Kingdom of Portugal

Kingdom in Southwestern Europe (1139–1910)

Kingdom of Portugal[a]

Regnum Portugalliae (Latin)
Reino de Portugal (Portuguese)

1139–1910

Flag
(1830–1910)

Coat of arms
(1834–1910)

Motto: "In hoc signo vinces" (Latin)
"In this sign thou shalt conquer"
Anthem: "Hymno Patriótico" (1809–1834)
"Patriotic Anthem"

Hino da Carta (1834–1910)
"Anthem of the Charter"

The Kingdom of Portugal in 1800

Capital| Coimbra
(1139–1255)
Lisbon[a]
(1255–1808)
Angra do Heroísmo[b]
(1580–1582)
Rio de Janeiro
(1808–1821)
Lisbon
(1821–1910)
Angra do Heroísmo[c]
(1830–1834)

38°42′N 9°11′W﻿ / ﻿38.700°N 9.183°W﻿ / 38.700; -9.183
Common languages| Official languages:

* Portuguese[b]
* Latin[c]

Unofficial languages:

* Mozarabic[d]
* Andalusian Arabic[e]
* Judaeo-Portuguese[f]

Religion

| Majority:
Roman Catholicism (official)[1]
Minority:
Sephardic Judaism[g]
Islam[h]
Demonym(s)| Portuguese
Government| Feudal constitutional monarchy
(1139–1698)
Absolute monarchy
(1698–1820; 1823–1826; 1828–1834)
Unitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy
(1822–1823; 1826–1828; 1834–1910)
Monarch|

• 1139–1185 (first)

| Afonso I

• 1908–1910 (last)

| Manuel II
Prime Minister|

• 1834–1835 (first)

| Marquis of Palmela

• 1910 (last)

| Teixeira de Sousa
Legislature| Cortes
(1139–1706; 1816–1820)
None (rule by decree)
(1698–1820; 1823–1826; 1828–1834)
The General and Extraordinary Cortes of the Portuguese Nation
(1820–1822)
Cortes Gerais
(1820–1823; 1826–1828; 1834–1910)

• Upper house

| Chamber of Peers
(1822–1838; 1842–1910)
Chamber of Senators
(1838–1842)

• Lower house

| Chamber of Deputies
(1822–1910)
History|

• Battle of Ourique

| 25 July 1139

• Treaty of Zamora

| 5 October 1143

• Restoration of Independence

| 1 December 1640

• Lisbon Regicide

| 1 February 1908

• Revolution of 1910

| 5 October 1910
Area
1300[2]| 90,000 km2 (35,000 sq mi)
Population

• 1300[2]

| 800,000

• 1800

| 9,270,000

• 1900

| 12,434,000
Currency| Portuguese dinheiro,
(1139–1433)
Portuguese real
(1433–1910)
ISO 3166 code| PT

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | County of Portugal

|

| Couto Misto
| First Portuguese Republic |

|

Empire of Brazil |

a. ^ The capital was de facto located at Rio de Janeiro from 1808 to 1821.

b. ^ The seat of government of the Portuguese pretender António was de facto located at Angra do Heroísmo from 1580 to 1582.

c. ^ The capital of the constitutional government in exile was de jure located at Angra do Heroísmo during the Portuguese Civil War, from 1830 to 1834.

Part of a series on the

History of Portugal

Ancient

* Prehistoric Iberia
* Pre-Roman Peoples
* Roman conquest of Hispania
* Romanization of Hispania
* Lusitania
* Gallaecia
* Suebic Kingdom
* Visigothic Kingdom
* Spania

Medieval

* Umayyad conquest of Hispania
* Al-Andalus
* Gharb Al-Andalus
* Almoravid dynasty
* County of Portugal
* Reconquista
* Portuguese House of Burgundy
* 1383–1385 Crisis

Age of Discovery

* Imperial expansion
* House of Aviz
* Portuguese Renaissance
* Portuguese Empire
* War of the Portuguese Succession
* Iberian Union
* Dutch-Portuguese War

Bragantine

* Restoration War
* House of Braganza
* Great Lisbon earthquake
* Imperial decline, war, and revolt
* Transfer of Court
* Liberal Wars
* Constitutional Monarchy
* 1910 Revolution

First Republic

* First Republic
* Monarchy of the North
* Portugal during World War I
* 1926 coup d'état

Second Republic

* Ditadura Nacional
* Portugal during World War II
* Estado Novo
* Portuguese Colonial War

Third Republic

* Carnation Revolution
* Processo Revolucionário Em Curso
* Transition to democracy
* Third Republic
* Great Recession (2008)
* European debt crisis (2009–2010)
* Portuguese economic recession (2010–2014)
* COVID-19 and Deltacron hybrid outbreaks (2020–2022)

Topic

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Regions

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* Madeiran history

Timeline
Portugal portal

* v
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The Kingdom of Portugal[3] was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic. Existing to various extents between 1139 and 1910, it was also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves after 1415, and as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves between 1815 and 1822. The name is also often applied to the Portuguese Empire, the realm's overseas colonies.

The nucleus of the Portuguese state was the County of Portugal, established in the 9th century as part of the Reconquista, by Vímara Peres, a vassal of the King of Asturias. The county became part of the Kingdom of León in 1097, and the Counts of Portugal established themselves as rulers of an independent kingdom in the 12th century, following the battle of São Mamede. The kingdom was ruled by the Afonsine Dynasty until the 1383–85 Crisis, after which the monarchy passed to the House of Aviz.

During the 15th and 16th century, Portuguese exploration established a vast colonial empire. From 1580 to 1640, the Kingdom of Portugal was in personal union with Habsburg Spain.

After the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640–1668, the kingdom passed to the House of Braganza and thereafter to the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. From this time, the influence of Portugal declined, but it remained a major power due to its most valuable colony, Brazil. After the independence of Brazil, Portugal sought to establish itself in Africa, but was ultimately forced to halt its expansion due to the 1890 British Ultimatum, eventually leading to the collapse of the monarchy in the 5 October 1910 revolution and the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic.

Portugal was an absolute monarchy before 1822. It alternated between absolute and semi-constitutional monarchy from 1822 until 1834, when it would remain a semi-constitutional monarchy until its fall.

## History[edit]

### Origins[edit]

The Kingdom of Portugal finds its origins in the County of Portugal (1096–1139). The Portuguese County was a semi-autonomous county of the Kingdom of León. Independence from León took place in three stages:

1. The first on 26 July 1139 when Afonso Henriques was acclaimed King of the Portuguese[4] internally.
2. The second was on 5 October 1143, when Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognized Afonso Henriques as king through the Treaty of Zamora.
3. The third, in 1179, was the Papal Bull Manifestis Probatum, in which Portugal's independence was recognized by Pope Alexander III.

Once Portugal was independent, D. Afonso I's descendants, members of the Portuguese House of Burgundy, would rule Portugal until 1383. Even after the change in royal houses, all the monarchs of Portugal were descended from Afonso I, one way or another, through both legitimate and illegitimate links.

### Medieval history (1139–1415)[edit]

Further information: History of Portugal (1139–1279), Portugal in the Reconquista, 1383–85 Crisis, and History of Portugal (1279–1415)

### Renaissance and early modern history (1415–1777)[edit]

Further information: History of Portugal (1415–1578), Iberian Union, War of the Portuguese Succession, and Portuguese Renaissance

Further information: Portuguese Restoration War, History of Portugal (1640–1777), Second Portuguese Empire, Brazilian Gold Rush, and Inconfidência Mineira

### Modern history (1777–1910)[edit]

Further information: History of Portugal (1777–1834), Third Portuguese Empire, Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil, Independence of Brazil, Liberal Wars, and History of Portugal (1834–1910)

### Fall of the Monarchy[edit]

Further information: House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Lisbon Regicide, and 5 October 1910 revolution

With the start of the 20th century, Republicanism grew in numbers and support in Lisbon among progressive politicians and the influential press. However a minority with regard to the rest of the country, this height of republicanism would benefit politically from the Lisbon Regicide on 1 February 1908. While returning from the Ducal Palace at Vila Viçosa, King Charles and the Prince Royal Luís Filipe were assassinated in the Terreiro do Paço, in Lisbon. With the death of the King and his heir, Charles I's second son would become monarch as King Manuel II. Manuel's reign, however, would be short-lived, ending by force with the 5 October 1910 revolution, sending Manuel into exile in the United Kingdom and giving way to the Portuguese First Republic.

On 19 January 1919, the Monarchy of the North was proclaimed in Oporto. The monarchy would be deposed a month later and no other monarchist counterrevolution in Portugal has happened since.

After the republican revolution in October 1910, the remaining colonies of the empire became overseas provinces of the Portuguese Republic until the late 20th century, when the last overseas territories of Portugal were handed over. Most notably in Portuguese Africa which included the overseas provinces of Angola and Mozambique of which the handover took place in 1975, and finally in Asia the handover of Macau in 1999.

## Rulers[edit]

Main article: List of Portuguese monarchs

## Gallery[edit]

See also: Flag of Portugal

### Flags[edit]

* Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1495–1521)

* Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1521–1578)

* Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1521–1640)

* Secondary flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1616–1640)

* Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal (1640–1667)

### Coat of arms[edit]

* Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Portugal (1610–1815)

* Arms of the King of Portugal depicted in the Livro do Armeiro-Mor (c. 1509)

### Shields[edit]

* Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1185–1248)

* Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1248–1385)

* Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1385–1481)

* Shield of the Kingdom of Portugal (1481–1495)

## See also[edit]

* Kingdom of Algarve
* United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
* List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown
* Portuguese nobility
* Portuguese heraldry

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ^ also known as the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Latin: Regnum Portugalliae et Algarbiae, Portuguese: Reino de Portugal e dos Algarves) after 1415, and as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (Portuguese: Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves) between 1815 and 1822.
2. ^ Galician-Portuguese (until 16th century)
Modern Portuguese (16th century onward)
3. ^ Widely used for administrative and liturgical purposes. Medieval Latin replaced by Renaissance Latin by the 15th century.
4. ^ Until 13th century.
5. ^ Until 1497, mainly in the Algarve.
6. ^ Until 1497.
7. ^ Until 1497.
8. ^ Until 1497.

## Citations[edit]

1. ^ J. Havighurs, Robert (1969). Society and Education in Brazil. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 142\. ISBN 978-0822974079. "Catholicism was the state religion of the Kingdom of Portugal"
2. ^ a b Reilly, Bernard F. (1993). The Medieval Spains. Cambridge University Press. p. 139\. ISBN 978-0521397414. Retrieved 11 October 2019. "The new kingdom of Castile had roughly tripled in size to some 335,000 square kilometers by 1300 [...] Portugal swollen to 90,000 square kilometers and perhaps 800,000 inhabitants [...]"
3. ^ (Latin: Regnum Portugalliae; Portuguese: Reino de Portugal)
4. ^ Wilner, Hero, Weiner, p. 190

## References[edit]

* Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão, História de Portugal: Do mindelo á regeneração (1832–1851).
* José Mattoso, António Manuel Hespanha, História de Portugal 4: O Antigo Regime (1620–1807), (1998) ISBN 972-33-1311-1.
* Simão José da Luz Soriano, Historia da Guerra Civil e do estabelecimento do governo parlamentar em Portugal: comprehedendo a historia diplomatica, militar e politica d'este reino desde 1777 até 1834 Volume 9 (1893).
* Jacinto de São Miguel (Frei), Martinho Augusto Ferreira da Fonseca, Mosteiro de Belém: Relação da insigne e real casa de Santa Maria de Belém (1901).
* Mark Willner, George Hero, Jerry Weiner, Global History Volume I: The Ancient World to the Age of Revolution (2006) ISBN 978-0-7641-5811-7.
* Douglas L. Wheeler, Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910–1926 (1998) ISBN 978-0-299-07454-8.

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Topics related to the Portuguese monarchy

Major events|

* Battle of São Mamede
* Battle of Ourique
* Treaty of Zamora
* Manifestis Probatum
* 1383–85 Crisis
* Battle of Aljubarrota
* Battle of Alfarrobeira
* Battle of Alcácer Quibir
* Portuguese succession crisis of 1580
* War of the Portuguese Succession
* Iberian Union
* Forty Conspirators
* Portuguese Restoration War
* Transfer of the Portuguese court
* Liberal Revolution of 1820
* Vilafrancada
* April Revolt
* Portuguese Civil War
* Municipal Library Elevator Coup
* Lisbon Regicide
* 5 October 1910 revolution
* Royalist attack on Chaves
* Monarchy of the North

Royal houses|

* Portuguese House of Burgundy
* House of Aviz
* House of Habsburg
* House of Braganza
* House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (disputed)

Royal
residences|

* Ajuda Palace
* Belém Palace
* Bemposta Palace
* Buçaco Palace
* Citadel of Cascais
* Évora Palace
* Mafra Palace
* Necessidades Palace
* Pena Palace
* Queluz Palace
* Quinta da Boa Vista
* Rio de Janeiro Palace
* Ramalhão Palace
* Ribeira Palace
* São Cristóvão Palace
* São Jorge Castle
* Santa Cruz Estate
* Sintra National Palace
* Vila Viçosa Palace
* Juvarra's Project for the Royal Palace in Lisbon
* Project for the Royal Palace in Campo de Ourique

Miscellaneous|

* Kingdom of Portugal
* Kingdom of the Algarve
* Kingdom of Brazil
* United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
* Portuguese Monarchs
* Miguelism
* Sebastianism
* Portuguese Empire
* Portuguese Cortes
* Portuguese nobility
* List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown
* Council of Portugal
* Pantheon of the House of Braganza
* Most Faithful Majesty
* Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza (current pretender)
* Family tree of Portuguese monarchs
* Portuguese Crown Jewels
* Style of the Portuguese sovereign
* His Most Faithful Majesty's Council

* v
* t
* e

Portuguese Empire

North Africa

15th century

|  1415–1640|  Ceuta

|

1458–1550|  Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir)
1471–1550|  Arzila (Asilah)
1471–1662|  Tangier
1485–1550|  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1487–16th century|  Ouadane
1488–1541|  Safim (Safi)
1489|  Graciosa

16th century

|  1505–1541|  Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir)

|

1506–1525|  Mogador (Essaouira)
1506–1525|  Aguz (Souira Guedima)
1506–1769|  Mazagan (El Jadida)
1513–1541|  Azamor (Azemmour)
1515–1541|  São João da Mamora (Mehdya)
1577–1589|  Arzila (Asilah)

Sub-Saharan Africa

15th century

|  1455–1633|  Arguim

|

1462–1975|  Cape Verde
1470–1975|  São Tomé1
1471–1975|  Príncipe1
1474–1778|  Annobón
1478–1778|  Fernando Poo (Bioko)
1482–1637|  Elmina (São Jorge da Mina)
1482–1642|  Portuguese Gold Coast
1498–1540|  Mascarene Islands

16th century

|  1500–1630|  Malindi

|

1501–1975|  Portuguese Mozambique
1502–1659|  Saint Helena
1503–1698|  Zanzibar
1505–1512|  Quíloa (Kilwa)
1506–1511|  Socotra
1508–15472|  Madagascar3
1557–1578|  Accra
1575–1975|  Portuguese Angola
1588–1974|  Cacheu4
1593–1698|  Mombassa (Mombasa)

17th century

|  1645–1888|  Ziguinchor

|

1680–1961|  São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin
1687–1974|  Bissau4

18th century

1728–1729|  Mombassa (Mombasa)

|

1753–1975|  Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe

19th century

1879–1974|  Portuguese Guinea

|

1885–1974|  Portuguese Congo5

* 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.
* 2 Or 1600.
* 3 A factory (Anosy Region) and small temporary coastal bases.
* 4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.
* 5 Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s.

Middle East [Persian Gulf]

16th century

|  1506–1615|  Gamru (Bandar Abbas)

|

1507–1643|  Sohar
1515–1622|  Hormuz (Ormus)
1515–1648|  Quriyat
1515–?|  Qalhat
1515–1650|  Muscat
1515?–?|  Barka
1515–1633?|  Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)
1521–1602|  Bahrain (Muharraq • Manama)
1521–1529?|  Qatif
1521?–1551?|  Tarut Island
1550–1551|  Qatif
1588–1648|  Matrah

17th century

|  1620–?|  Khor Fakkan

|

1621?–?|  As Sib
1621–1622|  Qeshm
1623–?|  Khasab
1623–?|  Libedia
1624–?|  Kalba
1624–?|  Madha
1624–1648|  Dibba Al-Hisn
1624?–?|  Bandar-e Kong

South Asia

15th century

|  1498–1545|

Laccadive Islands
(Lakshadweep)

|

16th century
Portuguese India

• 1500–1663|  Cochim (Kochi)

|

• 1501–1663|  Cannanore (Kannur)

• 1502–1658
1659–1661

Quilon
(Coulão / Kollam)

• 1502–1661|  Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima)
• 1507–1657|  Negapatam (Nagapatnam)
• 1510–1961|  Goa

• 1512–1525
1750

Calicut
(Kozhikode)

• 1518–1619|  Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat)
• 1521–1740|  Chaul
|  |  (Portuguese India)

|

• 1523–1662|  Mylapore
• 1528–1666|

Chittagong
(Porto Grande De Bengala)

• 1531–1571|  Chaul
• 1531–1571|  Chalé
• 1534–1601|  Salsette Island
• 1534–1661|  Bombay (Mumbai)
• 1535|  Ponnani
• 1535–1739|  Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)
• 1536–1662|  Cranganore (Kodungallur)
• 1540–1612|  Surat
• 1548–1658|  Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)
• 1559–1961|  Daman and Diu
• 1568–1659|  Mangalore
|  |  (Portuguese India)

|

• 1579–1632| Hugli
• 1598–1610| Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam)
1518–1521|  Maldives

|

1518–1658|  Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
1558–1573|  Maldives

17th century
Portuguese India

• 1687–1749|  Mylapore

|

18th century
Portuguese India

• 1779–1954|  Dadra and Nagar Haveli

|

East Asia and Oceania

16th century

|  1511–1641|  Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia]

|

1512–1621|  Maluku [Indonesia]
• 1522–1575|  Ternate
• 1576–1605|  Ambon
• 1578–1650|  Tidore
1512–1665|  Makassar [Indonesia]
1515–1859|  Larantuka [Indonesia]
1557–1999|  Macau [China]
1580–1586|  Nagasaki [Japan]

17th century

1642–1975|  Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1

|

19th century
Portuguese Macau

|  • 1864–1999|  Coloane

|

• 1851–1999|  Taipa
• 1890–1999|  Ilha Verde

20th century
Portuguese Macau

• 1938–1941|  Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)

|

* 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.

North America & North Atlantic

15th century [Atlantic islands]

|  1420|  Madeira

|

1432|  Azores

16th century [Canada]

|  1500–1579?|  Terra Nova (Newfoundland)

|

1500–1579?|  Labrador
1516–1579?|  Nova Scotia

South America & Caribbean

16th century

|  1500–1822|  Brazil

|

• 1534–1549|  Captaincy Colonies of Brazil
• 1549–1572|  Brazil
• 1572–1578|  Bahia
• 1572–1578|  Rio de Janeiro
• 1578–1607|  Brazil
• 1621–1815|  Brazil
1536–1620|  Barbados

17th century

|  1621–1751|  Maranhão

|

1680–1777|  Nova Colónia do Sacramento

18th century

1751–1772|  Grão-Pará and Maranhão

|

1772–1775|  Grão-Pará and Rio Negro
1772–1775|  Maranhão and Piauí

19th century

|  1808–1822|  Cisplatina (Uruguay)

|

1809–1817|  Portuguese Guiana (Amapá)
1822|  Upper Peru (Bolivia)

* Armorial of Portuguese colonies
* Evolution of the Portuguese Empire
* Portuguese colonial architecture
* Portuguese colonization of the Americas
* Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago
* Portuguese India
* Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia

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* e

Monarchies

* Monarch
* Imperial, royal and noble ranks
* List of current sovereign monarchs
* List of current non-sovereign monarchs
* List of monarchy referendums

Type|

* Absolute
* Constitutional
* Diarchy
* Elective
* Federal
* Hereditary
* Non-sovereign
* Personal union
* Regency

Topics|

* Abdication
* Abolition of monarchy
* Aristocracy
* Criticism of monarchy
* Democratization
* Decolonization
* Dynasty
* Government
* Head of state
* Legitimacy (political)
* Oligarchy
* Order of succession
* Republicanism
* Self-proclaimed monarchy
* Sovereignty

Titles|

* Chhatrapati
* Emperor
* King
* Queen regnant
* Prince regnant
* Raja
* khan
* Tsar
* Sultan
* Shah
* Pharaoh

Current|

| Africa|

* Eswatini
* Lesotho
* Morocco
* list

|

Asia|

* Bahrain
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Malaysia
* Oman
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Thailand
* United Arab Emirates
* list

Europe|

* Andorra
* Belgium
* Denmark
* Liechtenstein
* Luxembourg
* Monaco
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Spain
* Sweden
* Vatican City (Holy See)

Oceania|

* Tonga

Commonwealth realms|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* Bahamas
* Belize
* Canada
* Grenada
* Jamaica
* New Zealand
* Cook Islands
* Niue
* Papua New Guinea
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Solomon Islands
* Tuvalu
* United Kingdom

Former|

| Africa|

* Adamawa
* Ankole
* Aussa
* Barotseland
* Bagirmi
* Bornu
* Burundi
* Central Africa
* Dahomey
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* Gomma
* Gumma
* Kaffa
* Kongo
* Libya
* Luba
* Madagascar
* Mali
* Maore
* Maravi
* Mwali
* Ndzuwani
* Ngazidja
* Rwanda
* Shilluk
* Islands of Refreshment
* Tunisia
* Wituland
* Wassoulou
* Yeke
* Zanzibar
* Zimbabwe
* and other

|

Americas|

* Araucanía
* Aztec
* Brazil
* Haiti
* Inca
* Mexico
* Miskito
* Suriname
* Talamanca
* Trinidad
* Thirteen Colonies

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Asir
* Bengal
* Bukhara
* Burma
* Cebu
* Chehab
* China
* Dapitan
* Hejaz
* Indonesia
* Iran (Qajar)
* Iraq
* Jabal Shammar
* Kandy (Sri Lanka)
* Kathiri
* Khiva
* Korea
* Kumul
* Kurdistan
* Laos
* Maguindanao
* Mahra
* Maldives
* Manchukuo
* Mongolia
* Najran
* Nepal
* Qu'aiti
* Ryukyu
* Sarawak
* Shan
* Sikkim
* Sip Song Chau Tai
* Sulu
* Syria
* Tibet
* Taiwan
* Upper Asir
* Upper Yafa
* Vietnam
* Yemen (South Yemen)

Europe|

* Albania
* Aragon
* Asturias
* Austria
* Austria-Hungary
* Bavaria
* Bosnia
* Brittany
* Bulgaria
* Crimea
* Cilicia
* Corsica
* Cyprus
* Finland
* France
* Galicia
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Granada
* Hanover
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Imereti
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kartli-Kakheti
* Lithuania
* Majorca
* Man
* Moldavia
* Montenegro
* Navarre
* Neuchâtel
* Ottoman Empire
* Papal States
* Piedmont-Sardinia
* Poland–Lithuania
* Portugal
* Prussia
* Romania
* Russia
* Samos
* Saxony
* Savoy
* Scotland
* Serbia
* Tavolara
* Two Sicilies
* Tuscany
* United Baltic Duchy
* Yugoslavia
* Valencia
* Württemberg

Oceania|

* Abemama
* Bora Bora
* Easter Island
* Kingdom of Fiji
* Hawaii
* Huahine
* Mangareva
* Niuē-Fekai
* Nuku Hiva
* Raiatea
* Rapa Iti
* Rarotonga
* Rimatara
* Rurutu
* Tahuata
* Tahiti

Commonwealth realms|

* Barbados
* Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
* Fiji
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guyana
* India (British Raj, princely states)
* Irish Free State / Ireland
* Kenya
* Malawi
* Malta
* Mauritius
* Nigeria
* Pakistan
* Rhodesia
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* Tanganyika
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Uganda

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European Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages|

* Migration Period
* Decline of the Western Roman Empire
* Barbarian kingdoms
* Late antiquity
* Decline of Hellenistic religion
* Christianity in the Middle Ages
* Christianization
* Rise of Islam
* Papal States
* First Bulgarian Empire
* Frankish Empire
* Kingdom of Croatia
* Anglo-Saxon England
* Viking Age
* Carolingian Empire
* Old Church Slavonic
* Rise of the Venetian Republic
* Civitas Schinesghe
* Kievan Rus'
* Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
* Reconquista

High Middle Ages|

* Norman Conquest
* Holy Roman Empire
* Second Bulgarian Empire
* Georgian Empire
* Kingdom of Poland
* Feudalism
* Rise of the Republic of Genoa
* Great Schism
* Investiture Controversy
* Crusades
* Republic of Florence
* Scholasticism
* Monasticism
* Communalism
* Manorialism
* Medieval Warm Period
* Mongol invasion of Europe
* Kingdom of Portugal

Late Middle Ages|

* Hundred Years' War
* Wars of the Roses
* Hussite Wars
* Burgundy
* Milan
* France
* England
* Castile
* Western Schism
* Fall of Constantinople
* Rise of the Ottoman Empire
* Swiss mercenaries
* Chivalry
* Renaissance Humanism
* Universities
* Crisis of the late Middle Ages
* Great Famine
* Little Ice Age

Culture|

* Agriculture
* Architecture
* Art
* Church and State
* Cuisine
* Crusading movement
* Dance
* Demography
* Domes
* Hastilude
* Household
* Hunting
* In popular culture
* Itinerant court
* Literature
* Medicine
* Minstrel
* Music
* Philosophy
* Poetry
* Science
* Slavery
* Technology
* Theatre
* Warfare
* Women

Related|

* Dark Ages
* Disability in the Middle Ages
* Basic topics list
* Land terms
* Medievalism
* Medieval reenactment
* Medieval studies
* Misconceptions
* Neo-medievalism
* Post-classical history
* Timeline

* Portal
* Category
* WikiProject

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