Kinnow

Variety of citrus fruit

Kinnow

Kinnow

Hybrid parentage| 'King' (Citrus nobilis) × 'Willow Leaf' (Citrus × deliciosa)
Breeder| Howard B. Frost, University of California Citrus Experiment Station in 1935
Kinnow

The kinnow is a high yield mandarin hybrid cultivated extensively in the wider Punjab region of India and Pakistan.

It is a hybrid of two citrus cultivars — 'King' (Citrus nobilis) × 'Willow Leaf' (Citrus × deliciosa) — first developed by Howard B. Frost,[1] at the University of California Citrus Experiment Station. After evaluation, the kinnow was released as a new citrus hybrid for commercial cultivation in 1935.[2]

## Description

[edit]

Young kinnow tree bearing fruit

In a hot climate, plants can grow up to 35 feet (11 m) high.[3] Kinnow trees are highly productive; it is not uncommon to find 1,000 fruits per tree.[citation needed]

The fruit matures in January or February. It peels easily and has a high juice content.

## Seedless kinnow/low seeded kinnow

[edit]

The high seed content in this variety is a major hindrance in out-of-hand eating. Mikeal Roose[4] of University of California, Riverside, USA developed a low seeded kinnow and this variety was released under the name 'Kinnow LS' in the year 2011. H. S. Rattanpal[5] of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India developed a low seeded kinnow through mutation breeding and recommended it under the name 'PAU Kinnow-1' in 2015. In Pakistan, a seedless kinnow has been developed (using the selection method) by Niaz Ahmad Chaudhry,[6][7] a team member of the National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC) in Islamabad[8] and the former director of the Citrus Research Institute in Sargodha.

## Export from Asia

[edit]

Most of the target export markets of kinnow from India and Pakistan are those of developing countries. Only 2.6 percent of kinnow exports target the markets of developed countries, which is due to the emerging demand for seedless kinnow by the developed countries. About 61 percent of total world exports of oranges and mandarins are of seedless varieties. Some important export markets for kinnow are: Iran, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Netherlands, Philippines, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Russia and Vietnam.[9] Indonesia has also offered market access to kinnow from Pakistan at zero per cent.[10] Over 40% of the Pakistani exports of kinnows went to Russia in 2015.[11] Internally, the prices of kinnow in Pakistan dropped more than 50% between 2016 and 2020.[12] The government of Pakistan is in the process of registration of kinnow as a Geographical Indication (GI). Pakistan's Ministry of Commerce notified Sarogodha Kinnow as a GI on 28 August 2021.[citation needed]

## Harvesting and handling

[edit]

Picking of kinnow with clippers

Kinnow fruit seeds are planted between August and October. Harvesting starts when the fruit's external colour becomes orange, from December to February. The best harvesting time is mid-January to mid-February, when the fruit attains a TSS/acid ratio of 12:1 to 14:1. The fruit quality declines in later pickings. Fruits are harvested by clipping the stem with the help of sharp clippers (secateurs). The stem is cut as short as possible to avoid mechanical injury to the fruit in packing and transits. As it is a comparatively loose rind fruit, harvesting by pulling fruits with one's hands is avoided. Coating kinnow fruits with commercial waxes can increase the shelf life up to 60 days. The fruit can be stored in cold storage at a temperature of 4–5 °C (39–41 °F) and a relative humidity of 85–90%.[13]

Packing of kinnows Kinnow products

## Fruit processing

[edit]

Food processing includes the selection of good-quality fruit. The ideal kinnow is firm to slightly soft, smooth-skinned with no deep grooves, and deep orange to almost red. Human hands can better judge and avoid product with soft spots, dull and faded coloring or rough and bumpy skin. Many processing technologies have been developed by state agricultural universities and other research institutes of India. Kinnow fruits can be stored at room temperature conditions or under cold storage conditions.[13]

## Gallery

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* Kinnow Flowers

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Hui, Y. H., M. Pilar Cano, and Josef Barta (editors). Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing. Wiley, John & Sons. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8138-1981-5; page 312.
2. ^ "Kinnow". ucr.edu.
3. ^ "newitworld.com". Archived from the original on 2015-02-04.
4. ^ "UCR Newsroom: UC Riverside releases new citrus variety: 'KinnowLS'". newsroom.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
5. ^ "Cross pollination: PAU low seeded kinnow scores over Pak variety". The Indian Express. 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
6. ^ "Pakistan, currently the largest kinnow grower". 12 December 2010.
7. ^ "ASLP Review Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-12-06.
8. ^ National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC).
9. ^ Marketing of Fruits Under WTO Regime, Dr. M. Sharif and Burhan Ahmad, Social Sciences Institute, NARC Islamabad Archived 2008-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
10. ^ "Indonesia, Pakistan ink trade agreement". Investvine.com. 2013-02-17. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
11. ^ "Kinnow demand: Over 40% of exports go to Russian market". The Express Tribune. 9 March 2015.
12. ^ "Retail Prices of Kinnow in Pakistan from 2015-2020". Deliver It - Online Sabzi Mandi / Grocery Store in Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2020-03-07.
13. ^ a b "Citrus cultivation in Punjab" (PDF). Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.

## References

[edit]

* Retail Prices of Kinnow in Pakistan from 2015-2020 Archived 2020-04-14 at the Wayback Machine

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Kinnow at Wikimedia Commons

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Citrus

True species|

* Australian and Papuan wild limes group
* Citron
* Ichang papeda
* Kaffir lime
* Kumquats group
* Mandarin orange
* Mangshanyegan
* Mountain citron
* Pomelo
* Ryukyu mandarin

Major hybrids|

* Grapefruit
* Lemon
* Lime
* Orange (sweet orange)

True and hybrid
cultivars|

* Alemow
* Amanatsu
* Assam lemon
* Bergamot orange
* Bizzarria
* Bitter orange
* Blood lime
* Blood orange
* Byeonggyul
* Biasong
* Cam sành
* Cara Cara navel orange
* Citrange
* Citrumelo
* Clementine
* Coorg orange
* Daidai
* Dekopon
* Encore
* Fairchild tangerine
* Florentine citron
* Forbidden fruit
* Ginger lime
* Haruka
* Hassaku
* Hebesu
* Heen naran
* Hyuganatsu
* Imperial lemon
* Indian wild orange
* Iyokan
* Jabara
* Jaffa orange
* Jamaican tangelo
* Kabbad
* Kabosu
* Kaji Nemu
* Kakadu lime
* Kalpi
* Kanpei
* Kawachi bankan
* Key lime
* Khasi papeda
* Kinkoji unshiu
* Kinnow
* Kishu mikan
* Kiyomi
* Kobayashi mikan
* Koji
* Komikan
* Laraha
* Lemonade fruit
* Limón de Pica
* Lumia
* Mandelo
* Mandora
* Melanesian papeda
* Melogold
* Meyer lemon
* Micrantha
* Midknight Valencia Orange
* Murcott
* Myrtle-leaved orange tree
* Nagpur orange
* Nasnaran
* New Zealand grapefruit
* Ōgonkan
* Orangelo/Chironja
* Oroblanco
* Palestinian sweet lime
* Persian lime
* Pixie mandarin
* Pompia
* Ponderosa lemon
* Ponkan
* Rangpur
* Reikou
* Rhobs el Arsa
* Rough lemon
* Samuyao
* Sanbokan
* Satsuma mandarin
* Setoka
* Shangjuan
* Shonan Gold
* Smith Red Valencia
* Sudachi
* Suruga yuko
* Sweet lemon
* Sweet limetta
* Tangelo
* Tangerine
* Tangor
* Tsunonozomi
* Valencia orange
* Variegated pink lemon
* Volkamer lemon
* Winged lime
* Xã Đoài orange
* Yūkō
* Yuzu

Citrons|

* Balady citron
* Corsican citron
* Diamante citron
* Fingered citron/Buddha's hand
* Greek citron
* Moroccan citron
* Yemenite citron

Mandarin oranges|

* Cleopatra mandarin
* Shīkwāsā
* Nanfengmiju
* Tachibana
* Willowleaf orange

Papedas|

* Celebes papeda
* Mountain "citron"
* Ichang papeda

Pomelos|

* Banpeiyu
* Dangyuja

Kumquats group|

| Kumquat species|

* Hong Kong kumquat
* Meiwa kumquat
* Oval kumquat
* Round kumquat
* Jiangsu kumquat
* Malayan kumquat

|

Kumquat hybrids
(× Citrofortunella)|

* Calamansi
* Citrangequat
* Limequat
* Mandarinquat
* Procimequat
* Sunquat
* Yuzuquat

Australian
and Papuan
wild limes group|

| Eromocitrus
(former genera)|

* Desert lime

|

Microcitrus
(former genera)|

* New Guinea wild lime
* Australian round lime
* Russell River lime
* Maiden's wild lime
* Mount White lime
* Australian finger lime
* Brown River finger lime

Clymenia
(former genera)|

* Clymenia platypoda
* Clymenia polyandra

Oxanthera
(former genera)|

* Orange-flowered oxanthera
* Large-leaf oxanthera
* Wavy-leaf oxanthera
* Oxanthera brevipes

Related genera
(perhaps
properly Citrus)|

* Poncirus/Trifoliate orange

Drinks|

* Calamansi juice
* Chūhai
* Curaçao
* Dried lime tea (noomi basra)
* Grapefruit juice
* Lemonade
* Limeade
* Orange juice
* Yuja-hwachae
* Yuja tea

Products|

* Calcium citrate
* Citric acid
* Lemonene
* Limonene
* Neroli
* Orange flower water
* Orange oil
* Orangeat
* Succade
* Zest

Diseases|

* Black spot
* Canker
* CTV/Tristeza
* Exocortis
* Greening
* Mal secco
* Phytophthora
* citricola

Citrus botanists|

* Clara H. Hasse
* Robert Willard Hodgson
* Lena B. Smithers Hughes
* David Mabberley
* Clément Rodier
* Robert Soost
* Walter Tennyson Swingle
* Chōzaburō Tanaka
* Ikuro Takahashi
* Johann Christoph Volkamer
* Herbert John Webber

Related topics|

* The Citrus Industry
* Citrus production
* Citrus rootstock
* Citrus taxonomy
* Cold-hardy citrus
* Hesperidium
* Japanese citrus
* List of citrus fruits
* Mother Orange Tree
* Orangery
* University of California Citrus Experiment Station
* University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection

* Category
* Production
* Commons

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