Keido Fukushima

Japanese Rinzai Zen master, head abbot of Tōfuku-ji

Keidō Fukushima

Personal life
Born| March 1, 1933

Kobe, Hyogo, Japan

Died| March 1, 2011 (age 78)
Education| Otani University
Occupation| Writer
Rōshi
Religious life
Religion| Zen Buddhism
School| Rinzai
Senior posting
Based in| Tofuku-ji

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Keidō Fukushima (福島 慶道, Rōmaji: Fukushima Keidō, March 1, 1933 – March 1, 2011) was a Japanese Rinzai Zen master, head abbot of Tōfuku-ji (one of the main branches of the Rinzai sect), centered in Kyoto, Japan. Because of openness to teaching Western students, he had considerable influence on the development of Rinzai Zen practice in the West.

## Biography

[edit]

### Zen studies

[edit]

Keidō Fukushima with his teacher Zenkei Shibayama in the US, 1969.

Fukushima became an acolyte monk at the age of thirteen under his original teacher Kidō Okada, abbot of Hōfuku-ji monastery in Okayama, Japan.[1] Fukushima graduated from Otani University's Department of Buddhist Studies in 1956, following completion of Otani's doctoral course. In 1961 he began monastic training with Zenkei Shibayama at Nanzen-ji Monastery in Kyoto.[2] Fukushima's main teacher, Zenkei Shibayama, was instrumental in helping to transplant Rinzai Zen to the West. He was one of the first Rinzai Zen masters to hold retreats in the United States, and to publish books in English: A Flower Does Not Talk, Ox-herding Pictures, and Zen Comments on the Mumonkan / Gateless Barrier. Shibayama made annual visits to the United States in the late 1960s. In 1969 he was accompanied by Fukushima (at that time senior monk at Nanzen-ji and known as Genshō). In 1973 Fukushima received a fellowship to study English at the Claremont Colleges where he conducted seminars on Zen and led zazen practice.[3]

### Zen master

[edit]

Acknowledged as a Zen master in 1974, Fukushima was appointed vice-resident abbot of Hōfuku-ji where he began to train his own disciples. In 1980, he was appointed master of the Tōfuku-ji training monastery (senmon dōjō 専門道場) in Kyoto.[4] He was elected head abbot (kanchō 管長) of Tōfuku-ji in 1991, supervising 363 affiliated temples.

After being named Zen master and given the name Keidō, Fukushima strove to carry out his teacher Shibayama's intention to introduce Rinzai Zen to the West.[5] He accepted Western students as monks, both at Hōfuku-ji and Tōfuku-ji. Counter to tradition, he let women participate in monastic sesshin-retreats. He conducted annual speaking tours at American universities including Pomona College, Millsaps College, Hendrix College, Bard College, Columbia University, Bucknell University, Xavier University in Cincinnati, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Kansas, the University of Richmond, Middlebury College and the University of Vermont. From 1991 onwards, these tours included some sesshin-retreats. After decades of contact with American Zen, Fukushima gradually revised his views on it. In October 2007 he wrote:

> While American Zen has certainly learned a great deal from Japanese Zen, I think it is now time for American Zen to stand on its own two feet. In contrast with the 'monastic Zen' of Japan, American Zen is essentially a 'lay Zen.'[6]

Fukushima also worked to raise awareness and funds to revive and reconstruct several of China's important historical monasteries, thereby aiding Chán's emergence from the Cultural Revolution's devastating effects.[7] Jōshū's monastery at Zhao Zhou, now known as Bailin, was the first of these efforts to achieve official government support. On later trips, Fukushima and other priests provided assistance for the rebuilding of Manjuji (萬寿寺) on Mt. Kinzan (径山), of particular importance to the Tōfuku-ji tradition since the founder Enni Ben’en (also known as Shōichi Kokushi) trained there between 1235 and 1241.

### Calligraphy

[edit]

Calligraphy by Fukushima.

Well known for his calligraphy,[8] Fukushima was an authority on reading classical Chinese and Kanbun (a hybrid Chinese/Japanese script). Although many Buddhist priests produce religiously inspired art, they rarely create their works in front of an audience. Fukushima realized the very act of doing calligraphy could exert educational and inspirational influence upon those who witnessed it. In keeping with Japanese conventions, he did not give calligraphy demonstrations for Japanese audiences, but he did incorporate such events among his overseas teaching activities.

### Death

[edit]

Around 2000, Fukushima began showing symptoms of the onset of Parkinson's disease, and his health steadily declined. He died on his seventy-eighth birthday (March 1) in 2011.

## Teachings, students and Dharma heirs

[edit]

See also: Dharma transmission in Rinzai and Dharma transmission § Rinzai

Throughout his teaching career, Fukushima was clear about what is required to train others using kōan. Guiding others in this training can be done by those who have finished the entire kōan curriculum through rigorous training over many years, then matured further on their own. One can only guide someone else in kōan study when one has gone all the way through it oneself and resolved the One Great Matter.[9]

Fukushima authorized one Japanese Dharma heir, Yūdō Harada (also known as Ji'en; current training master at Tōfuku-ji Monastery),'[10] and one lay successor, Jeff Shore (Fukushima's lay disciple since 1982).[11]

Although Fukushima was strict about preserving the traditional practices of Rinzai Zen, he was open to accepting those of other faiths and traditions as his disciples. Among these were Phra Thana Kaokham (a Thai monk of the Thai Forest Tradition), Muho Noelke (2002 – 2020 abbot of the Sōtō Zen temple Antai-ji in Hyōgo, Japan), and Justin Lanier (American Anglican/Episcopal priest). Fukushima permitted Westerners to live in the monastery and train under him at both Hōfuku-ji and Tōfuku-ji. Senior disciples who have done sustained training under Fukushima include Alex Taikei Vesey, Hap Tivey, Tayo Gabler, James Green, Tim Armacost,[12] Ron Sinnige, Alex Buijs, and Sally Stein.

## Bibliography

[edit]

### Japanese

[edit]

* Fukushima, Keidō (2013), Jōshū-roku Teishō, Shunjūsha, ISBN 978-4-393-14281-3
* Fukushima, Keidō; Fumi Dan (2006). Tōfukuji. Tankōsha. ISBN 4-473-03353-8. OCLC 145752382.
* Fukushima, Keidō (2005). Ima koko o mushin ni ikiru. Shunjūsha. ISBN 4-393-14407-4. OCLC 170070495.
* Fukushima, Keidō (2001). Hokkugyō no kokoro. Shunjūsha. ISBN 4-393-14397-3. OCLC 166485306.
* Fukushima, Keidō (1998). Mushin no satori: kōyūken kōenroku. Shunjūsha. ISBN 4-393-14391-4. OCLC 170207323.
* Fukushima, Keidō (1994). Zen wa mu no shūkyō: Kōyūken hōwashū. Hakujusha. ISBN 4-8263-0071-9. OCLC 145752382.

### Chinese

[edit]

* Fukushima, Keidō; Li Gao (1996). Chan shi wu di zong jiao: Geng you xuan fa yu. Shijiazhuang Shi: Hebei jiao yu chu ban she. ISBN 7-5434-2710-9. OCLC 40786640.

### English

[edit]

* Seo, Audrey Yoshiko; Addiss, Stephen (with) (1998), The Art of Twentieth-Century Zen: Paintings and Calligraphy By Japanese Masters, Shambhala, ISBN 1570625530
* Harris, Ishwar (2004), The Laughing Buddha of Tofukuji: The Life of Zen Master Keido Fukushima, World Wisdom, ISBN 0-941532-62-3
* Green, James (tr.) (2001), Foreword to "The Recorded Sayings of Zen Master Joshu", Shambhala, ISBN 1-57062-414-3
* Fukushima; Green, James, tr. (2009), Foreword to "The Sayings of Layman P'ang: A Zen Classic of China", Shambhala, ISBN 978-1-59030-630-7`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* Dujin, Veljko (2011), Zenmi—A Taste of Zen: Paintings, Calligraphy, and Ceramics from the Riva Lee Asbell Collection, Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens, ISBN 978-1-882865-08-6
* Fukushima, Keido (2017), Schireson, Grace; Schireson, Peter (eds.), Zen Bridge: The Zen Teachings of Keido Fukushima, Wisdom Publications, ISBN 978-1-61429-197-8

## See also

[edit]

* Buddhism in Japan
* List of Rinzai Buddhists
* Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States

## Notes

[edit]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Harris 2004, p. 6-9.
2. ^ Harris 2004, p. 14.
3. ^ Harris 2004, p. 19.
4. ^ Harris 2004, p. 21.
5. ^ Harris 2004, p. 24.
6. ^ Fukushima 2009, p. xvii.
7. ^ Harris 2004, p. 107.
8. ^ Harris 2004, p. 10.
9. ^ Harris 2004, p. 103-104.
10. ^ SweepingZen, Keido Fukushima, retired Abbot of Tofukuji, dead at age 78
11. ^ Jeff Shore, being without self
12. ^ "Inspirations from Chapel House, October 2016" (PDF). Retrieved 23 March 2023.

## Sources

[edit]

* Fukushima (2009), Foreword to "The Sayings of Layman P'ang: A Zen Classic of China", translated by Green, James, Shambhala, ISBN 978-1-59030-630-7
* Harris, Ishwar (2004), The Laughing Buddha of Tofukuji: The Life of Zen Master Keido Fukushima, World Wisdom, ISBN 0-941532-62-3

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* Wansong Xingxiu
* Zhenxie Qingliao
* Tiantong Zongjue
* Xuedou Zhijian
* Tiantong Rujing
* Xueting Fuyu

|

Modern Lingji|

* Xuyun
* Taixu
* Nan Huai-Chin
* Yuanying
* Benhuan
* Sheng-yen
* Hsing Yun
* Cheng Yen
* Wei Chueh
* Yicheng
* Shi Yinshun

Modern Caodong|

* Xuyun
* Dongchu
* Sheng-yen

Modern Guiyang|

* Xuyun
* Hsuan Hua
* Yicheng
* Chuanyin

Traditional Zen|

* Dōgen
* Hakuin Ekaku

Modern Rinzai|

* Imakita Kosen
* Soyen Shaku
* Sokei-an
* D. T. Suzuki
* Soen Nakagawa
* Keido Fukushima

Modern Sōtō|

* Kōdō Sawaki
* Shunryū Suzuki

Sanbo Kyodan|

* Hakuun Yasutani
* Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle
* Robert Aitken
* Philip Kapleau

White Plum Asanga|

* Taizan Maezumi
* Dennis Merzel

German Zen|

* Karlfried Graf Dürckheim
* Muhō Noelke

Korean Seon|

* Jinul
* Seungsahn
* Seongcheol
* Daewon

Vietnamese Thiền|

* Pháp Hiền
* Vạn Hạnh
* Trần Nhân Tông
* Pháp Loa
* Thích Nhất Hạnh
* Thích Thanh Từ

Chinese Chán|

| Historical sects|

* Five Houses of Chán
* East Mountain Teaching
* Hongzhou school
* Fayan school
* Yunmen school

|

Extant sects|

* Linji school
* Caodong school
* Guiyang school

Contemperory Organizations|

* Buddha's Light International Association
* Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan)
* Dharma Drum Mountain
* Fo Guang Shan
* Tzu Chi Foundation
* Chung Tai Shan
* Dharma Realm Buddhist Association
* City of Ten Thousand Buddhas

Academic organizations|

* Dharma Realm Buddhist University

Japanese Zen|

| Historical sects|

* Nōnin
* Fuke-shū
* Niō Zen

|

Extant sects|

* Sōtō
* Rinzai
* Ōbaku

Lay organizations|

* Sanbo Kyodan
* Ningen Zen Kyodan

Academic organizations|

* Kyoto School

Korean Seon|

| Historical sects|

* Nine mountain schools

|

Contemporary sects|

* Taego Order
* Jogye Order

Vietnamese Thiền|

| Extant sects|

* Trúc Lâm
* Wu Yantong

|

Temple|

* Vạn Hạnh Monastery
* Trúc Lâm Monastery of Da Lat

USA Zen|

| Shunryū Suzuki lineage|

* Shunryū Suzuki
* Zentatsu Richard Baker
* Mel Weitsman
* San Francisco Zen Center
* Tassajara Zen Mountain Center

|

Kōdō Sawaki lineage|

* Kōdō Sawaki
* Antai-ji
* Kōshō Uchiyama
* Shōhaku Okumura

Yasutani lineage|

* Hakuun Yasutani
* Sanbo Kyodan
* Robert Baker Aitken
* John Tarrant
* Taizan Maezumi
* Zen Center of Los Angeles
* White Plum Asanga
* Bernie Glassman
* John Daido Loori
* Geoffrey Shugen Arnold
* Zen Peacemakers
* Joko Beck
* Dennis Merzel
* Kanzeon Zen Center

Philip Kapleau lineage|

* Philip Kapleau
* Rochester Zen Center
* Toni Packer

Other Sōtō lineages|

* Sōyū Matsuoka
* Dainin Katagiri
* Kōbun Chino Otogawa
* Gyokuko Carlson
* Gudō Wafu Nishijima
* Brad Warner

Soen Nakagawa lineage|

* Soen Nakagawa
* Eido Tai Shimano
* Zen Studies Society
* Dai Bosatsu Zendo Kongo-ji

Other Rinzai or Linji lineages|

* Kyozan Joshu Sasaki
* Omori Sogen
* Shodo Harada
* Keido Fukushima

Pan-lineage|

* Soto Zen Buddhist Association

European Zen|

| Sanbo Kyodan|

* Hugo Enomiya-Lassalle

|

Kōdō Sawaki lineage|

* Taisen Deshimaru

Other Sōtō lineages|

* Houn Jiyu-Kennett
* Throssel Hole Buddhist Abbey
* Norwich Zen Buddhist Priory

Zendo Kyodan|

* Shinzan Miyamae Roshi

Other Rinzai or Linji lineages|

* Kaishin Inshu

Hierarchy and titles|

| Novice|

* Unsui
* Buddhist initiation ritual

|

Attendants|

* Jikijitsu
* Jisha

Priest|

* Oshō

Teacher|

* Sensei
* Rōshi
* Zen master

Institutional organisation|

* Zen ranks and hierarchy
* Dharma transmission
* Zen lineage charts

Temples|

| Main Sōtō Temples|

* Eihei-ji
* Sōji-ji
* Antai-ji

|

Main Rinzai Temples|

* Myōshin-ji
* Daitoku-ji
* Tōfuku-ji

Zen literature|

| Classic|

* Long Scroll of the Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four Practices
* Platform Sutra
* Xinxin Ming
* Cantongqi
* Denkoroku
* The Gateless Barrier
* Shōbōgenzō

|

Modern|

* Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind
* The Way of Zen
* Three Pillars of Zen

Critical|

* Zen at War

Cultural influence|

* Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance

Related schools|

* Huayan
* Tiantai
* Pure Land Buddhism

Academic research|

* Heinrich Dumoulin
* Masao Abe
* Steven Heine
* William Bodiford

* Zen Buddhism
* Zen Buddhists
* Zen texts

Portals:

* Religion
* Japan

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF
* FAST
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Japan
* Czech Republic

Academics|

* CiNii

Other|

* IdRef

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