Kenkoku University

University in Manchukuo during World War II

Kenkoku Daigaku

The campus of Kenkoku University.

Former names

| The Manchurian University
Motto| Chinese: "五族協和"
Japanese: "ごぞくきょうわ"
Korean: "오족협화"

Motto in English

| "Five races under one union"
Type| Public research university
Established| May 1938; 85 years ago (1938-05)
Chancellor| Ishiwara Kanji
Vice-Chancellor| Sakata Shoichi (1938—1942)
Kamezo Odaka (1942—1945)
Location|

Xinjing

Manchukuo

Campus| Urban
Colours|
Mascot| Kanto Star (関東の星)

Kenkoku Daigaku or simply Kendai [ˈkɛndaɪ] was an educational institution in Xinjing (modern Changchun, Jilin province), the capital of Manchukuo, the Japanese puppet state in occupied Manchuria during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It operated from May 1938 to August 7, 1945.[1]

The university was founded in 1938 by General Kanji Ishiwara, and was run by Professor Shoichi Sakuda of Kyoto University.[2] Its purpose was to promote "ethnic harmony" in the region, legitimising and promoting the Japanese occupation.[3] To this end, students were recruited from Japan, China proper, Mongolia, Taiwan, Manchuria, Korea and Russia.[4] As well as offering free tuition, the University also provided its students with board and lodgings, and a stipend.[5]

The university closed in 1945 when the Kwantung Army were beaten by Soviet red army.[2]

Students of Kenkoku University

A number of influential aikido practitioners trained and taught at the University, including aikido's founder Morihei Ueshiba,[6] Kenji Tomiki, Shigenobu Okumura and Noriaki Inoue.[7]

Students at the gate of Kenkoku University.

Multiple students of Kenkoku University later became prominent political figures in South Korea—including later South Korean prime minister Kang Young-hoon—, North Korea and China.[8] The first test for applicants within Joseon was held at Gyeongseong Women's Normal School in Susong-dong for three days starting on December 27. It was unusual that the physical examination was the first. He said : "If you want to work in Manchuria, you must first be physically healthy, so consider your health first" (Entrance Exam Suffering No. 1, Chosun Ilbo, December 28, 1937). Of the 670 applicants, 90 (60 Koreans and 30 Japanese) were selected. The competition rate was 7.4 to 1.

* Stamp of Kenkoku Shrine, 1942

* On August 23, 1964, Zhou Peiyuan (middle) accompanied Mao Zedong (left) to meet with Sakata Shoichi (right), as the head of the Japanese delegation

* 1984 Yan'an Street, Changchun City

* Site of Ministry of Culture and Education Development of Manchukuo. Original building demolished. Now Primary School Attached to Northeast Normal University

* Library of Xinjing Branch of South Manchurian Railway Co

## See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kenkoku University.

* Manchukuo Marxism
* Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
* Keijō Imperial University
* Ritsumeikan University
* Changchun University
* Konkuk University
* Whampoa Military Academy
* Long March
* Cultural Revolution
* Reform and Opening-up
* Nordpolitik

## References[edit]

1. ^ Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1996), The Cambridge Illustrated History of China, New York, pp. 282, ISBN 0-521-66991-X`{{citation}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
2. ^ a b Kevin Doak (2007). A History of Nationalism in Modern Japan: Placing the People. BRILL. p. 241\. ISBN 978-90-04-15598-5.
3. ^ David H. Price (May 19, 2008). Anthropological Intelligence: The Deployment and Neglect of American Anthropology in the Second World War. Duke University Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-8223-8912-5.
4. ^ Hiruma Kishida, Yuka (2019). Kenkoku University and the Experience of Pan-Asianism. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781350057869.
5. ^ Tatsuhiko, Yoshizawa. "The Manchurian Incident, the League of Nations and the Origins of the Pacific War. What the Geneva archives reveal". Japan Focus. Asia-Pacific Journal. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
6. ^ Stevens, John (1999). Invincible Warrior: A Pictorial Biography of Morihe Ueshiba, the Founder of Aikido. Boston, London: Shambhala. p. 63\. ISBN 9781570623943.
7. ^ Pranin, Stanley. "Interview with Shigenobu Tomura". Aiki Journal. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
8. ^ Leung, Ernest Ming-tak (August 20, 2021). "The School That Built Asia". Palladium. Retrieved October 22, 2021.

## Bibliography[edit]

English

* Smith, Lloyd (January 1940). Everybody's Complete Encyclopedia. Whitman Publishing Company. Racine, Wisconsin. p. 462
* Clauss, Errol MacGregor. "The Roosevelt Administration and Manchukuo, 1933–1941", Historian (1970), 32#4 pp 595–611.
* Fleming, Peter, Travel's in Tartary: One's Company and News from Tartary: 1941 (Part one: Manchukuo)
* "Sun Yat-Sen's Idea of Regionalism and His Legacy". Sun Yat-Sen, Nanyang and the 1911 Revolution. 2011. pp. 44–60. doi:10.1355/9789814345477-007. ISBN 9789814345477.
* Wong, P., Manvi, M., & Wong, T. H. (1995). Asiacentrism and Asian American Studies? Amerasia Journal, 21(1/2), 137–147.
* Starrs, Roy (2001) Asian Nationalism in an Age of Globalization. London: RoutledgeCurzon ISBN 1-903350-03-4.
* Review in The Journal of Japanese Studies 34.1 (2007) 109–114 online
* Mitter, Rana. The Manchurian Myth: Nationalism, Resistance, and Collaboration in Modern China (2000)
* Kamal, Niraj (2002) Arise Asia: Respond to White Peril. New Delhi: Wordsmith ISBN 81-87412-08-9.
* Starrs, Roy (2002) Nations under Siege: Globalization and Nationalism in Asia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 0-312-29410-7.
* Duara, Prasenjit. Sovereignty and Authenticity: Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern (2004)
* Elliott, Mark C (2003). "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies". Journal of Asian Studies. 59 (3): 603–646. doi:10.2307/2658945. JSTOR 2658945. S2CID 162684575.
* Yamamuro, Shin'ichi. Manchuria under Japanese Dominion (U. of Pennsylvania Press, 2006)
* Saaler, Sven and J. Victor Koschmann, eds., Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History: Colonialism, Regionalism and Borders. London and New York: Routledge, 2007. ISBN 0-415-37216-X
* Reginald Fleming Johnston. "Twilight in the Forbidden City". Soul Care Publishing, 18 March 2008. ISBN 978-0-9680459-5-4.
* Mahbubani, K. (2008). The new Asian hemisphere: The irresistible shift of global power to the East. PublicAffairs.
* Toshihiko Kishi. "Manchuria's Visual Media Empire (Manshukoku no Visual Media): Posters, Pictorial Post Cards, Postal Stamps", Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 10 June 2010. ISBN 978-4-642-08036-1
* Saaler, Sven and C.W.A. Szpilman, eds., Pan-Asianism: A Documentary History, Rowman & Littlefield, 2011. two volumes (1850–1920, 1920–present).ISBN 978-1-4422-0596-3 (vol. 1), ISBN 978-1-4422-0599-4 (vol. 2)
* Toshihiko Kishi, Mitsuhiro MATSUSHIGE and MATSUMURA Fuminori MATSUMURA, eds, 20 Seiki Manshu Rekishi Jiten [Encyclopedia of 20th Century Manchuria History], Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 2012, ISBN 978-4642014694
* Aaron Stephen Moore, The Yalu River Era of Developing Asia: Japanese Expertise, Colonial Power, and the Construction of Sup'ung Dam, The Journal of Asian Studies, Duke University Press, February 2013.
* Miike, Y. (2014). The Asiacentric turn in Asian communication studies: Shifting paradigms and changing perspectives. In M. K. Asante, Y. Miike, & J. Yin (Eds.), The global intercultural communication reader (2nd ed., pp. 111–133). Routledge.
* Szpilman, Christopher W. A. (2017). "Japan and Asia". In Saaler, Sven (ed.). Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History. pp. 25–46. doi:10.4324/9781315746678-3. ISBN 978-1-315-74667-8.
* Yuka Hiruma-Kishida (author) & Christopher Gerteis (series editor), Kenkoku University and the Experience of Pan-Asianism: Education in the Japanese Empire (SOAS Studies in Modern and Contemporary Japan), SOAS Studies in Modern and Contemporary Japan, Bloomsbury Academic, London, England, United Kingdom, October 3, 2019. ISBN 1350057851, ISBN 978-1350057852.
* Khanna, P. (2019). The future is Asian: Commerce, conflict, and culture in the 21st century. Simon & Schuster.
* Yin, J. (2022). Rethinking Eurocentric visions in feminist communication research: Asiacentric womanism as a theoretical framework. In Y. Miike & J. Yin (Eds.), The handbook of global interventions in communication theory (pp. 188–214). Routledge.
* Miike, Y. (2022). An anatomy of Eurocentrism in communication scholarship: The role of Asiacentricity in de-Westernizing theory and research. In W. Dissanayake (Ed.), Communication theory: The Asian perspective (2nd ed., pp. 255-278). Asian Media Information and Communication Center.

Japanese

* 志々田文明 (1993). "建国大学の教育と石原莞爾". 人間科学研究. 6 (1). 早稲田大学人間科学学術院: 109–123. hdl:2065/3873. ISSN 0916-0396.
* 湯治万蔵 (1981). 建國大學年表 (非売品 ed.). 建国大学同窓会建大史編纂委員会. p. 570\. doi:10.11501/12115666. JPNO 82029900. 昭和11年の建大創設構想に基く初動から昭和20年の閉学に至るまでの経過が日付を追って詳細に記録されている。非売品。
* 建国大学同窓会編『歓喜嶺 遥か』（文集）1991年6月刊、B5判、（上）401頁、（下）427頁。教員、学生の執筆260編。非売品。
* 三浦英之 (2015). 五色の虹 : 満州建国大学卒業生たちの戦後. 集英社. ISBN 9784087815979. JPNO 22683496.
* 宮沢恵理子『建国大学と民族協和』風間書房、1997年。ISBN 4759910158
* 三浦英之『五色の虹 満州建国大学卒業生たちの戦後』、2015年。ISBN 978-4087815979。
* 山根幸夫『建国大学の研究―日本帝国主義の一断面』 汲古書院、2003年。ISBN 4762925489
* 志々田文明『武道の教育力―満洲国・建国大学における武道教育―』日本図書センター、2005年。 ISBN 4820593161
* 志々田文明 早稲田大学人間科学研究による論文 建国大学の教育と石原莞爾 (PDF)
* 小野寺永幸『歓喜嶺遥か、北帰行－満州建国大学と旅順高校の異材』（北の杜編集工房、2004年）
* 鈴木登志正『歓喜嶺遥か！満州建国大学植樹班物語－東西文化研究、第1号～第4号』（東西文化研究会、1999年）

Korean

* ‘만주 건국대학’이라는 실험과 육당 최남선 (Choe Nam-seon and Kenkoku University as a Testing Ground for ‘Concord of Nationalities’ in Manchukuo), 사회와역사(구 한국사회사학회논문집), 2016, vol., no.110, pp. 309-352 (44 pages), UCI : G704-000024.2016..110.011, 발행기관 : 한국사회사학회, 연구분야 : 사회과학 > 사회학

Russian

* Лестев А.Е. Использование социально-утопических идей в японской континентальной политике в Маньчжоу-го и Монголии // Россия - Китай: история и культура: сборник статей и докладов участников XI Международной научно-практической конференции. – Казань: Изд-во Академии наук РТ, 2018. С. 200-206.

Vietnamese

* Lý Đông A, Ký trình: Ngày giờ đã khẩn cấp!, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China, 1943.
* Lý Đông A, Tuyên ngôn ngày thành lập Việt Duy Dân Đảng, Hoa-Binh, Tonkin, Indochina, 1943.
* Masaya Shiraishi (author) & Ngô Bắc (translator), Việt Nam Kiến Quốc Quân và cuộc khởi nghĩa năm 1940 (Nation-Building Army of Viet-Nam and the 1940 Revolt), December 21, 2009.
* Ernest Ming-tak Leung (author) & Ngọc Giao (translator), Trường đại-học kiến-thiết tương-lai Á-châu (The school that built Asia), Hanoi, Vietnam, 2022.

## External links[edit]

* Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere at Britannica
* Foreign Office Files for Japan and the Far East
* WW2DB: Greater East Asia Conference
* All about the Asiacentricity
* An Anatomy of Eurocentrism in Communication Scholarship: The Role of Asiacentricity in De-Westernizing Theory and Research
* The Asiacentric Idea in Communication: Understanding the Significance of a Paradigm
* Asian Communication Studies at the Crossroads: A View to the Future from an Asiacentric Framework
* Toward an Alternative Metatheory of Human Communication: An Asiacentric Vision
* Theorizing Culture and Communication in the Asian Context: An Assumptive Foundation
* Zionism and the Japanese East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
* Japanese references to Mantetsu Railway Company

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