Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

State formed from the kingdoms of Sicily and Naples (1815–1861)

This article is about the kingdom from 1816 to 1861. For the kingdom from 1130 to 1282, see Kingdom of Sicily.

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Regno delle Due Sicilie (Italian)
Regnum Utriusque Siciliae (Latin)

1816–1861

Flag

Coat of arms

Anthem: Inno al Re
"Hymn to the King"

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1839

Status| Sovereign state
Capital| Palermo (1816–1817)
Naples (1817–1861)
Official languages| Italian[1]
Common languages| Sicilian and Neapolitan[2]
Religion

| Catholic Church
Demonym(s)| Sicilian, Neapolitan or Borboni
Government|

* Absolute monarchy (1816–1848)
* Constitutional monarchy (1849–1861)

King|

• 1816–1825

| Ferdinand I

• 1825–1830

| Francis I

• 1830–1859

| Ferdinand II

• 1859–1861

| Francis II
History|

• Bourbon Restoration

| 20 May 1815

• Founded

| 8 December 1816

• Expedition of the Thousand

| 1860–1861

• Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy

| 17 March 1861
Area
1860| 111,900 km2 (43,200 sq mi)
Population

• 1852

| 9,034,719
Currency| Two Sicilies ducat

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Kingdom of Sicily

|

| Kingdom of Naples
| Kingdom of Italy |

|

Today part of| Italy, Croatia[a]

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Italian: Regno delle Due Sicilie)[b] was a kingdom in Southern Italy from 1816 to 1861 under the control of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, a cadet branch of the Bourbons.[3] The kingdom was the largest sovereign state by population and land area in Italy before the Italian unification, comprising Sicily and most of the area of today's Mezzogiorno (southern Italy) and covering all of the Italian peninsula south of the Papal States.

The kingdom was formed when the Kingdom of Sicily merged with the Kingdom of Naples, which was officially also known as the Kingdom of Sicily. Since both kingdoms were named Sicily, they were collectively known as the "Two Sicilies" (Utraque Sicilia, literally "both Sicilies"), and the unified kingdom adopted this name. The king of the Two Sicilies was overthrown by Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1860, after which the people voted in a plebiscite to join the Kingdom of Sardinia. The annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies completed the first phase of Italian unification, and the new Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861.

The Two Sicilies were heavily agricultural, like other Italian states.[4]

## Name

[edit]

The name "Two Sicilies" originated from the partition of the medieval Kingdom of Sicily. Until 1285, the island of Sicily and the Mezzogiorno were constituent parts of the Kingdom of Sicily. As a result of the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–1302),[5] the King of Sicily lost the Island of Sicily (also called Trinacria) to the Crown of Aragon, but remained ruler over the peninsular part of the realm.

Although his territory became known unofficially as the Kingdom of Naples, he and his successors never renounced the title King of Sicily and still officially referred to their realm as the Kingdom of Sicily. At the same time, the Aragonese rulers of the Island of Sicily also called their realm the Kingdom of Sicily. Hence, the kingdom that resulted from their reunification was named the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.[5]

## Background

[edit]

### Origins of the two kingdoms

[edit]

Main articles: Kingdom of Sicily and Kingdom of Naples

From 1061 onwards, Norman warriors conquered the island of Sicily, which had been ruled by the Saracens since 827. The conqueror Roger I became Count of Sicily and Calabria. His son Roger II also inherited the Duchy of Apulia. In 1131 this became the Kingdom of Sicily. Through further conquests, Roger II was able to expand his sphere of influence over all of Lower Italy as far as the Papal States.

Palazzo Reale in Palermo, built by Roger II (1st half of the 12th century) Castel Nuovo in Naples, built from 1279

The previously Norman Kingdom of Sicily fell to the Staufer Henry VI, who had married Constance of Sicily in 1186, the daughter of the Norman King Roger II of Sicily and aunt and heiress of the last Norman King William II. Competing counter kings from the Norman ruling family were finally eliminated by military force. When Henry VI died unexpectedly in 1197 at the age of 32, Constance took over the rule of the Sicilian kingdom as regent for her son. He had been elected German King as Frederick II in 1196 at the age of two, but was no longer recognized as such after the death of his father. In 1212, at the instigation of the Pope Innocent III, he finally became German king, initially as an anti-king to Otto IV, and in 1220 he was crowned emperor. Frederick II (Frederick I of Sicily) rarely stayed on German soil, but ruled his empire from southern Italy. In contrast to the (Lombard-Tuscan) Kingdom of Italy north of the Papal States, the Kingdom of Sicily never became part of the Holy Roman Empire.

As a result of the escalating conflict between the Hohenstaufen dynasty and the papacy, the French prince Charles of Anjou was elevated to the Sicilian throne by Pope Clement IV in 1265. Charles took power in 1266 through his victory over the Hohenstaufen king Manfred, who had initially administered Sicily as regent for his underage and absent nephew Conradin, but had then assumed the royal title himself. As the last Hohenstaufen to lay claim to the Sicilian throne and fight for it, Conradin was captured in 1268 and executed by his opponent in Naples. Unlike in Naples, which was the focus of Angevin rule, French rule on Sicily was abolished after just a few years by the popular uprising of 1282, the Sicilian Vespers, which instead elevated Peter III of Aragon, a son-in-law of the Hohenstaufen king Manfred, to king of the island. The old Norman-Staufer kingdom was since then – despite mutual claims to power – effectively divided into the Aragonese Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples ruled by the Angevins. In the Peace of Caltabellotta 1302, the Aragonese king Frederick III of Sicily and the Angevin king Charles II of Naples recognized each other's rule, but the ancient name "Trinacria" was chosen for the island, while the title "King of Sicily" remained associated with Neapolitan rule, so that there were now two kingdoms called Sicily.

A brief "reunification" took place from Sicily, when in 1442 the Aragonese-Sicilian king Alfonso V also brought the Kingdom of Naples under his rule. With Alfonso's death, this southern Italian personal union dissolved again, since the Aragonese heir to the throne, John II (1458–1479), was only recognized in Sicily, but not in Naples, where Ferdinand (Ferrante, 1458–1494), an illegitimate son of Alfonso V, seized power in 1458. However, his descendants lost Naples in 1495, first to the French king Charles VIII, who claimed the old Anjou throne rights for himself, and at the end of the wars triggered by this in 1501/04 to King Ferdinand V of Aragon and Sicily (1479–1516).

### Early Modern Period

[edit]

Due to the dynastic union in 1494 between the Habsburgs and the houses of Aragon and Castile, Naples and Sicily also fell to Charles V in 1516.

With the extinction of the Spanish Habsburgs in 1700, Naples and Sicily were caught up in the turmoil of the War of the Spanish Succession. After initial rule by the Bourbons, who now ruled in Spain, Central Italy was occupied by Austria in 1707/08, whose Habsburg line also laid claim to the kingdom.

Royal Palace in Naples Palace of Caserta

The peace treaties of 1713/14 (Utrecht/Rastatt) left the Kingdom of Naples with Austria, but assigned the Kingdom of Sicily to Victor Amadeus of Savoy, who exchanged it with the Habsburgs in 1720 for Sardinia. Since then, people have spoken of "Naples-Sicily".[6] Until 1735, the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily were ruled by Austria.

In the War of the Polish Succession the Austrians were harassed by Spanish troops who supported the claims of the Duke of Parma and Spanish Infante Charles to Naples and Sicily; the Spanish were victorious at Bitonto in 1734.

Infante Charles of the House of Bourbon ruled both Sicilies from 1735 to 1759, until he became King of Spain. He was the first king of Naples and Sicily in over 230 years to live and rule there personally. The center of power remained Naples, which was magnificently expanded by the new Bourbon kings, while Sicily retained a secondary and semi-colonial status. North of Naples, Charles began the construction of a baroque planned city in Caserta and planned to move the seat of government to the Palace of Caserta. He attempted to rebuild the relatively weak state with enlightened reforms directed particularly against the influence of the Roman Catholic Church.

When this assertive monarch became King of Spain in 1759, he had to cede his former empire to his younger son Ferdinand IV, who founded the Bourbon-Sicily collateral line, because the Spanish crown could not be united with Naples-Sicily according to international treaties. This line was united with the Austrian Habsburgs through the marriage of Ferdinand IV and Maria Carolina of Austria, a daughter of Empress Maria Theresa, on 12 May 1768. Initially dominated by the dual influence of the great powers Spain and Austria, Naples-Sicily – particularly in the course of the French Revolutionary Wars from 1792 onwards – became increasingly dependent on the naval power Great Britain to defend itself against the new European superpower, France.

## History

[edit]

### 1816–1848

[edit]

Framed antique flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (c. 1830s) discovered in Palermo Portrait of King Ferdinand II, 1844 1848 revolution in Sicily

The Treaty of Casalanza restored Ferdinand IV of Bourbon to the throne of Naples and the island of Sicily (where the constitution of 1812 had virtually disempowered him) was returned to him. In 1816 he annulled the constitution and Sicily became fully reintegrated into the new state, which was now officially called the Regno delle Due Sicilie (Kingdom of Two Sicilies).[7] Ferdinand IV became Ferdinand I.

A number of accomplishments under the administration of Kings Joseph and Joachim Murat, such as the Code Civil, the penal and commercial code, were kept (and extended to Sicily). In the mainland parts of the Kingdom, the power and influence of both nobility and clergy had been greatly reduced, though at the expense of law and order. Brigandage and the forceful occupation of lands were problems the restored Kingdom inherited from its predecessors.

The Vienna Congress had granted Austria the right to station troops in the kingdom, and Austria, as well as Russia and Prussia, insisted that no written constitution was to be granted to the kingdom. In October 1815, Joachim Murat landed in Calabria, in an attempt to regain his kingdom. The government responded to acts of collaboration or of terrorism with severe repression and by June 1816 Murat's attempt had failed and the situation was under government control. However, the Neapolitan administration had changed from conciliatory to reactionary policies. The French novelist Henri de Stendhal, who visited Naples in 1817, called the kingdom "an absurd monarchy in the style of Philip II".[8]

As open political activity was suppressed, liberals organized themselves in secret societies, such as the Carbonari, an organization whose origins date back into the French period and which had been outlawed in 1816. In 1820 a revolution planned by Carbonari and their supporters, aimed at obtaining a written constitution (the Spanish constitution of 1812), did not work out as planned. Nevertheless, King Ferdinand felt compelled to grant the constitution sought by the liberals (13 July). That same month, a revolution broke out in Palermo, Sicily, but was quickly suppressed.[7] Rebels from Naples occupied Benevento and Pontecorvo, two enclaves belonging to the Papal States. At the Congress of Troppau (19 Nov.), the Holy Alliance (Metternich being the driving force) decided to intervene. On 23 February 1821, in front of 50,000 Austrian troops paraded outside his capital, King Ferdinand cancelled the constitution. An attempt at Neapolitan resistance to the Austrians by regular forces under General Guglielmo Pepe, as well as by irregular rebel forces (Carbonari), was smashed and on 24 March 1821 Austrian forces entered the city of Naples.

Political repression then only intensified. Lawlessness in the countryside was aggravated by the problem of administrative corruption. A coup was attempted in 1828 with the aim of forcing the promulgation of a constitution, but it was suppressed by Neapolitan troops (the Austrian army having left the previous year). King Francis I (1825–1830) died after visiting Paris, where he witnessed the 1830 revolution. In 1829 he had created the Royal Order of Merit (Royal Order of Francis I of the Two Sicilies).[9] His successor Ferdinand II declared a political amnesty and took steps to stimulate the economy, including reduction of taxation. Visible signs of progress included the introduction of street lighting in Naples and the opening in 1839 of the railroad from Naples to Portici (despite the opposition of the Church to the construction of tunnels on account of their 'obscenity').

In 1836 the kingdom was struck by a cholera epidemic which killed 65,000 in Sicily alone. In the following years the Neapolitan countryside saw sporadic local insurrections. In the 1840s, clandestine political pamphlets circulated, evading censorship. Moreover, in September 1847 an uprising saw insurrectionists crossing from mainland Calabria over to Sicily before government forces were able to suppress them. On 12 January 1848, an open rebellion began in Palermo and demands were made for the reintroduction of the 1812 constitution.[10] King Ferdinand II appointed a liberal prime minister, broke off diplomatic relations with Austria and even declared war on the latter (7 April). Although revolutionaries who had risen in several mainland cities outside Naples shortly after the Sicilians approved of the new measures (April 1848), Sicily continued with her revolution. Faced with these differing reactions to his moves, King Ferdinand, using the Swiss Guard, took the initiative and ordered the suppression of the revolution in Naples (15 May) and by July the mainland was again under royal control and by September, also Messina. Palermo, the revolutionaries' capital and last stronghold, fell to the government some months later on 15 May 1849.

### 1848–1861

[edit]

Skirmish between brigands and troops in the countryside

The Kingdom of Two Sicilies, over the course of 1848–1849, had been able to suppress the revolution and the attempt of Sicilian secession with their own forces, hired Swiss Guards included. The war declared on Austria in April 1848, under pressure of public sentiment, had been an event on paper only.

In 1849 King Ferdinand II was 39 years old.[11] He had begun as a reformer; the early death of his wife (1836), the frequency of political unrest, the extent and range of political expectations on the side of various groups that made up public opinion, had caused him to pursue a cautious, yet authoritarian policy aiming at the prevention of the occurrence of yet another rebellion. Over half of the delegates elected to parliament in the liberal atmosphere of 1848 were arrested or fled the country. The administration, in their treatment of political prisoners, in their observation of 'suspicious elements', violated the rights of the individual guaranteed by the constitution. Conditions were so bad that they caused international attention; in 1856 Britain and France demanded the release of the political prisoners. When this was rejected, both countries broke off diplomatic relations. The Kingdom pursued an economic policy of protectionism; the country's economy was mainly based on agriculture, the cities, especially Naples – with over 400,000 inhabitants, Italy's largest – "a center of consumption rather than of production" (Santore p. 163) and home to poverty most expressed by the masses of Lazzaroni, the poorest class.[12]

After visiting Naples in 1850, Gladstone began to support Neapolitan opponents of the Bourbon rulers: his "support" consisted of a couple of letters that he sent from Naples to the Parliament in London, describing the "awful conditions" of the Kingdom of Southern Italy and claiming that "it is the negation of God erected to a system of government". Gladstone's letters provoked sensitive reactions in the whole of Europe and helped to cause its diplomatic isolation before the invasion and annexation of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by the Kingdom of Sardinia, with the following foundation of modern Italy. Administratively, Naples and Sicily remained separate units; in 1858 the Neapolitan Postal Service issued her first postage stamps; that of Sicily followed in 1859.[13]

Giuseppe Garibaldi lands in Marsala, Sicily, during the Expedition of the Thousand (by Gerolamo Induno)

Until 1849, the political movement among the bourgeoisie, at times revolutionary, had been Neapolitan respectively Sicilian rather than Italian in its tendency; Sicily in 1848–1849 had striven for a higher degree of independence from Naples rather than for a unified Italy. As public sentiment for Italian unification was rather low in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the country did not feature as an object of acquisition in the earlier plans of Piemont-Sardinia's prime minister Cavour. Only when Austria was defeated in 1859 and the unification of Northern Italy (except Venetia) was accomplished in 1860, did Giuseppe Garibaldi, at the head of the Expedition of the Thousand, launch his invasion of Sicily, with the connivance of Cavour (once in Sicily, many rallied to his colours); after a successful campaign in Sicily, he crossed over to the mainland and won the battle of the Volturno with half of his army being local volunteers. King Francis II (since 1859) withdrew to the fortified port of Gaeta, where he surrendered and abdicated in February 1861 after the Siege of Gaeta. At the encounter of Teano, Garibaldi met King Victor Emmanuel, transferring to him the conquered kingdom, the Two Sicilies were annexed into the Kingdom of Sardinia, which became the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.[14]

## Arts patronage

[edit]

Further information: Teatro di San Carlo

The Teatro Reale di San Carlo in Naples, 1830, as rebuilt after the 1816 fire. It is the oldest continuously active venue for opera in the world.[15][16]

The Real Teatro di San Carlo was commissioned by the Bourbon King Charles VII of Naples who wanted to grant Naples a new and larger theatre to replace the old, dilapidated, and too-small Teatro San Bartolomeo of 1621. Which had served the city well, especially after Scarlatti had moved there in 1682 and had begun to create an important opera centre which existed well into the 1700s.[17] Thus, the San Carlo was inaugurated on 4 November 1737, the king's name day, with the performance of Domenico Sarro's opera Achille in Sciro and much admired for its architecture the San Carlo was now the biggest opera house in the world.[18]

View of the interior, with the royal box

On 13 February 1816[19] a fire broke out during a dress-rehearsal for a ballet performance and quickly spread to destroy a part of the building. On the orders of King Ferdinand I, who used the services of Antonio Niccolini, to rebuild the opera house within ten months as a traditional horseshoe-shaped auditorium with 1,444 seats, and a proscenium, 33.5m wide and 30m high. The stage was 34.5m deep. Niccolini embellished in the inner of the bas-relief depicting "Time and the Hour". Stendhal attended the second night of the inauguration and wrote: "There is nothing in all Europe, I won't say comparable to this theatre, but which gives the slightest idea of what it is like..., it dazzles the eyes, it enraptures the soul...".

From 1815 to 1822, Gioachino Rossini was the house composer and artistic director of the royal opera houses, including the San Carlo. During this period he wrote ten operas which were Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra (1815), La gazzetta, Otello, ossia il Moro di Venezia (1816), Armida (1817), Mosè in Egitto, Ricciardo e Zoraide (1818), Ermione, Bianca e Falliero, Eduardo e Cristina, La donna del lago (1819), Maometto II (1820), and Zelmira (1822), many premiered at the San Carlo. An offer in 1822 from Domenico Barbaja, the impresario of the San Carlo, which followed the composer's ninth opera, led to Gaetano Donizetti's move to Naples and his residency there which lasted until the production of Caterina Cornaro in January 1844.[20] In all, Naples presented 51 of Donizetti's operas.[20] Also Vincenzo Bellini's first professionally staged opera had its first performance at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples on 30 May 1826.[21]

## Historical population

[edit]

Year  | Kingdom
of Naples  | Kingdom
of Sicily  | Total  | Ref(s)

|
|
|
|

1819  | 5,733,430  |

| [22]
1827  |

| ~7,420,000  | [23]
1828  | 6,177,598  |

| [22]
1832  |

| 1,906,033  |

| [22]
1839  | 6,113,259  |

| ~8,000,000  | [22][24]
1840  | 6,117,598  | ~<1,800,000
(est.)  | ~7,900,000
(est.)  | [25]
1848  | 6,382,706  | 2,046,610  | 8,429,316  | [24]
1851  | 6,612,892  | 2,041,583  | 8,704,472  | [26]
1856  | 6,886,030  | 2,231,020  | 9,117,050  | [27]
1859/60  | 6,986,906  | 2,294,373  | 9,281,279  | [28]

The kingdom had a large population: its capital Naples was the biggest city in Italy, at least three times as large as any other contemporary Italian state. At its peak, the kingdom had a military with 100,000 soldiers strong, and a large bureaucracy.[29] Naples was the largest city in the kingdom and the third largest city in Europe. The second largest city, Palermo, was the third largest in Italy.[30] In the 1800s, the population rose from about five to seven million.[31] It held approximately 36% of Italy's population around 1850.[32]

Because the kingdom did not establish a statistical department until after 1848,[33] most population statistics before that year are based on estimates and on censuses that were thought by contemporaries to be inaccurate.[22]

## Military

[edit]

The Army of the Two Sicilies was the kingdom's land force. It was created by the settlement of the Bourbon dynasty in Southern Italy after the War of the Polish Succession. The army have suppressed rebels some times, including the Calabrian revolution of 1847, and the Sicilian independence revolution of 1848, but collapsed during the Expedition of the Thousand in 1860.

The Real Marina was the kingdom's naval force. It was the most important of the pre-unification Italian navies.

## Economy

[edit]

Silver coin: 120 grana Ferdinando II – 1834

A major problem was the distribution of land property: most of it concentrated in the hands of a few families, the landed nobility.[34] The villages housed a large rural proletariat, desperately poor and dependent on the landlords for work.[34] The kingdom's few cities had little industry,[35] thus not providing the outlet for excess rural population found in northern Italy, France or Germany. The figures above show that the population of the countryside rose at a faster rate than that of the city of Naples herself: rather unusual for a time when much of Europe was experiencing the Industrial Revolution.

### Agriculture

[edit]

Contadini from the Neapolitan countryside by Filippo Palazzi, 1840

As registered in the 1827 census,[36] for the Neapolitan (continental) part of the kingdom, 1,475,314 of the male population were listed as husbandmen, which traditionally consisted of three classes:

* the Borgesi (yeomanry),
* the Inquilani (small-farmers) and
* the Contadini (peasantry)

along with 65,225 listed as shepherds. Wheat, wine, olive oil and cotton were the chief products. Annual production, as recorded in 1844, was 67 million liters of olive oil largely produced in Apulia and Calabria and loaded for export at Gallipoli along with 191 million liters of wine that were for the most part consumed domestically. On the island of Sicily, in 1839, due to less arable lands, the output was much smaller than on the mainland, but about 115,000 acres (47,000 hectares) of vineyards and about 260,000 acres (105,000 hectares) of orchards, mainly fig, orange and citrus, were cultivated.

### Industry

[edit]

One of the most important industrial complexes in the kingdom was the shipyard of Castellammare di Stabia, which employed 1800 workers. The engineering factory of Pietrarsa was the largest industrial plant in the Italian peninsula,[37] producing tools, cannons, rails, and locomotives. The complex also included a school for train drivers and naval engineers, and, thanks to this school, the kingdom was able to replace the English personnel who had been necessary until then. The first steamboat with screw propulsion known in Italy was the Giglio delle Onde, with mail delivery and passenger transport purposes after 1847.[38]

In Calabria, the Fonderia Ferdinandea was a large foundry where cast iron was produced. The Reali ferriere ed Officine di Mongiana was an iron foundry and weapons factory. Founded in 1770, it employed 1600 workers in 1860 and closed in 1880. In Sicily (near Catania and Agrigento), sulfur was mined to make gunpowder. The Sicilian mines were able to satisfy most of the global demand for sulfur. Silk cloth production was focused in San Leucio (near Caserta). The region of Basilicata also had several mills in Potenza and San Chirico Raparo, where cotton, wool and silk were processed. Food processing was widespread, especially near Naples (Torre Annunziata and Gragnano).

#### Sulfur

[edit]

Main article: Sulphur Crisis of 1840

The kingdom maintained a large sulfur mining industry. In the increasingly industrialized Great Britain, with the repeal of tariffs on salt in 1824, demand for sulfur from Sicily surged. The growing British control and exploitation of the mining, refining, and transportation of sulfur, combined with the failure of this lucrative export to transform Sicily's backward and impoverished economy, led to the 'Sulfur Crisis' of 1840. This was precipitated when King Ferdinand II granted a monopoly of the sulfur industry to a French company, in violation of an 1816 trade agreement with Britain. A peaceful solution was eventually negotiated by France.[39][40]

### Transport

[edit]

Clockwise from top:

* The two suspension bridges built by Luigi Giura in 1832 and 1835, 1. the Real Ferdinando Bridge over the Garigliano and 2. the Maria Cristina Bridge over the Calore
* The Inauguration of the Naples–Portici railway, 1840
* The first steamship built entirely at Castellamare with an engine from Pietrarsa, the 'Fieramosca' 1850
* The Vesuvius Observatory founded in 1841, the oldest volcanology institute in the world

With all of its major cities boasting ports,[41] transport and trade in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was most efficiently conducted by sea. The kingdom possessed the largest merchant fleet in the Mediterranean. Urban road conditions, compared to Northern Italy, did not comply with the best European standards;[42] by 1839, the main streets of Naples were gas-lit. Efforts were made to tackle the tough mountainous terrain; Ferdinand II built the cliff-top road along the Sorrentine peninsula. Road conditions in the interior and hinterland areas of the kingdom made internal trade difficult.

### Technological and scientific achievements

[edit]

The kingdom achieved several scientific and technological accomplishments, such as the first steamboat in the Mediterranean Sea (1818),[43][44] built in the shipyard of Stanislao Filosa at the Vigliena dock, near Naples,[45] the first railway in the Italian peninsula (1839), which connected Naples to Portici,[46] and the first iron-suspension bridge (the Real Ferdinando Bridge) in Italy.[47][48] However, until the Italian unification, the railway development was highly limited. In the year 1859, the kingdom had only 99 kilometers of rail, compared to the 850 kilometers of Piedmont.[49] Other achievements included the first volcano observatory in the world, l'Osservatorio Vesuviano (1841).[50][51] The rails for the first Italian railways were built in Mongiana, Calabria, as well. All the rails of the old railways that went from the south to as far as Bologna were built in Mongiana.[52]

### Education

[edit]

The kingdom was home to three universities namely those in Naples founded in 1224, Catania founded in 1434 and Palermo founded in 1806. Also in Naples, established by Matteo Ripa in 1732, was the Collegio dei Cinesi today the University of Naples "L'Orientale" teaching Sinology and Oriental studies. Despite these institutions of higher learning the kingdom however had no obligation for school attendance nor a recognizable school system. Clerics could inspect schools and had a veto power over appointments of teachers who were for the most part from the clergy anyhow. In 1859, for a population of 9 million inhabitants, there were only 2,010 primary schools with 67,428 pupils and 3,171 teachers.[53] At the time of unification the literacy rate was just 14.4% in 1861.

### Social spending and public hygiene

[edit]

The conditions of the time in terms of social expenditure and public hygiene are mainly known today from the writings of the historian and journalist Raffaele De Cesare. It is well known that public hygiene conditions in the regions of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies were very poor, especially in the central and rural regions. Most small municipalities had no sewers, and had an inadequate water supply due to the lack of public investment in the construction of pipes, which also meant that most private houses had no toilets. Paved roads were rare, except in the area around Naples or on the main roads of the country, and they were often flooded and have many potholes.

Moreover, most rural inhabitants often lived in small old towns which, due to lack of social expenditure, became unhealthy, allowing many infectious diseases to spread rapidly. While the municipal administration had few economic means to remedy the situation, the gentry often had whole sections of streets paved in front of the entrances of their homes.

## Geography

[edit]

### Departments

[edit]

Departments and Districts of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

The peninsula was divided into fifteen departments[54][55] and Sicily was divided into seven departments.[56] In 1860, when the Two Sicilies were conquered by the Kingdom of Sardinia, the departments became provinces of Italy, according to the Urbano Rattazzi law.[57]

Peninsula departments

* Province of Naples – Naples
* Terra di Lavoro – Capua / Caserta from 1818
* Principato Citra – Salerno
* Principato Ultra – Avellino
* Basilicata – Potenza
* Capitanata – originally San Severo, then Foggia
* Terra di Bari – Bari
* Terra d'Otranto – Lecce
* Calabria Citra – Cosenza
* Calabria Ultra I – Reggio
* Calabria Ultra II – Catanzaro
* Contado di Molise – Campobasso
* Abruzzo Citra – Chieti
* Abruzzo Ultra I – Teramo
* Abruzzo Ultra II – Aquila

Insular departments

* Province of Caltanissetta – Caltanissetta
* Province of Catania – Catania
* Province of Girgenti – Girgenti
* Province of Messina – Messina
* Province of Noto – Noto
* Province of Palermo – Palermo
* Province of Trapani – Trapani

|

## Monarchs

[edit]

Main articles: Monarchs of the Two Sicilies, Monarchs of Sicily, and Monarchs of Naples

Monarchs of the Two Sicilies  #  | Image  | Name
(Dates)  | Period of rule  | Coat of arms  | Monogram

|
|
|
|
|

Begin  | End
1  |  | Ferdinand I
(1751–1825)  | 12 December
1816  | 4 January
1825  |
2  |  | Francis I
(1777–1830)  | 4 January
1825  | 8 November
1830  |  |
3  |  | Ferdinand II
The Bomb King
(1810–1859)  | 8 November
1830  | 22 May
1859  |
4  |  | Francis II
(1836–1894)  | 22 May
1859  | 20 March
1861  |

In 1860–61, the kingdom was absorbed into the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the title dropped. It is still claimed by the head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.

## Flags of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

[edit]

* National flag
1816–1848; 1849–1860

* National flag
1848–1849

* National flag
1860–1861

* Royal standard
1829–1861

Description of the arms appearing in the flag.

## Orders of knighthood

[edit]

* Order of Saint Januarius
* Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
* Order of Saint George and Reunion
* Order of Saint Ferdinand and Merit
* Royal Order of Francis I

## See also

[edit]

* Italy portal

* Dictatorship of Garibaldi
* List of historic states of Italy
* List of monarchs of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
* Southern Italy
* Southern Italy autonomist movements

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Only the Pelagosa archipelago
2. ^ Neapolitan: Regno dê Doje Sicilie; Sicilian: Regnu dî Dui Sicili; Spanish: Reino de las Dos Sicilias

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Archivio di Stato di Napoli: Resoconti archivistici dal Regno di Napoli e delle Due Sicilie" (PDF).
2. ^ Summonte, Giovanni Antonio (1675). "Giovanni Antonio Summonte: Storia della città e del Regno di Napoli".
3. ^ De Sangro, Michele (2003). I Borboni nel Regno delle Due Sicilie (in Italian). Lecce: Edizioni Caponi.
4. ^ Nicola Zitara. "La legge di Archimede: L'accumulazione selvaggia nell'Italia unificata e la nascita del colonialismo interno" (PDF) (in Italian). Eleaml-Fora!.[permanent dead link]
5. ^ a b "Sicilian History". Dieli.net. 7 October 2007.
6. ^ Michael Erbe (ed.): The Early Modern Period. Basic History Course. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 3-17-018973-5, p. 205.
7. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ferdinand IV. of Naples". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 264–265.
8. ^ Stendhal (2018). Rome, Naples and Florence. Alma Books. p. 123\. ISBN 978-0714545653. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
9. ^ "The Royal Order of Francis I of the Two Sicilies". Archived from the original on 12 December 2006. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
10. ^ "La Rivoluzione siciliana del 1848" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
11. ^ Villari, Luigi (1911). "Ferdinand II. of the Two Sicilies" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 268.
12. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "Lazzaroni". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
13. ^ "Sicily 1859–1860" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
14. ^ "Regno di Sardegna, Regno d'Italia, Repubblica Italiana" (in Italian). 19 March 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
15. ^ "The Theatre and its history" on the Teatro di San Carlo's official website. (In English). Retrieved 23 December 2013
16. ^ G. Massiot & cie (2023). "Teatro di San Carlo: View of facade". University of Notre Dame. doi:10.7274/24825837.v1. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
17. ^ Lynn 2005, p. 277
18. ^ Beauvert 1985, p. 44
19. ^ Gubler 2012, p. 55
20. ^ a b Black 1982, p. 1
21. ^ Weinstock 1971, pp. 30–34
22. ^ a b c d e Macgregor, John (1850). Commercial Statistics: A Digest of the Productive Resources, Commercial Legislation, Customs Tariffs, of All Nations. Including All British Commercial Treaties with Foreign States. Whittaker and Company. p. 18.
23. ^ Partington, Charles F. (1836). The british cyclopedia of literature, history, geography, law, and politics. Vol. 2\. p. 553.
24. ^ a b Berkeley, G. F.-H.; Berkeley, George Fitz-Hardinge; Berkeley, Joan (1968). Italy in the Making 1815 to 1846. Cambridge University Press. p. 37\. ISBN 978-0-521-07427-8.
25. ^ Commercial Statistics: A Digest of the Productive Resources, Commercial Legislation, Customs Tariffs ... of All Nations ... C. Knight and Company. 1844. p. 18.
26. ^ The Popular Encyclopedia: Or, Conversations Lexicon. Blackie. 1862. p. 246.
27. ^ Russell, John (1870). Selections from Speeches of Earl Russell 1817 to 1841 and from Despatches 1859 to 1865: With Introductions. In 2 Volumes. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 223.
28. ^ Mezzogiorno d'Europa. 1983. p. 473.
29. ^ Ziblatt, Daniel (2008). Structuring the State: The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism. Princeton University Press. p. 77\. ISBN 978-1-4008-2724-4.
30. ^ Hearder, Harry (2014). Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870. Routledge. pp. 125–126\. ISBN 978-1-317-87206-1.
31. ^ Astarita, Tommaso (2006). Between Salt Water and Holy Water: A History of Southern Italy. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-25432-7. "kingdom of the two sicilies population."
32. ^ Toniolo, Gianni (2014). An Economic History of Liberal Italy (Routledge Revivals): 1850–1918. Routledge. p. 18\. ISBN 978-1-317-56953-4.
33. ^ House Documents. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1870. p. 19.
34. ^ a b "Latifondo e povertà nelle Due Sicilie" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 September 2023.
35. ^ "L'economia del Regno Siculo-Partenopeo" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 September 2023.
36. ^ MacGregor, John (1844). Commercial Statistics Vol.I. London.
37. ^ "Nell'800 il più grande nucleo industriale italiano era a Napoli, a Pietrarsa: oggi è il grande Museo Ferroviario Italiano" (in Italian). 25 November 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
38. ^ "Regno delle due Sicilie" (PDF) (in Italian). p. 5. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
39. ^ Thomson, D. W. (April 1995). "Prelude to the Sulphur War of 1840: The Neapolitan Perspective". European History Quarterly. 25 (2): 163–180\. doi:10.1177/026569149502500201. S2CID 145807900.
40. ^ Riall, Lucy (1998). Sicily and the Unification of Italy: Liberal Policy and Local Power, 1859–1866. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191542619. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
41. ^ "L'economia italiana dal regno delle due sicilie ad oggi" (PDF) (in Italian). Luiss. p. 11\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
42. ^ "L'economia italiana dal regno delle due sicilie ad oggi" (PDF) (in Italian). Luiss. p. 26\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
43. ^ The Economist. Economist Newspaper Limited. 1975.
44. ^ Sondhaus, Lawrence (2012). Naval Warfare, 1815–1914. Routledge. p. 20\. ISBN 978-1-134-60994-9.
45. ^ "La Ferdinando I, Storia della prima nave a vapore nel Mediterraneo" (in Italian). 13 July 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
46. ^ "La Dolce Vita? Italy By Rail, 1839–1914". History Today. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
47. ^ "Il primo ponte sospeso d'Italia. Il Real Ferdinando sul Garigliano (1828–1832)" (in Italian). 10 May 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
48. ^ "Almanacco del giorno: 3 ottobre 1839, Napoli-Portici. La prima ferrovia d'Italia" (in Italian). 2 October 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
49. ^ Duggan, Christopher (1994). A Concise History of Italy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 152. ISBN 978-0-521-40848-6.
50. ^ De Lucia, Maddalena; Ottaiano, Mena; Limoncelli, Bianca; Parlato, Luigi; Scala, Omar; Siviglia, Vittoria (2010). "The Museum of Vesuvius Observatory and its public. Years 2005–2008". EGUGA: 2942. Bibcode:2010EGUGA..12.2942D.
51. ^ Klemetti, Erik (7 June 2009). "Volcano Profile: Mt. Vesuvius". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
52. ^ "Mongiana: la grande storia delle reali ferriere" (in Italian). 11 June 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
53. ^ Sandra Chistolini (2001). Comparazione e sperimentazione in pedagogia (in Italian). Milan: Franco Angeli. p. 46..
54. ^ Goodwin, John (1842). "Progress of the Two Sicilies Under the Spanish Bourbons, from the Year 1734-35 to 1840". Journal of the Statistical Society of London. 5 (1): 47–73\. doi:10.2307/2337950. ISSN 0959-5341. JSTOR 2337950.
55. ^ Pompilio Petitti (1851). Repertorio amministrativo ossia collezione di leggi, decreti, reali rescritti ecc. sull'amministrazione civile del Regno delle Due Sicilie, vol. 1 (in Italian). Napoli: Stabilimento Migliaccio. p. 1.
56. ^ Pompilio Petitti (1851). Repertorio amministrativo ossia collezione di leggi, decreti, reali rescritti ecc. sull'amministrazione civile del Regno delle Due Sicilie, vol. 1 (in Italian). Napoli: Stabilimento Migliaccio. p. 4.
57. ^ "History of Italian Unity". 15 April 2021.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Alio, Jacqueline. Sicilian Studies: A Guide and Syllabus for Educators (2018), 250 pp.
* Boeri, Giancarlo; Crociani, Piero (1995). L'esercito borbonico dal 1815 al 1830 (in Italian). Illustrated by Andrea Viotti. Rome: it:Stato maggiore dell'Esercito italiano. OCLC 879782467 – via issuu.com.
* Eckaus, Richard S. (September 1961). "The North-South Differential In Italian Economic Development". The Journal of Economic History. 21 (3): 285–317\. doi:10.1017/S002205070010292X. ISSN 0022-0507. JSTOR 2115403.
* Finley, M. I., Denis Mack Smith and Christopher Duggan,  A History of Sicily (1987) abridged one-volume version of 3-volume set of 1969)
* Imbruglia, Girolamo, ed. Naples in the eighteenth century: The birth and death of a nation state (Cambridge University Press, 2000)
* Mendola, Louis. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1734–1861 (2019)
* Petrusewicz, Marta. "Before the Southern Question: 'Native' Ideas on Backwardness and Remedies in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, 1815–1849." in Italy's 'Southern Question' (Oxford: Berg, 1998) pp: 27–50.
* Pinto, Carmine (2013). "The 1860 disciplined Revolution. The Collapse of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies". Contemporanea. 16 (1): 39–68\. doi:10.1409/44161. ISSN 1127-3070.
* Riall, Lucy. Sicily and the Unification of Italy: Liberal Policy & Local Power, 1859–1866 (1998), 252pp
* "Francis I. of the Two Sicilies" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 936.
* Villari, Luigi (1911). "Ferdinand II. of the Two Sicilies" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). p. 268.
* Villari, Luigi (1911). "Francis II. of the Two Sicilies" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). p. 936.
* Whitehouse, H. Remsen. The Collapse of the Kingdom of Naples, 1899. [1]
* Zamagni, Vera. The economic history of Italy 1860–1990 (Oxford University Press, 1993)

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Kingdom of the Two Sicilies at Wikimedia Commons
* (in Italian) Brigantino – Il portale del Sud, a massive Italian-language site dedicated to the history, culture and arts of southern Italy
* (in Italian) Casa Editoriale Il Giglio, an Italian publisher that focuses on history, culture and the arts in the Two Sicilies
* (in Italian) La Voce di Megaride, a website by Marina Salvadore dedicated to Napoli and Southern Italy
* (in Italian) Associazione culturale "Amici di Angelo Manna", dedicated to the work of Angelo Manna, historian, poet and deputy
* (in Italian) Fora! The e-journal of Nicola Zitara, professor; includes many articles about southern Italy's culture and history
* Regalis, a website on Italian dynastic history, with sections on the House of the Two Sicilies

* v
* t
* e

Kings and Princes of the Two Sicilies

Generations, in accordance with agnatic succession, are numbered by descent from Ferdinand I

1st generation|

* Francis I
* Leopold, Prince of Salerno

2nd generation|

* Ferdinand II
* Charles Ferdinand, Prince of Capua
* Prince Leopold, Count of Syracuse
* Prince Antonio, Count of Lecce
* Prince Louis, Count of Aquila
* Prince Francis, Count of Trapani

3rd generation|

* Francis II
* Prince Louis, Count of Trani
* Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta
* Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti
* Prince Pasquale, Count of Bari
* Prince Januarius, Count of Caltagirone

4th generation|

* Prince Ferdinando Pio, Duke of Castro
* Infante Carlos
* Prince Ranieri, Duke of Castro
* Prince Philip
* Prince Gabriel

5th generation|

* Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria
* Prince Ferdinand Pius, Duke of Castro

6th generation|

* Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria
* Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro

7th generation|

* Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria

8th generation|

* Prince Jaime, Duke of Noto

Kings are in italics

* v
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* e

Sicily

Provinces,
metropolitan cities
and places|

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History|

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Politics and
government|

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heritage|

* People
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Economy|

* Railway network
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Category

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List of historic states of Italy

Pre-Roman period|

* Etruscan civilization
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Ancient Rome|

* Roman Kingdom (753 BC–509 BC)
* Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC)
* Roman Empire (27 BC–395 AD)
* Western Roman Empire (395–476 AD)

Medieval
and
Early Modern
states|

| Barbarian kingdoms
(476–774)|

* Odoacer's rule (476–493)
* Ostrogothic rule (493–553)
* Vandal rule (435–534)
* Lombard rule (568–774)
* Duchy of Benevento
* Duchy of Friuli
* Duchy of Ivrea
* Duchy of Spoleto
* Duchy of Tridentum
* Duchy of Tuscia

|

Byzantine Empire (584–751)|

* Exarchate of Ravenna (584–751)
* Duchy of Rome (533–751)
* Duchy of Perugia (554–752)
* Duchy of the Pentapolis (554–752)
* Exarchate of Africa (585–698)

Papal States
(754–1870)|

* Patrimony of Saint Peter
* Campagna e Marittima Province
* Holy See
* Commune of Rome
* Duchy of Castro
* Duchy of Ferrara
* Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
* Duchy of Urbino

Holy Roman Empire
and other
independent
states|

* Bishopric of Bressanone
* Corsican Republic
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* County of Gorizia
* Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
* County of Guastalla
* County of Santa Fiora
* Duchy of Guastalla
* Kingdom of Italy
* Ancona
* Ceva
* Finale
* March of Friuli
* Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
* Ivrea
* Istria
* Mantua
* Milan
* March of Montferrat
* Duchy of Montferrat
* Trieste
* Turin
* Tuscany
* Verona
* Duchy of Ivrea
* Duchy of Milan
* Duchy of Mantua
* Duchy of Massa and Carrara
* Duchy of Merania
* Duchy of Mirandola
* Duchy of Modena and Reggio
* County of Novellara and Bagnolo
* Principality of Piombino
* Duchy of Reggio
* Marquisate of Saluzzo
* Duchy of Spoleto
* Bishopric of Tarantasia
* Prince-Bishopric of Trento
* Grand Duchy of Tuscany
* Savoyard state
* Savoy
* County of Savoy
* Piedmont
* Duchy of Aosta
* County of Nice
* County of Tenda

Republic of Venice
(697–1797)|

* Dogado
* Domini di Terraferma
* Stato da Màr

Other Republics
(c. 1000–1797)|

* Republic of Cospaia
* Republic of Florence
* Republic of Lucca
* Republic of Massa
* Republic of Siena
* Republic of Genoa
* Republic of Noli
* Republic of Pisa
* Republic of Ancona

Southern Italy
(774–1139)|

| Byzantine|

* Duchy of Amalfi
* Duchy of Gaeta
* Catepanate of Italy
* Longobardia
* Theme of Lucania
* Duchy of Naples
* Theme of Sicily and Byzantine Sicily
* Duchy of Sorrento

|

Arab|

* Emirate of Bari
* Muslim Sicily

Lombard|

* Principality of Benevento
* Principality of Salerno
* Principality of Capua

Norman|

* County of Apulia and Calabria
* County of Aversa
* County of Sicily
* Principality of Taranto

Sardinia
(from the 9th century)|

* Judicates
* Agugliastra
* Arborea
* Cagliari
* Gallura
* Logudoro
* Oristano
* Republic of Sassari
* Kingdom of Sardinia (1324–1861)

Kingdom of Sicily
(1130–1816) and
Kingdom of Naples
(1282–1816)|

* State of the Presidi
* Duke of San Donato
* Duchy of Sora
* Duchy of Bari
* County of Lecce
* Principality of Taranto
* Terra Sancti Benedicti
* Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648)
* Hospitaller Malta
* Gozo
* Malta Protectorate
* Crown Colony of Malta

French Revolutionary
and Napoleonic eras
(1792–1815)|

| Republics|

* Cisalpinia
* Cispadania
* Italy
* Liguria
* Lucca
* Parthenopea
* Piedmont
* Rome
* Subalpinia
* Transpadania

|

Monarchies|

* Benevento
* Etruria
* Guastalla
* Italy
* Lucca and Piombino
* Massa and Carrara
* Naples
* Pontecorvo
* Benevento
* Tuscany
* Elba
* Corsica

Post-Napoleonic
states|

* Duchy of Genoa (1815–1848)
* Duchy of Lucca (1815–1847)
* Duchy of Massa and Carrara (1814–1829)
* Duchy of Modena and Reggio (1814–1859)
* Duchy of Parma and Piacenza (1814–1859)
* Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1815–1859)
* Italian United Provinces (1831)
* Provisional Government of Milan (1848)
* Republic of San Marco (1848–1849)
* Roman Republic (1849–1850)
* United Provinces of Central Italy (1859–1860)
* Kingdom of Sardinia (1814–1860)
* Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816–1861)
* Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866)
* Papal States (1814–1870)

| Post-unification|

* Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
* Italian Empire (1882–1960)
* Free State of Fiume (1920–1924)
* Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)
* Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954)

|

* v
* t
* e

Monarchies

* Monarch
* Imperial, royal and noble ranks
* List of current sovereign monarchs
* List of current non-sovereign monarchs
* List of monarchy referendums

Type|

* Absolute
* Constitutional
* Diarchy
* Elective
* Federal
* Hereditary
* Non-sovereign
* Personal union
* Regency

Topics|

* Abdication
* Abolition of monarchy
* Aristocracy
* Criticism of monarchy
* Decolonization
* Democratization
* Dynasty
* Government
* Head of state
* Legitimacy (political)
* Oligarchy
* Order of succession
* Republicanism
* Self-proclaimed monarchy
* Sovereignty

Titles|

* Chhatrapati
* Emperor
* Khan
* King
* Queen regnant
* Pharaoh
* Prince regnant
* Raja
* Shah
* Sultan
* Tsar

Current|

| Africa|

* Eswatini
* Lesotho
* Morocco
* list

|

Asia|

* Bahrain
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Malaysia
* Oman
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Thailand
* United Arab Emirates
* list

Europe|

* Andorra
* Belgium
* Denmark
* Liechtenstein
* Luxembourg
* Monaco
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Spain
* Sweden
* Vatican City (Holy See)

Oceania|

* Tonga

Commonwealth realms|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Australia
* Bahamas
* Belize
* Canada
* Grenada
* Jamaica
* New Zealand
* Cook Islands
* Niue
* Papua New Guinea
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Solomon Islands
* Tuvalu
* United Kingdom

Former|

| Africa|

* Adamawa
* Ankole
* Aussa
* Bagirmi
* Barotseland
* Bornu
* Burundi
* Central Africa
* Dahomey
* Egypt
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* Gomma
* Gumma
* Islands of Refreshment
* Kaffa
* Kongo
* Libya
* Luba
* Madagascar
* Mali
* Maore
* Maravi
* Mwali
* Ndzuwani
* Ngazidja
* Rwanda
* Shilluk
* Tunisia
* Wituland
* Wassoulou
* Yeke
* Zanzibar
* Zimbabwe
* and other

|

Americas|

* Araucanía
* Aztec
* Brazil
* Haiti
* Inca
* Mexico
* Miskito
* Suriname
* Talamanca
* Trinidad
* Thirteen Colonies

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Asir
* Bengal
* Bukhara
* Burma
* Cebu
* Chehab
* China
* Dapitan
* Hejaz
* Indonesia
* Iran (Qajar)
* Iraq
* Jabal Shammar
* Kathiri
* Khiva
* Korea
* Kumul
* Kurdistan
* Laos
* Maguindanao
* Mahra
* Maldives
* Manchukuo
* Mongolia
* Najran
* Nepal
* Qu'aiti
* Ryukyu
* Sarawak
* Shan
* Sikkim
* Sri Lanka
* Sip Song Chau Tai
* Sulu
* Syria
* Tibet
* Taiwan
* Upper Asir
* Upper Yafa
* Vietnam
* Yemen
* Emirates of South Arabia
* South Arabia

Europe|

* Albania
* Aragon
* Asturias
* Austria
* Austria-Hungary
* Bavaria
* Bosnia
* Brittany
* Bulgaria
* Catalonia
* Cilicia
* Corsica
* Crimea
* Cyprus
* Finland
* France
* Galicia
* Georgia
* Germany
* Granada
* Greece
* Hanover
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Imereti
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kartli-Kakheti
* Lithuania
* Majorca
* Man
* Moldavia
* Montenegro
* Navarre
* Neuchâtel
* Ottoman Empire
* Papal States
* Piedmont-Sardinia
* Poland–Lithuania
* Portugal
* Prussia
* Romania
* Russia
* Samos
* Savoy
* Saxony
* Scotland
* Serbia
* Tavolara
* Tuscany
* Two Sicilies
* United Baltic Duchy
* Valencia
* Württemberg
* Yugoslavia

Oceania|

* Abemama
* Bora Bora
* Easter Island
* Fiji
* Hawaii
* Huahine
* Mangareva
* Niuē-Fekai
* Nuku Hiva
* Raiatea
* Rapa Iti
* Rarotonga
* Rimatara
* Rurutu
* Tahiti
* Tahuata

Commonwealth realms|

* Barbados
* Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
* Fiji
* The Gambia
* Ghana
* Guyana
* India (British Raj, princely states)
* Irish Free State / Ireland
* Kenya
* Malawi
* Malta
* Mauritius
* Nigeria
* Pakistan
* Rhodesia
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* Tanganyika
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Uganda

* v
* t
* e

Unification of Italy (Risorgimento)

Pre-unitary states|

* Kingdom of Sardinia (House of Savoy)
* Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
* Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
* Papal States
* Grand Duchy of Tuscany
* Duchy of Parma
* Duchy of Modena and Reggio

Timeline|

* Rimini Proclamation
* Carbonari
* Revolutions during the 1820s
* Revolutions of 1830
* Young Italy
* Neo-Guelphism
* Revolutions of 1848
* Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
* Republic of San Marco
* Roman Republic
* Quadrilatero
* First Italian War of Independence
* Five Days of Milan
* Sortie on Mestre
* Sicilian revolution of 1848
* Ten Days of Brescia
* Belfiore martyrs
* Crimean War
* Plombières Agreement
* Second Italian War of Independence
* United Provinces of Central Italy
* Expedition of the Thousand
* Dictatorship of Garibaldi
* Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
* Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
* Roman Question
* Third Italian War of Independence
* Capture of Rome
* Law of Guarantees
* Italian entry into World War I
* Impresa di Fiume

Symbols|

* Cockade of Italy
* Flag of Italy

Main leaders|

* Massimo d'Azeglio
* Agostino Bertani
* Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
* Celso Ceretti
* Federico Confalonieri
* Francesco Crispi
* Giuseppe Garibaldi
* Daniele Manin
* Giuseppe Mazzini
* Bettino Ricasoli
* Aurelio Saffi
* Annibale Santore di Santarosa
* Ruggero Settimo
* Victor Emmanuel II

Literature and philosophy|

* Giovanni Arrivabene
* Cesare Balbo
* Giosuè Carducci
* Carlo Cattaneo
* Felice Cavallotti
* Vincenzo Cuoco
* Giuseppe Ferrari
* Ugo Foscolo
* Vincenzo Gioberti
* Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
* Giacomo Leopardi
* Francesco Lomonaco
* Goffredo Mameli
* Alessandro Manzoni
* Ippolito Nievo
* Silvio Pellico
* Carlo Pisacane
* Gian Domenico Romagnosi
* Antonio Rosmini
* Francesco Saverio Salfi

Opponents|

* Pope Pius IX
* Franz Joseph I of Austria
* Francis II of the Two Sicilies
* Klemens von Metternich
* Joseph Radetzky von Radetz

Museums|

* Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
* Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
* Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
* Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
* Tricolour Flag Museum

National days|

* Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
* National Unity and Armed Forces Day

Other|

* Altare della Patria
* Italian irredentism
* Italian nationalism
* Redshirts
* Revisionism of Risorgimento
* Southern question
* Third Rome

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Italy articles

History|

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* Timeline of Italian history

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Early modern|

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Late modern|

* Unification
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* Expedition of the Thousand
* Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
* Third War of Independence
* Capture of Rome
* Monarchy and the World Wars
* Kingdom of Italy
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* World War I
* Fourth War of Independence
* Fascist Italy
* World War II
* Fall of the Fascist regime
* Resistance and Social Republic
* Civil War

Contemporary|

* Republic
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* Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
* Economic Boom
* Years of Lead
* Maxi Trial
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* Coronavirus pandemic

Geography|

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Other|

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