput goes through Kaohsiung.[6] Kaohsiung International Airport is the second busiest airport in number of passengers in Taiwan. The city is well-connected to other major cities by high speed and conventional rail, as well as several national freeways. It also hosts the Republic of China Navy (ROCN) fleet headquarters and its naval academy. More recent public works such as Pier-2 Art Center, National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts and Kaohsiung Music Center have been aimed at growing the tourism and cultural industries of the city.

## Etymology

[edit]

Map of Taiwan including Takau (Kaohsiung) (1880)

Hoklo immigrants to the area during the 16th and 17th centuries called the region Takau (Chinese: 打狗; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Táⁿ-káu). The surface meaning of the associated Chinese characters was "beat the dog". According to one theory, the name "Takau" originates from the indigenous Austronesian Siraya language and translates as "bamboo forest". According to another theory, the name evolved via metathesis from the name of the Makatao tribe, who inhabited the area at the time of European and Hoklo settlement. The Makatao is considered by some to be part of the Siraya tribe.[7]

During the Dutch colonization of southern Taiwan, the area was known as Tancoia to Europeans for a period of about three decades.[specify] In 1662, the Dutch were expelled by the Kingdom of Tungning, founded by Ming loyalists of Koxinga. His son, Zheng Jing, renamed the village Banlian-chiu (Chinese: 萬年州; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bān-liân-chiu; lit. 'ten-thousand-year state (zhou)') in 1664.

The name of "Takau" was restored in the late 1670s, when the town expanded drastically with immigrants from mainland China and was kept through Taiwan's cession to the Japanese Empire in 1895. In his 1903 general history of Taiwan, US Consul to Formosa James W. Davidson relates that "Takow" was already a well-known name in English.[8] In 1920, the name was changed to Takao (Japanese: 高雄; after Takao (Kyoto) [ja], a place in Ukyō Ward, Kyoto) and administered the area under Takao Prefecture. While the new name had quite a different surface meaning, its pronunciation in Japanese sounded more or less the same as the old name spoken in Hokkien.

After Taiwan was ceded to the Republic of China, the Chinese characters did not change, but adapted to Mandarin pronunciation, thus the official romanization became Kaohsiung (pinyin: Gāoxióng; Wade–Giles: Kao¹-hsiung²), derived from the Wade–Giles romanization of the Mandarin Chinese pronunciation for 高雄.

The name Takau remains the official name of the city in Austronesian languages of Taiwan such as Rukai, although these are not widely spoken in the city. The name also remains popular locally in the naming of businesses, associations, and events.

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Kaohsiung

See also: History of Taiwan and North-South divide in Taiwan § Kaohsiung

Port of Ta-kau (1893)

The written history of Kaohsiung can be traced back to the early 17th century, through archaeological studies have found signs of human activity in the region from as long as 7,000 years ago. Prior to the 17th century, the region was inhabited by the Makatao people of the Siraya tribe, who settled on what they named Takau Isle (translated to 打狗嶼 by Ming Chinese explorers); "Takau" meaning "bamboo forest" in the aboriginal language.[9]

### Early history

[edit]

Sketch of the Makatao people during the Qing empire

The earliest evidence of human activity in the Kaohsiung area dates back to roughly 4,700–5,200 years ago. Most of the discovered remnants were located in the hills surrounding Kaohsiung Harbor. Artifacts were found at Shoushan, Longquan Temple, Taoziyuan, Zuoying, Houjing, Fudingjin and Fengbitou. The prehistoric Dapenkeng, Niuchouzi, Dahu, and Niaosong civilizations were known to inhabit the region. Studies of the prehistoric ruins at Longquan Temple have shown that that civilization occurred at roughly the same times as the beginnings of the aboriginal Makatao civilization, suggesting a possible origin for the latter. Unlike some other archaeological sites in the area, the Longquan Temple ruins are relatively well preserved. Prehistoric artifacts discovered have suggested that the ancient Kaohsiung Harbor was originally a lagoon, with early civilizations functioning primarily as Hunter-gatherer societies. Some agricultural tools have also been discovered, suggesting that some agricultural activity was also present. The pronunciation of Kaohsiung (Takao) in Japanese is similar to Takau (Takau), so the local flavor of Takao was renamed Kaohsiung.

The first Chinese records of the region were written in 1603 by Chen Di, a member of Ming admiral Shen You-rong's expedition to rid the waters around Taiwan and Penghu of pirates. In his report on the "Eastern Barbarian Lands" (Dong Fan Ji), Chen Di referred to a Ta-kau Isle:

> It is unknown when the barbarians (Taiwanese aborigines) arose on this island in the ocean beyond Penghu, but they are present at Keeong Harbor (nowaday's Budai, Chiayi), the bay of Galaw (Anping, Tainan), Laydwawan (Tainan City), Yaw Harbor (Cheting, Kaohsiung), Takau Isle (Kaohsiung City), Little Tamsui (Donggang, Pingtung), Siangkeykaw (Puzi, Chiayi), Gali forest (Jiali District, Tainan), the village of Sabah (Tamsui, Taipei), and Dwabangkang (Bali, New Taipei City).

### Dutch Formosa

[edit]

Taiwan became a Dutch colony in 1624, after the Dutch East India Company was ejected from Penghu by Ming forces. At the time, Takau was already one of the most important fishing ports in southern Taiwan. The Dutch named the place Tankoya, and the harbor Tancoia. The Dutch missionary François Valentijn named Takau Mountain "Ape Berg", a name that would find its way onto European navigational charts well into the 18th century. Tankoia was located north of Ape's Hill and a few hours south from Tayouan (modern-day Anping, Tainan) by sail.[10] At the time, a wide shallow bay existed there, sufficient for small vessels. However, constant silting changed the coastline.

During this time, Taiwan was divided into five administrative districts, with Takau belonging to the southernmost district. In 1630, the first large scale immigration of Han Chinese to Taiwan began due to famine in Fujian, with merchants and traders from China seeking to purchase hunting licenses from the Dutch or hide out in aboriginal villages to escape authorities in China.

1871 photo of Takow harbour (by John Thomson)

### Qing dynasty

[edit]

South Gate of Fongshan County

In 1684, the Qing dynasty annexed Taiwan and renamed the town Fongshan County (Chinese: 鳳山縣; pinyin: Fèngshān Xiàn), considering it a part of Taiwan Prefecture. It was first opened as a port during the 1680s and subsequently prospered fairly for generations.[11]

### Japanese rule

[edit]

Main article: Takao Prefecture

Old Kaohsiung Train Station, built during Japanese rule of Taiwan

In 1895, Taiwan was ceded to Japan as part of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Administrative control of the city was moved from New Fongshan Castle to the Fongshan Sub-District of Tainan Chō (臺南廳). In November 1901, twenty chō were established in total; Hōzan Chō (鳳山廳) was established nearby. In 1909, Hōzan Chō was abolished, and Takow was merged into Tainan Chō.

In 1920, during the tenure of 8th Governor-General Den Kenjirō, districts were abolished in favor of prefectures. Thus the city was administered as Takao City (高雄市, Takao-shi) under Takao Prefecture.

The Japanese developed Takao, especially the harbor that became the foundation of Kaohsiung to be a port city. Takao was then systematically modernized and connected to the end of North-South Railway. Forming a north–south regional economic corridor from Taipei to Kaohsiung in the 1930s, Japan's Southward Policy set Kaohsiung to become an industrial center.[12] Kaohsiung Harbor was also developed starting from 1894. The city center was relocated several times during the period due to the government's development strategy.[13] Development was initially centered on Ki-au (Chinese: 旗後; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kî-āu) region but the government began laying railways, upgrading the harbor, and passing new urban plans. New industries such as refinery, machinery, shipbuilding and cementing were also introduced.

Before and during World War II it handled a growing share of Taiwan's agricultural exports to Japan, and was also a major base for Japan's campaigns in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Extremely ambitious plans for the construction of a massive modern port were drawn up. Toward the end of the war, the Japanese promoted some industrial development at Kaohsiung, establishing an aluminum industry based on the abundant hydroelectric power produced by the Sun Moon Lake project in the mountains.

The city was heavily bombed by Task Force 38 and FEAF during World War II between 1944 and 1945.[14]

### Republic of China

[edit]

After control of Taiwan was handed over from Japan to the government of the Republic of China on 25 October 1945, Kaohsiung City and Kaohsiung County were established as a provincial city and a county of Taiwan Province respectively on 25 December 1945. The official romanization of the name came to be "Kaohsiung", based on the Wade–Giles romanization of the Mandarin reading of the kanji name.[15] Kaohsiung City then consisted of 10 districts, which were Gushan, Lianya (renamed "Lingya" in 1952), Nanzih, Cianjin, Cianjhen, Cijin, Sanmin, Sinsing, Yancheng, and Zuoying.

During this time, Kaohsiung developed rapidly. The port, badly damaged in World War II, was restored. It also became a fishing port for boats sailing to Filipino and Indonesian waters. Largely because of its climate, Kaohsiung overtook Keelung as Taiwan's major port. Kaohsiung also surpassed Tainan to become the second largest city of Taiwan in the late 1970s and Kaohsiung City was upgraded from a provincial city to special municipality on 1 July 1979, by the Executive Yuan with a total of 11 districts.[16] The additional district is Siaogang District, which was annexed from Siaogang Township of Kaohsiung County.

The Kaohsiung Incident, where the government suppressed a commemoration of International Human Rights Day, occurred on 10 December 1979. Since then, Kaohsiung gradually grew into a political center of the Pan-Green population of Taiwan, in opposition to Taipei where the majority population is Kuomintang supporters.

Map of Kaohsiung City before and after 25 December 2010

On 25 December 2010, Kaohsiung City merged with Kaohsiung County to form a larger special municipality with administrative centers in Lingya District and Fongshan District.[17]

On 31 July 2014, a series of gas explosions occurred in the Cianjhen and Lingya Districts of the city, killing 31 and injuring more than 300. Five roads were destroyed in an area of nearly 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) near the city center. It was the largest gas explosion in Taiwan's modern history.[18]

## Geography

[edit]

See also: Geography of Taiwan

Jade Mountain South Peak

The city sits on the southwestern coast of Taiwan facing the Taiwan Strait, bordering Tainan City to the northwest, Chiayi and Nantou County to the north, Taitung County to its east and Pingtung County to the south and southeast. The downtown areas are centered on Kaohsiung Harbor with Cijin Island on the other side of the harbor acting as a natural breakwater. The Love River (Ai River) flows into the harbor through the Old City and downtown. Zuoying Military Harbor lies to the north of Kaohsiung Harbor and the city center. Kaohsiung's natural landmarks include Ape Hill and Mount Banping.

### Climate

[edit]

Kaohsiung

Climate chart (explanation)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

202

416

377

512

225

█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
| Imperial conversion

J| F| M| A| M| J| J| A| S| O| N| D

0.8

0.7

1.3

2.7

8.8

2.1

0.8

█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Located about a degree south of the Tropic of Cancer, Kaohsiung has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw), near to a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am)[19] with monthly mean temperatures between 20 and 29 °C (68 and 84 °F) and relative humidity ranging between 71 and 81%.

Kaohsiung's warm climate is very much dictated by its low latitude and its exposure to warm sea temperatures year-round, with the Kuroshio Current passing by the coast of southern Taiwan,[20] and the Central Mountain Range on the northeast blocking out the cool northeastern winds during the winter. The city, therefore, has a noticeably warmer climate than nearby cities located at similar latitudes such as Hong Kong, Guangzhou as well as various cities further south in northern Vietnam, such as Hanoi. Although the climate is classified as tropical, Kaohsiung has a defined cooler season unlike most other cities in Asia classified with this climate but located closer to the equator such as Singapore or Manila. Daily maximum temperature typically exceeds 30 °C (86 °F) during the warmer season (April to November) and 25 °C (77 °F) during the cooler season (December to March), with the exception when cold fronts strike during the winter months, when the daily mean temperature of the city can drop between 10 and 12 °C depending on the strength of the cold front. Also, besides the high temperatures occurring during the usual summer months, daytime temperatures of inland districts of the city can often exceed 33 °C (91 °F) from mid-March to late April before the onset of the monsoon season, with clear skies and southwesterly airflows. Average annual rainfall is around 1,885 mm (74.2 in), focused primarily from June to August. At more than 2,210 hours of bright sunshine, the city is one of the sunniest areas in Taiwan.[21]

The sea temperature of Kaohsiung Harbor remains above 22 °C (72 °F) year-round,[22] the second highest of Southern Taiwan after Liuqiu Island.[23] According to recent records, the average temperature of the city has risen around 1 degree Celsius over the past three decades, from about 24.2 °C (75.6 °F) in 1983 to around 25.2 °C (77.4 °F) by 2012.

Climate data for Kaohsiung City (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1931–present）

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 31.6
(88.9)  | 32.5
(90.5)  | 33.2
(91.8)  | 35.4
(95.7)  | 36.4
(97.5)  | 37.2
(99.0)  | 37.1
(98.8)  | 36.1
(97.0)  | 37.6
(99.7)  | 34.8
(94.6)  | 33.0
(91.4)  | 34.4
(93.9)  | 37.6
(99.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 24.2
(75.6)  | 25.0
(77.0)  | 27.0
(80.6)  | 29.3
(84.7)  | 31.0
(87.8)  | 32.1
(89.8)  | 32.7
(90.9)  | 32.1
(89.8)  | 31.8
(89.2)  | 30.1
(86.2)  | 28.1
(82.6)  | 25.3
(77.5)  | 29.1
(84.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 23.0
(73.4)  | 25.7
(78.3)  | 27.8
(82.0)  | 28.9
(84.0)  | 29.4
(84.9)  | 28.9
(84.0)  | 28.5
(83.3)  | 26.9
(80.4)  | 24.5
(76.1)  | 21.2
(70.2)  | 25.4
(77.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | 16.2
(61.2)  | 17.2
(63.0)  | 19.7
(67.5)  | 22.8
(73.0)  | 25.2
(77.4)  | 26.3
(79.3)  | 26.7
(80.1)  | 26.3
(79.3)  | 25.9
(78.6)  | 24.4
(75.9)  | 21.6
(70.9)  | 17.9
(64.2)  | 22.5
(72.5)
Record low °C (°F)  | 5.7
(42.3)  | 6.6
(43.9)  | 6.8
(44.2)  | 10.3
(50.5)  | 17.3
(63.1)  | 19.0
(66.2)  | 20.0
(68.0)  | 20.7
(69.3)  | 19.5
(67.1)  | 14.7
(58.5)  | 10.2
(50.4)  | 4.4
(39.9)  | 4.4
(39.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 19.1
(0.75)  | 17.7
(0.70)  | 32.3
(1.27)  | 68.4
(2.69)  | 202.2
(7.96)  | 416.2
(16.39)  | 377.2
(14.85)  | 512.4
(20.17)  | 224.5
(8.84)  | 53.4
(2.10)  | 25.6
(1.01)  | 19.2
(0.76)  | 1,968.2
(77.49)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.2  | 3.2  | 3.6  | 5.4  | 6.2  | 12.9  | 13.2  | 16.7  | 10.1  | 4.2  | 2.8  | 2.8  | 84.3
Average relative humidity (%)  | 71.6  | 71.8  | 71.9  | 74.2  | 76.6  | 79.0  | 78.0  | 79.9  | 77.5  | 74.2  | 73.1  | 71.6  | 75.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 177.0  | 176.0  | 194.7  | 197.2  | 207.7  | 215.0  | 220.7  | 189.3  | 188.6  | 191.9  | 166.5  | 157.2  | 2,281.8
Source: Central Weather Bureau[21][24][25][26][27]

### Cityscape

[edit]

Kaohsiung's skyline viewed from Kaohsiung Lighthouse in Cijin District, with the 85 Sky Tower right of center.

## Demographics

[edit]

See also: Demographics of Taiwan

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±%

|
|

1985 | 2,379,610| —
1990 | 2,505,986| +5.3%
1995 | 2,619,947| +4.5%
2000 | 2,725,267| +4.0%
2005 | 2,760,180| +1.3%
2010 | 2,773,483| +0.5%
2015 | 2,778,918| +0.2%
2020 | 2,765,932| −0.5%
Source:"Populations by city and county in Taiwan". Ministry of the Interior Population Census. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2016.

As of December 2018, Kaohsiung city has a population of 2,773,533 people, making it the third-largest city after New Taipei and Taichung, and a population density of 939.59 people per square kilometer.[4] Within the city, Fongshan District is the most populated district with a population of 359,519 people, while Sinsing District is the most densely populated district with a population density of 25,820 people per square kilometer.

### Ethnic composition

[edit]

See also: Taiwanese people

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|

#### Han Chinese

[edit]

As in most Taiwanese cities or counties, the majority of the population are Han Chinese. The Chinese are divided into 3 subgroups: Hoklo, Hakka, and Waishengren. The Hoklo and Waishengren mostly live in flatland townships and the city centre, while the majority of the Hakka population lives in the suburbs or rural townships of the northeastern hills.

#### Indigenous peoples

[edit]

The indigenous peoples of Kaohsiung, who belong to various ethnic groups that speak languages belonging to the Austronesian language family, live mostly in the mountain indigenous district such as Taoyuan or Namasia. The main indigenous groups in the city include the Bunun, Rukai, Saaroa and the Kanakanavu.

#### Other ethnicities

[edit]

As of December 2010, Kaohsiung hosts around 21,000 foreign spouses. Around 12,353 are Mainland Chinese, 4,244 are Vietnamese, around 800 are Japanese and Indonesians, and around 4,000 are other Asians or foreigners from Europe or America.

As of April 2013, Kaohsiung hosts 35,074 foreign workers who mainly work as factory workers or foreign maids (not including foreign specialists such as teachers and other professionals). About half of them are Indonesians, with the other half being workers from other Southeast Asian countries, mainly from Vietnam, the Philippines or Thailand.

## Economy

[edit]

Kaohsiung Harbor The skyline of downtown Kaohsiung

Kaohsiung is a major international port and industrial city in the southwest of Taiwan. As an exporting center, Kaohsiung serves the agricultural interior of southern Taiwan, as well as the mountains of the southeast. Major raw material exports include rice, sugar, bananas, pineapples, peanuts (groundnuts) and citrus fruits. The 2,200 ha (5,400-acre) Linhai Industrial Park, on the waterfront, was completed in the mid-1970s and includes a steel mill, shipyard, petrochemical complex, and other industries. The city has an oil refinery, aluminum and cement works, fertilizer factories, sugar refineries, brick and tile works, canning factories, salt-manufacturing factories, and papermaking plants. Designated an export-processing zone in the late 1970s, Kaohsiung also attracted foreign investment to process locally purchased raw materials for export.

In 2020, Kaohsiung's land reclamation project in the Port of Kaohsiung was completed, equivalent to 16 of Taipei's Daan Forest Parks.[28]

The Kaohsiung Harbor Bureau plans to buy 49 hectares of the reclaimed land to establish a solar energy industrial district that would be in the harbor's free trade zone.[29]

The gross domestic product (GDP) in nominal terms of Kaohsiung City is estimated to be around US$45 billion, and US$90 billion for the metropolitan region. As of 2008[update], the GDP per capita in nominal terms was approximately US$24,000.[citation needed]

Despite early success and heavy governmental investment, the city suffers from the economic North–South divide in Taiwan, which continues to be the center of political debate.[30] There has been public aims to shift the local economy towards tourism and cultural industries, with projects such as Pier-2 Art Center, National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts and Kaohsiung Music Center.

### Agriculture

[edit]

The main agricultural crops in Kaohsiung are vegetables, fruits and rice with a total arable land of 473 km2, which accounts to 16% of the total area of the municipality. Kaohsiung has the highest production of guava, jujube and lychee in Taiwan. The main livestock are chicken, dairy cattle, deer, duck, goose, pigs and sheep. The total annual agricultural income in Kaohsiung is NT$24.15 billion.[31]

### Future investment

[edit]

Investment inflow of returned-Taiwanese merchandisers from China due to US-China trade war.  | Numbers of merchants | Investment amounts of money in billions NTD | Jobs-created

|
|
|

Taoyuan City | 39 | 154.0 | 15000
Taichung City | 35 | 133.8 | 10000
Kaohsiung City | 20 | 146.0 | 10000
Tainan City | 23 | 123.0 | 7500
New Taipei City | 9 | 21.0 | 2650
Taipei City | 3 | 4.0 | 600
Source:[32]

## Culture

[edit]

### Tourism

[edit]

The 85 Sky Tower seen from the Love River

Main landmarks of Kaohsiung city include the 85 Sky Tower, the Ferris wheel of the Kaohsiung Dream Mall, the Kaohsiung Arena and Port of Kaohsiung. The newly developed city is also known for having a large number of shopping streets, organized night markets and newly developed leisure parks such as the Pier-2 Art Center, E-DA Theme Park, Metropolitan Park, the Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts, the National Kaohsiung Center for the Arts, and Taroko Park.

Natural attractions of the city include Shoushan (Monkey mountain), the Love River, Cijin Island, Sizihwan, the Dapingding Tropical Botanical Garden and Yushan National Park at the northeastern tip of the city. The city also features various historical attractions such as the Old City of Zuoying, a historical town built during the early 17th century, the Former British Consulate at Takao built during the late 19th century, and various sugar and crop factories built under Japanese rule.

#### Natural attractions

[edit]

Kaohsiung city includes a wide range of different natural attractions due to its large size and geographical variation, as it is bordered by the Central Mountain Range in the northeast and the warm South China Sea to the west and southwest. The year-round warm climate allows coral reefs to grow along the coasts around Kaohsiung Harbor, with Shoushan Mountain being a small mountain completely made up of coral reefs and calcium carbonate, while the mountainous districts in the northeast include Taiwan's highest mountain, Yushan. Other notable natural attractions include the Mount Banping, Lotus Pond, and Dongsha Atoll National Park, which is currently inaccessible by the public due to military occupation.

#### Historical sites

[edit]

Former British Consulate at Takao

A large number of historical sites and monuments were left in the city after the colonization of the Dutch in the 17th century, the Qing dynasty during the 18th and 19th century and the Japanese empire from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century. The city government has protected various sites and monuments from further damage and many have been opened to the public since the early 1980s. Notable historical sites include the Cemetery of Zhenghaijun, Fengshan Longshan Temple, Former British Consulate at Takao, Former Dinglinzihbian Police Station, Meinong Cultural and Creative Center, Former Sanhe Bank, and the Kaohsiung Lighthouse, one of the oldest lighthouses of the city.

#### Museums

[edit]

Confucius Temple of Kaohsiung

Kaohsiung is home to many museums, including the Chung Li-he Museum, Cijin Shell Museum, Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum, Jiasian Petrified Fossil Museum, Kaohsiung Astronomical Museum, Kaohsiung Hakka Cultural Museum, Kaohsiung Harbor Museum, Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts, Kaohsiung Museum of History, Kaohsiung Museum of Labor, Kaohsiung Vision Museum, Meinong Hakka Culture Museum, National Science and Technology Museum, Republic of China Air Force Museum, Soya-Mixed Meat Museum, Taiwan Pineapple Museum, Taiwan Sugar Museum, Takao Railway Museum, Xiaolin Pingpu Cultural Museum and YM Museum of Marine Exploration Kaohsiung.

#### Parks and zoos

[edit]

As the largest municipality in Taiwan, Kaohsiung has a number of newly built leisure areas and parks. Notable parks or pavilions in the city include the Central Park, Siaogangshan Skywalk Park, Fo Guang Shan Monastery, the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas, Spring and Autumn Pavilions, the Love Pier, Singuang Ferry Wharf and Kaohsiung Fisherman's Wharf. Notable zoo in the city includes the Kaohsiung City Shousan Zoo.[33]

#### Other

[edit]

See also: Night markets in Taiwan

Liuhe Night Market

Kaohsiung is home to many night markets, such as Jin-Zuan Night Market, Liuhe Night Market, Ruifeng Night Market, Zhonghua Street Night Market, and the Kaisyuan Night Market. Other attractions include the Cijin Tianhou Temple, Dome of Light of Kaohsiung MRT's Formosa Boulevard Station, the Kaohsiung Mosque and the Tower of Light of Sanmin District.

Traditional "wet" markets have long been the source of meat, fish, and produce for many residents. With the arrival of Western-style supermarkets in the 1980s and 1990s, such markets have encountered fierce competition. In 1989, the global leader in hypermarkets, Carrefour, entered Asia, opening its first store in Kaohsiung. Due to the success of its Taiwan operation, the French retailer expanded throughout the country and Asia. Jean-Luc Chéreau, the general manager in Taiwan from 1993 to 1999, used this newfound understanding of Chinese culture and ways of doing business with Chinese customers to lead its China expansion starting in 1999.[34] As of February 2020, Carrefour has opened 137 hypermarkets and supermarkets in Taiwan.[35] Despite the fierce competition from "Westernized" supermarkets, Taiwan's traditional markets and mom-and-pop stores remain "one of the most popular retail formats for many Asian families when they purchase daily food items and basic household goods."[36]

### Languages

[edit]

See also: Languages of Taiwan

The majority of those living in Kaohsiung can communicate in both Taiwanese Hokkien and Mandarin. Some of the elderly who grew up during the Japanese colonization of Taiwan can communicate in Japanese, while most of the younger population have basic English skills.

Since the spread of Standard Chinese after the Nationalist Government retreated to Taiwan in 1949, Hakka Chinese and various Formosan languages are gradually no longer spoken with the new generation and many Formosan languages are therefore classified as moribund or endangered languages by the United Nations. Nowadays, only elder Hakka people mostly living in Meinong, Liouguei, Shanlin and Jiasian districts can communicate in Hakka and elder Taiwanese aborigines living mostly in the rural districts of Namasia and Taoyuan can communicate with the aboriginal languages. The Taiwanese government has established special affairs committees for both the Aboriginals and the Hakkas to protect their language, culture, and minority rights.

### Arts

[edit]

The Dome of Light at Formosa Boulevard Station of Kaohsiung MRT

The "Dome of Light" in the concourse of Formosa Boulevard Station of Kaohsiung MRT is one of the world's largest public glass works of art.[37] The city also has the Urban Spotlight Arcade spanning along the street in Cianjin District. Acknowledged as the largest performance arts center under one roof in the world Weiwuying (the National Kaohsiung Centre for the Arts), opened in 2018. The center was designed by Mecanoo.[38]

## Religion

[edit]

See also: Religion in Taiwan, Buddhism in Taiwan, and Islam in Taiwan

Religion in Taiwan (Government statistics, 2005)[39]

1. Buddhism (35.1%)
2. Taoism (33.0%)
3. Christianity (3.90%)
4. Yiguandao (3.50%)
5. Tiandism (2.20%)
6. Miledadao (1.10%)
7. Zailiism (0.80%)
8. Other or undeclared (2.40%)
9. Non-religious (18.7%)

The religious population of Kaohsiung is mainly divided into five main religious groups: Buddhists, Taoists, Muslim and Christians (Catholics and Protestants). As of 2015[update], Kaohsiung City has 1,481 temples, the second highest in Taiwan after Tainan. Kaohsiung also has 306 churches.[40]

### Buddhism

[edit]

Buddhism is one of the major religions in Taiwan, with over 35% of Taiwan's population identifying as Buddhists.[41] The same applies to Kaohsiung city. Kaohsiung also hosts the largest Buddhist temple in Taiwan, the Fo Guang Shan Monastery with its Fo Guang Shan Buddha Museum. There are also other famous Buddhist temples such as Fengshan Longshan Temple and Hong Fa Temple.

### Taoism

[edit]

Around 33% of the Taiwanese population are Taoists, making it the second largest religion of Taiwan. Most people who believe in Taoism also ascribe to Buddhism at the same time, as the differences and boundaries between the two religions are not always clear. Many residents of the area also worship the sea goddess known as Tian Shang Sheng Mu (天上聖母) or Mazu, who is variously syncretized as a Taoist immortal or embodiment of the bodhisattva Guanyin. Her temple on Cijin Island, Chi Jin Mazu Temple, is the oldest in the city, with its original bamboo-and-thatch structure first opened in 1673. The area surrounding it formed the center of the city's early settlement.[42] There are also other prominent Taoist temples such as Fengshan Tiangong Temple, dedicated to the Jade Emperor, Cih Ji Palace, dedicated to Bao Sheng Da Di, Qing Shui Temple, dedicated to Qing Shui Zu Shi and Gushan Daitian Temple dedicated to Wang Ye worship.

### Christianity

[edit]

Christianity is a minority religion in Taiwan. It was first brought onto the island when the Dutch and Spanish colonized Taiwan during the 17th century, mostly to the aboriginals. Kaohsiung currently hosts around 56,000 Christians.

### Islam

[edit]

Besides the majority population of Buddhists and Taoists, Kaohsiung also includes a rather tiny population of Muslims. During the Chinese Civil War, some 20,000 Muslims, mostly soldiers and civil servants, fled mainland China with the Kuomintang government to Taiwan.[43] During the 1980s, another few thousand Muslims from Myanmar and Thailand, who are mostly descendants of Nationalist soldiers who fled Yunnan as a result of the communist takeover, migrated to Taiwan in search of a better life, resulting in an increase of Muslim population within the country.[43] More recently, with the rise of Indonesian workers working in Taiwan, an estimated number of 88,000 Indonesian Muslims currently live in the country, in addition to the existing 53,000 Taiwanese Muslims. Combining all demographics, Taiwan hosts around 140,000 Muslims, with around 25,000 living in Kaohsiung. Kaohsiung Mosque is the largest mosque in Kaohsiung and the main gathering site of Muslims within the city.

* Foguangshan Temple

* Cijing Tianhou Temple

* Holy Rosary Cathedral

* Kaohsiung Mosque

## Politics

[edit]

Chen Chi-mai, the incumbent Mayor of Kaohsiung

### Government

[edit]

Main articles: Kaohsiung City Government and Kaohsiung City Council

See also: List of mayors of Kaohsiung and List of county magistrates of Kaohsiung

Sometimes Kaohsiung used to be seen as the political opposite of Taipei. While northern Taiwan leans towards the Pan-Blue Coalition in the state-level elections, southern Taiwan, including Kaohsiung, leaned towards the Pan-Green Coalition since the late 1990s. Frank Hsieh of the Democratic Progressive Party was reelected twice as Mayor of Kaohsiung, where he was widely credited for transforming the city from an industrial sprawl into an attractive modern metropolis. Hsieh resigned from the office of mayor to take up the office of Premier of the Republic of China in 2005. The municipal election, held on 9 December 2006, resulted in a victory for the Democratic Progressive Party's candidate Chen Chu, the first elected female mayor of special municipality in Taiwan, defeating her Kuomintang rival and former deputy mayor, Huang Jun-ying. As of 12 June 2020, the mayor of Kaohsiung City is Chen Chi-mai.[44]

* Kaohsiung City Government – Sihwei Administration Center

* Kaohsiung City Government – Fongshan Administration Center

* Kaohsiung City Council

* Kaohsiung District Court

### Subdivisions

[edit]

Kaohsiung is divided into 38 districts, three of which are mountain indigenous districts.[45][46][47][48] There are a total of 651 villages in which each village is subdivided into neighborhoods (鄰). There are 18,584 neighborhoods in Kaohsiung City. Lingya and Fongshan districts are the administrative centers of the city while Lingya and Sinsing Districts are the two most densely populated districts of the city. Kaohsiung has the most numbers of districts among other special municipalities in Taiwan.

Kaohsiung City administrative divisions map

Alian

Daliao

Dashe

Dashu

Fongshan

Gangshan

Hunei

Cieding

Jiasian

Linyuan

Liouguei

Lujhu

Maolin

Meinong

Mituo

Namasia

Nanzih

Neimen

Niaosong

Ciaotou

Cishan

Renwu

Shanlin

Taoyuan

Tianliao

Siaogang

Yanchao

Yong'an

Zuoying

Zihguan

Gushan

Lingya

Cianjin

Cianjhen

Cijin

Sanmin

Sinsing

Yancheng

Chiayi City

Tainan City

Hualien County

Chiayi County

Nantou County

Pingtung County

Taitung County

| Kaohsiung City's population density 2009 | Kaohsiung City with its districts before merger with Kaohsiung County in 2010

|
|

Note: There are several romanization systems used in Taiwan. This table contains both Hanyu Pinyin (the official standard of the central government),[49] and Tongyong Pinyin (the official standard of the Kaohsiung City Government). The major order of districts referred to the code of administrative area.[50]
Code  | English name  | Native name | Population[c] | Area
(km2)  | Population density (/km2)  | Population 2010[d] | Population change[e]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

64000010  | Yancheng District | 鹽埕區 | 22,505 | 1.42  | 16,843.66  | 27,399  | −4,894
64000020  | Gushan District | 鼓山區 | 140,492 | 14.75  | 9,573.42  | 131,728  | +8,764
64000030  | Zuoying District | 左營區 | 196,953 | 19.38  | 10,210.37  | 191,991  | +4,962
64000040  | Nanzih District | 楠梓區 | 192,777 | 25.83  | 7,287.69  | 173,053  | +19,724
64000050  | Sanmin District | 三民區 | 331,864 | 19.79  | 17,156.54  | 354,022  | −22,158
64000060  | Sinsing District | 新興區 | 49,495 | 1.98  | 25,775.76  | 55,287  | −5,792
64000070  | Cianjin District | 前金區 | 27,033 | 1.86  | 14,466.67  | 28,859  | −1,826
64000080  | Lingya District | 苓雅區 | 163,779 | 8.15  | 20,714.85  | 183,948  | −20,169
64000090  | Cianjhen District | 前鎮區 | 180,233 | 19.12  | 9,809.62  | 199,144  | −18,911
64000100  | Cijin District | 旗津區 | 26,301 | 1.46  | 19,225.34  | 29,968  | −3,667
64000110  | Siaogang District | 小港區 | 155,042 | 45.44  | 3,474.93  | 154,548  | +494
64000120  | Fongshan District | 鳳山區 | 356,397 | 26.76  | 13,456.95  | 341,120  | +15,277
64000130  | Linyuan District | 林園區 | 68,328 | 32.29  | 2,155.40  | 70,512  | −2,184
64000140  | Daliao District | 大寮區 | 111,910 | 71.04  | 1,580.60  | 108,984  | +2,946
64000150  | Dashu District | 大樹區 | 40,505 | 66.98  | 628.28  | 43,955  | −3,450
64000160  | Dashe District | 大社區 | 33,689 | 26.58  | 1,294.96  | 32,941  | +748
64000170  | Renwu District | 仁武區 | 97,008 | 36.08  | 2,489.05  | 72,202  | +24,806
64000180  | Niaosong District | 鳥松區 | 44,468 | 24.59  | 1,826.96  | 42,595  | +1,873
64000190  | Gangshan District | 岡山區 | 95,533 | 47.94  | 2,026.49  | 97,102  | −1,569
64000200  | Ciaotou District | 橋頭區 | 41,488 | 25.94  | 1,477.33  | 36,415  | +5,073
64000210  | Yanchao District | 燕巢區 | 28,777 | 65.40  | 453.72  | 30,790  | −2,013
64000220  | Tianliao District | 田寮區 | 6,549 | 92.68  | 75.92  | 8,214  | −1,665
64000230  | Alian District | 阿蓮區 | 27,465 | 34.62  | 823.45  | 30,383  | −2,918
64000240  | Lujhu District | 路竹區 | 50,396 | 48.43  | 1,077.60  | 53,791  | −3,395
64000250  | Hunei District | 湖內區 | 29,629 | 20.16  | 1,474.26  | 28,827  | +802
64000260  | Qieding District | 茄萣區 | 29,292 | 15.76  | 1,905.52  | 31,433  | −2,141
64000270  | Yong'an District | 永安區 | 13,855 | 22.61  | 608.85  | 14,301  | −446
64000280  | Mituo District | 彌陀區 | 18,331 | 14.78  | 1,287.21  | 20,433  | −2,102
64000290  | Ziguan District | 梓官區 | 34,813 | 11.60  | 3,081.12  | 36,726  | −1,913
64000300  | Cishan District | 旗山區 | 34,390 | 94.61  | 383.54  | 39,873  | −5,483
64000310  | Meinong District | 美濃區 | 37,116 | 120.03  | 325.69  | 42,993  | −5,877
64000320  | Liouguei District | 六龜區 | 11,731 | 194.16  | 64.99  | 14,833  | −3,102
64000330  | Jiasian District | 甲仙區 | 5,584 | 124.03  | 47.77  | 7,228  | −1,644
64000340  | Shanlin District | 杉林區 | 10,970 | 104.00  | 112.13  | 11,842  | −872
64000350  | Neimen District | 內門區 | 13,258 | 95.62  | 148.34  | 15,951  | −2,693
64000360  | Maolin District | 茂林區 | 1,893 | 194.00  | 10.01  | 1,874  | +19
64000370  | Taoyuan District | 桃源區 | 4,249 | 928.98  | 4.58  | 4,817  | −568
64000380  | Namasia District | 那瑪夏區 | 3,163 | 252.99  | 12.44  | 3,401  | −238

## Notable people

[edit]

* Joe Alexander (1986–), Taiwanese-born American-Israeli basketball player
* Eddy Chen (1992–), Taiwanese-Australian violinist and Member of TwoSet Violin
* Lu Chen (1976), Taiwanese magician
* Tony Sun (Chinese Name: 孫協志) Born: 20 February 1978 in Fengshan District - (leader of Taiwanese group, 5566)
* Yi-wei Chen (1987–), Taiwanese soccer player
* Wei-Yin Chen (1985–), Taiwanese baseball player
* George Chou (1975–), Taiwanese racing driver
* Tony Hwang (1964–), Taiwanese-American politician
* Tzu-Wei Lin (1994–), Taiwanese baseball player
* Yoshikazu Sunako (1932–2020), Japanese motorcycle racer and racing driver
* Tzu-ying Tai (1994–), Taiwanese badminton player
* Kuo-chu Wu (1970–2006), Taiwanese choreographer
* professor ting yang Liu( 劉廷揚教授 ）professor of kao hsiung normal University

* Zhou,kuan zhan（ 周寬展 ）: writer and journalist

## Transportation

[edit]

### Port of Kaohsiung

[edit]

Main article: Port of Kaohsiung

Northern portion of Kaohsiung harbor viewed from Cijin island lighthouse hill

A major port, through which pass most of Taiwan's marine imports and exports, is located in the city but is not managed by the city government. Instead, it is administered by Kaohsiung Port Authority, under the Ministry of Transportation. There is a push for Kaohsiung City to annex the Port of Kaohsiung to facilitate better regional planning.

Also known as the "Harbour Capital" of Taiwan, Kaohsiung has always had a strong link with the ocean and maritime transportation. Ferries play a key role in everyday transportation, especially for transportation across the harbor. With five terminals and 23 berths, the Port of Kaohsiung is Taiwan's largest container port and the 13th largest in the world.[51] In 2007 the port reached its handling capacity with a record trade volume of 10.2 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU).[52] A new container terminal is under construction, increasing future handling capacity by 2 million TEU by 2013.[52]

Kaohsiung is one of the biggest ports in the world for importing shark fins, sold at high prices in the restaurants and shops of Taiwan and China.[53] They are brought in from overseas and are placed out to dry in the sun on residential rooftops near the port.

### Kaohsiung International Airport

[edit]

Kaohsiung International Airport

Kaohsiung City is also home to Taiwan's second-largest international airport, the Kaohsiung International Airport, located in Siaogang District near the city's center. It is one of the three major international airports of Taiwan, serving passengers of the entire southern and southeastern part of the country. However, the size of the airport is relatively small, with short runways compared to other major airports of Taiwan due to its age and its location near the city center, making it impossible for large aircraft such as the Airbus A380 to land at the airport. As a result, plans for work to begin on a new terminal is expected to start in 2023, and could handle up to 16.5 million passengers once complete.[54]

### Rapid transit

[edit]

The Kaohsiung MRT The Kaohsiung Circular Light Rail

Kaohsiung Mass Rapid Transit opened for service in March 2008. The MRT is made up of two lines with 37 stations covering a distance of 42.7 km (26.5 mi).[55]

Two of Kaohsiung's MRT stations, Formosa Boulevard Station and Central Park Station, were ranked among the top 50 most beautiful subway systems in the world by Metrobits.org in 2011.[56] In 2012, the two stations respectively are ranked as the 2nd and the 4th among the top 15 most beautiful subway stops in the world by BootsnAll.[57]

### Circular Light Rail

[edit]

Skyline of Kaohsiung viewed from Cianjhen Star light rail station Zuoying Station of THSR

The Circular Light Rail Line (also known as the Kaohsiung LRT, Kaohsiung Tram) for Kaohsiung City is a light rail line. Construction of Phase 1, known as the Waterside Light Rail began in June 2013 and is in full operation since September 2017. To combat air pollution, usage of the light rail, as well as buses, was made free of charge for electronic ticket holders from December to February, when air pollution is at its peak.[58]

### Railway

[edit]

The city is served by the Taiwan Railways Administration's Western Line and Pingtung Line. Kaohsiung Main Station is an underground station, replacing the old ground level station.[59]

### High Speed Railway

[edit]

Since 2007, Taiwan High Speed Rail has served Kaohsiung via Zuoying HSR station.[60] On January 4, 2023, the Pingtung HSR extension was approved by Premier Su Zhenchang, and the High Speed Rail extension was confirmed to bypass central Kaohsiung City and Kaohsiung Main Station.[61]

## Sports

[edit]

National Stadium

Kaohsiung is home to Taiwan's largest international-class stadium, the National Stadium, with a maximum capacity of 55,000 seats, as well as Kaohsiung Arena. The city hosted the 2009 World Games at the National Stadium. Nearly 6,000 athletes, officials, coaches, referees and others from 103 countries participated in the 2009 Kaohsiung World Games.

Taiwan's Chinese Professional Baseball League has a professional baseball team, TSG Hawks, based in Kaohsiung.[62]

Kaohsiung also has two professional basketball teams, the Kaohsiung Aquas of the T1 League[63] and the Kaohsiung 17LIVE Steelers of the P. League+.[64] Kaohsiung was also home to the Kaohsiung Truth of the ASEAN Basketball League. They were the first team in the history of the league that was based outside Southeast Asia. The team folded in 2017.

Other recent major sporting events held by Kaohsiung include:

* 2001 Asian Cycling Championships
* 2005 WPA World Nine-ball Championship
* 2011 AFC President's Cup
* 2013 World Modern Pentathlon Championships
* 2016 Asian Men's U20 Volleyball Championship
* WTA Taiwan Open (2016)
* 2019 U-19 Asia Rugby Championship
* Kaohsiung Fubon Marathon (held annually)

## Education

[edit]

See also: List of schools in Taiwan, List of international schools in Taiwan, and List of universities in Taiwan

The campus of National Sun Yat-sen University Kaohsiung Municipal Kaohsiung Senior High School Front gate of the Republic of China Military Academy Front gate of the Republic of China Air Force Academy

Kaohsiung has a number of colleges and junior colleges offering training in commerce, education, maritime technology, medicine, modern languages, nursing, and technology, as well as various international schools and eight national military schools, including the three major military academies of the country, the Republic of China Military Academy, Republic of China Naval Academy and Republic of China Air Force Academy.

Universities

* I-Shou University
* Kaohsiung Medical University
* National Kaohsiung Normal University
* National Sun Yat-sen University
* National University of Kaohsiung

Technical and vocational universities

* Cheng Shiu University
* Fooyin University
* National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism
* National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
* Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages

High schools and junior high schools

* The Affiliated Hospitality Senior High School of National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism
* The Affiliated Senior High School of National Kaohsiung Normal University
* Cheng Yi Senior High School
* Chung Cheng Armed Forces Preparatory School
* Chung Shan Industrial & Commercial School
* Chung-Hwa School of Arts
* FUHWA Senior High School
* Guoguang Laboratory School, National Sun Yat-sen University
* Kao-Feng Vocational High School
* Kaohsiung Dah Yung Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Chung-Cheng Industrial High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Chungshan Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Cianjhen Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Fu Cheng High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Gushan Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Haiching Vocational High School of Technology and Commerce
* Kaohsiung Municipal Jhongjheng Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Kaohsiung Girls' Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Kaohsiung Industrial High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Kaohsiung Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Kaohsiung Vocational High School of Commerce
* Kaohsiung Municipal Lujhu Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Nanzih Comprehensive Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Renwu Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Rueisiang High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Sanmin Home Economics & Commerce Vocational High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Sanmin Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Sinsing Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Tsoying Senior High School
* Kaohsiung Municipal Hsin Chuang Senior High School
* Lichih Senior High School
* National Feng-Hsin Senior High School
* National Feng-Shan Senior High School
* National FongShan Senior Commercial & Industrial Vocational School
* National Kangshan Agricultural & Industrial Vocational Senior High School
* National Kangshan Senior High School
* Saint Dominic's Catholic High School
* Sansin High School of Commerce And Home Economics Kaohsiung
* Shu-Te Home economics & Commercial High School
* Sin-Guang Senior High School
* Taiwan Kaohsiung St. Paul's High School

International schools

* Dominican International School Kaohsiung
* I-Shou International School
* Kaohsiung American School
* Kivam Junior High School
* Morrison Academy Kaohsiung

Military schools

* Chung Cheng Armed Forces Preparatory School [zh]
* Republic of China Air Force Academy
* Republic of China Air Force Institute of Technology [zh]
* Republic of China Army Infantry School [zh]
* Republic of China Marine Corps School [zh]
* Republic of China Military Academy
* Republic of China Naval Academy

(Note: The lists above are not comprehensive.)

## Conferences and events

[edit]

The Kaohsiung Exhibition Center, built by the Kaohsiung City Government, was opened on 14 April 2014. It includes an exhibition space for 1,500 booths, and a convention hall for 2,000 people.

The center hosted the Taiwan International Boat Show in May 2014.[65] Another conference and event-related venue is the newly renovated International Convention Center Kaohsiung in 2013.

## Sister cities and twin towns

[edit]

There are three Consulates in Kaohsiung. United States Institute in Taiwan Kaohsiung Branch Office,  Japan -Taiwan Exchange Association Kaohsiung Office,  Philippines Representative Office Kaohsiung Branch in Taiwan.

Kaohsiung is twinned with the following locations.

* Atlanta, Georgia, United States
* Baltimore, Maryland, United States
* Barranquilla, Colombia
* Belize City, Belize
* Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
* Brooklyn (New York), New York, United States
* Blantyre, Malawi
* Busan, South Korea
* Boston, Massachusetts, United States
* Cartago, Costa Rica
* Cebu, Central Visayas, Philippines
* Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
* Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
* Da Nang, Vietnam
* Dallas, Texas, United States
* Daegu, South Korea
* Denver, Colorado, United States
* Detroit, Michigan, United States
* Dipolog, Zamboanga Peninsula, Philippines[66][67]
* Durban, South Africa
* Erzgebirgskreis, Saxony, Germany
* George Town, Penang, Malaysia
* Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
* Fort Worth, Texas, United States
* Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
* Hachiōji, Tokyo, Japan
* Houston, Texas, United States
* Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
* Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
* Jacksonville, Florida, United States
* Kansas City, Missouri, United States
* Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
* Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
* Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
* Los Angeles, California, United States
* Macon, Georgia, United States
* Malé, Maldives
* Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
* Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
* Miami, Florida, United States
* Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
* Mobile, Alabama, United States
* Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
* Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
* Nashville, Tennessee, United States
* New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
* Orlando, Florida, United States
* Oakland, California, United States
* Panama City, Panama[68]
* Pensacola, Florida, United States
* Plains, Georgia, United States
* Portland, Oregon, United States
* Rio de Janeiro, Brazil[69]
* Sacramento, California, United States
* Saint Petersburg, Russia
* San Antonio, Texas, United States
* San Diego, California, United States
* San Francisco, California, United States
* Seattle, Washington, United States
* Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
* Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
* Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
* Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
* Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
* Pristina, Kosovo[70]
* Queens, New York City, United States
* Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

## See also

[edit]

* Taiwan portal

* Administrative divisions of Taiwan
* List of cities in Taiwan

## Explanatory notes

[edit]

1. ^ Standard Mandarin: [káʊɕjʊ̌ŋ] ⓘ; Chinese: 高雄; pinyin: Gāoxióng; Wade–Giles: Kao1-hsiung2
2. ^ also spelled Takao, Takow
3. ^ September 2023
4. ^ December 2010
5. ^ September 2023 − December 2010

### Words in native languages

[edit]

1. ^ a b

* Traditional Chinese script: 高雄市
* Mandarin Pinyin: Gāoxióng Shì
* Hokkien: Ko-hiông Tshī
* Sixian Hakka: Gó-hiǔng Sii
* Hailu Hakka: Gò-hiung Shi+

## References

[edit]

1. ^ 高雄市政府主計處全球資訊網 – 首頁. dbaskmg.kcg.gov.tw (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
2. ^ 《中華民國統計資訊網》縣市重要統計指標查詢系統網. Statdb.dgbas.gov.tw (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
3. ^ "Demographia World Urban Areas PDF" (PDF). Demographia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
4. ^ a b 人口統計查詢：本市各區里戶口數月統計. Kaoshiung City Government. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
5. ^ "World Cities 2024". Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Network. Archived from the original on 3 July 2025. Retrieved 7 July 2025.
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7. ^ "Siraya activists slam ministry over letter - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 23 April 2009. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
8. ^ Davidson, James W. (1903). The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects: Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions. London and New York: Macmillan. p. iii. OCLC 1887893. OL 6931635M. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
9. ^ Kuo, Joyce (4 January 2021). "Kaohsiung Celebrates 100th Anniversary - A Personal Take". The Taiwan Times. Archived from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
10. ^ Campbell, William (1903). "Explanatory Notes". Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island. London: Kegan Paul. p. 548\. ISBN 9789576380839. OCLC 644323041. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
11. ^ "History of Kaohsiung". HotelTravel.com. 1999. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
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40. ^ Lee Hsin-fang; Chung, Jake (15 July 2015). "Tainan has most of nation's 12,106 temples". Taipei Times. p. 5\. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
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43. ^ a b Charette, Rick (13 April 2020). "The Muslim Experience in Taipei". The News Lens International Edition. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
44. ^ Lin, Sean (12 June 2020). "Yang to Become Acting Kaohsiung Mayor: Source". Taipei Times. p. 1\. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
45. ^ "Administrative Districts". Kaohsiung City Government. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2019. "Taoyuan District Maolin District Namasia District Jiasian District Liouguei District Shanlin District Meinong District Neimen District Cishan District Dashu District Daliao District Zihguan District Linyuan District Tianliao District Yanchao District Dashe District Renwu District Siaogang District Fongshan District Mituo District Alian District Gangshan District Niaosong District Ciaotou District Nanzih District Zuoying District Gushan District Sanmin District Sinsing District Cianjin District Yancheng District Lingya District Cijin District Cianjhen District Hunei District Lujhu District Cheting District Yongan District"
46. ^ 認識高雄 [Understanding Kaohsiung] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kaoshiung City Government. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019. "高雄市行政區劃分District 楠梓區 左營區 鼓山區 三民區 苓雅區 新興區 前金區 鹽埕區 前鎮區 旗津區 小港區 鳳山區 茂林區 甲仙區 六龜區 杉林區 美濃區 內門區 仁武區 田寮區 旗山區 梓官區 阿蓮區 湖內區 岡山區 茄萣區 路竹區 鳥松區 永安區 燕巢區 大樹區 大寮區 林園區 彌陀區 橋頭區 大社區 那瑪夏區 桃源區"
47. ^ 臺灣地區鄉鎮市區級以上行政區域名稱中英對照表 (PDF). Online Translation System of Geographic Name, Ministry of Interior. 16 June 2011. pp. 4–6\. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2012. "高雄市 Kaohsiung City Gaoxiong City 直轄市、縣（市）級以上 行政區域名稱係依國際 慣用方式譯寫 鹽埕區 Yancheng District 鼓山區 Gushan District 左營區 Zuoying District{...}楠梓區 Nanzi District 三民區 Sanmin District 新興區 Xinxing District 前金區 Qianjin District 苓雅區 Lingya District 前鎮區 Qianzhen District 旗津區 Qijin District 小港區 Xiaogang District 鳳山區 Fengshan District 林園區 Linyuan District 大寮區 Daliao District 大樹區 Dashu District 大社區 Dashe District 仁武區 Renwu District 鳥松區 Niaosong District 岡山區 Gangshan District 橋頭區 Qiaotou District 燕巢區 Yanchao District 田寮區 Tianliao District 阿蓮區 Alian District 路竹區 Luzhu District 湖內區 Hunei District 茄萣區 Qieding District 永安區 Yong'an District 彌陀區 Mituo District 梓官區 Ziguan District 旗山區 Qishan District 美濃區 Meinong District 六龜區 Liugui District 甲仙區 Jiaxian District 杉林區 Shanlin District 內門區 Neimen District{...}茂林區 Maolin District 桃源區 Taoyuan District 那瑪夏區 Namaxia District"
48. ^ 1.7-鄉鎮市區戶口數 [Population for Township and District]. Ministry of the Interior (in Chinese (Taiwan) and English). August 2020. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 21 September 2020. "高雄市 Kaohsiung City鹽埕區 Yancheng District鼓山區 Gushan District左營區 Zuoying District楠梓區 Nanzih District三民區 Sanmin District新興區 Sinsing District前金區 Cianjin District苓雅區 Lingya District前鎮區 Cianjhen District旗津區 Cijin District小港區 Siaogang District鳳山區 Fongshan District林園區 Linyuan District大寮區 Daliao District大樹區 Dashu District大社區 Dashe District仁武區 Renwu District鳥松區 Niaosong District岡山區 Gangshan District橋頭區 Ciaotou District燕巢區 Yanchao District田寮區 Tianliao District阿蓮區 Alian District路竹區 Lujhu District湖內區 Hunei District茄萣區 Jiading District永安區 Yongan District彌陀區 Mituo District梓官區 Zihguan District旗山區 Cishan District美濃區 Meinong District六龜區 Liouguei District甲仙區 Jiasian District杉林區 Shanlin District內門區 Neimen District茂林區 Maolin District桃源區 Taoyuan District那瑪夏區 Namasia District"
49. ^ "Glossary of Names for Admin Divisions" (PDF). placesearch.moi.gov.tw. Ministry of Interior of the ROC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
50. ^ "Untitled" (PDF) (in Traditional Chinese). Taipei: Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
51. ^ "Top 50 World Container Ports | World Shipping Council". www.worldshipping.org. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
52. ^ a b Dale, Jamie (17 January 2008). "Kaohsiung container port hits full capacity". Lloyd's List Daily Commercial News. Informa Australia. p. 16.
53. ^ Ling, Lisa (10 December 2008). "Shark fin soup alters an ecosystem - CNN.com". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
54. ^ "Kaohsiung airport expansion to start in 2023 as Taiwan reopens to travellers".
55. ^ "Introduction: Welcome to MBTU". Mass Rapid Transit Bureau, Kaohsiung City. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
56. ^ "A guide to the fifty most beautiful subway systems in the world". Metrobits.org. 1 December 2011. Archived from the original on 2 December 2006. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
57. ^ "15 of the Most Beautiful Subway Stops in the World". BootsnAll. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
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## External links

[edit]

Kaohsiung at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Definitions from Wiktionary
* Media from Commons
* News from Wikinews
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Resources from Wikiversity
* Travel information from Wikivoyage
* Data from Wikidata

* Official website (in English)
* Geographic data related to Kaohsiung at OpenStreetMap

Places adjacent to Kaohsiung

|  |  Tainan City | Taitung County

|
|

|  |
Taiwan Strait (South China Sea)
Fujian and Guangdong,  People's Republic of China |

Kaohsiung City

|  Pingtung City
|  |
|  Pingtung County |

* v
* t
* e

Administrative divisions of Taiwan

* List of administrative divisions of Taiwan
* Taiwan Area
* List of metropolitan areas in Taiwan

Special municipalities (6)|

* Taipei (capital city)
* Taoyuan
* Taichung
* Tainan
* New Taipei
* Kaohsiung

Provincial cities1 (3)|

* Keelung
* Hsinchu
* Chiayi

Counties1 (13)|

* Hsinchu
* Yilan
* Miaoli
* Changhua
* Nantou
* Yunlin
* Chiayi
* Pingtung
* Taitung
* Hualien
* Penghu
* Kinmen
* Lienchiang

Districts under special municipalities / cities
Cities / townships under counties|

List of townships/cities and districts in Taiwan

* 1 Provinces are merely retained as nominal entities within the constitutional structure, as they have no governing power following the formal dissolution of the provincial administrative organs in 2018. Cities and counties are de facto regarded as the principal constituent divisions of Taiwan.

* Sarah Shair-Rosenfield (November 2020). "Taiwan Combined" (PDF). The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 29 May 2021.

* v
* t
* e

Kaohsiung City

Districts|

* Alian
* Cianjhen
* Cianjin
* Ciaotou
* Cijin
* Cishan
* Daliao
* Dashu
* Dashe
* Fongshan
* Gangshan
* Gushan
* Hunei
* Jiasian
* Lingya
* Linyuan
* Liouguei
* Lujhu
* Meinong
* Maolin¹
* Mituo
* Namasia¹
* Nanzih
* Neimen
* Niaosong
* Qieding
* Renwu
* Sanmin
* Shanlin
* Siaogang
* Sinsing
* Taoyuan¹
* Tianliao
* Yancheng
* Yanchao
* Yongan
* Zihguan
* Zuoying

Attractions|

| Historical sites|

* Former British Consulate at Takao
* Holy Rosary Cathedral

|

Museums|

* Chung Li-ho Museum
* Cijin Shell Museum
* Kaohsiung Astronomical Museum
* Kaohsiung Hakka Cultural Museum
* Kaohsiung Harbor Museum
* Kaohsiung Museum of Fine Arts
* Kaohsiung Museum of History
* Kaohsiung Museum of Labor
* Meinong Hakka Culture Museum
* National Science and Technology Museum
* Republic of China Air Force Museum
* Soya-Mixed Meat Museum
* Taiwan Sugar Museum
* Takao Railway Museum
* YM Museum of Marine Exploration Kaohsiung

Others|

* 85 Sky Tower
* Chang-Gu World Trade Center
* Cijin–Gushan ferry
* Dragon and Tiger Pagodas
* Dream Mall
* Kaohsiung Fisherman's Wharf
* Kaohsiung International Airport
* Liuhe Night Market
* Lotus Pond
* Love River
* Pratas Islands
* Shoushan Zoo
* Urban Spotlight Arcade

Education|

| Public
universities|

* National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
* National Kaohsiung Normal University
* National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism
* National Sun Yat-sen University
* National University of Kaohsiung

|

Other schools|

* Chung Shan Industrial and Commercial School
* Kaohsiung American School
* Kaohsiung Japanese School
* Kaohsiung Medical University
* Municipal Kaohsiung Girls' Senior High School
* Municipal Kaohsiung Senior High School

¹ — Mountain indigenous district

* v
* t
* e

Districts in Taiwan

List of townships/cities and districts in Taiwan

Special
municipalities|

| Taipei (Capital city)|

* Wanhua
* Zhongshan
* Xinyi
* Zhongzheng
* Datong
* Daan
* Nangang
* Neihu
* Shilin
* Wenshan
* Songshan
* Beitou

|

Taoyuan|

* Bade
* Daxi
* Dayuan
* Fuxing¹
* Guanyin
* Guishan
* Longtan
* Luzhu
* Pingzhen
* Taoyuan
* Xinwu
* Yangmei
* Zhongli

New Taipei|

* Bali
* Banqiao
* Gongliao
* Jinshan
* Linkou
* Luzhou
* Pinglin
* Pingxi
* Ruifang
* Sanchong
* Sanxia
* Sanzhi
* Shenkeng
* Shiding
* Shimen
* Shuangxi
* Shulin
* Taishan
* Tamsui
* Tucheng
* Wanli
* Wugu
* Wulai¹
* Xindian
* Xinzhuang
* Xizhi
* Yingge
* Yonghe
* Zhonghe

Taichung|

* Beitun
* Central
* Daan
* Dadu
* Dajia
* Dali
* Daya
* Dongshi
* East
* Fengyuan
* Heping¹
* Houli
* Longjing
* Nantun
* North
* Qingshui
* Shalu
* Shengang
* Shigang
* South
* Taiping
* Tanzi
* Waipu
* West
* Wufeng
* Wuqi
* Wuri
* Xinshe
* Xitun

Tainan|

* Anding
* Annan
* Anping
* Baihe
* Beimen
* Cigu
* Danei
* Dongshan
* East
* Guanmiao
* Guantian
* Gueiren
* Houbi
* Jiali
* Jiangjyun
* Lioujia
* Liouying
* Longci
* Madou
* Nanhua
* Nansi
* North
* Rende
* Shanhua
* Shanshang
* Sigang
* Sinhua
* Sinshih
* South
* Syuejia
* West Central
* Siaying
* Sinying
* Yanshuei
* Yongkang
* Yujing
* Zuojhen

Kaohsiung|

* Alian
* Cianjhen
* Cianjin
* Ciaotou
* Cijin
* Cishan
* Daliao
* Dashu
* Dashe
* Fongshan
* Gangshan
* Gushan
* Hunei
* Jiasian
* Lingya
* Linyuan
* Liouguei
* Lujhu
* Meinong
* Maolin¹
* Mituo
* Namasia¹
* Nanzih
* Neimen
* Niaosong
* Cieding
* Renwu
* Sanmin
* Shanlin
* Siaogang
* Sinsing
* Taoyuan¹
* Tianliao
* Yancheng
* Yanchao
* Yongan
* Zihguan
* Zuoying

Cities|

| Keelung|

* Anle
* Nuannuan
* Qidu
* Ren-ai
* Xinyi
* Zhongshan
* Zhongzheng

|

Hsinchu|

* East
* North
* Xiangshan

Chiayi|

* East
* West

¹ — Mountain indigenous district

* v
* t
* e

World Games host cities

|  |

* 1981: Santa Clara
* 1985: London
* 1989: Karlsruhe
* 1993: The Hague
* 1997: Lahti
* 2001: Akita

* 2005: Duisburg
* 2009: Kaohsiung
* 2013: Cali
* 2017: Wrocław
* 2022: Birmingham
* 2025: Chengdu

|
|

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* 2
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

Academics|

* CiNii

Other|

* IdRef
* NARA
* Yale LUX

*[lit.]: Literal translation
*[Pop.]: Population
*[±%]: Percent change
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template