Khorasan group

Islamic group

Not to be confused with Greater Khorasan or Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province.

Khorasan Group

خراسان (in Arabic)

The Shahada flag commonly used by al-Qaeda, the parent organization of Khorasan

Leaders|

* Mohammed Islambouli (2012–present)[1]
* Muhsin al-Fadhli † (2012–15)[1][2][3]
* Sanafi al-Nasr † (2015)[4]
* Abu Khayr al-Masri † (al-Qaeda Deputy leader) [5][6]

Dates of operation| March 2012 – February 2017[1]
Headquarters|

* Bawabiyah, Aleppo Governorate, Syria (2012–2014)[7][8]
* Salqin, Idlib, Syria (2014–2015)[9]
* Idlib, Idlib Governorate, Syria (March 2015 – February 2017)[10]

Active regions|  Northwestern Syria
Ideology| Salafism

* Salafist jihadism
* Wahhabism[11]
* Qutbism

Size| 50[12]
Part of|  al-Qaeda

* al-Nusra Front (2012–2017)[13]
* Guardians of Religion Organization (2018–2025)

Allies|  al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (2012–present)
Jund al-Aqsa (2014–17)[10]
Opponents|  U.S. Armed Forces
European Union
Ba'athist Syria[14]
Russian Armed Forces
Battles and wars| Syrian Civil War
Military intervention against ISIL

* American-led intervention in Syria

The Khorasan group, sometimes known simply as Khorasan, was an alleged group of senior al-Qaeda members operating in Syria.[15] The group was reported to consist of a small number of fighters who are all on terrorist watchlists, and coordinated with al-Nusra Front, al-Qaeda's official affiliate in Syria. At an intelligence gathering in Washington, D.C., on 18 September 2014, Director of National Intelligence James Clapper stated that "in terms of threat to the homeland, Khorasan may pose as much of a danger as ISIS."[16]

The term first appeared in news media in September 2014, although the United States had reportedly been keeping track of the group for two years.[17] By early November 2014, the term had disappeared from political rhetoric.[18] Commentators have stated that the threat the Khorasan Group represented was exaggerated to generate public support for American intervention in Syria, and some have questioned whether the group even exists as a distinct entity.[19]

On 28 May 2015, al-Nusra Front leader Abu Mohammad al-Golani explicitly denied the existence of the supposed Khorasan group.[20] The al-Nusra Front had received specific orders since at least early 2015 from al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri to cease any activities related to attacking Western targets.[21]

In July 2015, both Muhsin al-Fadhli, said to be the operational leader of the group, and chief bombmaker David Drugeon, were killed by 2 US airstrikes.[22][23] After their deaths, FBI Director James Comey stated that the Khorasan group had become diminished, and that ISIL was now a bigger threat to the US.[24]

On 15 October 2015, a Coalition airstrike in northwest Syria killed Abdul Mohsen Adballah Ibrahim al Charekh (a.k.a. Sanafi al-Nasr), who was then the highest ranking leader of the Khorasan group.[25] He was the deputy leader of Khorasan before Muhsin al-Fadhli's death.[26]

Beginning in January 2017, it was reported that the US no longer referred to Khorasan fighters specifically, and that US officials no longer attempted to distinguish between Khorasan and al-Nusra Front militants, instead, labeling them all collectively as "al-Qaeda". Around this time, the US significantly increased the number of its airstrikes against al-Nusra Front and other al-Qaeda-affiliated targets.[27][28] After January 2017, the fate of the group was uncertain, as it had few fighters.

## Name

[edit]

Khorasan refers to a region including parts of Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and Iran. The U.S. intelligence community coined the term "Khorasan group" in reference to the Khorasan Shura, the leadership council within al-Qaeda believed to have been hiding in the Afghanistan-Pakistan area.[15][29]

The United States Central Command (CENTCOM) described the Khorasan Group as a "network of Nusrah Front and al-Qa'ida core extremists who share a history of training operatives, facilitating fighters and money, and planning attacks against U.S. and Western targets."[30] Patrick Ryder of CENTCOM defined the Khorasan Group "as a network of veteran al-Qaeda operations who were plotting external attacks against the United States and our allies."[31] The Long War Journal described the Khorasan Group as "a collection of al-Qaeda operatives sent to Syria to perform various functions, including laying the groundwork for external operations against the West."[32]

## Membership

[edit]

According to a source close to Nusra Front leadership, the Khorasan Group (KG) numbered several dozen experienced jihadists who had come from Afghanistan to Syria during the Syrian Civil War. The presence of these veterans was symbolic, as they were all wanted terrorists by the United States and directly followed al-Qaeda leadership.[15][33] A U.S. intelligence source indicated the group numbered about 50 members.[12] Members of the group were said to have worked with bomb-makers from Yemen to target civilian aircraft heading to the United States.[34]

The group found sanctuary in Idlib Province and the surrounding areas.[35]

KG militants came from both the Nusra Front and the Islamic State.[31] The cadre in the Khorasan Group was differentiated from the broader group of senior al-Qaeda leaders and operatives in Syria, such as Abu Firas al-Suri, Ahmed Refai Taha, and Ahmad Salama Mabruk.[32]

According to US officials, the organization was led by Mohammed Islambouli, whose brother Khalid Islambouli assassinated Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1981.[1][2] Another Khorasan Group member, Abu Yusuf Al-Turki, was reported to have been killed on 23 September 2014 by US airstrikes in Syria.

Notable members included:

Name  | Citizenship  | Details  | Sources

|
|
|

Sanafi al-Nasr | Saudi  | Senior al-Qaeda financial official, including a stint as al-Qaeda's chief financial officer in 2012. Played role in Khorasan Group's finances and facilitating routes for recruits to travel from Pakistan to Syria via Turkey. He also moved funds from the Persian Gulf into Iraq, then to al-Qaeda leaders.  | [4]
Muhsin al-Fadhli | Kuwaiti  | Prominent al-Qaeda member who went to Iran after the US invasion of Afghanistan. In charge of KG's external operations.  | [3][1]
David Drugeon | French  | Bombmaker  | [17][35]
Abu Yusuf Al-Turki | Turkish  | Senior KG figure  | [36]

There are indications that some members of the Khorasan Group (including Abu Yusuf Al-Turki) were part of an elite sniper subunit of the al-Nusra Front that was known as the "Wolf Group".[37]

## History

[edit]

The Khorasan Group's existence was first publicly acknowledged in mid-September 2014, when U.S. Director of national Intelligence James Clapper indicated it was operating in Syria and Iraq and was actively planning external operations against the West. According to U.S. officials, bombmakers in KG were in the final stages of planning terrorist attacks against the United States, with technical help from Ibrahim al-Asiri, al-Qaeda's master bombmaker in Yemen. According to CNN, the U.S. intelligence community had reportedly recently discovered KG plots against the United States, potentially involving a "a bomb made of a nonmetallic device like a toothpaste container or clothes dipped in explosive material" to beat airport security.[38][35]

Later statements by officials indicated that "there were no known targets or attacks expected in the next few weeks" at the time the US began bombing in Syria.[38] On 5 October 2014, FBI director James Comey stated, "I can't sit here and tell you whether their plan is tomorrow or three weeks or three months from now", but that "we have to act as if it's coming tomorrow."[citation needed]

### American-led intervention

[edit]

As part of the broader American-led intervention in Syria targeting al-Qaeda and ISIS, the U.S. began conducting air strikes against targets it said were associated with the Khorasan Group on 22 September 2014.[35][31] By 24 March 2015, 17 Khorasan figures had reportedly been killed by U.S. airstrikes since the beginning of the air campaign.[39]

After the death of Muhsin al-Fadli was announced on 22 July 2015, FBI Director James Comey stated that Khorasan had become "diminished", and that ISIS had become a greater threat to the U.S. than al-Qaeda or the Khorasan group.[24]

Date  | Location  | Details  | Source

|
|
|

23 September 2014  | West of Aleppo  | According to the U.S., it conducted eight airstrikes against the group's training camps, command and control facilities, and other sites in the area west of Aleppo, Syria. The attacks were ineffective and killed only one or two militants, largely because the members of the group had been warned in advance.  | [8][17]
6 November 2014  | Idlib and Aleppo provinces  | U.S. claimed to bomb KG targets. According local activists and the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Ahrar ash-Sham and Nusra Front targets were also hit. KG's chief bombmaker David Drugeon was later believed to have been killed in the attack, but subsequent reports indicated he was only wounded.  | [40][41][42]
13 November 2014  |  | U.S. bombed KG targets.  | [31]
19 November 2014  | Near Harem, Syria | U.S. conducted airstrike on a storage facility associated with the group.  | [43]
1 December 2014  | Near Aleppo  | U.S. airstrike  | [44]
20 May 2015  | Idlib Province  | U.S. conducted 2 airstrikes on Khorasan targets, killing Algerian al-Qaeda operative Said Arif, the military chief of Jund al-Aqsa.  | [10]
1 July 2015  | Near Aleppo  | U.S. airstrike kills Drugeon. His death was not reported until 11 September.  | [23]
8 July 2015  | Near Sarmada, Syria  | U.S. airstrike kills Muhsin al-Fadhli while traveling in a vehicle.  | [22]
15 October 2015  | Northwest Syria  | U.S. airstrike kills Sanafi al-Nasr, formerly al-Qaeda's chief financial officer and the highest-ranking member of the Khorasan Group. According to the U.S. he was the fifth senior Khorasan Group leader killed by U.S. airstrikes in the previous 4 months.  | [4]

### Other activity

[edit]

On 18 November, the Syrian Army ambushed a group of Khorasan militants in the countryside of Latakia in a separate operation. Eleven members of the group were killed and another 13 were wounded or captured. The Kazakh and Chechen field commanders of the unit, along with Burmese and Saudi jihadists, were among the dead. The attack also left seven al-Nusra Front fighters dead.[45]

On 3 April 2016, Abu Firas al Suri, al-Nusra's spokesman, and seen as a leading figure within the Khorasan group, was killed in a US airstrike.[46] The airstrike also killed al-Suri's son and 20 other al-Nusra and Jund al-Aqsa militants.[47] Later in the same week, a second airstrike killed several Khorasan militants, including Rifai Ahmed Taha Musa, who attempted to unite Ahrar ash-Sham with al-Nusra Front in January 2016.[48]

On 12 January 2017, a US airstrike near Saraqib killed al-Nusra leaders Abd al-Jalil al-Muslimi, Abu Amas al-Masri, and Abu Ikrimah al-Tunsi, along with 10 or 15 other al-Nusra fighters. This came after a marked increase in US airstrikes on al-Nusra Front beginning in January 2017, at which time the US reportedly dropped the "Khorasan group" label and began referring to all al-Qaeda linked targeted as simply "al-Qaeda".[28]

On 26 February, a US airstrike in Al-Mastoumeh, Idlib Province, killed Abu Khayr al-Masri, who was the deputy leader of al-Qaeda. He had been dispatched to Syria by al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, and was nested in the Khorasan group.[5][6][49] The US airstrike also killed another Tahrir al-Sham militant, who was traveling in the same car.[50][51]

## Criticism of term

[edit]

Some independent experts and Syrian officials questioned whether the group was distinct from Nusra Front.[31] In an interview with Al Jazeera on 27 May 2015, Nusra Front leader Abu Mohammed al-Golani, stated that the al-Nusra Front did not have intentions to "target the West", while warning against Western Coalition airstrikes. He also alleged that "there is nothing called [the] Khorasan group. The Americans came up with it to deceive the public".[20]

A 23 September 2014 article by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace stated that "the sudden flurry of revelations about the 'Khorasan Group' in the past two weeks smacks of strategic leaks and political spin".[52] The article also stated that "Whatever one decides to call it, this is not likely to be an independent organization, but rather a network-within-the-network, assigned to deal with specific tasks."[52]

In an article in The Intercept, journalists Glenn Greenwald and Murtaza Hussain stated that "There are serious questions about whether the Khorasan Group even exists in any meaningful or identifiable manner", describing reports of the group as "propagandistic and legal rationale" for military intervention.[53] Similarly, according to an analysis in Conflict News, "the US government made the decision to bomb this Wolf Group of Jabhat Al-Nusra, and then later came up with a way to sell to the public. This strategy ended up in the creation of 'Khorasan' a group which never existed in any form beyond the statements of US officials."[54]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e "Al-Qaida Reasserts Itself With Khorasan Group". NPR. 3 October 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
2. ^ a b "French bomb-maker with Khorasan radicalized over 'several years'". Foreign Policy. 21 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.(subscription required)
3. ^ a b "Key al-Qaeda figure Muhsin al-Fadhli killed in U.S. airstrike in Syria - Pentagon". BNO News. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
4. ^ a b c Barbara Starr; Tim Hume. "Al Qaeda leader killed in U.S. airstrike, Pentagon says". CNN.
5. ^ a b "BREAKING: Al-Qaeda's deputy leader killed in Idlib drone strike". Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
6. ^ a b Kreiter, Marcy (26 February 2017). "Al Qaeda No. 2 Killed In Syria Drone Strike". International Business Times.
7. ^ "Details of the mission against militants in Syria". Associated Press. 23 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
8. ^ a b Herridge, Catherine (23 September 2014). "US strikes target Al Qaeda veterans in Syria plotting 'imminent attack'". Fox News. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
9. ^ "Syria's Qaeda leader killed in explosion - ARA News". ARA News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
10. ^ a b c "An internal struggle: Al Qaeda's Syrian affiliate is grappling with its identity". Brookings Institution. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
11. ^ Hudson, Valerie (30 June 2015). The Hillary Doctrine. Columbia University. p. 154\. ISBN 9780231539104. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
12. ^ a b "Airstrikes in Syria That Targeted Khorasan Group Disrupted Plots Against US, Gen. Dempsey Says". ABC News. 7 October 2014. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
13. ^ "The strange story behind the 'Khorasan' group's name". Washington Post. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
14. ^ "Syrian Army Lays a Huge Ambush on the Khorasan Group in Latakia". Al-Masdar. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
15. ^ a b c Karouny, Mariam (26 September 2014). "Insight - U.S.-led strikes pressure al Qaeda's Syria group to join with Islamic State". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
16. ^ Karl, Jonathan (23 September 2014). "Today is the First Time Obama Has Said the Word 'Khorasan' in Public". ABC News. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
17. ^ a b c "Syria Airstrikes Failed To Cripple Khorasan Threat". Associated Press. 9 October 2014. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
18. ^ Banco, Erin (5 November 2014). "Khorasan Group disappears from US political rhetoric, raising questions about its existence". International Business Times. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
19. ^ Makarechi, Kia (29 September 2014). "Did the government invent an "imminent" threat to bolster support for war?". Vanity Fair.
20. ^ a b "Nusra leader: Our mission is to defeat Syrian regime". Al Jazeera English. 28 May 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
21. ^ Lister, Charles (1 June 2015). "An Internal Struggle: Al Qaeda's Syrian Affiliate Is Grappling With Its Identity". Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
22. ^ a b "Senior al-Qaida figure, Muhsin al-Fadhli, killed in US air strike in Syria, officials say". the Guardian. 21 July 2015.
23. ^ a b "French jihadist Drugeon killed in Syria: US official". AFP. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.
24. ^ a b Evan Perez; Tom LoBianco (23 July 2015). "James Comey says Khorasan Group diminished". CNN.
25. ^ Release No: NR-400-15 (18 October 2015). Statement on Airstrike in Syria that Killed Sanafi al-Nasr. U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved: 18 October 2015.
26. ^ "Khorasan". Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
27. ^ "Pentagon: Airstrikes kill 20 or more al Qaeda fighters in northern Syria | FDD's Long War Journal". www.longwarjournal.org.
28. ^ a b "US kills al Qaeda facilitator and external ops planner in Syrian airstrikes | FDD's Long War Journal". www.longwarjournal.org.
29. ^ "Al Qaeda Plotters in Syria 'Went Dark,' U.S. Spies Say". Newsweek. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
30. ^ "Nov. 6: U.S. Military Forces Conduct Airstrikes Against Khorasan Group Terrorist Network in Syria". United States Central Command. 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
31. ^ a b c d e "U.S. bombs Al-Qaeda group for third time in Syria". AFP. 14 November 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
32. ^ a b Jocelyn, Thomas (2 November 2016). "Pentagon: Al Qaeda veteran in Syria was planning attacks against the West". Long War Journal. Retrieved 23 December 2024.
33. ^ "Meet The Khorasan, The Terrorist Group That's Suddenly A Bigger Threat Than ISIS". Business Insider Australia. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
34. ^ "Syria's hard cell: Rise of Khorasan group alarms U.S." The Pueblo Chieftain. 14 September 2014. Archived from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
35. ^ a b c d "French bomb-maker with Khorasan radicalized over 'several years'". CNN. 1 November 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
36. ^ "Khorasan leader's death suggested in militant tweets". AFP. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
37. ^ Paraszczuk, Joanna (2 October 2014). "Wolf or Khorasan: Who was Jabhat al-Nusra's Abu Yusuf al-Turki?". Chechens in Syria. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
38. ^ a b Levs, Josh; Cruickshank, Paul; Lister, Tim (23 September 2014). "U.S. strikes Khorasan Group in Syria". CNN. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
39. ^ "Nusra Front quietly rises in Syria as ISIS targeted". 24 March 2015.
40. ^ "Report: Airstrikes target another Islamist group in Syria". CNN. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
41. ^ "U.S. strike in Syria reportedly kills key bomb-maker". CNN. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
42. ^ "Officials: Khorasan Group bomb maker thought dead survived". CNN. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
43. ^ "Airstrikes Continue Against ISIL in Syria, Iraq". United States Department of Defense. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
44. ^ "Airstrikes continue against ISIL in Syria, Iraq". United States Department of Defense. 1 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
45. ^ "Syrian Army Lays a Huge Ambush on the Khorasan Group in Latakia". Al-Masdar News. 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
46. ^ "Al Nusrah Front confirms al Qaeda veteran killed in US airstrike | The Long War Journal". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
47. ^ "Syria's Qaeda spokesman, 20 jihadists dead in strikes: monitor". Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
48. ^ "US strikes al Qaeda's 'Khorasan Group' in Syria | The Long War Journal". The Long War Journal. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
49. ^ "Stratfor: The World's Leading Geopolitical Intelligence Platform". worldview.stratfor.com.
50. ^ "2 Tahrir al-Sham fighters killed by US-led coalition drone near Idlib". Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
51. ^ "Deputy al Qaeda leader killed In Syria". CNN. 28 February 2017. Archived from the original on 7 September 2022.
52. ^ a b "What Is the "Khorasan Group" and Why Is the U.S. Bombing It in Syria?". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 23 September 2014. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
53. ^ Greenwald, Glenn; Hussain, Murtaza (28 September 2014). "The fake terror threat used to justify bombing Syria". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
54. ^ Cruickshank, Michael (5 December 2014). "The myth of the Khorasan Group". Conflict News.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Szabó, K. (2010). Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence: The Law of Self-Defence - Past, Present and Future (PDF). Amsterdam Center for International Law (ACIL). p. 314\. hdl:11245/1.337630. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
* Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence: Essence and Limits under International Law. The Hague: Asser Press. 2011. p. 348\. ISBN 978-9067047951.
* Paulussen, C.; Szabó, K. (November 2014). Testing the Validity of US Self-Defence Arguments against the Khorasan Group in Syria. The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT). Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016. "Dr. Christophe Paulussen is an ICCT Research Fellow and Dr. Kinga Tibori Szabó is the winner of the ASIL Francis Lieber Prize 2012 for her book Anticipatory Action in Self-Defence"
* Analysis: CENTCOM draws misleading line between Al Nusrah Front and Khorasan Group

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Syrian civil war

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* Syria
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|

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Timeline

| Background|

* 1963 coup
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|

2011
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* Syrian revolution
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* December Jabal al-Zawiya massacres

2012
Jan–Apr
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* January al-Midan bombing
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* Battle of Darayya
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2013
Jan–Apr
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* Battle of Safira
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* Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl
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* Rif Dimashq offensive (Sep–Nov)
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* Battle of al-Yaarubiyah
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2014
Jan–Jul
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* First Inter-rebel conflict
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* Maan massacre
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* Battle of Arsal
* First Battle of the Shaer gas field
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* Siege of Kobanî
* Homs school bombing
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* Idlib Raid
* Second Inter-Rebel Conflict
* Second Battle of the Shaer gas field
* Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Dec)

2015
Jan–Jul
Aug–Dec|

* Air Force An-26 crash
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* Battle of Sarrin (Mar–Apr)
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* Battle of Bosra
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* Al-Hawl offensive
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* East Aleppo offensive (2015–2016)
* 2015–2016 Latakia offensive
* Tishrin Dam offensive
* Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown

2016
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan)
* January Sayyidah Zaynab bombings
* Northern Aleppo offensive (Feb)
* Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (Feb–Mar)
* Al-Shaddadi offensive
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* Battle of Tel Abyad
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* Manbij offensive
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* Operation Euphrates Shield
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* 5 September bombings
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* Aleppo offensive (Sep–Oct)
* Dabiq offensive
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* Khan al-Shih offensive (Oct–Nov)
* Raqqa campaign
* Battle of al-Bab
* Aleppo offensive (Nov-Dec)
* Palmyra offensive (Dec)

2017
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017)
* January Azaz bombing
* Desert campaign (Dec 16–Apr 17)
* Idlib clashes (Jan–Mar)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Daraa offensive (Feb–Jun)
* Southwestern Daraa offensive (Feb)
* Qaboun offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* East Aleppo offensive (Jan–Apr)
* March Damascus bombings
* Al-Jinah airstrike
* Hama offensive (Mar–Apr)
* Battle of Tabqa
* Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
* Shayrat missile strike
* Aleppo bombing
* April Turkish airstrikes
* East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (Apr–May)
* Desert campaign (May–Jul)
* Maskanah Plains offensive
* East Hama offensive
* Battle of Raqqa
* Daraa offensive (Jun)
* Southern Raqqa offensive (Jun)
* Jobar offensive (Jun–Aug)
* Quneitra offensive (Jun)
* Idlib clashes (Jul)
* Central campaign
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (Sep 17–Mar 18)
* Hama offensive (Sep)
* Northwestern campaign (Oct 17–Feb 18)
* Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate
* Battle of Harasta
* Eastern campaign (Sep–Dec)
* Euphrates Crossing offensive
* Mayadin offensive
* Battle of Deir ez-Zor (Sep–Nov)
* Abu Kamal offensive
* Beit Jinn offensive

2018
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Operation Olive Branch
* Battle of Khasham
* Rif Dimashq offensive (Feb–Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Jan–Feb)
* Syrian Liberation Front–Tahrir al-Sham conflict
* Southern Damascus offensive (Mar)
* Douma chemical attack
* Missile strikes (Apr)
* Northern Homs offensive (Apr–May)
* Eastern Qalamoun offensive (Apr)
* Southern Damascus offensive (Apr–May)
* Deir ez-Zor clashes (Apr)
* Deir ez-Zor offensive (May–Jun)
* As-Suwayda offensive (Jun)
* Southern offensive
* As-Suwayda attacks
* As-Suwayda (Aug-Nov)
* Qamishli clashes (Sep)
* Missile strikes (Sep)
* Northern border clashes

2019
Jan–Apr
May–Aug
Sep–Dec|

* Idlib inter-rebel conflict
* Manbij bombing
* Battle of Baghuz Fawqani
* ISIL insurgency in Deir-ez-Zor
* Dêrik prison escape attempt
* Tell Rifaat clashes
* Northwestern offensive (Apr–Aug)
* June bombings
* Hass refugee camp bombing
* Missile strikes (Aug)
* Turkish offensive into northeast
* Barisha raid
* November bombings
* Israeli missile strikes (Nov)
* Qah missile strike
* Northwestern offensive (Dec 19–Mar 20)
* US airstrikes

2020
Jan–Dec|

* COVID-19 pandemic
* Afrin bombing
* Idlib Governorate clashes
* Kafr-Takharim airstrike
* Ayn Issa clashes
* Deir ez-Zor ambush

2021
Jan–Dec|

* Siege of Qamishli and Al-Hasakah
* Missile strikes (Jan)
* US airstrike (Feb)
* Battle of Qamishli (Apr)
* US airstrike (Jun)
* Daraa clashes
* Tahrir al-Sham–Junud al-Sham conflict

2022
Jan–Dec|

* Battle of al-Hasakah
* Ahrar al-Sham–Levant Front clashes
* Jabal al-Bishrī clashes
* Jarqli airstrikes
* Northern Aleppo clashes (Oct)
* Operation Claw-Sword
* Northwest clashes (Dec)

2023
Jan-Dec|

* Al-Sukhnah attack
* Damascus airstrike
* Hama attack
* Northern border clashes

2024
Jan–Oct
Nov–present|

* Opposition offensives
* Deir ez-Zor offensive
* Battle of Aleppo
* Aleppo University Hospital airstrike
* Southern offensive
* Operation Dawn of Freedom
* Manbij offensive
* Al-Mustariha strike
* Kobani clashes
* Hama offensive
* Homs offensive
* Palmyra offensive
* Fall of Damascus
* Fall of the Assad regime
* Western Syria clashes
* Massacres of Syrian Alawites
* Hezbollah-Syria clashes
* Jaramana clashes
* Lebanon–Syria border clashes
* Rif Dimashq clashes
* Massacres of Syrian Druze
* Israeli invasion

Spillover|

| Israel and Golan Heights:|

* March 2017 incident
* February 2018 incident
* May 2018 Israel–Iran incidents

|

Iraq:|

* Akashat ambush
* Operation al-Shabah
* April 2014 Iraqi border airstrike

Jordanian border incidents|

* April 2014 Jordanian border airstrike

Lebanon:|

* Lebanese border clashes
* Battle of Sidon
* Iranian embassy bombing in Beirut
* North Lebanon clashes
* Qalamoun (Jul–Aug 2017)

Turkey:|

* December 2011 Turkish border clash
* 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown
* 2012 Turkish border clashes
* 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings
* January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria
* Assassination of Andrei Karlov
* Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident
* 2020 Balyun airstrikes
* Operation Spring Shield

Elsewhere:|

* Deir ez-Zor missile strike (Iran)

Belligerents

| Ba'athist regime|

| Politics of Ba'athist Syria|

* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
* Ba'ath Brigades
* Syrian Social Nationalist Party
* Arab Socialist Movement
* Syrian Communist Party
* Syrian Communist Party (Unified)

|

Military and militias|

* Lions of Hussein
* Guardians of the Dawn
* Arab Nationalist Guard
* Jaysh al-Muwahhidin
* Sootoro
* Ba'ath Brigades
* National Defence Forces
* Popular Committees
* Golan Regiment
* Syrian Armed Forces
* Eagles of the Whirlwind
* The Islamic Resistance Front in Syria
* Military Council for the Liberation of Syria
* Syrian Popular Resistance
* Syrian Resistance
* Popular Resistance of the Eastern Region
* PFLP-GC
* Jihad Jibril Brigades
* Galilee Forces
* Free Palestine Movement
* Palestinian People's Party
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* As-Sa'iqa
* al-Quds Brigade
* Palestine Liberation Army

Foreign support|

* Hezbollah involvement
* Iranian involvement
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* Russian involvement
* medical facility targeting
* military intervention
* Wagner Group
* Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition
* Popular Mobilization Forces

Opposition|

| Interim government|

* National Coalition
* Local Coordination Committees
* Syrian National Council
* Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution
* National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change
* Syrian Revolution General Commission
* Syrian Support Group
* Adopt a Revolution
* Syrian Patriotic Group

|

Opposition militias|

* Syrian National Army
* Free Syrian Army
* National Front for Liberation
* Army of Glory
* Authenticity and Development Front
* Army of Free Tribes
* Revolutionary Commando Army
* Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
* Grey Wolves

Foreign support|

* US intervention
* Jordanian intervention
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Turkey

Autonomous Administration
of North and East Syria|

| DFNS Government|

* Democratic Union Party
* Kurdish National Council
* Smaller political parties

|

SDF militias|

* People's Protection Units
* Women's Protection Units
* Anti-Terror Units
* Al-Sanadid Forces
* Army of Revolutionaries
* SDF military councils
* Syriac Military Council
* Liwa Thuwar al-Raqqa
* Northern Democratic Brigade

Support|

* Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
* Kurdistan Workers' Party
* International Freedom Battalion
* Sinjar Resistance Units
* Êzîdxan Women's Units

Islamists|

| Islamic State|

* Military activity of ISIL
* Dokumacılar
* Al-Barakah
* Khalid ibn al-Walid Army
* Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade
* Islamic Muthanna Movement
* Jaysh al-Jihad
* Jund al-Aqsa
* Group of the One and Only
* Liwa Dawud
* Liwa Aqab al-Islami
* Katibah Nusantara
* Katiba al-Bittar al-Libi
* Al-Khansaa Brigade
* Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah

|

al-Qaeda and allies|

* Al-Nusra Front (Jabhat Fatah al-Sham (Khorasan group, Suqour al-Ezz) Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham
* Tahrir al-Sham
* Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria
* Caucasus Emirate
* Ajnad al-Kavkaz
* Junud al-Makhdi
* Rouse the Believers Operations Room (Ansar al-Tawhid (Firqat al-Ghuraba), Hurras al-Din, Ansar al-Din Front (Harakat Sham al-Islam), Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan)
* Jaish al-Haramoun
* Jaysh al-Sunna
* Liwa al-Muhajireen wal-Ansar (Green Battalion)
* Mujahideen Shura Council
* Malhama Tactical
* Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Katibat Jabal al-Islam
* Jama'at Ansar al-Furqan in Bilad al Sham
* Ghuraba al-Sham
* Taliban (Pakistani Taliban, Imam Bukhari Jamaat)
* Fatah al-Islam
* Muhajirin wa-Ansar Alliance (Liwaa al-Umma)

People

* Ammar Abdulhamid
* Ali al-Abdallah
* Adnan al-Aroor
* al-Assad family
* Bashar
* Maher
* Rifaat
* Rami Makhlouf
* Hafez Makhlouf
* Riad al-Asaad
* Hadi al-Bahra
* Anwar al-Bunni
* Fahd Jassem al-Freij
* Suheil al-Hassan
* Haitham al-Maleh
* Moaz al-Khatib
* Kamal al-Labwani
* Hamza al-Khateeb
* Tal al-Mallohi
* Fida al-Sayed
* Riad al-Turk
* Khaled Khoja
* Ammar al-Qurabi
* Suheir Atassi
* Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni
* Aref Dalila
* Farid Ghadry
* Burhan Ghalioun
* Razan Ghazzawi
* Ghassan Hitto
* Salim Idris
* Randa Kassis
* Abdul Halim Khaddam
* Michel Kilo
* Bassma Kodmani
* Ali Habib Mahmud
* Ali Mahmoud Othman
* Ibrahim Qashoush
* Dawoud Rajiha
* Yassin al-Haj Saleh
* Bouthaina Shaaban
* Ahmed al-Sharaa
* Abdulbaset Sieda
* Riad Seif
* Fadwa Souleimane
* Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid
* Yaser Tabbara
* Razan Zaitouneh
* Rami Jarrah
* Abdurrahman Mustafa
* Fadlallah al-Haji

Related

| Elections|

* 2011 local elections
* 2012 parliamentary election
* 2014 presidential election
* 2015 Northern local elections
* 2016 parliamentary election
* 2017 Northern local elections
* 2017 Northern regional elections
* 2018 local elections
* 2020 parliamentary election
* 2021 presidential election

|

Issues|

* Casualties
* Cities and towns
* Chemical weapons
* Damaged heritage sites
* Foreign involvement
* Human rights violations
* Humanitarian aid
* International demonstrations and protests
* International reactions
* Massacres
* Mass graves
* Refugees
* Sectarianism and minorities
* Status of the Golan Heights
* Spillover in Lebanon
* Syrian government reactions

Peace process|

* Arab League monitors
* Friends of Syria Group
* Kofi Annan peace plan
* UN supervision mission
* Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan
* U.S.–Russia peace proposals
* 39th G8 summit
* UN Security Council Resolution 2118
* Geneva II conference
* 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement
* Vienna talks
* 2016 Geneva talks
* Idlib demilitarization (2018–present)
* First Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Second Northern Syria Demilitarization Deal
* Syrian Negotiation Commission
* Syrian Constitutional Committee

Investigations/legal cases|

* Investigations
* International Commission
* Chemical weapons
* War crimes cases
* Germany
* Canada + Netherlands vs Syria

Related topics|

* Exclusive mandate
* Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference
* Syria Files
* Syrian detainee report
* Syrian media coverage
* 2015 European migrant crisis
* Syrian civil war in popular culture

* Category

* v
* t
* e

War on terror

* September 11 attacks
* War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) (Withdrawal)
* Iraq War (2003–2011) (Withdrawal)

Participants|

| Operational|

* ISAF
* Operation Enduring Freedom participants
* Afghanistan
* Northern Alliance
* Iraq (Iraqi Armed Forces)
* NATO
* Pakistan
* United Kingdom
* United States
* European Union
* Philippines
* Ethiopia

|

Targets|

| Individuals|

* Osama bin Laden
* Hamza bin Laden
* Anwar al-Awlaki
* Sirajuddin Haqqani
* Jalaluddin Haqqani
* Anas Haqqani
* Khalil Haqqani
* Hafiz Saeed
* Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq
* Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

|

Factions|

* al-Qaeda
* al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
* Abu Sayyaf
* Al-Shabaab
* Boko Haram
* Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
* Hizbul Mujahideen
* Islamic Courts Union
* Jaish-e-Mohammed
* Jemaah Islamiyah
* Lashkar-e-Taiba
* Taliban
* Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
* Islamic State

Conflicts|

| Operation
Enduring Freedom|

* War in Afghanistan
* OEF – Philippines
* Georgian involvement in the Iraq War
* OEF – Horn of Africa
* OEF – Trans Sahara
* Drone strikes in Pakistan

|

Other|

* Operation Active Endeavour
* Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
* Insurgency in the North Caucasus
* Moro conflict in the Philippines
* Iraq War
* Iraqi insurgency
* Operation Linda Nchi
* Terrorism in Saudi Arabia
* Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
* War in Somalia (2006–2009)
* 2007 Lebanon conflict
* al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen

Policies|

* Patriot Act (2001)
* Torture Memos (2002)
* Military Commissions Act of 2006
* Military Commissions Act of 2009
* President's Surveillance Program
* Protect America Act of 2007
* Terrorist Surveillance Program

Related|

* Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse
* Axis of evil
* Bush Doctrine
* Clash of Civilizations
* Cold War
* Combatant Status Review Tribunal
* Criticism of the war on terror
* CIA black sites
* Killing of Ayman al-Zawahiri
* Killing of Osama bin Laden
* Enhanced interrogation techniques
* Extrajudicial prisoners
* Extraordinary rendition
* Guantanamo Bay detention camp
* Iranian Revolution
* Islamic terrorism
* Islamism
* North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
* Operation Noble Eagle
* Operation Eagle Assist
* Situation Room photograph
* State Sponsors of Terrorism
* Targeted killing
* Targeted Killing in International Law
* Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World
* Unitary executive theory
* Unlawful combatant
* CAGE

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Militant Islamism in the Middle East and North Africa region

Ideology|

* Jihadism
* Salafi jihadism
* Pan-Islamism
* Qutbism
* Khomeinism
* Wahhabism

Phenomena|

* Islamic extremism
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Islamic terrorism

Organisations|

| Middle East|

* Abdullah Azzam Brigades
* Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades
* Ahrar al-Sham
* Ajnad al-Sham
* Al-Ashtar Brigades
* Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq
* Al-Nusra Front
* Al-Qaeda
* Al-Qaeda in Iraq
* Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
* Al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya in the Sinai
* Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
* Ansar al-Sham
* Ansar al-Sharia (Syria)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)
* Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
* Army of Conquest
* Army of Islam
* Baqir Brigade
* Hamas
* Hamas of Iraq
* Hezbollah
* Quwat al-Ridha
* Hezbollah Al-Hejaz
* Houthis
* Palestinian Islamic Jihad
* Islamic State of Iraq
* Islamic State
* Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
* Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
* Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Jaysh al-Islam
* Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)
* Jund Ansar Allah
* Jundallah (Iran)
* Khorasan group
* Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan
* Katibat Jabal al-Islam
* Levant Front
* Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem
* Masada al-Mujahideen
* Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement
* Peace Companies
* People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
* Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade
* Tahrir al-Sham
* Tawhid al-Jihad
* Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
* Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba
* Kata'ib Hezbollah
* Badr Organization
* Mukhtar Army
* Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham
* Saraya al-Jihad
* Shield of Islam Brigade
* Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda
* Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas
* Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces
* Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada
* Kata'ib al-Imam Ali
* Kata'ib Jund al-Imam
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* Liwa Zainebiyoun
* Sabireen Movement
* Jaysh al-Mu'ammal
* Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham
* Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya
* Promised Day Brigade
* 1920 Revolution Brigades
* Turkish Hezbollah
* Hamas of Iraq
* Hassan Al-Basri Brigades
* Islamic Dawa Party

|

North Africa|

* Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade
* al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
* Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)
* Ansar ul Islam
* Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
* Armed Islamic Group
* Derna Protection Force
* Egyptian Islamic Jihad
* al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya
* Takfir wal-Hijra
* Libyan Islamic Fighting Group
* Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
* Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
* Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
* Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries
* Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna
* Tunisian Combatant Group
* Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade

Leaders|

* Abu Ali al-Anbari
* Abu Mohammad al-Adnani
* Abu Muslim al-Turkmani
* Abu Suleiman al-Naser
* Ahmed al-Assir
* Anwar al-Awlaki
* Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
* Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah
* Abdul Nasser Qardash
* Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi
* Abu Ayyub al-Masri
* Abu Omar al-Baghdadi
* Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
* Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
* Mohammed Atef
* Mokhtar Belmokhtar
* Tariq al-Dahab
* Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim
* Massoud Rajavi
* Maryam Rajavi
* Abdelmalek Droukdel
* Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi
* Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri
* Abu Ubaidah al-Masri
* Saeed al-Masri
* Saleh Al-Qaraawi
* Haji Bakr
* Hassan Hattab
* Ahmed al-Sharaa
* Omar Abdel-Rahman
* Osama bin Laden
* Hassan Nasrallah
* Juhayman al-Otaybi
* Muqtada al-Sadr
* Saif al-Adel
* Shukri Mustafa
* Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj
* Nasir al-Wuhayshi
* Qasim al-Raymi
* Khalid Batarfi
* Ibrahim al-Banna
* Ahmed Yassin
* Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
* Ayman al-Zawahiri
* Abdelhamid Abou Zeid
* Abu Khayr al-Masri
* Abu Muhsin al-Masri
* Qais al-Khazali
* Hadi al-Amiri
* Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir
* Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi
* Wathiq al-Battat

Events|

* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Lebanese Civil War
* Iranian Revolution
* Iran–Iraq War
* Algerian Civil War
* Terrorism in Egypt
* Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
* Iraq War (2003–2011)
* Libyan crisis (2011–present)
* Syrian civil war (2012–present)
* War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* Yemeni civil war (2014–present)

Related|

* Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
* Houthi-controlled territory of Yemen
* ISIL territorial claims
* Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency
* Holy Shrine Defender

* Part of Islamism
* Militant Islamism in
* South Asia
* Southeast Asia
* Sub-Saharan Africa

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