Kiss nightclub fire

2013 fire in Santa Maria, Brazil

29°41′3.5″S 53°48′25″W﻿ / ﻿29.684306°S 53.80694°W﻿ / -29.684306; -53.80694

Kiss nightclub fire

The shuttered nightclub with flowers and messages from mourners

Date| 27 January 2013 (2013-01-27)
Time| Between 2:00 and 2:30 (BRST)
Location| Centro, Sede, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Cause| Acoustic foam in the ceiling ignited. Fireworks-related accident.
Deaths| 242[1]
Non-fatal injuries| 630[2]

242 people were killed and at least 630 others injured in a fire in the Kiss nightclub in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, on 27 January 2013.[3][4][5][6][7] The fire started between 2:00 and 2:30 a.m. (BRST)[8] because outdoor fireworks were used indoors, causing the acoustic foam on the ceiling to catch fire. The premises having only one exit contributed to the high death toll as well as the electricity going out, making it impossible to find the exit with the layout the way it was. The only light in the building was coming from the bathroom where people flocked, only to be trapped with no way out as they believed it was an exit. It is the second deadliest fire in Brazilian history, surpassed only by the Niterói circus fire of 1961.

## Incident

[edit]

Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul

Map showing location of nightclub in Santa Maria

The party, called "Agromerados", organized by students from six faculties and technical courses at the Federal University of Santa Maria, began on Saturday, 26 January 2013 at 23:00 UTC. Two bands were scheduled to perform that night ("Pimenta e seus comparsas" and "Gurizada Fandangueira").

In the early morning hours of 27 January 2013, a fire broke out while students from the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) were holding a freshers' ball. A crowd crush occurred following the fire, and a lack of exit signs and emergency exits allegedly contributed to the deaths.[9] Most of the victims were between 18 and 30 years old.[10]

Brazilian police stated that the fire began when the band Gurizada Fandangueira[11] ignited a pyrotechnic device (similar to a signaling flare) while performing on stage.[12][13] The pyrotechnics accidentally ignited flammable acoustic foam in the ceiling.[14][15] According to the authorities, other reasons for the high death toll include the lack of emergency exits (the only access in and out of the building was the front door) and the fact that the number of people inside exceeded the maximum capacity by hundreds.[16]

Colonel Guido Pedroso de Melo of the Rio Grande do Sul Fire Department stated that the club's front door was locked. De Melo told CNN: "This overcrowding made it difficult for people to leave, and according to the information we have, the security guards trapped the victims inside."[17]

## Victims

[edit]

About 90 percent of the victims succumbed to smoke inhalation,[18] specifically cyanide, which was among the toxic chemicals produced when fire consumed the soundproofing foam on the club’s ceiling. This contributed to the high number of fatalities.[19] Many people died as they either tried to hide in bathrooms or, in panic, mistook them for exits. At least 180 bodies were removed from the bathrooms.[20] More than 150 were injured by the crush at the front door and the rapidly accumulating smoke within the nightclub.[citation needed] 14 injuries were attributed to severe burns,[21] with eight victims succumbing to their injuries in the days and weeks following the incident.[citation needed] More than 90 people were hospitalized.[21]

The fire has the second-highest death toll for an entertainment event in Brazil; it is second only to the 1961 Niterói circus fire, which killed more than 500 people.[22]

## Investigation

[edit]

Illustration of the nightclub fire.[citation needed]

Based on an investigation and the accounts of survivors, the cause of the fire was found to be an illegal firework device that ignited the acoustic foam on the ceiling.[1][23]

Two co-owners of the nightclub and two members of the band were arrested and questioned by police. One of the owners of the nightclub, Elissandro Spohr, tried to commit suicide while still being treated at the hospital. However, one of the police officers guarding his room noticed the attempt and intervened.[24]

The state fire department found that the premises did not have enough emergency exits and was not authorized to use fireworks. The fire department, however, did issue a permit for the club to operate. The permit stated that the club had two emergency exits. The fact that false information was used by the club and approved by the fire department resulted in a state investigation of the authorities responsible for supervising the nightclub, including the city hall and the fire department itself. It was also reported that the fire extinguishers in the club may have been artificial or were disabled at the time.[25]

On 30 January, the nightclub's owner deflected blame to "the whole country", as well as to architects and inspectors who were commissioned with ensuring the building's safety, according to his lawyer. By that time, the death toll was at least 235.[26] The next day, officials inspected and closed more than 58 nightlife spots around the country as part of a crackdown on unsafe public spaces.[27]

## Legal

[edit]

On 2 April, two nightclub owners and two band members were charged with manslaughter.[28]

On 1 December 2021, eight years after the fire, trial by jury procedures against the two nightclub owners and two band members commenced.[29]

On 10 December 2021, the two nightclub owners were sentenced to 22 and 19 years in prison respectively and the band members were given a jail term of 18 years each.[30] However, on 3 August 2022, the verdict was overturned due to a flawed process of jury selection.[31]

## Reactions

[edit]

### Domestic

[edit]

Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff stated, "I want to tell the Brazilians and the population of Santa Maria that we stand together in this sad moment," before departing early[32] from a summit of the EU and the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean in Santiago, Chile to visit grieving relatives of the victims.[33] Rousseff declared three days of official mourning. Santa Maria's city government established thirty days of official mourning.[34][35]

Organisers postponed a ceremony on 28 January in Brasília that marked 500 days to the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[10]

The incident resulted in the inspection of safety features of thousands of nightclubs all over the country. In São Paulo alone, 60% of the nightclubs inspected were found to be operating against safety regulations.[36]

### International

[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2013)

|

* Argentina — Argentine Health Minister, Juan Luis Manzur, arranged the delivery of skin transplants for the injured, commenting: "We will make available to our Brazilian counterparts the amount of skin we can provide, according to the existence of it in our skin bank which operates in the Garrahan Hospital."[37]
* United Kingdom — on 6 February 2013 during a football friendly match between England and Brazil (2–1) at Wembley, London, players of both teams wore black armbands to commemorate the 55th anniversary of the Munich air disaster and to remember those who died in the Kiss nightclub fire.
* Russia — President of Russia Vladimir Putin sent his profound condolences to President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff.[38]

## See also

[edit]

* List of fireworks accidents and incidents
* List of nightclub fires
* List of fatal crowd crushes

Portal:

* Brazil

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Police up death toll to 245 in Brazil club fire". Associated Press. 27 January 2013. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
2. ^ Brooks, Bradley; Sibaja, Marco (27 January 2014). "Brazil no safer a year after deadly club fire". AP.
3. ^ "Morte de jovem eleva para 241 o total de vítimas do incêndio na boate Kiss". Zero Hora. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
4. ^ "Autoridades corrigem número de mortos em boate: 232" (in Portuguese). Veja. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
5. ^ "Número de mortes após incêndio em boate já chega a 232, afirma polícia". G1. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
6. ^ "Autoridades confirmam 245 pessoas mortas em incêndio em casa noturna de Santa Maria (RS)" (in Portuguese). R7 Noticias. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
7. ^ Mehr als 200 Tote bei Disco-Brand: "Es war wie in einem Horrorfilm", Spiegel Online
8. ^ "Death toll rises to 242 in Brazil club fire". Myfox New York. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
9. ^ "Death toll rises to 236 in Brazil club fire". Myfox New York. Archived from the original on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
10. ^ a b "Brazil nightclub fire in Santa Maria kills 233". BBC. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
11. ^ "Pirotecnia era comum em shows de banda que tocava em boate". G1. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
12. ^ "Scores killed in nightclub fire in Santa Maria, Brazil". BBC News. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
13. ^ "DEADLY SMOKE, LONE BLOCKED EXIT: 230 DIE IN BRAZIL". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
14. ^ "Police: Brazil nightclub fire kills at least 180". NBC News. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
15. ^ "Fire at nightclub kills more than 200 in Brazil". Reuters. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
16. ^ "Fire rips through crowded Brazil nightclub, killing 233". CNN. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
17. ^ Kessler, Robert (27 January 2013). "Was the Front Door Locked at Kiss Nightclub When Deadly Fire Broke Out?". Gawker. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
18. ^ Darlington, Shasta (27 January 2013). "At least 220 killed in Brazil nightclub fire". CNN. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
19. ^ "U.S. Rushing treatment for Brazil fire victims". Reuters. 2 February 2013.
20. ^ Do G1 RS (1 February 2013). "G1 - Morre jovem internado em Porto Alegre após incêndio em boate - notícias em Rio Grande do Sul". G1.globo.com. Retrieved 5 June 2013.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
21. ^ a b Shasta Darlington, Marilia Brocchetto and Dana Ford (27 January 2013). "Fire rips through crowded Brazil nightclub, killing 233". CNN. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
22. ^ "Timeline: Fire in nightclub kills about 200 in Brazil". Reuters. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
23. ^ Do G1, em Porto Alegre (29 January 2013). "G1 – Boate informou em laudo ter duas saídas, diz Brigada Militar – notícias em Rio Grande do Sul". G1.globo.com. Retrieved 30 January 2013.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
24. ^ Leonardo Bonesso Do G1 RS (29 January 2013). "G1 – Polícia diz que sócio de boate de Santa Maria tentou se matar – notícias em Rio Grande do Sul". G1.globo.com. Retrieved 30 January 2013.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
25. ^ Tahiane Stochero Do G1, em Porto Alegre (29 January 2013). "G1 – MP abre inquérito para investigar ação de autoridades em Santa Maria – notícias em Rio Grande do Sul". G1.globo.com. Retrieved 30 January 2013.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
26. ^ "Club Owner Faults Brazil, Officials in Deadly Fire", Express (Washington, D.C.), 31 Jan 2013, p. 6, citing AP sources.
27. ^ "Officials Inspect, Close Clubs After Deadly Fire", Express (Washington, D.C.), 1 Feb 2013, p. 6, citing AP sources.
28. ^ "Brazil nightclub fire: Four charged with manslaughter". BBC News. 2 April 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
29. ^ "Tragédia na Boate Kiss: julgamento de 4 réus começa em Porto Alegre". Metrópoles (in Brazilian Portuguese). 1 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
30. ^ "Brazil nightclub fire: Four convicted over blaze that killed 242". BBC. 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
31. ^ "Men convicted over Brazil fire that killed 242 go free". BBC News. 4 August 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
32. ^ "Nightclub Fire Kills 233 in Brazil". CNBC. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
33. ^ ZEIT ONLINE GmbH, Hamburg, Germany. "Unfälle: Report "Trauriger Sonntag": Feuerinferno im Nachtclub "Kiss" | ZEIT ONLINE". Zeit.de. Retrieved 28 January 2013.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
34. ^ "Declaran luto de 3 días en Brasil por tragedia". Milenio (in Spanish). 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
35. ^ "30 días de luto en ciudad de Brasil tras muerte de 245 personas en incendio". El Universal (Caracas) (in Spanish). 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
36. ^ Do G1 São Paulo (31 January 2013). "G1 - Maioria das casas fiscalizadas em SP funciona sem aval dos bombeiros - notícias em São Paulo". G1.globo.com. Retrieved 5 June 2013.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
37. ^ "Argentina enviará piel para asistir a los heridos por quemaduras". Clarin.com. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
38. ^ "Condolences to President of Brazil Dilma Rousseff". kremlin.ru. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

## External links

[edit]

* Media related to Kiss nightclub fire at Wikimedia Commons
* Lyons, John; Murphy, Tom; Chao, Loretta (27 January 2013). "Brazil Nightclub Blaze Kills More Than 200". The Wall Street Journal.

* v
* t
* e

Fireworks accidents and incidents

>100 deaths|

* Xinjiang 61st Regiment Farm, China (1977)
* Cromañón nightclub, Argentina (1994)
* Shaoyang, China (1996)
* Mesa Redonda shopping center, Peru (2001)
* Station nightclub, Rhode Island (2003)
* Lame Horse nightclub, Russia (2009)
* Kiss nightclub, Brazil (2013)
* Puttingal temple fire, India (2016)
* Qaraqosh, Iraq (2023)

≤100 deaths|

* Benton, Tennessee (1983)
* C23 boat, Malta (1984)
* Hallett, Oklahoma (1985)
* San Francisco (1986)
* Mexico City (1988)
* Culemborg, Netherlands (1991)
* Sungai Buloh, Malaysia (1991)
* Celaya, Mexico (1999)
* Enschede, Netherlands (2000)
* Seest, Denmark (2004)
* Istanbul, Turkey (2008)
* Sivakasi, India (2012)
* Tultepec, Mexico (2016)
* Tangerang, Indonesia (2017)
* Duttapukur, India (2023)
* Nileshwar, India (2024)

All structures were factory warehouse if unspecified above. See also: List of industrial disasters.

* v
* t
* e

Nightclub fires, disasters, and attacks

Fires (accidental)|

* 1929 Study Club fire
* 1940 Rhythm Club fire
* 1942 Cocoanut Grove fire
* 1947 Karlslust dance hall fire
* 1961 Top Storey Club fire
* 1970 Club Cinq-Sept fire
* 1972 Play Town Club fire
* 1973 Summerland disaster
* 1977 Beverly Hills Supper Club fire
* 1981 Stardust fire
* 1983 Alcalá 20 nightclub fire
* 1993 Kheyvis fire
* 1996 Ozone Disco fire
* 2000 Luoyang Christmas fire
* 2001 Volendam New Year's fire
* 2001 Canecão Mineiro nightclub fire
* 2002 Utopía nightclub fire
* 2003 The Station nightclub fire
* 2004 Cromañón nightclub fire
* 2008 Wuwang Club fire
* 2009 Santika Club fire
* 2009 Lame Horse fire
* 2013 Kiss nightclub fire
* 2015 New Taipei water park fire
* 2015 Colectiv nightclub fire
* 2016 Ghost Ship warehouse fire
* 2022 Yaoundé nightclub fire
* 2022 Mountain B nightclub fire
* 2022 Binh Duong karaoke bar fire
* 2022 Kostroma café fire
* 2022 Poipet casino hotel fire
* 2023 Fonda Milagros nightclub fire
* 2024 Gayrettepe nightclub fire
* 2025 Kočani nightclub fire

Crowd crushes|

* 2000 Throb nightclub disaster
* 2003 E2 nightclub crush
* 2018 El Paraíso stampede
* 2018 Corinaldo stampede
* 2020 Los Olivos stampede

Attacks|

* 1972 Blue Bird Café fire
* 1973 Whiskey Au Go Go fire
* 1973 UpStairs Lounge arson attack
* 1974 Gulliver's nightclub fire
* 1975 Gargantua bar attack
* 1976 Puerto Rican Social Club fire
* 1997 Male Box shooting
* 1980 Denmark Place fire
* 1982 Droppin Well bombing
* 1984 Dallas nightclub shooting
* 1986 West Berlin discotheque bombing
* 1989 Rockhampton nightclub bombing
* 1990 Happy Land fire
* 1990 Rockhampton nightclub bombing
* 1996 Copenhagen rocket attack
* 1997 Otherside Lounge bombing
* 1998 Gothenburg discothèque fire
* 1998 Panda Bar massacre
* 2000 Backstreet Cafe shooting
* 2001 Dolphinarium discotheque massacre
* 2001 Myojo 56 building fire
* 2002 Bali bombings
* 2003 El Nogal Club bombing
* 2004 Columbus nightclub shooting
* 2005 Stage Club bombing
* 2006 Arua nightclub shooting
* 2007 London car bombs
* 2011 Tel Aviv nightclub attack
* 2015 Cairo restaurant fire
* 2015 Bataclan theatre massacre
* 2016 Pulse nightclub shooting
* 2016 Movida Bar grenade attack
* 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting
* 2017 Lima shooting
* 2017 Little Rock nightclub shooting
* 2017 Konstanz shooting
* 2018 Thousand Oaks shooting
* 2019 Salamanca nightclub shooting
* 2019 Melbourne nightclub shooting
* 2019 Coatzacoalcos nightclub fire
* 2022 Oslo shootings
* 2022 Bratislava shooting
* 2022 Colorado Springs nightclub shooting

Other|

* 1925 Pickwick Club collapse
* 2022 Enyobeni Tavern disaster (cause of death unknown)
* 2025 Jet Set nightclub roof collapse

* v
* t
* e

Crowd collapses and crushes

List of fatal crowd crushes

19th c.|

* 1807 Newgate Prison
* 1823 Valletta
* 1876 Brooklyn Theatre
* 1883 Victoria Hall
* 1896 Khodynka

20th c.|

* 1902 Shiloh Baptist Church
* 1903 Iroquois Theatre
* 1908 Barnsley Hall
* 1913 Italian Hall
* 1927 Laurier Palace
* 1943 Bethnal Green
* 1946 Burnden Park
* 1954 Kumbh Mela
* 1956 Yahiko Shrine
* 1964 Estadio Nacional
* 1965 El Progreso Bullring
* 1967 Atatürk Stadium
* 1971 Ibrox
* 1974 Zamalek
* 1977 Xinjiang 61st Regiment Farm
* 1979 The Who concert
* 1981 Karaiskakis Stadium
* 1982 Luzhniki
* 1985 Heysel Stadium
* 1987 Shanghai Lujiazui
* 1988 Dasharath Stadium
* 1989 Tbilisi
* 1989 Hillsborough
* 1990 Mecca
* 1991 Oppenheimer Stadium
* 1992 Mahamaham
* 1992 Bastia
* 1993 Lan Kwai Fong
* 1994 Mecca
* 1994 Gowari
* 1996 Haridwar and Ujjain
* 1997 Uphaar Cinema
* 1998 Mecca
* 1999 Sabarimala
* 1999 Nyamiha (Minsk)

2000s|

* 2000 Durban
* 2001 Mecca
* 2001 Ellis Park Stadium
* 2001 Accra Sports Stadium
* 2001 Akashi pedestrian bridge
* 2003 E2 nightclub
* 2003 The Station nightclub
* 2004 Mecca
* 2004 Miyun
* 2005 Mandher Devi temple
* 2005 Al-Aaimmah bridge
* 2005 Chennai (November)
* 2005 Chennai (December)
* 2006 Mecca
* 2006 PhilSports Stadium
* 2008 Bandung
* 2008 Naina Devi temple
* 2008 Jodhpur
* 2009 Houphouët-Boigny
* 2009 Mawazine

2010s|

* 2010
* Kor Royal Cup
* Pratapgarh
* Love Parade
* Phnom Penh
* 2011 Sabarimala
* 2012
* Port Said Stadium
* Satsanga Deoghar
* 2013 Houphouët-Boigny
* Kiss nightclub
* Kumbh Mela
* Madhya Pradesh
* 2014
* Mumbai
* Stade Tata Raphaël
* Patna
* Multan
* Kwekwe
* Shanghai Bund
* 2015
* 30 June Stadium
* Haiti
* Mina
* Colectiv nightclub
* 2017
* Turin
* Mumbai
* 2018
* Caracas
* Corinaldo
* 2019
* Antananarivo
* Karbala
* Caracas

2020s|

* 2020
* Kerman
* Maligawatta
* Los Olivos
* 2021
* Meron
* Astroworld Festival
* 2022
* Vaishno Devi Temple
* Yaoundé
* Port Harcourt
* GBLA Stadium
* Giza
* Kanjuruhan Stadium
* Seoul
* 2023
* Basra International Stadium
* Pakistan
* Sanaa
* San Salvador
* Brazzaville
* 2024
* Hathras
* Mumbai
* Nzérékoré
* Ibadan
* 2025
* Prayagraj
* New Delhi
* Bengaluru

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