Khwaja Ahrar

Sufi master and Islamic scholar (1404–1490)

Khwaja Ahrar

Khwaja Ahrar, Mughal Empire Archives, British Museum

Personal life
Born| March 1404 (1404-03) AD

Samarkand, Uzbekistan

Died| 1490 (aged 85-86) AD

Samarkand, Uzbekistan

Religious life
Religion| Islam
Denomination| Sunni
Jurisprudence| Hanafi
Creed| Maturidi[1]
Muslim leader
Predecessor| Yaqub al-Charkhi
Successor| Muhammad Zahid Wakhshi
Arabic name
Personal (Ism)| ʿUbaydullāh
عبيد الله
Patronymic (Nasab)| ibn Maḥmūd ibn Shihāb ad-Dīn
بن محمود بن شهاب الدين
Epithet (Laqab)| Aḥrār
أحرار
Nāṣir ad-Dīn
ناصر الدين
Toponymic (Nisba)| at-Tūrānī
التوراني
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Nāṣir ad-Dīn ʿUbaydullāh ibn Maḥmūd ibn Shihāb ad-Dīn (1404–1490; Arabic: ناصرالدین عبیدالله احرار) more popularly known as Khwaja Ahrar (Persian: خواجه احرار) was a member of the Golden Chain of the Naqshbandi Sufi spiritual order of Central Asia. He was born in Samarkand, a city in Central Asia,[2] to a Muslim family. He was born to Khwaja Mehmood Shashi bin Khwaja Shihabuddin. His forefathers had migrated from Baghdad, and his lineage was connected to Abu Bakr Siddique from his paternal side and Umar Farooq from the maternal side.[3][4] Khwaja Ahrar was deeply involved in the social, political and economics activities of Transoxania. He was born into a relatively poor yet highly spiritual family and, at the age of maturity, he was probably the richest person in the kingdom.[5] He was a close associate of all the leading dervishes of the time. Maulana Abdur Rahman Jami was a disciple of his.[6][7] He learned and practiced the secrets of spirituality under his father and later under Khwaja Yaqub Charkhi.[8]

## Birth and family

[edit]

Khwaja's father was a farmer by profession who made the pilgrimage to Mecca. His paternal grandfather, Shahabuddin Shashi was also a farmer and trader. His maternal grandfather Khwaja Daud was the son of Khwaja Khawand Tahur who was an established Sufi mystic and the son of Umar Baghistani, a famous shaikh honoured by Bahauddin Naqshband.[9] His birth took place during the ramadan of 806 Hijri (March, 1404) in village near Tashkent called Baghistan.[10] His birth was accompanied by a number of miracles and many saints had predicted the coming of a saint.[11]

He had two sons, Khwaja Khwajgan and Khwaja Yahya.[12]

## Education and learning

[edit]

Initially, Ahrar studied in Tashkent[13] and was taught by his uncle, Ibrahim Shashi. In 1425, his uncle took him to Samarqand for his studies. He repetitively fell sick during studies, making him quit altogether, but his spiritual states developed until he once saw prophet Jesus in his dreams where he said "I will teach you." He interpreted this to mean he would receive religious knowledge but others disagreed and said it meant medical knowledge.

Khwaja Ahrar took his spiritual bayah (spiritual oath) from Yaqub al-Charkhi. He had many disciples but the most famous was the Sufi poet Mawlana Abdur Rahman Jami. Maulana Jami wrote a book dedicated to Ahrar called Tuhfa tul Ahrar. Khwaja Ahrar is also mentioned in Jami's most famous work Yusuf and Zulekha.[14] Khwaja Ahrar is also known to have negotiated peace many times.[15] His spiritual disciples are recorded to have shown extremely high etiquette and morality in his presence.[16]

## Business

[edit]

After returning from Herat, at the age of 29, he completed his training. He bought a piece of cultivable land and began farming. His land produced a great deal of yield very fast. Within a decade, he owned many farming lands, businesses, Turkic baths, khanqahs, and was sending trading caravans to trade with China.[17] Historians contend he had become one of the richest men of Central Asia.[18] He used to spend most of his money on philanthropy. Most of his wealth was invested in Waqf (religious endowments) and was used for the needy.[19]

The height of Khwaja Ahrar's career coincided with the cultural efflorescence of Herat[20] during the reign of Sultan Husayn Bayqara. Many of his enemies accused him of amassing a large amount of wealth.[21] However, he always spent his wealth for the poor. Regardless he became a very rich man owning more 3500 acres of cultivable land at one time. He had many properties,[22] including mosques[23] and madrassas that were waqf.[24]

## Influence on Mughal empire

[edit]

A Timurid prince was the sultan of Samarqand at the time. Khwaja Ahrar met him to discuss the condition of the people. However, the chief aid of the sultan had no interest, so Khwaja Ahrar told him "I have been commanded by God and His messenger to come here". The sultan's aid still did not show any sign of talking and said the sultan was not concerned about the people. At this, the Khwaja wrote the name of the Sultan on the wall, erased it with his saliva, said "God will replace you with a King who is concerned for his people", and left. Some days later, as history records, Sultan Abu Sa'id Mirza, another Timurid King gathered his forces and attacked Samarqand. Sultan Abu Saeed later became the grandfather of Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, the conqueror of India and founder of the Mughal Empire. This alliance of Abu Sa'id Mirza and Khwaja Ahrar lasted for decades and proved fruitful for the whole kingdom.[25]

Khwaja Ahrar also named Babur in his infancy as Zahiruddin Muhammad, literally 'Defender of Religion'.[26]

## Death

[edit]

Khwaja Ahrar passed away when he was 89 years old in Samarqand in 1490 (896 Hijri). His chronogram is خلدِ برین which was discovered by Ali Shernawai.[27] He left a huge fortune, and his family continued his preachings.

Khwaja Ahrar with Malwana Jami, Sufi poet. An imagined representation

## Famous quotes

[edit]

> "Everyone enters through a different door; I entered this Spiritual Order through the door of service."[28]

> "Love and follow Lovers. Then you will be like them and their love will reflect on you."[29]

> "Sufism requires you to carry everyone’s burdens and not to put yours on anyone."[30]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Nishapuri, Mir Abd al-Avval (2002). Malfuzat Ahrar. Markaz-i Našr-i Dānišgāhī. p. 208.
2. ^ Ṣafī, ʻAlī ibn Ḥusayn Kāshifī; Holland, Muhtar (2001). Beads of dew : from the source of life : histories of the Khwājagān, the masters of wisdom = Rashaḥāt 'ain al-ḥayāt. Al-Baz Publishing. p. 245\. ISBN 1882216210. OCLC 70661671.
3. ^ Šayḫ, Mawlānā; Kawamoto, Masatomo (2004). Maqāmāt-i Ḫwāǧa Aḥrār : tad̲kira-i Ḫwāǧa Nāṣir ad-Dīn ʻUbaydallāh Aḥrār (806 tā 895 q). Muʼassasa-i Muṭālaʻāt-i Zabānhā wa Farhanghā-i Āsiyā wa Āfrīqā. p. 21\. ISBN 4872978986. OCLC 727987567.
4. ^ Safi, Mawlana Ali ibn Husain (2001). Rashahat Ain al-Hayat. Translated by Holland, Muhtar. Al Baz.
5. ^ Algar, H. (2004-05-01). "Review: The Letters of Khwaja 'Ubayd Allah Ahrar and his Associates * Jo-Ann Gross, Asom Urunbaev: The Letters of Khwaja 'Ubayd Allah Ahrar and his Associates". Journal of Islamic Studies. 15 (2): 225. doi:10.1093/jis/15.2.224. ISSN 0955-2340.
6. ^ "The Development of the Naqshband". www.allamaiqbal.com. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
7. ^ "Aḥrār, Khvāja ʿUbaydallāh". doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_com_23939. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
8. ^ Ṣafī, ʻAlī ibn Ḥusayn Kāshifī; Holland, Muhtar (2001). Beads of dew : from the source of life : histories of the Khwājagān, the masters of wisdom = Rashaḥāt 'ain al-ḥayāt. Al-Baz Publishing. p. 250\. ISBN 1882216210. OCLC 70661671.
9. ^ Ṣafī, ʻAlī ibn Ḥusayn Kāshifī; Holland, Muhtar (2001). Beads of dew : from the source of life : histories of the Khwājagān, the masters of wisdom = Rashaḥāt 'ain al-ḥayāt. Al-Baz Publishing. ISBN 1882216210. OCLC 70661671.
10. ^ صفی, مولانا. رسحات رعین الحیات.
11. ^ Ṣafī, ʻAlī ibn Ḥusayn Kāshifī; Holland, Muhtar (2001). Beads of dew : from the source of life : histories of the Khwājagān, the masters of wisdom = Rashaḥāt 'ain al-ḥayāt. Al-Baz Publishing. p. 245\. ISBN 1882216210. OCLC 70661671.
12. ^ Šayḫ, Mawlānā; Kawamoto, Masatomo (2004). Maqāmāt-i Ḫwāǧa Aḥrār : tad̲kira-i Ḫwāǧa Nāṣir ad-Dīn ʻUbaydallāh Aḥrār (806 tā 895 q). Muʼassasa-i Muṭālaʻāt-i Zabānhā wa Farhanghā-i Āsiyā wa Āfrīqā. ISBN 4872978986. OCLC 727987567.
13. ^ Paul, Jürgen (November 1991). "Forming a Faction: The imāyat System of Khwaja Ahrar". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 23 (4): 533–548\. doi:10.1017/s0020743800023400. ISSN 0020-7438. S2CID 162474574.533-548&rft.date=1991-11&rft_id=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162474574#id-name=S2CID&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017/s0020743800023400&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Jürgen&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Khwaja+Ahrar" class="Z3988">
14. ^ Shadchehr, Farah Fatima Golparvaran (2008). "Abd Al-Rahman Jami: "Naqshbandi Sufi, Persian Poet". Ohio University: 3. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
15. ^ Algar, H. (2004-05-01). "Review: The Letters of Khwaja 'Ubayd Allah Ahrar and his Associates * Jo-Ann Gross, Asom Urunbaev: The Letters of Khwaja 'Ubayd Allah Ahrar and his Associates". Journal of Islamic Studies. 15 (2): 224–226\. doi:10.1093/jis/15.2.224. ISSN 0955-2340.224-226&rft.date=2004-05-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/jis/15.2.224&rft.issn=0955-2340&rft.aulast=Algar&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Khwaja+Ahrar" class="Z3988">
16. ^ Avery, Peter (June 1993). "Leonard Lewisohn (ed.): The legacy of mediaeval Persian Sufism. xiv, 434 pp. London and New York: Khaniqahi Nimatullahi Publications, 1992". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 56 (2): 250. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00005826. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 162493716.
17. ^ Gross, Jo-Ann., ed. (1994). Muslims in Central Asia expressions of identity and change. Duke University Press. ISBN 0822311879. OCLC 489867227.
18. ^ Gross, Jo‐Ann (January 1988). "The economic status of a Timurid Sufi Shaykh: a matter of conflict or perception?". Iranian Studies. 21 (1–2): 85. doi:10.1080/00210868808701710. ISSN 0021-0862.1–2&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1988-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/00210868808701710&rft.issn=0021-0862&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Jo‐Ann&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Khwaja+Ahrar" class="Z3988">
19. ^ "NITLE Arab World Project". acc.teachmideast.org. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
20. ^ Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2007-03-01). Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139462846.
21. ^ Gross, Jo‐Ann (January 1988). "The economic status of a Timurid Sufi Shaykh: a matter of conflict or perception?". Iranian Studies. 21 (1–2): 84–104\. doi:10.1080/00210868808701710. ISSN 0021-0862.1–2&rft.pages=84-104&rft.date=1988-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1080/00210868808701710&rft.issn=0021-0862&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Jo‐Ann&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Khwaja+Ahrar" class="Z3988">
22. ^ Malik, Jamal (1995-01-01). "Marc Gaborieau / Alexandre Popovic / Thierry Zarcone (eds.): Naqshbandis; Historical Developments and Present Situation of a Muslim Mystical Order. Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes, 1990". Die Welt des Islams. 35 (1): 145–147\. doi:10.1163/1570060952597914. ISSN 0043-2539.145-147&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1163/1570060952597914&rft.issn=0043-2539&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Jamal&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Khwaja+Ahrar" class="Z3988">
23. ^ Afsaruddin, Asma (2001). "Windows on the House of Islam: Muslim Sources on Spirituality and Religious Life, edited by John Renard. 439 pages, maps, notes, appendices, index. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1998. $22.00 (Paper) ISBN 0-520-21086-7". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 35 (1): 71. doi:10.1017/s0026318400041602. ISSN 0026-3184. S2CID 164276278.
24. ^ Dahnhardt, T. (2001-05-01). "Naqshbandis in Western and Central Asia: Change and Continuity Edited by Elisabeth Ozdalga. Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999. Pp. 187. Price PB 16.00. 0-7007-1147-3". Journal of Islamic Studies. 12 (2): 195–197\. doi:10.1093/jis/12.2.195. ISSN 0955-2340.195-197&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093/jis/12.2.195&rft.issn=0955-2340&rft.aulast=Dahnhardt&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Khwaja+Ahrar" class="Z3988">
25. ^ ١٤٠٤-١٤٩٠م., احرار، عبيد الله بن محمود، (2002). The letters of Khwāja ʻUbayd Allāh Aḥrār and his associates. Brill. p. 14\. ISBN 9004126031. OCLC 49312673.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
26. ^ Noshahi, Arif (2005). خواجہ احرار. Lahore, Pakistan: پورب اکیڈمی.
27. ^ نوشاہی, عارف. خواجہ احرار. Islamabad: Poorab Academy.
28. ^ "Ubaydullah al-Ahrar, qaddasa-l-Lahu sirrah | The Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order of America: Sufism and Spirituality". naqshbandi.org. Retrieved 2018-12-08.
29. ^ "Ubaydullah al-Ahrar, qaddasa-l-Lahu sirrah | The Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order of America: Sufism and Spirituality". naqshbandi.org. Retrieved 2018-12-08.
30. ^ "Ubaydullah al-Ahrar, qaddasa-l-Lahu sirrah | The Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order of America: Sufism and Spirituality". naqshbandi.org. Retrieved 2018-12-08.

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* Kareemullah Shah (1838–1913)
* Shibli Nomani (1857–1914)
* Najib Ali Choudhury (fl. 1870s)

14th/20th|

| Barelvi|

* Asrarullah Hussaini (1856–1920)
* Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (1856–1921)
* Muhammad Amjad (d. 1927)
* Ghulam Muhammad Dinpuri (1835–1936)
* Qasim Sadiq (1845–1942)
* Hamid Raza Khan (1875–1943)
* Amjad Ali Aazmi (1882–1948)
* Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi (1887–1948)
* Abdullah Barelvi (1841–1949)
* Jamaat Ali Shah (1834–1951)
* Murtaza Hasan Chandpuri (1868–1951)
* Kifayatullah Dehlawi (1875–1952)
* Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi (1885–1954)
* Abdul Aleem Siddiqi (1892–1954)
* Amin ul-Hasanat (1922–1960)
* Sardar Ahmad Chishti (1903–1962)
* Ibrahim Raza Khan (1907–1965)
* Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni (1898–1970)
* Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi (1909–1970)
* ​Fazlur Rahman Ansari (1914–1974)
* Ghulam Mohiuddin Ghaznavi (1902–1975)
* Mustafa Raza Khan (1892–1981)
* Ziauddin Madni (1877–1981)
* Khwaja Qamar ul Din Sialvi (1906–1981)
* Muslehuddin Siddiqui (1918–1983)
* Faiz-ul Hassan Shah (1911–1984)
* Shafee Okarvi (1930–1984)
* Ahmad Saeed Kazmi (1913–1986)
* Shujaat Ali Qadri (1941–1993)
* Waqaruddin Qadri (1915–1993)
* Abdul Wahab Siddiqi (1942–1994)
* Karam Shah Azhari (1918–1998)
* Sadruddin Islahi (1917–1998)
* Ghulam Ali Okarvi (1919–2000)
* Rashid Ahmed Jaunpuri (1889–2001)
* Arshadul Qadri (1925–2002)
* Ibrahim Siddiqui (1930–2002)
* Shah Ahmad Noorani (1926–2003)
* Sarfraz Ahmed Naeemi (1948–2009)

|

Deobandi|

* Imamuddin Punjabi (died 1916)
* Abdul Hamid Madarshahi (1869–1920)
* Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (1851–1920)
* Sufi Azizur Rahman (1862–1922)
* Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (1852–1927)
* Muhammad Ali Mungeri (1846–1927)
* Azizur Rahman Usmani (1859–1928)
* Muhammad Ahmad Nanautawi (1862–1930)
* Ibrahim Ali Tashna (1872–1931)
* Anwar Shah Kashmiri (1875–1933)
* Sayyid Mumtaz Ali (1860–1935)
* Majid Ali Jaunpuri (d. 1935)
* Abul Muhasin Sajjad (1880–1940)
* Shukrullah Mubarakpuri (1895–1942)
* Ashraf Ali Thanwi (1863–1943)
* Ibrahim Ujani (1863–1943)
* Habibullah Qurayshi (1865–1943)
* Ubaidullah Sindhi (1872–1944)
* Ilyas Kandhlawi (1885–1944)
* Asghar Hussain Deobandi (1877–1945)
* Sahool Bhagalpuri (d. 1948)
* Sulaiman Nadvi (1884–1953)
* Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (1887–1949)
* Izaz Ali Amrohi (1882–1955)
* Manazir Ahsan Gilani (1892–1956)
* Hussain Ahmad Madani (1879–1957)
* Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi (1888–1959)
* Badre Alam Merathi (1898–1965)
* Azizul Haq (1903–1961)
* Maqsudullah (1883–1961)
* Abdul Qadir Raipuri (1878–1962)
* Ahmed Ali Lahori (1887–1962)
* Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi (1900–1962)
* Yusuf Kandhlawi (1917–1965)
* Shah Ahmad Hasan (1882–1967)
* Shamsul Haque Faridpuri (1896–1969)
* Khair Muhammad Jalandhari (1895–1970)
* Muhammad Ali Jalandhari (1895–1971)
* Mushahid Ahmad Bayampuri (1907–1971)
* Abdur Rahman Kashgari (1912–1971)
* Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad (1889–1972)
* Deen Muhammad Khan (1900–1974)
* Zafar Ahmad Usmani (1892–1974)
* Muhammad Miyan Deobandi (1903–1975)
* Ibrahim Balyawi (1887–1976)
* Muhammad Faizullah (1892–1976)
* Abdul Wahhab Pirji (1895–1976)
* Athar Ali Bengali (1891–1976)
* Muhammad Shafi (1897–1976)
* Yusuf Banuri (1908–1977)
* Syed Muhammad Ishaq (1915–1977)
* Ahmed Ali Badarpuri (1915–2000)
* Mehboob Rizwi (1911–1979)
* Sahvi Shah (1923–1979)
* Mufti Mehmood (1919–1980)
* Shah Abd al-Wahhab (1894–1982)
* Zakariyya Kandhlawi (1898–1982)
* Tayyib Qasmi (1897–1983)
* Shamsul Haq Afghani (1901–1983)
* Ibrahim Chatuli (1894–1984)
* Atiqur Rahman Usmani (1901–1984)
* Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi (1908–1985)
* Azhar Shah Qaiser (1920–1985)
* Harun Babunagari (1902–1986)
* Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish (1900–1986)
* Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi (1910–1987)
* Muhammadullah Hafezzi (1895–1987)
* Abdul Aziz Malazada (1917–1987)
* Shamsul Huda Panchbagi (1897–1988)
* Abdul Haq Akorwi (1912–1988)
* Abdul Jalil Badarpuri (1925–1989)
* Abdul Matin Fulbari (1915–1990)
* Minnatullah Rahmani (1913–1991)
* Taqi Amini (1926–1991)
* Habibur Rahman Azami (1900–1992)
* Muhammad Yunus (1906–1992)
* Masihullah Khan (1912–1992)
* Abul Hasan Jashori (1918–1993)
* Shams Naved Usmani (1931–1993)
* Inamul Hasan Kandhlawi (1918–1995)
* Mahmood Hasan Gangohi (1907–1996)
* Athar Mubarakpuri (1916–1996)
* Shamsuddin Qasemi (1935–1996)
* Manzoor Nomani (1905–1997)
* Sultan Ahmad Nanupuri (1914–1997)
* Muhammad Abdullah Ghazi (1935–1998)
* Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi (1913–1999)
* Ismail Katki (1914–2005)
* Sharif Hasan Deobandi (1920–1977)
* Nur Uddin Gohorpuri (1924–2005)
* Ashraf Ali Bishwanathi (1928–2005)
* Kafilur Rahman Nishat Usmani (1942–2006)
* Syed Fazlul Karim (1935–2006)
* Abdullah Abbas Nadwi (1925–2006)
* Sirajussajidin Katki (1939–2006)
* Abrarul Haq Haqqi (1920–2006)
* Ubaidul Haq (1928–2007)
* Anzar Shah Kashmiri (1927–2008)
* Obaidul Haque Wazirpuri (1934–2008)

* Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi (1848–1917)
* Abdul Awwal Jaunpuri (1867–1921)
* Azimuddin Hanafi (1838–1922)
* Medeni Mehmet Nuri Efendi (1859–1927)
* Hamiduddin Farahi (1863–1930)
* Machiliwale Shah (d. 1932)
* Abdur Rab Jaunpuri (1875–1935)
* Meher Ali Shah (1859–1937)
* Ghulamur Rahman Maizbhandari (1865–1937)
* Muhammad Ishaq (1883–1938)
* Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique (1845–1939)
* Abd Allah Siraj (1876–1949)
* Khwaja Yunus Ali (1886–1951)
* Nesaruddin Ahmad (1873–1952)
* Al-Kawthari (1879–1952)
* Mustafa Sabri (1869–1954)
* Ghousi Shah (1893–1954)
* Abdul Khaleque Chhaturawi (1892–1955)
* Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri (1898–1959)
* Abdul Batin Jaunpuri (1900–1973)
* Momtazuddin Ahmad (1889–1974)
* Muhammad Abu Zahra (1898–1974)
* Amimul Ehsan Barkati (1911–1974)
* Ghulam Mohiyuddin Gilani (1891–1974)
* Abul Wafa Al Afghani (1893–1975)
* Abdul Majid Daryabadi (1892–1977)
* Abul A'la Maududi (1903–1979)
* Abdur Rahim Firozpuri (1918–1987)
* Muntakhib al-Haqq (fl. 1980s)
* Abu Zafar Mohammad Saleh (1915–1990)
* Ahmed Muhyuddin Nuri Shah Jilani (1915–1990)
* Sayed Moazzem Hossain (1901–1991)
* Hamid al-Ansari Ghazi (1909–1992)
* Ayub Ali (1919–1995)
* Mukhtar Ashraf (1916–1996)
* Abdul Haque Faridi (1903–1996)
* Shamsul-hasan Shams Barelvi (1917–1997)
* Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda (1917–1997)
* Amin Ahsan Islahi (1904–1997)
* Ghulam Moinuddin Gilani (1920–1997)
* Naeem Siddiqui (1916–2002)
* Abdul Latif Fultali (1913–2008)
* Muhammad Abdullah (1932–2008)
* Naseeruddin Naseer Gilani (1949–2009)

15th/21st|

* Israr Ahmed (1932–2010)
* Marghubur Rahman (1914–2010)
* Abu Saeed Muhammad Omar Ali (1945–2010)
* Naseer Ahmad Khan Bulandshahri (1918–2010)
* Zafeeruddin Miftahi (1926–2011)
* Azizul Haque (1919–2012)
* Abdus Sattar Akon (1929–2012)
* Shah Saeed Ahmed Raipuri (1926–2012)
* Fazlul Haque Amini (1945–2012)
* Wahbi Sulayman Ghawji (1923–2013)
* Muhammad Fazal Karim (1954–2013)
* Qazi Mu'tasim Billah (1933–2013)
* Zubairul Hasan Kandhlawi (1950–2014)
* Nurul Islam Farooqi (1959–2014)
* Ahmad Naruyi (1963–2014)
* Asad Muhammad Saeed as-Sagharji (d. 2015)
* Abdur Rahman (scholar) (1920–2015)
* Abdul Majeed Ludhianvi (1935–2015)
* Abdullah Quraishi Al-Azhari (1935–2015)
* Sibtain Raza Khan (1927–2015)
* Muhiuddin Khan (1935–2016)
* Abdul Jabbar Jahanabadi (1937–2016)
* Shah Turab-ul-Haq (1944–2016)
* Saleemullah Khan (1921–2017)
* Yunus Jaunpuri (1937–2017)
* Alauddin Siddiqui (1938–2017)
* Muhammad Abdul Wahhab (1923–2018)
* Salim Qasmi (1926–2018)
* Akhtar Raza Khan (1943–2018)
* Iftikhar-ul-Hasan Kandhlawi (1922–2019)
* Yusuf Motala (1946–2019)
* Ghulam Nabi Kashmiri (1965–2019)
* Khalid Mahmud (1925–2020)
* Tafazzul Haque Habiganji (1938–2020)
* Muhammad Abdus Sobhan (1936–2020)
* Abdul Momin Imambari (1930–2020)
* Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (1940–2020)
* Salman Mazahiri (1946–2020)
* Shah Ahmad Shafi (1945–2020)
* Adil Khan (1957–2020)
* Khadim Hussain Rizvi (1966–2020)
* Nur Hossain Kasemi (1945–2020)
* Azizur Rahman Hazarvi (1948–2020)
* Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi (1926–2021)
* Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni (1930–2021)
* Muhammad Wakkas (1952–2021)
* Noor Alam Khalil Amini (1952–2021)
* Usman Mansoorpuri (1944–2021)
* Junaid Babunagari (1953–2021)
* Wali Rahmani (1943–2021)
* Ebrahim Desai (1963–2021)
* Abdus Salam Chatgami (1943–2021)
* Abdur Razzaq Iskander (1935–2021)
* Nurul Islam Jihadi (1916–2021)
* Faizul Waheed (1964–2021)
* Wahiduddin Khan (1925–2021)
* AbdulWahid Rigi (d. 2022)
* Abdul Halim Bukhari (1945–2022)
* Rafi Usmani (1936–2022)
* Delwar Hossain Sayeedi (1940–2023)
* Shahidul Islam (1960–2023)

Living|

* Saifur Rahman Nizami (b. 1916)
* Ghulam Rasool Jamaati (b. 1923)
* Syed Waheed Ashraf (b. 1933)
* Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani (b. 1935)
* Muhibbullah Babunagari (b. 1935)
* Ziaul Mustafa Razvi Qadri (b. 1935)
* Abdul Qadir Pakistani (b. 1935)
* Nematullah Azami (b. 1936)
* Yusuf Ziya Kavakçı (b. 1938)
* Madni Miyan (b. 1938)
* Qamruddin Ahmad Gorakhpuri (b. 1938)
* Sultan Zauq Nadvi (b. 1939)
* Zia Uddin (b. 1941)
* Arshad Madani (b. 1941)
* Taqi Usmani (b. 1943)
* Kamaluddin Zafree (b. 1945)
* Muneeb-ur-Rehman (b. 1945)
* Qamaruzzaman Azmi (b. 1946)
* Abdolhamid Ismaeelzahi (b. 1946)
* Abul Qasim Nomani (b. 1947)
* Idrees Dahiri (b. 1947)
* Farid Uddin Chowdhury (b. 1947)
* Farid Uddin Masood (b. 1950)
* Mahmudul Hasan (b. 1950)
* Mukhtaruddin Shah (b. 1950)
* Ilyas Qadri (b. 1950)
* Kafeel Ahmad Qasmi (b. 1951)
* Tahir-ul-Qadri (b. 1951)
* Abul Kalam Qasmi Shamsi (b. 1951)
* Yaseen Akhtar Misbahi (b. 1953)
* Tariq Jamil (b. 1953)
* Zulfiqar Ahmad Naqshbandi (b. 1953)
* Abdul Khaliq Madrasi (b. 1953)
* Sufyan Qasmi (b. 1954)
* Nadeem al-Wajidi (b. 1954)
* Nurul Islam Walipuri (b. 1955)
* Sajjad Nomani (b. 1955)
* Ghousavi Shah (b. 1955)
* Ameen Mian Quadri (b. 1955)
* Pir Sabir Shah (b. 1955)
* Abu Taher Misbah (b. 1956)
* Kaukab Noorani Okarvi (b. 1957)
* Hamid Saeed Kazmi (b. 1957)
* Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi (b. 1957)
* AFM Khalid Hossain (b. 1959)
* Najibul Bashar Maizbhandari (b. 1959)
* Abdul Aziz Ghazi]] (b. 1960)
* Shakir Ali Noori (b. 1960)
* Ruhul Amin (b. 1962)
* Mizanur Rahman Sayed (b. 1963)
* Hanif Jalandhari (b. 1963)
* Sajidur Rahman (b. 1964)
* Ibrahim Mogra (b. 1965)
* Saad Kandhlawi (b. 1965)
* Faiz-ul-Aqtab Siddiqi (b. 1967)
* Abdullah Maroofi (b. 1967)
* Arshad Misbahi (b. 1968)
* Abu Reza Nadwi (b. 1968)
* Mahfuzul Haque (b. 1969)
* Ilyas Ghuman (b. 1969)
* Bilal Abdul Hai Hasani Nadwi (b. 1969)
* Muhammad Abdul Malek (b. 1969)
* Qasim Rashid Ahmad (b. 1970)
* Asjad Raza Khan (b. 1970)
* Syed Rezaul Karim (b. 1971)
* Riyadh ul Haq (b. 1971)
* Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri (b. 1971)
* Obaidullah Hamzah (b. 1972)
* Raza Saqib Mustafai (b. 1972)
* Manzoor Mengal (b. 1973)
* Syed Faizul Karim (b. 1973)
* Mamunul Haque (b. 1973)
* Husamuddin Fultali (b. 1974)
* Abdur Rahman Mangera (b. 1974)
* Faraz Rabbani (b. 1974)
* Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi (b. 1974)
* Adnan Kakakhail (b. 1975)
* Muhammad al-Kawthari (b. 1976)
* Harun Izhar (b. 1977)
* Amer Jamil (b. 1977)
* Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi (b. 1982)
* Shahinur Pasha Chowdhury (b. 1985)
* Abbas Siddiqui (b. 1987)
* Kaif Raza Khan (b. 2001)
* Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi
* Tauqeer Raza Khan
* Subhan Raza Khan
* Abdul Malek Halim
* Izharul Islam Chowdhury
* Amjad M. Mohammed
* Anwar-ul-Haq Haqqani
* Mukarram Ahmad
* Abdul Khabeer Azad
* Muzaffar Qadri

Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence

* Hanbali
* Maliki
* Shafi'i
* Zahiri

* v
* t
* e

Maturidi school of Sunni theology

Maturidi scholars|

| 3rd AH/9th AD|

* Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. 333 AH)
* Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi (d. 342 AH)
* Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (d. 379 AH)
* Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi (d. 396 AH)

|

4th AH/10th AD|

* Abu Zayd al-Dabusi (d. 429 AH)
* Ali Hujwiri (d. 464 AH)
* Yūsuf Balasaguni (d. 469 AH)
* Fakhr al-Islam al-Bazdawi (d. 482 AH)
* Al-Sarakhsi (d. 483 AH)
* Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi (d. 493 AH)

5th AH/11th AD|

* Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi (d. 508 AH)
* Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari (d. 534 AH)
* Yusuf Hamadani (d. 535 AH)
* Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami (d. 536 AH)
* Abu Hafs Umar al-Nasafi (d. 537 AH)
* Ahmad Yasawi (d. 561 AH)
* Nur al-Din Zengi (d. 569 AH)
* Siraj al-Din al-Ushi (d. 575 AH)
* Nur al-Din al-Sabuni (d. 580 AH)
* Fatima al-Samarqandi (d. 581 AH)
* Al-Kasani (d. 587 AH)
* Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi (d. 593 AH)

6th AH/12th AD|

* Abu al-Thana' al-Lamishi (d. beginning of the 6th century AH)
* Al-Mu'azzam 'Isa (d. 624 AH)
* Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki (d. 632 AH)
* Mu'in al-Din Chishti (d. 633 AH)
* Saif ed-Din al-Boharsi (d. 659 AH)
* Baba Farid (d. 664 AH)
* Rumi (d. 671 AH)
* Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi (d. after 690 AH)

7th AH/13th AD|

* Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi (d. 710 AH)
* Sultan Walad (d. 711 AH)
* Nizamuddin Auliya (d. 725 AH)
* Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (d. 747 AH)
* Akmal al-Din al-Babarti (d. 786 AH)
* Baha' al-Din Naqshband (d. 791 AH)
* Kadi Burhan al-Din (d. 800 AH)

8th AH/14th AD|

* Bande Nawaz (d. 825 AH)
* Shams al-Din al-Fanari (d. 834 AH)
* 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari (d. 841 AH)
* Yaqub al-Charkhi (d. 851 AH)
* Ahmad ibn Arabshah (d. 861 AH)
* Badr al-Din al-'Ayni (d. 855 AH)
* Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam (d. 861 AH)
* Khidr Bey (d. 863 AH)
* Ali al-Bistami (d. 874 AH)
* 'Ali al-Qushji (d. 879 AH)
* Mehmed II (d. 886 AH)
* Khwaja Ahrar (d. 895 AH)

9th AH/15th AD|

* Ali-Shir Nava'i (d. 906 AH)
* Husayn Kashifi (d. 910 AH)
* Ibn Kemal (d. 940 AH)
* Abdul Quddus Gangohi (d. 943 AH)
* Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī (d. 955 AH)
* Taşköprüzade (d. 968 AH)
* Muhammad Birgivi (d. 980 AH)
* Ebussuud Efendi (d. 982 AH)

10th AH/16th AD|

* Khwaja Baqi Billah (d. 1011 AH)
* 'Ali al-Qari (d. 1014 AH)
* Hasan Kafi al-Aqhisari (d. 1025 AH)
* Ahmad Sirhindi (d. 1034 AH)
* Mahmud Hudayi (d. 1037 AH)
* 'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (d. 1052 AH)
* Mulla Mahmud Jaunpuri (d. 1061 AH)
* 'Abd al-Hakim al-Siyalkoti (d. 1067 AH)
* Wang Daiyu (d. around 1068 AH)
* Kâtip Çelebi (d. 1068 AH)
* Shihab al-Din al-Khafaji (d. 1069 AH)
* Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (d. 1081 AH)

11th AH/17th AD|

* Aurangzeb (d. 1118 AH)
* Ma Zhu (d. around 1123 AH)
* Ismail Haqqi Bursevi (d. 1127 AH)
* Shah Abdur Rahim (d. 1131 AH)
* Liu Zhi of Nanjing (d. 1158 AH, or 1178 AH)
* Nizamuddin Sihalivi (d. 1161 AH)
* Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi (d. 1174 AH)
* Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (d. 1176 AH)
* 'Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi (d. 1176 AH)
* İbrahim Hakkı Erzurumi (d. 1193 AH)
* Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janaan (d. 1195 AH)

12th AH/18th AD|

* Gelenbevi Ismail Efendi (d. 1204 AH)
* Murtada al-Zabidi (d. 1205 AH)
* Sanaullah Panipati (d. 1225 AH)
* Ghabdennasir Qursawi (d. 1226 AH)
* Ghulam Ali Dehlavi (d. 1239 AH)
* Shah Abdul Aziz (d. 1239 AH)
* Shah Ismail Dehlvi (d. 1246 AH)
* Syed Ahmad Barelvi (d. 1246 AH)
* Ibn 'Abidin (d. 1252 AH)
* Muhammad 'Abid al-Sindi (d. 1257 AH)
* Mamluk Ali Nanautawi (d. 1267 AH)
* Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi (d. 1278 AH)
* Yusuf Ma Dexin (d. 1291 AH)
* Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi (d. 1297 AH)
* Naqi Ali Khan (d. 1297 AH)
* 'Abd al-Ghani al-Maydani (d. 1298 AH)

13th AH/19th AD|

* 'Abd al-Hayy al-Lucknawi (d. 1304 AH)
* Shihab al-Din al-Marjani (d. 1306 AH)
* Rahmatullah al-Kairanawi (d. 1308 AH)
* Giritli Sırrı Pasha (d. 1312 AH)
* Ahmed Cevdet Pasha (d. 1312 AH)
* Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (d. 1317 AH)
* Abai Qunanbaiuly (d. 1321 AH)
* Rashid Ahmad Gangohi (d. 1323 AH)
* Ahmad Hasan Amrohi (d. 1330 AH)
* Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui (d. 1335 AH)
* Mahmud Hasan Deobandi (d. 1338 AH)
* Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (d. 1340 AH)
* Shakarim Qudayberdiuli (d. 1344 AH)
* Muhammad Ali Mungeri (d. 1346 AH)
* Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri (d. 1346 AH)
* Anwar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1352 AH)
* Muhammad Bakhit al-Muti'i (d. 1354 AH)
* Fatma Aliye Topuz (d. 1354 AH)
* Meher Ali Shah (d. 1356 AH)
* Muhammed Hamdi Yazır (d. 1361 AH)
* Ashraf Ali Thanwi (d. 1361 AH)
* Ubaidullah Sindhi (d. 1364 AH)
* Shabbir Ahmad Usmani (d. 1368 AH)
* Musa Bigiev (d. 1368 AH)
* Al-Kawthari (d. 1371 AH)
* Kifayatullah Dehlawi (d. 1371 AH)
* Mustafa Sabri (d. 1373 AH)
* Husayn Ahmad al-Madani (d. 1377 AH)
* Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan (d. 1378 AH)
* Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen (d. 1391 AH)
* Muhammad Abu Zahra (d. 1394 AH)
* Muhammad Shafi (d. 1395 AH)
* Abul Wafa Al Afghani (d. 1395 AH)
* Abdul Majid Daryabadi (d. 1397 AH)

14th AH/20th AD|

* Zakariyya Kandhlawi (d. 1402 AH)
* Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi (d. 1403 AH)
* Abdul Haq Akorwi (d. 1409 AH)
* Habib al-Rahman al-'Azmi (d. 1412 AH)
* Muhammad Ayyub Ali (d. 1415 AH)
* Anzar Shah Kashmiri (d. 1428 AH)
* Wahbah al-Zuhayli (d. 1436 AH)
* Muhammad Salim Qasmi (d. 1439 AH)
* Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri (d. 1441 AH)
* Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni (d. 1442 AH)
* Nur Hossain Kasemi (d. 1442 AH)
* Usmankhan Alimov (d. 1443 AH)
* Muhammad Rafi' Usmani
* Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri
* Taqi Usmani
* Husein Kavazović
* Salah Mezhiev

Theology books|

* Al-Fiqh al-Akbar
* Kitab al-Tawhid
* Tafsir al-Maturidi
* Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya
* Al-Sawad al-A'zam
* Tabsirat al-Adilla
* 'Aqa'id al-Nasafi
* Talkhis al-Adilla
* Masnavi
* Fihi Ma Fihi
* Han Kitab
* Qingzhen Zhinan
* Kutadgu Bilig
* Tafsir al-Mazhari
* Izhar ul-Haqq
* Al-Muhannad ala al-Mufannad
* Hak Dīni Kur'an Dili

See also|

* 2016 international conference on Sunni Islam in Grozny
* 2020 International Maturidi Conference
* Ahl al-Ra'y
* Kalam
* Tawhid
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