Konrad Adenauer

Chancellor of West Germany from 1949 to 1963

For other uses, see Konrad Adenauer (disambiguation).

Konrad Adenauer

Adenauer in 1952

Chancellor of Germany[a]
In office
15 September 1949 – 16 October 1963[1]
President|

* Theodor Heuss
* Heinrich Lübke

Vice-Chancellor|

* Franz Blücher
* Ludwig Erhard

Succeeded by| Ludwig Erhard
Minister for Foreign Affairs
In office
15 March 1951 – 6 June 1955
Chancellor| Himself
Preceded by| Office established
Succeeded by| Heinrich von Brentano
Leader of the Christian Democratic Union
In office
1 March 1946 – 23 March 1966
Bundestag Leader|

* Heinrich von Brentano
* Heinrich Krone
* Rainer Barzel

Preceded by| Office established
Succeeded by| Ludwig Erhard
President of the Parliamentary Council
In office
1 September 1948 – 23 May 1949
Preceded by| Office established
Succeeded by| Office abolished
Lord Mayor of Cologne
In office
13 October 1917 – 13 March 1933
Preceded by| Max Wallraf
Succeeded by| Günter Riesen
In office
4 May 1945 – 6 October 1945
Preceded by| Willi Suth
Succeeded by| Willi Suth
President of the Prussian State Council
In office
7 May 1921 – 26 April 1933
Preceded by| Office established in 1921
Succeeded by| Robert Ley
Member of the Bundestag
for Bonn
In office
7 September 1949 – 19 April 1967
Preceded by| Constituency established
Succeeded by| Alo Hauser
Personal details
Born|

Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer

(1876-01-05)5 January 1876
Cologne, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
Died| 19 April 1967(1967-04-19) (aged 91)
Rhöndorf, West Germany
Resting place| Waldfriedhof, Rhöndorf, Bad Honnef
Political party|

* Centre Party (1906–1933)
* CDU (1945–1967)

Spouses|

* Emma Weyer

(m. 1904; died 1916)​

* Auguste Zinsser

(m. 1919; died 1948)​

Children| 8
Alma mater|

* University of Freiburg
* University of Munich
* University of Bonn

Signature|

Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (German: [ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈʔaːdənaʊɐ] ⓘ; 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1963. From 1946 to 1966, he was the first leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a new founded Christian-democratic party, which became the dominant force in the country under his leadership.

As a devout Roman Catholic, Adenauer was a leading politician of the Catholic Centre Party in the Weimar Republic, serving as Mayor of Cologne (1917–1933) and as president of the Prussian State Council. In the early years of the Federal Republic, he switched focus from denazification to recovery, and led his country to close relations with France, the United Kingdom and the United States.[2] During his years in power, he worked to restore the West German economy from the destruction of World War II to a central position in Europe with a market-based liberal democracy, stability, international respect and economic prosperity.[3]

Adenauer belied his age by his intense work habits and his uncanny political instinct. As a strong anti-communist, Adenauer was deeply committed to an Atlanticist foreign policy and restoring the position of West Germany on the world stage. Adenauer was a driving force in re-establishing national military forces (the Bundeswehr) and intelligence services (the Bundesnachrichtendienst) in West Germany in 1955 and 1956. Adenauer refused the diplomatic recognition of the rival German Democratic Republic as an East-German state and the Oder–Neisse line as a post-war frontier to Poland. Under Adenauer, West Germany joined NATO. As a proponent of European unity, he signed the Treaty of Rome in 1957. Adenauer is claimed as one of the "Founding fathers of the European Union".

## Cologne years[edit]

### Early life and education[edit]

Adenauer in 1896

Konrad Adenauer was born as the third of five children of Johann Konrad Adenauer (1833–1906) and his wife Helene (née Scharfenberg; 1849–1919) in Cologne, Rhenish Prussia, on 5 January 1876.[4] His siblings were August (1872–1952), Johannes (1873–1937), Lilli (1879–1950) and Elisabeth, who died shortly after birth c. 1880\. One of the formative influences of Adenauer's youth was the so-called Kulturkampf, the struggle of the Prussian state with the Catholic church, an experience that as related to him by his parents left him with a lifelong dislike for "Prussianism", and led him like many other Catholic Rhinelanders of the 19th century to deeply resent the Rhineland's inclusion in Prussia.[5]

Having a passion for inventing, Adenauer started experimenting with plants in the back garden as a child, which was not welcomed by his father who told him "One should not try to meddle with the Lord's hand", then in 1904 he invented a reaction steam engine which was supposed to filter out dust produced by cars. However, as the financial impact of inventing started increasing, Adenauer's activities in this area slowly diminished.[6]

After final school examination (Abitur) in 1894, Adenauer studied law and politics at the universities of Freiburg, Munich and Bonn. In 1896, he was mustered for the Prussian army, but did not pass the physical exam due to chronic respiratory problems he had experienced since childhood. He was a member of several Roman Catholic students' associations. He graduated in 1900,[4] and afterwards worked as a lawyer at the court in Cologne for four years.[7]

### Leader in Cologne[edit]

Bond of the City of Cologne, issued 1 October 1928; Faksimile signature of Adenauer In Wilhelmshaven in 1928, when a new cruiser was given the name of Köln (Cologne), home city of Adenauer (centre, with left hand visible, next to him Lieutenant-General Wilhelm Groener and Gustav Noske) Heinrich Hoerle: Zeitgenossen (contemporaries). A 1931 modernist painting with mayor Adenauer (in grey) together with artists and a boxer.

As a devout Catholic, he joined the Centre Party (German: Deutsche Zentrumspartei or just Zentrum) in 1906 and was elected to Cologne's city government in the same year. In 1909, he became Vice-Mayor of Cologne, an industrial metropolis with a population of 635,000 in 1914. Avoiding the extreme political movements that attracted so many of his generation, Adenauer was committed to bourgeois decency, diligence, order, Christian morals and values, and was dedicated to rooting out disorder, inefficiency, irrationality and political immorality.[8] In 1917, he was unanimously elected as Mayor of Cologne for a 12-year period, and re-elected in 1929.

During World War I, he worked closely with the army to maximize the city's role as a rear base of supply and transportation for the Western Front. He paid special attention to the civilian food supply, enabling the residents to avoid the worst of the severe shortages that beset most German cities during 1918–1919.[9] In 1918, he invented a soy-based sausage called the Cologne sausage to help feed the city.[10][11] In the face of the collapse of the old regime and the threat of revolution and widespread disorder in late 1918, Adenauer maintained control in Cologne using his good working relationship with the Social Democrats. In a speech on 1 February 1919 Adenauer called for the dissolution of Prussia, and for the Prussian Rhineland to become a new autonomous Land (state) in the Reich.[12] Adenauer claimed this was the only way to prevent France from annexing the Rhineland.[12] Both the Reich and Prussian governments were completely against Adenauer's plans for breaking up Prussia.[13] When the terms of the Treaty of Versailles were presented to Germany in June 1919, Adenauer again suggested to Berlin his plan for an autonomous Rhineland state and again his plans were rejected by the Reich government.[14]

He established a good working relationship with the postwar British military authorities, using them to neutralize the workers' and soldiers' council that had become an alternative base of power for the city's left wing.[15] During the Weimar Republic, he was president of the Prussian State Council from 1921 to 1933, which was the representation of the provinces of Prussia in its legislature.

A major debate had occurred within his Centre Party since 1906 regarding the question of whether it should "leave the tower" (i.e. allow Protestants to join, becoming a multi-faith party) or "stay in the tower" (i.e. continue to be a Catholic-only party). Adenauer was one of the leading advocates of "leaving the tower", which led to a dramatic clash at the 1922 Katholikentag, the annual meeting of German Catholics under the presidency of Adenauer. Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber publicly admonished Adenauer for wanting to take the Zentrum "out of the tower".[16]

In mid-October 1923, the Chancellor Gustav Stresemann announced that Berlin would cease all financial payments to the Rhineland and that the new currency Rentenmark, which had replaced the now worthless Mark would not circulate in the Rhineland.[17] To save the Rhineland economy, Adenauer opened talks with the French High Commissioner Paul Tirard in late October 1923 for a Rhenish republic in a sort of economic union with France which would achieve Franco-German reconciliation, which Adenauer called a "grand design".[18] At the same time, Adenauer clung to the hope that the Rentenmark might still circulate in the Rhineland. Adenauer's plans came to naught when Stresemann, who was resolutely opposed to Adenauer's "grand design", which he viewed as borderline treason, was able to negotiate an end to the crisis on his own.[18]

In 1926, the Zentrum suggested Adenauer becoming Chancellor, an offer that he was interested in but ultimately rejected when the German People's Party insisted that one of the conditions for entering into a coalition under Adenauer's leadership was that Gustav Stresemann stay on as Foreign Minister.[19] Adenauer, who disliked Stresemann as "too Prussian," rejected that condition.[20]

### Years under the Nazi government[edit]

When the Nazi Party won several municipal, state and national elections in between 1930 and 1932, Adenauer, a strong opponent of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis, still believed that improvements in the national economy would make his strategy work: ignore the Nazis and concentrate on the Communist threat. He thought that based on election returns, the Nazis should become part of the Prussian and Reich governments, even when he was already the target of intense personal attacks.[21] Political manoeuvrings around the ageing President Hindenburg then brought the Nazis to power on 30 January 1933.

By early February, Adenauer finally realized the futility of all discussions and any attempts at compromise with the Nazis. Cologne's city council and the Prussian parliament had been dissolved; on 4 April 1933, he was officially dismissed as mayor and his bank accounts were frozen. "He had no money, no home and no job."[22] After arranging for the safety of his family, he appealed to the abbot of the Benedictine monastery at Maria Laach for a stay of several months. According to Albert Speer in his book Spandau: The Secret Diaries, Hitler expressed admiration for Adenauer, noting his civic projects, the building of a road circling the city as a bypass, and a "green belt" of parks. However, both Hitler and Speer concluded that Adenauer's political views and principles made it impossible for him to play any role in Nazi Germany.

Adenauer was imprisoned for two days after the Night of the Long Knives on 30 June 1934; however, on 10 August 1934, maneuvering for his pension, he wrote a ten-page letter to Hermann Göring, the Prussian interior minister. He stated that as Mayor he had violated Prussian laws in order to allow NSDAP events in public buildings and Nazi flags to be flown from city flagpoles, and that in 1932 he had declared publicly that the Nazis should join the Reich government in a leading role.[23][24] At the end of 1932, Adenauer had indeed demanded a joint government by his Zentrum party and the Nazis for Prussia.[25]

During the next two years, Adenauer changed residences often for fear of reprisals against him, while living on the benevolence of friends. With the help of lawyers in August 1937 he was successful in claiming a pension. He received a cash settlement for his house, which had been taken over by the city of Cologne; his unpaid mortgage, penalties and taxes were waived. With reasonable financial security he managed to live in seclusion for some years. After the failed assassination attempt on Hitler of July 1944, he was imprisoned for a second time as an opponent of the regime. He fell ill and credited Eugen Zander [de], a former municipal worker in Cologne and a communist, with saving his life. Zander, then a section Kapo of a labor camp near Bonn, discovered Adenauer's name on a deportation list to the East and managed to get him admitted to a hospital. Adenauer was subsequently rearrested (as was his wife), but in the absence of any evidence against him, was released from prison at Brauweiler in November 1944.

### After World War II and the founding of the CDU[edit]

Adenauer in 1951, reading in his house in Rhöndorf he had built in 1937. It is now a museum.

Shortly after the war ended, the American occupation forces once again installed him as Mayor of Cologne, which had been heavily bombed. After the city was transferred into the British zone of occupation, however, the Director of its military government, General Gerald Templer, dismissed Adenauer for incompetence in December 1945. Adenauer considered the Germans the political equals of the occupying Allies, a view that angered Templer.[26] Adenauer's dismissal by the British contributed much to his subsequent political success and allowed him to pursue a policy of alliance with the occupying Allies in the 1950s without facing charges of being a "sell-out".

After being dismissed, Adenauer devoted himself to building a new political party, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), which he hoped would embrace both Protestants and Catholics in a single party. According to Adenauer, a Catholic-only party would lead to German politics being dominated by anti-democratic parties yet again.[27] In January 1946, Adenauer initiated a political meeting of the future CDU in the British zone in his role as doyen (the oldest man in attendance, Alterspräsident) and was informally confirmed as its leader. During the Weimar Republic, Adenauer had often been considered a future Chancellor and after 1945, his claims for leadership were even stronger. The other surviving Zentrum leaders were considered unsuitable for the tasks that lay ahead.[28]

Reflecting his background as a Catholic Rhinelander who had long chafed under Prussian rule, Adenauer believed that Prussianism was the root cause of National Socialism, and that only by driving out Prussianism could Germany become a democracy. In a December 1946 letter, Adenauer wrote that the Prussian state in the early 19th century had become an "almost God-like entity" that valued state power over the rights of individuals. Adenauer's dislike of Prussia even led him to oppose Berlin as a future capital.[29]

Adenauer viewed the most important battle in the postwar world as between the forces of Christianity and Marxism, especially Communism.[30] Marxism meant both the Communists and the Social Democrats as the latter were officially a Marxist party until the Bad Godesberg conference of 1959. The same anti-Marxist viewpoints led Adenauer to denounce the Social Democrats as the heirs to Prussianism and National Socialism.[31] Adenauer's ideology was at odds with parts of the CDU, who wished to unite socialism and Christianity.[32] Adenauer worked diligently at building up contacts and support in the CDU over the following years, and he sought with varying success to impose his particular ideology on the party.

Adenauer's leading role in the CDU of the British zone won him a position at the Parliamentary Council of 1948, which had been called into existence by the Western Allies to draft a constitution for the three western zones of Germany. He was the chairman of this constitutional convention and vaulted from this position to being chosen as the first head of government once the new "Basic Law" had been promulgated in May 1949.

## Chancellor of West Germany[edit]

Further information: History of Germany (1945–1990)

### First government[edit]

Election poster, 1949: "With Adenauer for peace, freedom and unity of Germany, therefore CDU"

The first election to the Bundestag of West Germany was held on 15 August 1949, with the Christian Democrats emerging as the strongest party. There were two clashing visions of a future Germany held by Adenauer and his main rival, the Social Democrat Kurt Schumacher. Adenauer favored integrating the Federal Republic with other Western states, especially France and the United States in order to fight the Cold War, even if the price of this was the continued division of Germany. Schumacher by contrast, though an anti-communist, wanted to see a united, socialist and neutral Germany. As such, Adenauer was in favor of joining NATO, something that Schumacher strongly opposed.

The Free Democrat Theodor Heuss was elected the first President of the Republic, and Adenauer was elected Chancellor (head of government) on 15 September 1949 with the support of his own CDU, the Christian Social Union, the liberal Free Democratic Party, and the right-wing German Party. It was said that Adenauer was elected Chancellor by the new German parliament by "a majority of one vote – his own".[33] At age 73, it was thought that Adenauer would only be a caretaker Chancellor.[34] However, he would go on to hold this post for 14 years, a period spanning most of the preliminary phase of the Cold War. During this period, the post-war division of Germany was consolidated with the establishment of two separate German states, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).

In the controversial selection for a "provisional capital" of the Federal Republic of Germany, Adenauer championed Bonn over Frankfurt am Main. The British had agreed to detach Bonn from their zone of occupation and convert the area to an autonomous region wholly under German sovereignty; the Americans were not prepared to grant the same for Frankfurt.[35] He also resisted the claims of Heidelberg, which had better communications and had survived the war in better condition; partly because the Nazis had been popular there before they came to power and partly, as he said, because the world would not take them seriously if they set up their state in a city that was the setting for The Student Prince, at the time a popular American operetta based on the drinking culture of German student fraternities.

As chancellor, Adenauer tended to make most major decisions himself, treating his ministers as mere extensions of his authority. While this tendency decreased under his successors, it established the image of West Germany (and later reunified Germany) as a "chancellor democracy".

#### Ending denazification[edit]

In a speech on 20 September 1949, Adenauer denounced the entire denazification process pursued by the Allied military governments, announcing in the same speech that he was planning to bring in an amnesty law for the Nazi war criminals and he planned to apply to "the High Commissioners for a corresponding amnesty for punishments imposed by the Allied military courts".[36] Adenauer argued the continuation of denazification would "foster a growing and extreme nationalism" as the millions who supported the Nazi regime would find themselves excluded from German life forever.[37] He also demanded an "end to this sniffing out of Nazis."[38] By 31 January 1951, the amnesty legislation had benefited 792,176 people. They included 3,000 functionaries of the SA, the SS, and the Nazi Party who participated in dragging victims to jails and camps; 20,000 Nazis sentenced for "deeds against life" (presumably murder); 30,000 sentenced for causing bodily injury, and about 5,200 charged with "crimes and misdemeanors in office.[39]

#### Opposition to the Oder–Neisse Line[edit]

The Adenauer government refused to accept the Oder–Neisse line as Germany's eastern frontier.[40] This refusal was in large part motivated by his desire to win the votes of expellees and right-wing nationalists to the CDU, which is why he supported Heimatrecht, i.e. the right of expellees to return to their former homes.[41] It was also intended to be a deal-breaker if negotiations ever began to reunite Germany on terms that Adenauer considered unfavorable such as the neutralization of Germany as Adenauer knew well that the Soviets would never revise the Oder–Neisse line.[41] Privately, Adenauer considered Germany's eastern provinces to be lost forever.[42]

Adenauer speaking in the Bundestag, 1955

#### Advocacy for European Coal and Steel Community[edit]

At the Petersberg Agreement in November 1949 he achieved some of the first concessions granted by the Allies, such as a decrease in the number of factories to be dismantled, but in particular his agreement to join the International Authority for the Ruhr led to heavy criticism. In the following debate in parliament Adenauer stated:

> The Allies have told me that dismantling would be stopped only if I satisfy the Allied desire for security, does the Socialist Party want dismantling to go on to the bitter end?[43][44]

The opposition leader Kurt Schumacher responded by labeling Adenauer "Chancellor of the Allies", accusing Adenauer of putting good relations with the West for the sake of the Cold War ahead of German national interests.

After a year of negotiations, the Treaty of Paris was signed on 18 April 1951 establishing the European Coal and Steel Community. The treaty was unpopular in Germany where it was seen as a French attempt to take over German industry.[45] The treaty conditions were favorable to the French, but for Adenauer, the only thing that mattered was European integration.[46] Adenauer was keen to see Britain join the European Coal and Steel Community as he believed the more free-market British would counterbalance the influence of the more dirigiste French, and to achieve that purpose he visited London in November 1951 to meet with Prime Minister Winston Churchill.[47] Churchill said Britain would not join the European Coal and Steel Community because doing so would mean sacrificing relations with the U.S. and Commonwealth.[48]

#### German rearmament[edit]

From the beginning of his Chancellorship, Adenauer had been pressing for German rearmament. After the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950, the U.S. and Britain agreed that West Germany had to be rearmed to strengthen the defenses of Western Europe against a possible Soviet invasion. Further contributing to the crisis atmosphere of 1950 was the bellicose rhetoric of the East German leader Walter Ulbricht, who proclaimed the reunification of Germany under communist rule to be imminent.[49][50] To soothe French fears of German rearmament, the French Premier René Pleven suggested the so-called Pleven plan in October 1950 under which the Federal Republic would have its military forces function as part of the armed wing of the multinational European Defense Community (EDC).[51] Adenauer deeply disliked the "Pleven plan", but was forced to support it when it became clear that this plan was the only way the French would agree to German rearmament.[52]

Adenauer in 1950 at the Ermekeil barracks in Bonn with Adolf Heusinger (right), one of the authors of the Himmerod memorandum

#### Amnesty and employment of Nazis[edit]

In 1950, a major controversy broke out when it emerged that Adenauer's State Secretary Hans Globke had played a major role in drafting anti-semitic Nuremberg Race Laws in Nazi Germany.[53] Adenauer kept Globke on as State Secretary as part of his strategy of integration.[54] Starting in August 1950, Adenauer began to pressure the Western Allies to free all of the war criminals in their custody, especially those from the Wehrmacht, whose continued imprisonment he claimed made West German rearmament impossible.[55] Adenauer had been opposed to the Nuremberg Trials in 1945–46, and after becoming Chancellor, he demanded the release of the so-called "Spandau Seven," as the seven war criminals convicted at Nuremberg and imprisoned at Spandau Prison were known.[56]

In October 1950, Adenauer received the so-called "Himmerod memorandum" drafted by four former Wehrmacht generals at the Himmerod Abbey that linked freedom for German war criminals as the price of German rearmament, along with public statements from the Allies that the Wehrmacht committed no war crimes in World War II.[57] The Allies were willing to do whatever necessary to get the much-needed German rearmament underway, and in January 1951, General Dwight Eisenhower, commander of NATO forces, issued a statement which declared the great majority of the Wehrmacht had acted honorably.[58]

On 2 January 1951, Adenauer met with the American High Commissioner, John J. McCloy, to argue that executing the Landsberg prisoners would ruin forever any effort at having the Federal Republic play its role in the Cold War.[59] At the time, American occupation authorities had 28 Nazi war criminals left on death row in their custody. In response to Adenauer's demands and pressure from the German public, McCloy and Thomas T. Handy on 31 January 1951 reduced the death sentences of all but the 7 worst offenders.[60]

By 1951 laws were passed by the Bundestag ending denazification. Denazification was viewed by the United States as counterproductive and ineffective, and its demise was not opposed.[61] Adenauer's intention was to switch government policy to reparations and compensation for the victims of Nazi rule (Wiedergutmachung).[62][63]

Officials were allowed to retake jobs in civil service, with the exception of people assigned to Group I (Major Offenders) and II (Offenders) during the denazification review process.[63][64] Adenauer pressured his rehabilitated ex-Nazis by threatening that stepping out of line could trigger the reopening of individual de-Nazification prosecutions. The construction of a "competent Federal Government effectively from a standing start was one of the greatest of Adenauer's formidable achievements".[65]

Contemporary critics accused Adenauer of cementing the division of Germany, sacrificing reunification and the recovery of territories lost in the westward shift of Poland and the Soviet Union with his determination to secure the Federal Republic to the West. Adenauer's German policy was based upon Politik der Stärke (Policy of Strength), and upon the so-called "magnet theory", in which a prosperous, democratic West Germany integrated with the West would act as a "magnet" that would eventually bring down the East German regime.[66]

#### Rejecting the reunification offer[edit]

In 1952, the Stalin Note, as it became known, "caught everybody in the West by surprise".[67] It offered to unify the two German entities into a single, neutral state with its own, non-aligned national army to effect superpower disengagement from Central Europe. Adenauer and his cabinet were unanimous in their rejection of the Stalin overture; they shared the Western Allies' suspicion about the genuineness of that offer and supported the Allies in their cautious replies. Adenauer's flat rejection was, however, still out of step with public opinion; he then realized his mistake and he started to ask questions. Critics denounced him for having missed an opportunity for German reunification. The Soviets sent a second note, courteous in tone. Adenauer by then understood that "all opportunity for initiative had passed out of his hands,"[68] and the matter was put to rest by the Allies. Given the realities of the Cold War, German reunification and recovery of lost territories in the east were not realistic goals as both of Stalin's notes specified the retention of the existing "Potsdam"-decreed boundaries of Germany.

Adenauer with Israeli President Zalman Shazar, 1966

#### Reparation to victims of Nazi Germany[edit]

Adenauer recognized the obligation of the West German government to compensate Israel, as the main representative of the Jewish people, for The Holocaust.[failed verification] West Germany started negotiations with Israel for restitution of lost property and the payment of damages to victims of Nazi persecution. In the Luxemburger Abkommen, West Germany agreed to pay compensation to Israel. Jewish claims were bundled in the Jewish Claims Conference, which represented the Jewish victims of Nazi Germany. West Germany then initially paid about 3 billion Mark to Israel and about 450 million to the Claims Conference, although payments continued after that, as new claims were made.[69] In the face of severe opposition both from the public and from his own cabinet, Adenauer was only able to get the reparations agreement ratified by the Bundestag with the support of the SPD.[70] Israeli public opinion was divided over accepting the money, but ultimately the fledgling state under David Ben-Gurion agreed to take it, opposed by more radical groups like Irgun, who were against such treaties. Those treaties were cited as a main reason for the assassination attempt by the radical Jewish groups against Adenauer.[71]

#### Assassination attempt[edit]

On 27 March 1952, a package addressed to Chancellor Adenauer exploded in the Munich Police Headquarters, killing one Bavarian police officer, Karl Reichert.[72] Investigations revealed the mastermind behind the assassination attempt was Menachem Begin, who would later become the Prime Minister of Israel.[73] Begin had been the commander of Irgun and at that time headed Herut and was a member of the Knesset. His goal was to put pressure on the German government and prevent the signing of the Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany, which he vehemently opposed.[74] The West German government kept all proof under seal in order to prevent antisemitic responses from the German public.

### Second government[edit]

#### Interior affairs[edit]

Konrad Adenauer with minister of economics Ludwig Erhard, 1956

When the East German uprising of 1953 was harshly suppressed by the Red Army in June 1953, Adenauer took political advantage of the situation and was handily re-elected to a second term as Chancellor.[75] The CDU/CSU came up one seat short of an outright majority. Adenauer could thus have governed in a coalition with only one other party, but retained/gained the support of nearly all of the parties in the Bundestag that were to the right of the SPD.

The German Restitution Laws (Bundesentschädigungsgesetz) were passed in 1953 that allowed some victims of Nazi prosecution to claim restitution.[76] Under the 1953 restitution law, those who had suffered for "racial, religious or political reasons" could collect compensation, which were defined in such a way as to sharply limit the number of people entitled to collect compensation.[77]

In November 1954, Adenauer's lobbying efforts on behalf of the "Spandau Seven" finally bore fruit with the release of Konstantin von Neurath.[78] Adenauer congratulated Neurath on his release, sparking controversy all over the world.[79] At the same time, Adenauer's efforts to win freedom for Admiral Karl Dönitz ran into staunch opposition from the British Permanent Secretary at the Foreign Office, Ivone Kirkpatrick, who argued Dönitz would be an active danger to German democracy.[80] Adenauer then traded with Kirkpatrick no early release for Admiral Dönitz with an early release for Admiral Erich Raeder on medical grounds.[81]

Adenauer is closely linked to the implementation of an enhanced pension system, which ensured unparalleled prosperity for retired people. Along with his Minister for Economic Affairs and successor Ludwig Erhard, the West German model of a "social market economy" (a mixed economy with capitalism moderated by elements of social welfare and Catholic social teaching) allowed for the boom period known as the Wirtschaftswunder ('economic miracle') that produced broad prosperity, but Adenauer acted more leniently towards the trade unions and employers' associations than Erhard. The Adenauer era witnessed a dramatic rise in the standard of living of average Germans, with real wages doubling between 1950 and 1963. This rising affluence was accompanied by a 20% fall in working hours during that same period, together with a fall in the unemployment rate from 8% in 1950 to 0.4% in 1965.[82] in addition, an advanced welfare state was established.[83]

#### Military affairs[edit]

Signing the North Atlantic Treaty in Paris, 1954 (Adenauer at the left) Minister Blank and Adenauer with General Speidel inspect formations of the newly created Bundeswehr on 20 January 1955.

In the spring of 1954, opposition to the Pleven plan grew within the French National Assembly.,[84] and in August 1954, it died when an alliance of conservatives and Communists in the National Assembly joined forces to reject the EDC treaty under the grounds that West German rearmament in any form was an unacceptable danger to France.[85]

The British Prime Minister Winston Churchill told Adenauer that Britain would ensure that West German rearmament would happen, regardless if the National Assembly ratified the EDC treaty or not,[86] and Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden used the failure of the EDC to argue for independent West German rearmament and West German NATO membership.[85] Thanks in part to Adenauer's success in rebuilding West Germany's image, the British proposal met with considerable approval.[85] In the ensuing London conference, Eden assisted Adenauer by promising the French that Britain would always maintain at least four divisions in the British Army of the Rhine as long as there was a Soviet threat, with the strengthened British forces also aimed implicitly against any German revanchism.[87] Adenauer then promised that Germany would never seek to have nuclear, chemical and biological weapons as well as capital ships, strategic bombers, long-range artillery, and guided missiles, although these promises were non-binding.[87] The French had been assuaged that West German rearmament would be no threat to France. Additionally, Adenauer promised that the West German military would be under the operational control of NATO general staff, though ultimate control would rest with the West German government; and that above all he would never violate the strictly defensive NATO charter and invade East Germany to achieve German reunification.[88]

In May 1955, West Germany joined NATO and in November a West German military, the Bundeswehr, was founded.[85] Though Adenauer made use of a number of former Wehrmacht generals and admirals in the Bundeswehr, he saw the Bundeswehr as a new force with no links to the past, and wanted it to be kept under civilian control at all times.[89] To achieve these aims, Adenauer gave a great deal of power to the military reformer Wolf Graf von Baudissin.[90]

Adenauer reached an agreement for his "nuclear ambitions" with a NATO Military Committee in December 1956 that stipulated West German forces were to be "equipped for nuclear warfare".[91] Concluding that the United States would eventually pull out of Western Europe, Adenauer pursued nuclear cooperation with other countries. The French government then proposed that France, West Germany and Italy jointly develop and produce nuclear weapons and delivery systems, and an agreement was signed in April 1958. With the ascendancy of Charles de Gaulle, the agreement for joint production and control was shelved indefinitely.[92] President John F. Kennedy, an ardent foe of nuclear proliferation, considered sales of such weapons moot since "in the event of war the United States would, from the outset, be prepared to defend the Federal Republic."[93] The physicists of the Max Planck Institute for Theoretical Physics at Göttingen and other renowned universities would have had the scientific capability for in-house development, but the will was absent,[94] nor was there public support. With Adenauer's fourth-term election in November 1961 and the end of his chancellorship in sight, his "nuclear ambitions" began to taper off.

#### Foreign policy[edit]

Bulganin, Malenkov, Khrushchev greeting Adenauer in Moscow in September 1955 Adenauer with the mother of a German POW brought home in 1955 from the Soviet Union, due to Adenauer's visit to Moscow

In return for the release of the last German prisoners of war in 1955, the Federal Republic established diplomatic relations with the USSR, but refused to recognize East Germany and broke off diplomatic relations with countries (e.g., Yugoslavia) that established relations with the East German régime.[95] Adenauer was also ready to consider the Oder–Neisse line as the German border in order to pursue a more flexible policy with Poland but he did not command sufficient domestic support for this, and opposition to the Oder–Neisse line continued, causing considerable disappointment among Adenauer's Western allies.[96]

In 1956, during the Suez Crisis, Adenauer fully supported the Anglo-French-Israeli attack on Egypt, arguing to his Cabinet that Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser was a pro-Soviet force that needed to be cut down to size.[97] Adenauer was appalled that the Americans had come out against the attack on Egypt alongside the Soviets, which led Adenauer to fear that the United States and Soviet Union would "carve up the world" with no thought for European interests.[98]

At the height of the Suez crisis, Adenauer visited Paris to meet the French Premier Guy Mollet in a show of moral support for France.[99] The day before Adenauer arrived in Paris, the Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin sent the so-called "Bulganin letters" to the leaders of Britain, France, and Israel threatening nuclear strikes if they did not end the war against Egypt.[99] The news of the "Bulganin letters" reached Adenauer mid-way on the train trip to Paris. The threat of a Soviet nuclear strike that could destroy Paris at any moment added considerably to the tension of the summit.[100] The Paris summit helped to strengthen the bond between Adenauer and the French, who saw themselves as fellow European powers living in a world dominated by Washington and Moscow.[101]

Adenauer was deeply shocked by the Soviet threat of nuclear strikes against Britain and France, and even more so by the apparent quiescent American response to the Soviet threat of nuclear annihilation against two of NATO's key members.[102] As a result, Adenauer became more interested in the French idea of a European "Third Force" in the Cold War as an alternative security policy.[103] This helped to lead to the formation of the European Economic Community in 1957, which was intended to be the foundation stone of the European "Third Force".[104]

Adenauer's achievements include the establishment of a stable democracy in West Germany and a lasting reconciliation with France, culminating in the Élysée Treaty. His political commitment to the Western powers achieved full sovereignty for West Germany, which was formally laid down in the General Treaty, although there remained Allied restrictions concerning the status of a potentially reunited Germany and the state of emergency in West Germany. Adenauer firmly integrated the country with the emerging Euro-Atlantic community (NATO and the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation).

### Third government[edit]

Adenauer and Italian Prime Minister Antonio Segni in August 1959

In 1957 the Saarland was reintegrated into Germany as a federal state of the Federal Republic. The election of 1957 essentially dealt with national matters.[94] His re-election campaign centered around the slogan "No Experiments".[34] Riding a wave of popularity from the return of the last POWs from Soviet labor camps, as well as an extensive pension reform, Adenauer led the CDU/CSU to an outright majority, something never previously achieved in a free German election.[105] In 1957, the Federal Republic signed the Treaty of Rome and became a founding member of the European Economic Community. In September 1958, Adenauer first met President Charles de Gaulle of France, who was to become a close friend and ally in pursuing Franco-German rapprochement.[106] Adenauer saw de Gaulle as a "rock" and the only foreign leader whom he could completely trust.[107]

In response to the Ulm Einsatzkommando trial in 1958, Adenauer set up the Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes.[108]

On 27 November 1958 another Berlin crisis broke out when Khrushchev submitted an ultimatum with a six-month expiry date to Washington, London and Paris, where he demanded that the Allies pull all their forces out of West Berlin and agree that West Berlin become a "free city", or else he would sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany.[109] Adenauer was opposed to any sort of negotiations with the Soviets, arguing if only the West were to hang tough long enough, Khrushchev would back down.[110] As the 27 May deadline approached, the crisis was defused by the British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, who visited Moscow to meet with Khrushchev and managed to extend the deadline while not committing himself or the other Western powers to concessions.[111] Adenauer believed Macmillan to be a spineless "appeaser", who had made a secret deal with Khrushchev at the expense of the Federal Republic.[112][113]

Adenauer tarnished his image when he announced he would run for the office of federal president in 1959, only to pull out when he discovered that he did not have political backing to strengthen the office of president and change the balance of power. After his reversal he supported the nomination of Heinrich Lübke as the CDU presidential candidate whom he believed weak enough not to interfere with his actions as Federal Chancellor. One of Adenauer's reasons for not pursuing the presidency was his fear that Ludwig Erhard, whom Adenauer thought little of, would become the new chancellor.

By early 1959, Adenauer came under renewed pressure from his Western allies to recognize the Oder–Neisse line, with the Americans being especially insistent.[114] Adenauer gave his "explicit and unconditional approval" to the idea of non-aggression pacts in late January 1959, which effectively meant recognising the Oder–Neisse line, since realistically speaking Germany could only regain the lost territories through force. After Adenauer's intention to sign non-aggression pacts with Poland and Czechoslovakia became clear, the German expellee lobby swung into action and organized protests all over the Federal Republic while bombarding the offices of Adenauer and other members of the cabinet with thousands of letters, telegrams and telephone calls promising never to vote CDU again if the non-aggression pacts were signed.[115] Faced with this pressure, Adenauer promptly capitulated to the expellee lobby.[115]

In late 1959, a controversy broke out when it emerged that Theodor Oberländer, the Minister of Refugees since 1953 and one of the most powerful leaders of the expellee lobby, had committed war crimes against Jews and Poles during World War II.[116] Despite his past, on 10 December 1959, a statement was released to the press declaring that "Dr. Oberländer has the full confidence of the Adenauer cabinet".[117] Other Christian Democrats made it clear to Adenauer that they would like to see Oberländer out of the cabinet, and finally in May 1960 Oberländer resigned.[118]

### Fourth government[edit]

U.S. president John F. Kennedy, Willy Brandt, and Adenauer at Berlin Wall in 1963

In 1961, Adenauer had his concerns about both the status of Berlin and US leadership confirmed, as the Soviets and East Germans built the Berlin Wall. Adenauer had come into the year distrusting the new US president, John F. Kennedy. He doubted Kennedy's commitment to a free Berlin and a unified Germany and considered him undisciplined and naïve.[119] For his part, Kennedy thought that Adenauer was a relic of the past. Their strained relationship impeded effective Western action on Berlin during 1961.[120]

The construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 and the sealing of borders by the East Germans made Adenauer's government look weak. Adenauer continued his campaign trail and made a disastrous misjudgement in a speech on 14 August 1961 in Regensburg with a personal attack on the SPD lead candidate Willy Brandt, Lord Mayor of West-Berlin, saying that Brandt's illegitimate birth had disqualified him from holding any sort of office.[121] After failing to keep their majority in the general election on 17 September, the CDU/CSU again needed to include the FDP in a coalition government. Adenauer was forced to make two concessions: to relinquish the chancellorship before the end of the new term, his fourth, and to replace his foreign minister.[122] In his last years in office, Adenauer used to take a nap after lunch and, when he was traveling abroad and had a public function to attend, he sometimes asked for a bed in a room close to where he was supposed to be speaking, so that he could rest briefly before he appeared.[123]

Adenauer with French president Charles de Gaulle (1963)

During this time, Adenauer came into conflict with the Economics Minister Ludwig Erhard over the depth of German integration to the West. Erhard was in favor of allowing Britain to join to create a trans-Atlantic free trade zone, while Adenauer was for strengthening ties amongst the original founding six nations of West Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Italy.[124] In Adenauer's viewpoint, the Cold War meant that the NATO alliance with the United States and Britain was essential, but there could be no deeper integration into a trans-Atlantic community beyond the existing military ties as that would lead to a "mishmash" between different cultural systems that would be doomed to failure.[125] Though Adenauer had tried to get Britain to join the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951–52, by the early 1960s Adenauer had come to share General de Gaulle's belief that Britain simply did not belong in the EEC.[126] The Élysée Treaty was signed in January 1963 to solidify relations with France.

In October 1962, a scandal erupted when police arrested five Der Spiegel journalists, charging them with espionage for publishing a memo detailing weaknesses in the West German armed forces. Adenauer had not initiated the arrests, but initially defended the person responsible, Defense Minister Franz Josef Strauss, and called the Spiegel memo "abyss of treason". After public outrage and heavy protests from the coalition partner FDP he dismissed Strauss, but the reputation of Adenauer and his party had already suffered.[127][128]

Adenauer delivering a speech at the March 1966 CDU party rally, one year before his death

Adenauer managed to remain in office for almost another year, but the scandal increased the pressure already on him to fulfill his promise to resign before the end of the term. Adenauer was not on good terms in his last years of power with his economics minister Ludwig Erhard and tried to block him from the chancellorship. In January 1963, Adenauer privately supported General Charles de Gaulle's veto of Britain's attempt to join the European Economic Community, and was only prevented from saying so openly by the need to preserve unity in his cabinet as most of his ministers led by Erhard supported Britain's application.[129] A Francophile, Adenauer saw a Franco-German partnership as the key for European peace and prosperity and shared de Gaulle's view that Britain would be a disputative force in the EEC.[130] Adenauer failed in his efforts to block Erhard as his successor, and in October 1963 he turned the office over to Erhard. He remained chairman of the CDU until his resignation in December 1966.[131]

Adenauer ensured a generally free and democratic society, and laid the groundwork for Germany to re-enter the community of nations and to evolve as a dependable member of the Western world. The British historian Frederick Taylor argued that in many ways the Adenauer era was a transition period in values and viewpoints from the authoritarianism that characterized Germany in the first half of the 20th century to the more democratic values that characterized the western half of Germany in the second half of the 20th century.[132]

### Social policies[edit]

Adenauer's years in the Chancellorship saw the realization of a number of important initiatives in the domestic field, such as in housing, pension rights, and unemployment provision. A major housebuilding programme was launched, while measures introduced to assist war victims[133] and expellees.[134] A savings scheme for homeownership was set up in 1952,[135] while the Housebuilding Act of 1956 reinforced incentives for owner-occupation. Employer-funded child allowances for three or more children were established in 1954, and in 1957 the indexation of pension schemes was introduced, together with an old age assistance scheme for agricultural workers.[136] The 1952 Maternity Leave Law foresaw 12 weeks of paid leave for working mothers, who were also safeguarded from unfair dismissal,[137] and improvements in unemployment benefits were carried out.[138] The Soldiers' Law of 1956 laid down that soldiers had the same rights as other citizens, "limited only by the demands of military service."[139] Following a Federal Act of 1961, social assistance provided a safety net of minimum income "for those not adequately catered for by social insurance."[140] Controversially, however, a school lunch programme was abolished in 1950.[141]

### Intelligence services and spying[edit]

By the early 1960s, connections between the CDU under Adenauer and the intelligence services ("Bundesnachrichtendienst" / BND) had become significantly closer than would be generally known until more than 50 years later. Thanks to the BND, information on the internal machinations of the opposition SPD party were available to the entire CDU leadership, and not merely to Adenauer in his capacity as chancellor. It was Adenauer himself who personally instructed the BND to spy on his SPD rival, the future chancellor Willy Brandt.[142]

### Late years[edit]

Adenauer, who resigned as Chancellor at the age of 87 and remained head of the governing CDU until his retirement at 90, was often dubbed "Der Alte" ("the old one"). He also remained a Member of the Bundestag for the constituency of Bonn until his death.

In May 1966, the former Chancellor made a private visit to the new state of Israel and was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Weizmann Institute.[143] The friendship with France was particularly close to the ex-Chancellor's heart: he visited the neighbouring country three times in 1964, 1966 and 1967.[144] On his last trip abroad in February 1967, Adenauer met with General Franco and, as the art lover he had been all his life, took advantage of the stay to visit the Prado. His last major speech in Madrid's Ateneo Palace was marked by the admonition not to let up, to continue the process of European unification.[145]

As of 2021, Adenauer remains the oldest-ever European head of government and one of the oldest elected European statesmen (paralleled only by Sandro Pertini and Giorgio Napolitano); however, the governments of Tunisia and Malaysia had older heads of government during the 2010s.[b]

## Death and legacy[edit]

Funeral service for Adenauer in Cologne Cathedral Crowds look on as Adenauer's remains are conveyed along the Rhine. Adenauer's grave in Rhöndorf The monument "Homage to the Founding Fathers of Europe" in front of Robert Schuman's house in Scy-Chazelles by Russian artist Zurab Tsereteli, unveiled 20 October 2012, with statues of De Gasperi, Schuman, Monnet and Adenauer Berlin plaque commemorating restoration of relations between Germany and France, showing Adenauer and Charles de Gaulle Man of the Year: Adenauer on the cover of Time (4 January 1954)

Adenauer died on 19 April 1967 in his family home at Rhöndorf. According to his daughter, his last words were "Da jitt et nix zo kriesche!" (pronounced [dɔ² ˈjɪdət nɪks tsə ˈkʁiːʃə],[what does "²" mean?] Cologne dialect for "There's nothin' to weep about!").[146] Adenauer's requiem mass in Cologne Cathedral was attended by a large number of international guests which represented over one hundred countries and organizations :[147]

* French president Charles de Gaulle
* U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson
* Belgian prime minister Paul Vanden Boeynants
* Danish prime minister Jens Otto Krag
* British prime minister Harold Wilson
* Iranian prime minister Amir Abbas Hoveida
* Icelandic prime minister Bjarni Benediktsson
* Italian prime minister Aldo Moro
* Liechtensteiner prime minister Gerard Batliner
* Luxembourgish prime minister Pierre Werner
* Dutch prime minister Piet de Jong
* Norwegian prime minister Per Borten
* Austrian chancellor Josef Klaus
* Swedish prime minister Tage Erlander
* Turkish prime minister Süleyman Demirel
* President of the European Commission Walter Hallstein
* Secretary-General of NATO Manlio Brosio

Thereafter his remains were taken upstream to Rhöndorf on the Rhine aboard the Seeadler-class fast attack craft Kondor of the German Navy, with two more, Seeadler and Sperber, as escorts, "past the thousands who stood in silence on both banks of the river".[148] He is interred at the Waldfriedhof ("Forest Cemetery") at Rhöndorf.[149]

When after his death, Germans were asked what they admired most about Adenauer, the majority responded that he had brought home the last German prisoners of war from the USSR, which had become known as the "Return of the 10,000".[c]

In 2003, Adenauer was voted the 'greatest German of all time' in a contest called Unsere Besten ("Our Best") run on German public-service television broadcaster ZDF in which more than three million votes were cast.[151]

Adenauer was the main motive for the Belgian 3 pioneers of the European unification commemorative coin, minted in 2002. The obverse side shows a portrait with the names Robert Schuman, Paul-Henri Spaak, and Konrad Adenauer.[152][better source needed]

## Distinctions[edit]

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

### National orders[edit]

* West Germany: Grand Cross, Special Class, of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (January 1954)
* Prussia: 4th class of the Order of the Red Eagle (1918)
* Bavaria: Bavarian Order of Merit (May 1958)

### Foreign orders[edit]

* Argentina:
* Grand Cross of the Order of the Liberator General San Martín
* Grand Cross of the Order of May
* Austria:
* Grand Decoration of Honour of the Order for Services to the Republic of Austria (first Austrian republic, 1927)
* Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria (1956)[153]
* Belgium: Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
* Bolivia: Grand Cross of the Order of the Condor of the Andes
* Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross (July 1953)
* Chile: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Chile)
* Colombia: Grand Cross of the Order of Boyacá
* Cuba: Grand Cross of the Order of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes
* Dominican Republic: Grand Cross with Silver Breast Star of the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella
* Ecuador: Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (Ecuador)
* El Salvador: Grand Cross of the Order of José Simeón Cañas
* Ethiopian Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)
* France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (1962)[154]
* Haiti: Grand Cross of the National Order of Honour and Merit
* Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon
* Pahlavi Iran: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown (Iran)
* Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (1953)
* Japan:
* Grand Cordon Order of the Rising Sun (1960)[155] – "because of his long-standing commitment to an understanding of the Japanese–German friendship, and for the peace and prosperity in the world"
* Grand Cordon with Paulownia Flowers of the Order of the Rising Sun (1963)[155]
* Kingdom of Afghanistan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Supreme Sun
* Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of George I
* Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown
* Madagascar: Grand Cross of the National Order of Madagascar
* Mexico: Grand Cross of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
* Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (1960)
* Nicaragua: Grand Cross of the Orden de la Independencia Cultural Rubén Darío
* Pakistan: Nishan-e-Imtiaz
* Peru: Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun (1953)[155]
* Portugal:
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (24 January 1956)[156]
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword (1 October 1963)[157]
* Senegal: Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion
* Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Knight of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1951)
* Spain:
* Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (1967)[155]
* Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit
* Thailand:
* Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Crown of Thailand
* Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Elephant
* Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Independence (1961)
* United Kingdom: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1956)[155][158]
* Vatican:
* Supreme Order of Christ (September 1963)[159]
* Order of the Golden Spur (December 1955)
* Honorary Knight of the Teutonic Order (1958)
* Grand Cross of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre (1964)
* Venezuela: Grand Officer of the Order of the Liberator

### Awards[edit]

* Man of the Year by the Time magazine (1953)
* Charlemagne Prize (Aachen, May 1954) – as a "powerful promoter of a united Europe"

## See also[edit]

* List of German inventors and discoverers

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Due to the division of Germany, Konrad Adenauer was not an all-German Chancellor, despite his legal title. The term West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany in the period between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 October 1990.
2. ^ E.g. Beji Caid Essebsi was Tunisian president (2014–2019) from age 88 to 92, and Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad (2018–2020) was in office aged 92 to 94; Italian president Giorgio Napolitano who turned 88 in 2013 and remained in office until 2015, age 89, was merely a titular leader and did not run the government of Italy).
3. ^ The 10,000 returnees were Wehrmacht personnel and some civilians convicted by Soviet Military Tribunals of war crimes. Among those returned in 1955 were Luftwaffe fighter ace Erich Hartmann, Generals Leopold von Babenhausen, Friedrich Foertsch, Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach and Hitler's personal pilot Hans Baur.[150]

## References[edit]

1. ^ "11.10.63 10:45 – Herr Bundeskanzler zu Herrn Bundespräsident – Übergabe des Rücktrittsschreibens" [Adenauer surrenders his letter of resignation to the head of state]. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (in German). Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
2. ^ "Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967)".
3. ^ Richard Hiscocks, The Adenauer era (1975) p. 290
4. ^ a b David W. Del Testa, ed. (2001). "Adenauer, Konrad". Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists. Westport, CT: Oryx Press. p. 4\. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
5. ^ Jenkins, Roy. Portraits and Miniatures, London: Bloomsbury Reader, 2012. p. 81
6. ^ "Konrad AdenauerGroße Politik, fragwürdige Erfindungen" (in German). Focus Online. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
7. ^ "Lebenslauf – Ein kurzer Überblick" (in German). Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
8. ^ Schwarz 1995, p. 94.
9. ^ Schwarz 1995, pp. 97–99.
10. ^ René Schlott (5 January 2015). "Konrad das Brot".
11. ^ GB patent 131402, "Improvements in the Composition and Manufacture of Sausage Meat and the like", published 1918-06-26
12. ^ a b Epstein 1967, p. 539.
13. ^ Epstein 1967, pp. 539–540.
14. ^ Epstein 1967, pp. 540–541.
15. ^ Schwarz 1995, pp. 128–131.
16. ^ Mitchell 2012, p. 20.
17. ^ Epstein 1967, pp. 541–542.
18. ^ a b Epstein 1967, p. 542.
19. ^ Jenkins, Roy. Portraits and Miniatures, London: Bloomsbury Reader, 2012. p. 88
20. ^ Jenkins, Roy. Portraits and Miniatures, London: Bloomsbury Reader, 2012. pp. 81, 88
21. ^ Williams 2001, p. 201.
22. ^ Williams 2001, p. 212.
23. ^ Cited by Peter Koch: Adenauer. Reinbek 1985
24. ^ Letter to the Prussian Interior Minister of 10 August 1934 (after his firing), available online in: https://www.konrad-adenauer.de/seite/10-august-1934/. Additional letter of 18 September 1962 that confirms the content of the 1934 letter, both reproduced in: Delmer, Sefton; Die Deutschen und ich; Hamburg 1963, S.751 (1962 Faksimilie), 752-60 (1934)
25. ^ Augstein, Rudolf (29 September 1986). "Ein Hohenzoller oder meinetwegen auch Hitler". Der Spiegel (in German).
26. ^ Schwarz 1995, pp. 321–323.
27. ^ Schwarz 1995, pp. 335–337.
28. ^ Schwarz 1995, pp. 344–346.
29. ^ Mitchell 2012, pp. 96–97.
30. ^ Mitchell 2012, p. 132.
31. ^ Mitchell 2012, p. 133.
32. ^ Williams 2001, p. 307.
33. ^ Kellen, Konrad (January 1966). "Adenauer at 90". Foreign Affairs. 44 (2): 275–290. doi:10.2307/20039164. JSTOR 20039164. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
34. ^ a b Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The 1970s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 8. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
35. ^ Williams 2001, p. 340.
36. ^ Frei 2002, p. 3.
37. ^ Herf 1997, p. 217.
38. ^ Beste, Ralf; Bönisch, Georg; Darnstaedt, Thomas; Friedmann, Jan; Fröhlingsdorf, Michael; Wiegrefe, Klaus (6 March 2012). "From Dictatorship to Democracy: The Role Ex-Nazis Played in Early West Germany". Der Spiegel.
39. ^ Amnesty and Amnesia By Jeffrey Herf March 10, 2003 Adenauer's Germany Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration By Norbert Frei
40. ^ Duffy, Christopher Red Storm on the Reich, Routledge: London, 1991 page 302
41. ^ a b Schwarz 1995, p. 638.
42. ^ Ahonen 1998, p. 48.
43. ^ A Good European Time 5 December 1949
44. ^ Schwarz 1995, p. 450.
45. ^ Schwarz 1995, p. 608.
46. ^ Schwarz 1995, p. 612.
47. ^ Schwarz 1995, pp. 612–613.
48. ^ Schwarz 1995, p. 613.
49. ^ Gaddis 1998, p. 124.
50. ^ Large 1996, p. 66.
51. ^ Gaddis 1998, p. 125.
52. ^ Schwarz 1995, pp. 592–594.
53. ^ Tetens, T.H. The New Germany and the Old Nazis, New York: Random House, 1961 pages 37–40.
54. ^ Herf 1997, pp. 289–290.
55. ^ Goda 2007, pp. 101–149.
56. ^ Goda 2007, p. 149.
57. ^ Large 1996, pp. 97–98.
58. ^ Bickford, Andrew Fallen Elites: The Military Other in Post–Unification Germany, Stanford: 2011 pages 116–117
59. ^ Frei 2002, p. 157.
60. ^ Frei 2002, pp. 164–165.
61. ^ The Nazi-ferreting questionnaire cited 136 mandatory reasons for exclusion from employment and created red-tape nightmares for both the hapless and the guilty; see The New York Times, 22 February 2003, p. A7.
62. ^ Steinweis, Alan E., Rogers, Daniel E. The Impact of Nazism: New Perspectives on the Third Reich and Its Legacy. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 2003, p. 235
63. ^ a b Art, David, The politics of the Nazi past in Germany and Austria, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 53–55
64. ^ "Gesetz zur Regelung der Rechtsverhältnisse der unter Artikel 131 des Grundgesetzes fallenden Personen (Bundesgesetzblatt I 22/1951, p. 307 ff.)" (in German). 11 May 1951.
65. ^ Williams 2001, p. 391.
66. ^ Large 1996, p. 70.
67. ^ Williams 2001, p. 376.
68. ^ Williams 2001, p. 378.
69. ^ Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung – Wiedergutmachung
70. ^ Moeller, Robert War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001 pages 26-27.
71. ^ Harding, Luke (15 June 2006). "Menachem Begin 'plotted to kill German chancellor'". The Guardian. London.
72. ^ Gehler, Michael (1 October 2010). Three Germanies: West Germany, East Germany and the Berlin Republic (Illustrated paperback ed.). Reaktion Books. p. 62\. ISBN 978-1861897787.
73. ^ "Interview with H. Sietz, investigator (German)". Archived from the original on 20 June 2006. Retrieved 15 June 2006.
74. ^ Harding, Luke (15 June 2006). "Menachem Begin 'plotted to kill German chancellor'". The Guardian. London.
75. ^ Williams 2001, p. 406.
76. ^ Bundesgesetz zur Entschädigung für Opfer der nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung
77. ^ Ludtke, Alf "'Coming to Terms with the Past': Illusions of Remembering, Ways of Forgetting Nazism in West Germany" pages 542–572 from The Journal of Modern History, Volume 65, 1993 pages 564.
78. ^ Goda 2007, pp. 129–131.
79. ^ Goda 2007, pp. 130–131.
80. ^ Goda 2007, pp. 149–151.
81. ^ Goda 2007, pp. 152–155.
82. ^ Contemporary World History by William J. Duiker
83. ^ The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany, edited by Wolfgang Mommsen
84. ^ Large 1996, p. 209.
85. ^ a b c d Gaddis 1998, p. 134.
86. ^ Large 1996, p. 211.
87. ^ a b Large 1996, p. 217.
88. ^ Large 1996, p. 220.
89. ^ Fritz Erler, 'Politik und nicht Prestige,' in Erler and Jaeger, Sicherheit und Rustung, 1962, p.82-3, cited in Julian Lider, Origins and Development of West German Military Thought, Vol. I, 1949–1966, Gower Publishing Company Ltd, Aldershot/Brookfield VT, 1986, p.125
90. ^ Large 1996, pp. 177–178.
91. ^ Williams 2001, p. 442.
92. ^ Williams 2001, p. 458.
93. ^ Williams 2001, p. 490.
94. ^ a b Williams 2001, p. 444.
95. ^ Williams 2001, p. 450, this principle became known as the Hallstein Doctrine.
96. ^ Ahonen 1998, pp. 44–46.
97. ^ Schwarz 1997, pp. 241–242.
98. ^ Schwarz 1997, p. 242.
99. ^ a b Schwarz 1997, p. 243.
100. ^ Schwarz 1997, p. 244.
101. ^ Schwarz 1997, p. 245.
102. ^ Dietl, Ralph "Suez 1956: A European Intervention?" pp. 259–273 from Journal of Contemporary History, Volume 43, Issue # 2, April 2008 p. 273
103. ^ Dietl, Ralph "Suez 1956: A European Intervention?" pp. 259–273 from Journal of Contemporary History, Volume 43, Issue # 2, April 2008, pp. 273–274.
104. ^ Dietl, Ralph "Suez 1956: A European Intervention?" pp. 259–273 from Journal of Contemporary History, Volume 43, Issue # 2, April 2008, p. 274.
105. ^ Williams 2001, p. 445.
106. ^ Schwarz 1997, pp. 365–366.
107. ^ Schwarz 1997, pp. 402–403.
108. ^ Taylor, Frederick Exorcising Hitler, London: Bloomsbury Press, 2011 page 373.
109. ^ Gaddis 1998, p. 140.
110. ^ Schwarz 1997, p. 399.
111. ^ Gaddis 1998, p. 141.
112. ^ Thorpe, D.R. Supermac, London: Chatto & Windus, 2010 page 428
113. ^ Schwarz 1997, p. 396.
114. ^ Ahonen 1998, p. 56.
115. ^ a b Ahonen 1998, p. 59.
116. ^ Tetens, T.H. The New Germany and the Old Nazis, New York: Random House, 1961 pages 191–192
117. ^ Tetens, T.H. The New Germany and the Old Nazis, New York: Random House, 1961 page 192
118. ^ Tetens, T.H. The New Germany and the Old Nazis, New York: Random House, 1961 pages 192–193
119. ^ Kempe, Frederick (2011). Berlin 1961. Penguin Group (USA). p. 98. ISBN 978-0-399-15729-5.
120. ^ Kempe, Frederick (2011). Berlin 1961. Penguin Group (USA). p. 101. ISBN 978-0-399-15729-5.
121. ^ Granieri 2004, p. 135.
122. ^ Williams 2001, p. 494, Foreign Minister Heinrich von Brentano was considered too subservient to the Chancellor and Gerhard Schröder became foreign minister [Williams, p. 495.
123. ^ John Gunther: Inside Europe Today, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1961; Library of Congress catalog card number: 61-9706
124. ^ Granieri 2004, p. 153.
125. ^ Granieri 2004, pp. 154–155.
126. ^ Granieri 2004, p. 155.
127. ^ Eleanor L. Turk, The history of Germany (1999) p. 154
128. ^ Ronald F. Bunn, German politics and the Spiegel affair: a case study of the Bonn system (1968) pp. 159–60
129. ^ Jenkins, Roy. Portraits and Miniatures, London: Bloomsbury Reader, 2012. p. 83
130. ^ Jenkins, Roy. Portraits and Miniatures, London: Bloomsbury Reader, 2012. p. 97
131. ^ Granieri 2004, p. 191.
132. ^ Taylor, Frederick Exorcising Hitler, London: Bloomsbury Press, 2011 page 371.
133. ^ Shouldering the Burdens of Defeat: West Germany and the Reconstruction of Social Justice. The University of North Carolina Press. 1999. p. 87\. ISBN 9780807824948.
134. ^ Germans as Victims: Remembering the Past in Contemporary Germany. Palgrave Macmillan. 2006. ISBN 9781137138729.[permanent dead link]
135. ^ Bridging the Gap Between Social and Market Rented Housing in Six European countries. Delft University Press. 2009. p. 154\. ISBN 9781607500353.
136. ^ The Federal Republic of Germany: The End of an era edited by Eva Kolinsky
137. ^ The Politics of Parental Leave Policies: Children, Parenting, Gender and the labour market. The Policy Press. 2009. p. 121\. ISBN 9781847429032.
138. ^ Politics of Segmentation: Party Competition and Social Protection in Europe. Routledge. 2012. ISBN 9781136476815.
139. ^ Childs, David; Johnson, Jeffrey (1981). West Germany (RLE: German Politics): Politics and Society. Routledge. p. 195\. ISBN 9781317537601.
140. ^ Hill, Malcolm (1996). Social Work and the European Community: The Social Policy and Practice Contexts. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 184\. ISBN 9781853020919.
141. ^ "Matters of taste: The Politics of Food in Divided Germany, 1945-1971" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
142. ^ klw (29 April 2017). "Spionage für die CDU". Zeitgeschichte. Der Spiegel. 18/2017 (reference is also made to a more detailed article in volume 15/2017): 23.
143. ^ "Israel und Judentum". Konrad-Adenauer.de (in German). Retrieved 23 October 2023.
144. ^ Rudolf Morsey; Hans-Peter Schwarz (2009). Adenauer - Die letzten Lebensjahre 1963-1967 (in German). Munich; Vienna; Zurich: Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh. doi:10.30965/9783657767762. ISBN 978-3-657-76776-2.
145. ^ On his last trip abroad in February 1967, Adenauer met with General Franco and, as the art lover he had been all his life, took advantage of the stay to visit the Prado. His last major speech in Madrid's Ateneo Palace was marked by the admonition not to let up, to continue the process of European unification.
146. ^ "Da jitt et nix zo kriesche, Der Spiegel, 14 May 2009
147. ^ "25. April 1967". Konrad Adenauer (in German). Retrieved 9 December 2023.
148. ^ Williams 2001, p. 537.
149. ^ Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More than 14000 Famous Persons, Scott Wilson
150. ^ Germany and Eastern Europe Since 1945. 1973. p. 114.
151. ^ Kroeger, Alix (29 November 2003). "Adenauer voted Germany's greatest". BBC News Online. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
152. ^ "50 Years of the European Coal and Steel 100 Euro 2002". Coinville. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
153. ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 26. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
154. ^ "Remise de l'insigne de "Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur" par Monsieur le Président Nicolas Sarkozy". kas.de (in French). 31 January 2011.
155. ^ a b c d e Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Archived 18 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine: Biographie, Orden und Ehrenzeichen.Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
156. ^ "ENTIDADES ESTRANGEIRAS AGRACIADAS COM ORDENS PORTUGUESAS - Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas".
157. ^ "Ordem Militar da Torre e Espada – Processos de Estrangeiros: Konrad Adenauer (Chanceler da República Federal da Alemanha)" (in Portuguese), Arquivo Histórico da Presidência da República. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
158. ^ "Dr. Adenauer Grand Cross". Catholic Herald. 11 January 1957. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
159. ^ Konrad Adenauer, Orden und Ehrenzeichen Archived 5 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung.

## Sources[edit]

* Ahonen, Pertti (1998). "Domestic Constraints on West German Ostpolitik: The Role of the Expellee Organizations in the Adenauer Era". Central European History. 31 (1): 31–63. doi:10.1017/S0008938900016034. S2CID 143471607.
* Epstein, Klaus (October 1967). "Adenauer and Rhenish Separatism". The Review of Politics. 29 (4): 536–545. doi:10.1017/s0034670500040614. S2CID 143511307.
* Frei, Norbert (2002). Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11882-1.
* Gaddis, John Lewis (1998). We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-878070-0.
* Goda, Norman J. W. (2007). Tales from Spandau: Nazi Criminals and the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86720-7.
* Granieri, Ronald J. (2004). The Ambivalent Alliance: Konrad Adenauer, the CDU/CSU, and the West, 1949–1966. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-492-0.
* Herf, Jeffrey (1997). Divided Memory: The Nazi Past in the Two Germanys. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-21303-3.
* Large, David Clay (1996). Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4539-6.
* Mitchell, Maria (2012). The Origins of Christian Democracy: Politics and Confession in Modern Germany. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11841-0.
* Schwarz, Hans-Peter (1995). Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction. Vol. 1: From the German Empire to the Federal Republic, 1876–1952. Oxford: Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-57181-870-7. online
* -- (1997). Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction. Vol. 2: The Statesman: 1952–1967. Providence: Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-57181-960-6.
* Williams, Charles (2001). Konrad Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-40737-9.

## Further reading[edit]

* Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. A History of West Germany. Vol. 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963. Vol. 2: Democracy and Its Discontents, 1963–1991 (1993), a standard scholarly history.
* Bozo, Frédéric, and Christian Wenkel, eds. France and the German Question, 1945-1990 (Berghahn, 2019)
* Brady, Steven J. Eisenhower and Adenauer: Alliance maintenance under pressure, 1953–1960 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2009).
* Craig, Gordon. From Bismarck to Adenauer: aspects of German statecraft (1958) pp 124–148 online.
* Craig, Gordon A. "Konrad Adenauer and His Diplomats." in The Diplomats, 1939-1979 (Princeton University Press, 2019) pp. 201–227. online
* Cudlipp, E. Adenauer (1985) online. for middle schools.
* Daugherty III, Leo J. "'Tip of the Spear': The Formation and Expansion of the Bundeswehr, 1949–1963." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 24.1 (2011): 147–177.
* Dönhoff, Marion. Foe into friend: the makers of the new Germany from Konrad Adenauer to Helmut Schmidt (1982) online
* Dülffer, Jost. "'No more Potsdam!' Konrad Adenauer's Nightmare and the Basis of his International Orientation." German Politics and Society 25.2 (2007): 19–42.
* Feldman, Lily Gardner. Germany's Foreign Policy of Reconciliation: From Enmity to Amity (Rowman & Littlefield; 2012) 393 pages; on German relations with France, Israel, Poland, and Czechoslovakia/the Czech Republic. excerpt
* Grundy, Steven Crawford. "The Sino-Soviet Alliance in Konrad Adenauer's Chancellorship, 1945–1963." Diplomatic History 47.1 (2023): 139–160.
* Hanrieder, Wolfram F. Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy (1989)
* Hanrieder, Wolfram F. West German Foreign Policy, 1949-1979 (Routledge, 2019)
* Heidenheimer, Arnold J. Adenauer and the CDU: the Rise of the Leader and the Integration of the Party (1960)
* Hiscocks, Richard. The Adenauer Era (1966) online
* Ivanova, Teodora. "A Founding Father of Europe: Konrad Adenauer's Role in the Construction of the European Union." Amsterdam Review of European Affairs 1 (2022): 119–26. online
* Kleuters, Joost. "Adenauer's Long Shadow." in Reunification in West German Party Politics from Westbindung to Ostpolitik (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2012) pp. 107–122.
* Maulucci Jr., Thomas W. Adenauer's Foreign Office: West German Diplomacy in the Shadow of the Third Reich (2012) excerpt
* Merk, Dorothea, and Rüdiger Ahrens. "'Suspicious Federal Chancellor' Versus 'Weak Prime Minister': Konrad Adenauer and Harold Macmillan in the British and West German Quality Press during the Berlin Crisis (1958 to 1962). A Critical Discourse Analysis." in Europe in Discourse: Identity, Diversity, Borders (2016) pp 101–116 online
* Rovan, Joseph. Konrad Adenauer (1987) 182 pages excerpt and text search
* Schwarz, Hans-Peter. "Adenauer's Ostpolitik." in West German Foreign Policy: 1949-1979 (Routledge, 2020) pp. 127–143.
* Schoenborn, Benedikt. "Bargaining with the bear: Chancellor Erhard's bid to buy German reunification, 1963–64." Cold War History 8.1 (2008): 23–53. online[dead link]
* Schoenborn, Benedikt. "Chancellor Erhard's silent rejection of de Gaulle's plans: the example of monetary union." Cold War History 14.3 (2014): 377-402 online[dead link]
* Witzthum, David. "David Ben-Gurion and Konrad Adenauer: Building a Bridge across the Abyss." Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 13.2 (2019): 223–237.

### Primary sources[edit]

* Adenauer, Konrad. Memoirs, (4 vols. English edition 1966–70)
* McGhee, George C. At the creation of a new Germany: from Adenauer to Brandt : an ambassador's account (1989) online
* Kreikamp, Hans-Dieter, ed. (2003). Die Ära Adenauer 1949 – 1963 (in German). Darmstadt: wbg Academic. ISBN 978-3-534-12335-3.

## External links[edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Konrad Adenauer.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Konrad Adenauer.

* The short film A Defeated People (1946) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
* The short film Interview with Chancellor Konrad Adenauer (1957) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
* Newspaper clippings about Konrad Adenauer in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Offices and distinctions

| German Bundestag

New constituency |  Member of the Bundestag
for Bonn
1949–1967  | Succeeded by

Alo Hauser [de]

Political offices
Preceded by

Max Wallraf

|  Mayor of Cologne
1917–1933  | Succeeded by

Günter Riesen

Vacant

Title last held by

Dietlof von Arnim-Boitzenburg [de]
as President of the Prussian House of Lords  |  President of the Prussian State Council
1921–1933  | Succeeded by

Robert Ley

Preceded by

Willi Suth [de]

|  Mayor of Cologne
1945  | Succeeded by

Willi Suth [de]

Vacant |  Chancellor of West Germany
1949–1963  | Succeeded by

Ludwig Erhard

Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs
1951–1955  | Succeeded by

Heinrich von Brentano

Party political offices
New political party |  Leader of the Christian Democratic Union in the British Zone
1946–1951  | Succeeded by

Wilhelm Johnen

Leader of the CDU/CSU Group in the Bundestag
1949  | Succeeded by

Heinrich von Brentano

Leader of the Christian Democratic Union
1950–1966  | Succeeded by

Ludwig Erhard

Articles related to Konrad Adenauer

* v
* t
* e

Chancellors of Germany (since 1867)

North German Confederation
Bundeskanzler (1867–1871)|

* Otto von Bismarck

German Empire
Reichskanzler (1871–1918)|

* Otto von Bismarck
* Leo von Caprivi
* Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
* Bernhard von Bülow
* Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
* Georg Michaelis
* Georg von Hertling
* Prince Maximilian of Baden

Weimar Republic
Reichskanzler (1919–1933)|

* Friedrich Ebert
* Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident)
* Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor)
* Hermann Müller
* Konstantin Fehrenbach
* Joseph Wirth
* Wilhelm Cuno
* Gustav Stresemann
* Wilhelm Marx
* Hans Luther
* Wilhelm Marx
* Hermann Müller
* Heinrich Brüning
* Franz von Papen
* Kurt von Schleicher

Nazi Germany
Reichskanzler (1933–1945)|

* Adolf Hitler
* Joseph Goebbels
* Count Schwerin von Krosigk (as Leading Minister)

Federal Republic
Bundeskanzler (1949–present)|

* Konrad Adenauer (CDU, 1949–1963)
* Ludwig Erhard (CDU, 1963–1966)
* Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU, 1966–1969)
* Willy Brandt (SPD, 1969–1974)
* Helmut Schmidt (SPD, 1974–1982)
* Helmut Kohl (CDU, 1982–1998)
* Gerhard Schröder (SPD, 1998–2005)
* Angela Merkel (CDU, 2005–2021)
* Olaf Scholz (SPD, 2021–present)

List of chancellors

* v
* t
* e

First Adenauer cabinet (1949–1953)

* Konrad Adenauer (CDU)
* Franz Blücher (FDP)
* Gustav Heinemann (until 11 October 1950, CDU)
* Robert Lehr (since 11 October 1950, CDU)
* Thomas Dehler (FDP)
* Fritz Schäffer (CSU)
* Ludwig Erhard (CDU)
* Wilhelm Niklas (CSU)
* Anton Storch (CDU)
* Hans-Christoph Seebohm (DP)
* Hans Schuberth (CSU)
* Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth (until 9 March 1952, FDP)
* Fritz Neumayer (since 9 March 1952, FDP)
* Hans Lukaschek (CDU)
* Jakob Kaiser (CDU)
* Heinrich Hellwege (DP)

* v
* t
* e

Second Adenauer cabinet (1953–1957)

* Konrad Adenauer (CDU)
* Franz Blücher (FDP)
* Heinrich von Brentano (CDU)
* Gerhard Schröder (CDU) (CDU)
* Fritz Neumayer (FDP)
* Hans-Joachim von Merkatz (DP)
* Fritz Schäffer (CSU)
* Ludwig Erhard (CDU)
* Heinrich Lübke (CDU)
* Anton Storch (CDU)
* Theodor Blank (CDU)
* Franz Josef Strauß (CSU)
* Hans-Christoph Seebohm (DP)
* Hans Schuberth (CSU)
* Siegfried Balke (CSU)
* Ernst Lemmer (CDU)
* Victor-Emanuel Preusker (FDP)
* Theodor Oberländer (CDU)
* Jakob Kaiser (CDU)
* Heinrich Hellwege (DP)
* Franz-Josef Wuermeling (CDU)
* Robert Tillmanns (CDU)
* Waldemar Kraft (CDU)
* Hermann Schäfer (FDP)

* v
* t
* e

Third Adenauer cabinet (1957–1961)

* Konrad Adenauer (CDU)
* Ludwig Erhard (CDU)
* Heinrich von Brentano (CDU)
* Fritz Schäffer (CSU)
* Franz Etzel (CDU)
* Heinrich Lübke (CDU)
* Werner Schwarz (CDU)
* Theodor Blank (CDU)
* Franz Josef Strauß (CSU)
* Hans-Christoph Seebohm (DP)
* Richard Stücklen (CSU)
* Paul Lücke (CDU)
* Theodor Oberländer (CDU)
* Hans-Joachim von Merkatz (DP)
* Ernst Lemmer (CDU)
* Siegfried Balke (CSU)
* Franz-Josef Wuermeling (CDU)
* Hermann Lindrath (CDU)
* Hans Wilhelmi (CDU)

* v
* t
* e

Fourth Adenauer cabinet (1961–1962)

* Konrad Adenauer (CDU)
* Ludwig Erhard (CDU)
* Gerhard Schröder (CDU) (CDU)
* Hermann Höcherl (CSU)
* Wolfgang Stammberger (FDP)
* Heinz Starke (FDP)
* Werner Schwarz (CDU)
* Theodor Blank (CDU)
* Franz Josef Strauß (CSU)
* Hans-Christoph Seebohm (CDU)
* Richard Stücklen (CSU)
* Paul Lücke (CDU)
* Wolfgang Mischnick (FDP)
* Ernst Lemmer (CDU)
* Siegfried Balke (CSU)
* Franz-Josef Wuermeling (CDU)
* Hans-Joachim von Merkatz (CDU)
* Hans Lenz (FDP)
* Walter Scheel (FDP)
* Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt (CDU)
* Heinrich Krone (CDU)

* v
* t
* e

Fifth Adenauer cabinet (1962–1963)

* Konrad Adenauer (CDU)
* Ludwig Erhard (CDU)
* Gerhard Schröder (CDU) (CDU)
* Hermann Höcherl (CSU)
* Ewald Bucher (FDP)
* Rolf Dahlgrün (FDP)
* Werner Schwarz (CDU)
* Theodor Blank (CDU)
* Kai-Uwe von Hassel (CDU)
* Hans-Christoph Seebohm (CDU)
* Richard Stücklen (CSU)
* Paul Lücke (CDU)
* Wolfgang Mischnick (FDP)
* Rainer Barzel (CDU)
* Hans Lenz (FDP)
* Bruno Heck (CDU)
* Alois Niederalt (CSU)
* Werner Dollinger (CSU)
* Walter Scheel (FDP)
* Elisabeth Schwarzhaupt (CDU)
* Heinrich Krone (CDU)

* v
* t
* e

Chancellor Candidate of Germany

For CDU/CSU|

* Konrad Adenauer (1949, 1953, 1957, 1961)
* Ludwig Erhard (1965)
* Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1969)
* Rainer Barzel (1972)
* Helmut Kohl (1976, 1983, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1998)
* Franz Josef Strauß (1980)
* Edmund Stoiber (2002)
* Angela Merkel (2005, 2009, 2013, 2017)
* Armin Laschet (2021)

For SPD|

* Kurt Schumacher (1949)
* Erich Ollenhauer  (1953, 1957)
* Willy Brandt (1961, 1965, 1969, 1972)
* Helmut Schmidt (1976, 1980)
* Hans-Jochen Vogel (1983)
* Johannes Rau (1987)
* Oskar Lafontaine (1990)
* Rudolf Scharping (1994)
* Gerhard Schröder (1998, 2002, 2005)
* Frank-Walter Steinmeier (2009)
* Peer Steinbrück (2013)
* Martin Schulz (2017)
* Olaf Scholz (2021)

For FDP|

* Guido Westerwelle (2002)

For Greens|

* Annalena Baerbock (2021)

* Note: The candidate became chancellor in the marked election years.

* v
* t
* e

Foreign Ministers of Germany

German Empire (1871–1918) |

* Thile
* Balan
* B. E. von Bülow
* Radowitz
* Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
* Limburg-Stirum
* Busch
* Hatzfeldt zu Wildenburg
* Bismarck
* Marschall
* B. von Bülow
* Richthofen
* Tschirschky-Bögendorff
* Schoen
* Kiderlen-Waechter
* Jagow
* Zimmermann
* Kühlmann
* Hintze
* Solf
* Brockdorff-Rantzau

Weimar Republic (1918–33) |

* Brockdorff-Rantzau
* Müller
* Köster
* Simons
* Rosen
* Wirth
* Rathenau
* Rosenberg
* Stresemann
* Curtius
* Brüning
* Neurath

Nazi Germany (1933–45) |

* Neurath
* Ribbentrop
* Seyss-Inquart
* Schwerin von Krosigk

German Democratic Republic1 (1949–90) |

* Dertinger
* Ackermann
* Bolz
* Winzer
* O. Fischer
* Meckel
* de Maizière

Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present) |

* Adenauer
* von Brentano
* Schröder
* Brandt
* Scheel
* Genscher
* Schmidt
* Genscher
* Kinkel
* J. Fischer
* Steinmeier
* Westerwelle
* Steinmeier
* Gabriel
* Maas
* Baerbock

1 East Germany

* v
* t
* e

Christian Democratic Union

President of Germany|

* Heinrich Lübke
* Karl Carstens
* Richard von Weizsäcker
* Roman Herzog
* Horst Köhler
* Christian Wulff

Chancellor of Germany|

* Konrad Adenauer
* Ludwig Erhard
* Kurt Georg Kiesinger
* Helmut Kohl
* Angela Merkel

Federal chairmen|

* Konrad Adenauer
* Ludwig Erhard
* Kurt Georg Kiesinger
* Rainer Barzel
* Helmut Kohl
* Wolfgang Schäuble
* Angela Merkel
* Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
* Armin Laschet
* Friedrich Merz

Leaders in the
Bundestag|

* Konrad Adenauer
* Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo
* Heinrich Krone
* Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo
* Rainer Barzel
* Karl Carstens
* Helmut Kohl
* Alfred Dregger
* Wolfgang Schäuble
* Friedrich Merz
* Angela Merkel
* Volker Kauder
* Ralph Brinkhaus
* Friedrich Merz

General Secretaries|

* Bruno Heck
* Konrad Kraske
* Kurt Biedenkopf
* Heiner Geißler
* Volker Rühe
* Peter Hintze
* Angela Merkel
* Ruprecht Polenz
* Laurenz Meyer
* Volker Kauder
* Ronald Pofalla
* Hermann Gröhe
* Peter Tauber
* Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
* Paul Ziemiak
* Mario Czaja

Governments|

* Adenauer (I
* II
* III
* IV
* V)
* Erhard (I
* II)
* Kiesinger
* Kohl (I
* II
* III
* IV
* V)
* Merkel (I
* II
* III
* IV)

Affiliated organisations|

* Konrad Adenauer Foundation
* Young Union
* Association of Christian Democratic Students
* Christian Democratic Employees' Association
* Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU
* Economic Council Germany
* Centrist Democrat International
* International Democrat Union
* European People's Party
* European People's Party group

Related articles|

* Grand coalition
* Jamaica coalition
* Kenya coalition

Category

* v
* t
* e

Conservatism

* Timeline

Schools
by region|

| International|

* Authoritarian
* Corporatist
* Cultural
* Fiscal
* Green
* Liberal
* Moderate
* National
* Paternalistic
* Populist
* Pragmatic
* Progressive
* Reactionary
* Religious
* Social
* Traditionalist
* Ultra

|

North America|

| Canada|

* Populism
* Trumpism
* Clerico-nationalism
* Social
* Toryism
* Blue
* Red
* Pink

|

United
States|

* Compassionate
* Libertarian
* Fusionism
* Paleo
* Tea Party
* Movement
* Neo
* Old Right
* Paleo
* Reaganism
* Social
* Traditionalist
* Trumpism

Latin America|

| Argentina|

* Federal Peronism
* Menemism
* Orthodox Peronism

|

Brazil|

* Bolsonarism
* Coronelism
* Integralism
* Janismo
* Monarchist
* Patrianovism
* Populism

Chilean|

* Gremialismo
* Pinochetism

Other|

* Belize
* Colombian
* Rojismo
* Uribism
* Cuba
* Guatemala
* Mexico
* Panama
* Peruvian
* Fujimorism
* Odriismo
* Venezuelan
* Perezjimenismo

Asia|

| China|

* Chiangism
* Confucianism
* Neoauthoritarianism

|

Israel|

* Fundamentalist
* Jewish
* Kahanism
* Zionism
* Neo
* Religious
* Revisionist

Japan|

* Neo
* Shōwa Statism
* State Shinto
* Nippon Kaigi

South Korea|

* Ilminism
* New Right

Turkey|

* Democratic
* Erdoğanism
* Neo-Ottomanism

Other|

* Bangladesh
* Hong Kong
* India
* Iran
* Monarchist
* Malaysia
* Pakistan
* Singapore
* Taiwan
* Chiangism

Europe|

| France|

* Action Française
* Bonapartism
* Gaullism
* Integral nationalism
* Legitimism
* Maurrassisme
* Nouvelle Droite
* Orléanism
* Sarkozysm
* Ultra-royalism

|

Germany|

* Agrarian
* Hegelian
* Historical School
* Neue Rechte
* Ordoliberalism
* Revolutionary
* Young
* Ritter School
* Romanticism
* State Socialism

Italy|

* Berlusconism
* Historical Right
* Italian school of elitism
* Sanfedismo

Poland|

* Golden Liberty
* Kaczyzm
* National Democracy
* Sarmatism

Russia|

* Eurasianism
* Monarchist
* Black-hundredism
* Tsarism
* Putinism
* Slavophilia
* Pochvennichestvo

Spain|

* Alfonsism
* Carlism
* Carloctavismo
* Carlo-francoism
* Francoism
* National Catholicism
* Integrism
* Mellismo
* Maurism
* Neocatholicism
* Noucentisme

United
Kingdom|

* Cameronism
* Compassionate
* Muscular liberalism
* Neo
* One-nationism
* Powellism
* Thatcherism
* Toryism
* High
* Red
* Social

Other|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Denmark
* Finland
* Georgia
* Monarchist
* Greece
* Metaxism
* Populism
* Iceland
* Luxembourg
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Portugal
* Miguelist
* Romania
* Monarchist
* Serbia
* Monarchist
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine

Oceania|

* Australia
* Centre Right
* National Right
* New Zealand

Philosophy|

| Concepts|

* Ancestral worship
* Authority
* Traditional
* Class collaboration
* Convention
* Cultural heritage
* Culture of life
* Pro-Life
* Custom
* Discipline
* Duty
* Elitism
* Aristocracy
* Meritocracy
* Noblesse oblige
* Ethical order
* Familialism
* Family values
* Fundamentalism
* Gender role
* Complementarianism
* Honour
* Imperialism
* Loyalty
* Monarchism
* Royalism
* Ordered liberty
* Organicism
* Orthodoxy
* Patriotism
* Private property
* Public morality
* Social hierarchy
* Social institutions
* Social norm
* Social order
* Solidarity
* Sovereignty
* Stewardship
* Subsidiarity
* Tradition

|

Philosophers|

* Bainville
* Barruel
* Belloc
* Bonald
* Buckley Jr.
* Burke
* Burnham
* Chateaubriand
* Chesterton
* Coleridge
* Comte
* Cortés
* Dávila
* Dostoevsky
* Eliot
* Evola
* Gentz
* Haller
* Hitchens
* Hume
* Iorga
* Johnson
* Jünger
* Karamzin
* Kirk
* Kuehnelt-Leddihn
* La Mennais
* Le Bon
* Le Play
* Leontiev
* Lewis
* Maistre
* Mansfield
* Maurras
* Menéndez
* More
* Müller
* Newman
* Nisbet
* Novalis
* Oakeshott
* Corrêa de Oliveira
* Ranke
* Rivarol
* Röpke
* Santayana
* Savigny
* Schlegel
* Schmitt
* Scruton
* Solzhenitsyn
* Sowell
* Spann
* Spengler
* Stahl
* Strauss
* Taine
* Tocqueville
* Uvarov
* Voegelin

Politics|

| Organisations|

* ARC
* ECR
* EPP
* ID
* IDU
* Young
* Muslim Brotherhood
* Tradition, Family, Property

|

Politicians|

* Abe
* Adams
* Adenauer
* Andreotti
* Berlusconi
* Bismarck
* Bolsonaro
* Bush Jr.
* Canning
* Chiang
* Churchill
* Diefenbaker
* Disraeli
* Dmowski
* Dollfuss
* Erdoğan
* Franco
* Fujimori
* de Gaulle
* Harper
* Horthy
* John Paul II
* Kaczyński
* Khamenei
* Khomeini
* Kohl
* Le Pen
* Lee
* Macdonald
* Mannerheim
* Marcos
* Maurras
* Menzies
* Metaxas
* Metternich
* Mobutu
* Modi
* Netanyahu
* Orbán
* Park
* Pérez Jiménez
* Pinochet
* Pitt
* Powell
* Prat de la Riba
* Putin
* Reagan
* Salazar
* Salisbury
* Smith
* Stolypin
* Suharto
* Thatcher
* Trujillo
* Trump
* de Valera
* Zemmour

Religion|

* Anglo-Catholicism
* Christian right
* Theoconservatism
* Clericalism
* Conservative Christianity
* Hindutva
* Jewish conservatism
* Religious Zionism
* Islamism
* Traditionalist Catholicism
* Integralism
* Ultramontanism
* Traditionalist School
* Perennialism

Historical
background|

* Ancien Régime
* Bourbon Restauration
* Congress of Vienna
* Conservative Order
* Counter-Enlightenment
* German Romanticism
* Holy Alliance
* Ultra-royalism

Related|

| Ideologies|

* Agrarianism
* Christian democracy
* Clerical fascism
* Communitarianism
* Conservative liberalism
* Corporatism

|

* Anti-communism
* Anti-gender movement
* Anti-Masonry
* Aristocracy
* Black conservatism
* United States
* Catholic social teaching
* Conservative feminism
* Conservative wave
* Counter-revolutionary
* Elite theory
* Hispanic conservatism
* United States
* LGBT conservatism
* Radical right
* Europe
* United States
* Reactionary
* Neo
* Right realism
* Right-wing politics
* Authoritarianism
* New
* Europe
* Old
* Small-c conservatives

* Conservatism portal
* Politics portal

* v
* t
* e

Mayors of Cologne

Oberbürgermeister der Stadt Köln (Lord Mayor)

1815-1933|

* Karl Joseph von Mylius
* Franz Rudolf von Monschaw
* Johann Adolf Steinberger
* Friedrich Wilhelm Gräff
* Hermann Joseph Stupp
* Alexander Bachem
* Hermann Heinrich Becker
* Friedrich von Becker
* Max Wallraf
* Konrad Adenauer

1933-1945|

* Günter Riesen
* Karl Georg Schmidt
* Peter Winkelnkemper
* Robert Brandes

since 1945|

* Konrad Adenauer
* Willi Suth
* Hermann Pünder
* Ernst Schwering
* Robert Görlinger1
* Ernst Schwering
* Robert Görlinger
* Ernst Schwering
* Theo Burauen
* John van Nes Ziegler
* Norbert Burger
* Harry Blum2
* Fritz Schramma
* Jürgen Roters
* Henriette Reker

* 1 elected by sortition, after stand-off in city council
* 2 first directly elected mayor

* v
* t
* e

Recipients of the Charlemagne Prize

1950–1975|

* 1950 Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi
* 1951 Hendrik Brugmans
* 1952 Alcide De Gasperi
* 1953 Jean Monnet
* 1954 Konrad Adenauer
* 1955
* 1956 Winston Churchill
* 1957 Paul-Henri Spaak
* 1958 Robert Schuman
* 1959 George C. Marshall
* 1960 Joseph Bech
* 1961 Walter Hallstein
* 1962
* 1963 Edward Heath
* 1964 Antonio Segni
* 1965
* 1966 Jens Otto Krag
* 1967 Joseph Luns
* 1968
* 1969 European Commission
* 1970 François Seydoux de Clausonne
* 1971
* 1972 Roy Jenkins
* 1973 Salvador de Madariaga
* 1974
* 1975

1976–2000|

* 1976 Leo Tindemans
* 1977 Walter Scheel
* 1978 Konstantinos Karamanlis
* 1979 Emilio Colombo
* 1980
* 1981 Simone Veil
* 1982 King Juan Carlos I
* 1983
* 1984
* 1985
* 1986 People of Luxembourg
* 1987 Henry Kissinger
* 1988 François Mitterrand / Helmut Kohl
* 1989 Brother Roger
* 1990 Gyula Horn
* 1991 Václav Havel
* 1992 Jacques Delors
* 1993 Felipe González
* 1994 Gro Harlem Brundtland
* 1995 Franz Vranitzky
* 1996 Queen Beatrix
* 1997 Roman Herzog
* 1998 Bronisław Geremek
* 1999 Tony Blair
* 2000 Bill Clinton

2001–present|

* 2001 György Konrád
* 2002 Euro
* 2003 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
* 2004 Pat Cox / Pope John Paul II1
* 2005 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
* 2006 Jean-Claude Juncker
* 2007 Javier Solana
* 2008 Angela Merkel
* 2009 Andrea Riccardi
* 2010 Donald Tusk
* 2011 Jean-Claude Trichet
* 2012 Wolfgang Schäuble
* 2013 Dalia Grybauskaitė
* 2014 Herman Van Rompuy
* 2015 Martin Schulz
* 2016 Pope Francis
* 2017 Timothy Garton Ash
* 2018 Emmanuel Macron
* 2019 António Guterres
* 2020 Klaus Iohannis
* 2022 Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, Maria Kalesnikava, Veronika Tsepkalo
* 2023 Volodymyr Zelensky, the Ukrainian people

1 Received extraordinary prize.

* v
* t
* e

Cold War

* United States
* USSR
* NATO
* Warsaw Pact
* ANZUS
* METO
* NEATO
* SEATO
* TIAR
* Non-Aligned Movement

1940s|

* Morgenthau Plan
* Hukbalahap Rebellion
* Jamaican political conflict
* Dekemvriana
* Soviet stance in the Warsaw Uprising
* Percentages agreement
* Yalta Conference
* Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
* Operation Priboi
* Operation Jungle
* Occupation of the Baltic states
* Cursed soldiers
* Operation Unthinkable
* Operation Downfall
* Potsdam Conference
* Gouzenko Affair
* Division of Korea
* Indonesian National Revolution
* Operation Masterdom
* Operation Beleaguer
* Operation Blacklist Forty
* Iran crisis of 1946
* Greek Civil War
* Baruch Plan
* Corfu Channel incident
* Turkish straits crisis
* Restatement of Policy on Germany
* First Indochina War
* 1947 Polish parliamentary election
* Truman Doctrine
* Asian Relations Conference
* May 1947 crises
* Partition of India
* Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
* 1947–1949 Palestine war
* 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
* 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
* Marshall Plan
* Comecon
* 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
* Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
* Al-Wathbah uprising
* Tito–Stalin split
* Berlin Blockade
* Annexation of Hyderabad
* Madiun Affair
* Western betrayal
* Iron Curtain
* Eastern Bloc
* Western Bloc
* Chinese Civil War
* Chinese Communist Revolution
* Malayan Emergency
* March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
* Operation Valuable

1950s|

* Bamboo Curtain
* McCarthyism
* Political violence in the United States during the Cold War
* Korean War
* Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
* 1952 Egyptian Revolution
* Iraqi Intifada (1952)
* Mau Mau rebellion
* East German uprising of 1953
* 1953 Iranian coup d'état
* Pact of Madrid
* Bricker Amendment
* 1954 Syrian coup d'état
* Petrov Affair
* Domino theory
* 1954 Geneva Conference
* 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
* Capture of the Tuapse
* First Taiwan Strait Crisis
* Jebel Akhdar War
* Algerian War
* Kashmir Princess
* Bandung Conference
* Geneva Summit (1955)
* Vietnam War
* Cyprus Emergency
* "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences"
* 1956 Poznań protests
* Hungarian Revolution of 1956
* Polish October
* Suez Crisis
* "We will bury you"
* Operation Gladio
* Syrian Crisis of 1957
* Sputnik crisis
* Ifni War
* Iraqi 14 July Revolution
* 1958 Lebanon crisis
* Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
* 1959 Mosul uprising
* 1959 Tibetan uprising
* Laotian Civil War
* Kitchen Debate
* Cuban Revolution
* Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
* Sino-Soviet split

1960s|

* Congo Crisis
* Simba rebellion
* 1960 U-2 incident
* Bay of Pigs Invasion
* 1960 Turkish coup d'état
* Albanian–Soviet split
* Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
* First Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Berlin Crisis of 1961
* Berlin Wall
* Annexation of Goa
* Papua conflict
* Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
* Sand War
* Portuguese Colonial War
* Angolan War of Independence
* Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
* Mozambican War of Independence
* Cuban Missile Crisis
* El Porteñazo
* Sino-Indian War
* Communist insurgency in Sarawak
* Ramadan Revolution
* Eritrean War of Independence
* North Yemen Civil War
* 1963 Syrian coup d'état
* Assassination of John F. Kennedy
* Aden Emergency
* Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
* Shifta War
* Mexican Dirty War
* Tlatelolco massacre
* Guatemalan Civil War
* Colombian conflict
* 1964 Brazilian coup d'état
* Dominican Civil War
* Rhodesian Bush War
* Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
* Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
* ASEAN Declaration
* 1966 Syrian coup d'état
* Cultural Revolution
* Argentine Revolution
* South African Border War
* Korean DMZ Conflict
* 12-3 incident
* Greek junta
* 1967 Hong Kong riots
* Years of Lead (Italy)
* Six-Day War
* War of Attrition
* Dhofar War
* Al-Wadiah War
* Nigerian Civil War
* Protests of 1968
* May 68
* Prague Spring
* USS Pueblo incident
* 1968 Polish political crisis
* Communist insurgency in Malaysia
* Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
* 17 July Revolution
* 1968 Peruvian coup d'état
* Revolutionary Government
* 1969 Sudanese coup d'état
* 1969 Libyan revolution
* Goulash Communism
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* New People's Army rebellion

1970s|

* Détente
* Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
* Black September
* Alcora Exercise
* Corrective Movement (Syria)
* Western Sahara conflict
* Cambodian Civil War
* Communist insurgency in Thailand
* 1970 Polish protests
* Koza riot
* Realpolitik
* Ping-pong diplomacy
* 1971 JVP insurrection
* Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
* 1971 Turkish military memorandum
* 1971 Sudanese coup d'état
* Four Power Agreement on Berlin
* Bangladesh Liberation War
* 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
* North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
* Yemenite War of 1972
* Munich massacre
* 1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
* 1973 Afghan coup d'état
* 1973 Chilean coup d'état
* Yom Kippur War
* 1973 oil crisis
* Carnation Revolution
* Spanish transition to democracy
* Metapolitefsi
* Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
* Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
* Turkish invasion of Cyprus
* Angolan Civil War
* Cambodian genocide
* June 1976 protests
* Mozambican Civil War
* Oromo conflict
* Ogaden War
* 1978 Somali coup attempt
* Western Sahara War
* Ethiopian Civil War
* Lebanese Civil War
* Albanian–Chinese split
* Third Indochina War
* Cambodian–Vietnamese War
* Operation Condor
* Dirty War (Argentina)
* 1976 Argentine coup d'état
* Egyptian–Libyan War
* German Autumn
* Korean Air Lines Flight 902
* Nicaraguan Revolution
* Uganda–Tanzania War
* NDF Rebellion
* Chadian–Libyan War
* Yemenite War of 1979
* Grand Mosque seizure
* Iranian Revolution
* Saur Revolution
* Sino-Vietnamese War
* New Jewel Movement
* 1979 Herat uprising
* Seven Days to the River Rhine
* Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

1980s|

* Salvadoran Civil War
* Soviet–Afghan War
* 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
* Gera Demands
* Peruvian Revolution
* Gdańsk Agreement
* Solidarity
* Eritrean Civil Wars
* 1980 Turkish coup d'état
* Ugandan Bush War
* Gulf of Sidra incident
* Martial law in Poland
* Casamance conflict
* Falklands War
* 1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
* Ndogboyosoi War
* United States invasion of Grenada
* Able Archer 83
* Star Wars
* 1985 Geneva Summit
* Iran–Iraq War
* Somali Rebellion
* Reykjavík Summit
* 1986 Black Sea incident
* South Yemen Civil War
* Toyota War
* 1987 Lieyu massacre
* Operation INFEKTION
* 1987–1989 JVP insurrection
* Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
* 1988 Black Sea bumping incident
* 8888 Uprising
* Solidarity (Soviet reaction)
* Contras
* Central American crisis
* Operation RYAN
* Korean Air Lines Flight 007
* People Power Revolution
* Glasnost
* Perestroika
* Bougainville conflict
* First Nagorno-Karabakh War
* Afghan Civil War
* United States invasion of Panama
* 1988 Polish strikes
* Polish Round Table Agreement
* 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
* Revolutions of 1989
* Fall of the Berlin Wall
* Fall of the inner German border
* Velvet Revolution
* Romanian Revolution
* Peaceful Revolution

1990s|

* Mongolian Revolution of 1990
* Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
* Gulf War
* Min Ping Yu No. 5202
* German reunification
* Yemeni unification
* Fall of communism in Albania
* Breakup of Yugoslavia
* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 1991 August Coup
* Dissolution of Czechoslovakia

Frozen conflicts|

* Abkhazia
* China-Taiwan
* Korea
* Kosovo
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria
* Sino-Indian border dispute
* North Borneo dispute

Foreign policy|

* Truman Doctrine
* Containment
* Eisenhower Doctrine
* Domino theory
* Hallstein Doctrine
* Kennedy Doctrine
* Peaceful coexistence
* Ostpolitik
* Johnson Doctrine
* Brezhnev Doctrine
* Nixon Doctrine
* Ulbricht Doctrine
* Carter Doctrine
* Reagan Doctrine
* Rollback
* Kinmen Agreement

Ideologies|

| Capitalism|

* Liberalism
* Chicago school
* Conservatism
* American conservatism
* Keynesianism
* Libertarianism
* Monetarism
* Neoclassical economics
* Reaganomics
* Supply-side economics
* Democratic capitalism

|

Socialism|

* Communism
* Marxism–Leninism
* Castroism
* Eurocommunism
* Guevarism
* Hoxhaism
* Juche
* Ho Chi Minh Thought
* Maoism
* Trotskyism
* Stalinism
* Titoism

Other|

* Imperialism
* Anti-imperialism
* Nationalism
* Ultranationalism
* Chauvinism
* Ethnic nationalism
* Racism
* Zionism
* Anti-Zionism
* Fascism
* Neo-Nazism
* Islamism
* Totalitarianism
* Authoritarianism
* Autocracy
* Liberal democracy
* Illiberal democracy
* Guided democracy
* Social democracy
* Third-Worldism
* White supremacy
* White nationalism
* White separatism
* Apartheid

Organizations|

* NATO
* SEATO
* METO
* EEC
* Warsaw Pact
* Comecon
* Non-Aligned Movement
* NN States
* ASEAN
* SAARC
* Safari Club

Propaganda|

| Pro-communist|

* Active measures
* Izvestia
* Neues Deutschland
* Pravda
* Rudé právo
* Trybuna Ludu
* TASS
* Soviet Life

|

Pro-Western|

* Amerika
* Crusade for Freedom
* Paix et Liberté
* Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
* Radio Free Asia
* Red Scare
* Voice of America

Technological
competition|

* Arms race
* Nuclear arms race
* Space Race

Historians|

* Gar Alperovitz
* Thomas A. Bailey
* Michael Beschloss
* Archie Brown
* Warren H. Carroll
* Adrian Cioroianu
* John Costello
* Michael Cox
* Nicholas J. Cull
* Norman Davies
* Willem Drees
* Robert D. English
* Herbert Feis
* Robert Hugh Ferrell
* André Fontaine
* Anneli Ute Gabanyi
* John Lewis Gaddis
* Lloyd Gardner
* Timothy Garton Ash
* Gabriel Gorodetsky
* Fred Halliday
* Jussi Hanhimäki
* John Earl Haynes
* Patrick J. Hearden
* Tvrtko Jakovina
* Tony Judt
* Harvey Klehr
* Gabriel Kolko
* Walter LaFeber
* Walter Laqueur
* Melvyn P. Leffler
* Geir Lundestad
* Vojtech Mastny
* Jack F. Matlock Jr.
* Thomas J. McCormick
* Timothy Naftali
* Marius Oprea
* David S. Painter
* William B. Pickett
* Ronald E. Powaski
* Yakov M. Rabkin
* Mary Elise Sarotte
* Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
* Ellen Schrecker
* Giles Scott-Smith
* Shen Zhihua
* Timothy Snyder
* Athan Theoharis
* Andrew Thorpe
* Vladimir Tismăneanu
* Patrick Vaughan
* Alex von Tunzelmann
* Odd Arne Westad
* William Appleman Williams
* Jonathan Reed Winkler
* Rudolph Winnacker
* Ken Young

Espionage and
intelligence|

* List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
* Soviet espionage in the United States
* Russian espionage in the United States
* American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
* CIA and the Cultural Cold War
* CIA
* MI5
* MI6
* United States involvement in regime change
* Soviet involvement in regime change
* MVD
* KGB
* Stasi

See also|

* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
* Soviet Union–United States relations
* Soviet Union–United States summits
* Russia–NATO relations
* War on terror
* Brinkmanship
* Second Cold War
* Russian Revolution

* Category
* List of conflicts
* Timeline

* v
* t
* e

Time Persons of the Year

1927–1950|

* Charles Lindbergh (1927)
* Walter Chrysler (1928)
* Owen D. Young (1929)
* Mohandas Gandhi (1930)
* Pierre Laval (1931)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932)
* Hugh S. Johnson (1933)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934)
* Haile Selassie (1935)
* Wallis Simpson (1936)
* Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937)
* Adolf Hitler (1938)
* Joseph Stalin (1939)
* Winston Churchill (1940)
* Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941)
* Joseph Stalin (1942)
* George Marshall (1943)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944)
* Harry S. Truman (1945)
* James F. Byrnes (1946)
* George Marshall (1947)
* Harry S. Truman (1948)
* Winston Churchill (1949)
* The American Fighting-Man (1950)

1951–1975|

* Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951)
* Elizabeth II  (1952)
* Konrad Adenauer (1953)
* John Foster Dulles (1954)
* Harlow Curtice (1955)
* Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956)
* Nikita Khrushchev (1957)
* Charles de Gaulle (1958)
* Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959)
* U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960)
* John F. Kennedy (1961)
* Pope John XXIII (1962)
* Martin Luther King Jr. (1963)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1964)
* William Westmoreland (1965)
* The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966)
* Lyndon B. Johnson (1967)
* The Apollo 8 Astronauts: William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968)
* The Middle Americans (1969)
* Willy Brandt (1970)
* Richard Nixon (1971)
* Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972)
* John Sirica (1973)
* King Faisal (1974)
* American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975)

1976–2000|

* Jimmy Carter (1976)
* Anwar Sadat (1977)
* Deng Xiaoping (1978)
* Ayatollah Khomeini (1979)
* Ronald Reagan (1980)
* Lech Wałęsa (1981)
* The Computer (1982)
* Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983)
* Peter Ueberroth (1984)
* Deng Xiaoping (1985)
* Corazon Aquino (1986)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1987)
* The Endangered Earth (1988)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (1989)
* George H. W. Bush (1990)
* Ted Turner (1991)
* Bill Clinton (1992)
* The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993)
* Pope John Paul II (1994)
* Newt Gingrich (1995)
* David Ho (1996)
* Andrew Grove (1997)
* Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998)
* Jeff Bezos (1999)
* George W. Bush (2000)

2001–present|

* Rudolph Giuliani (2001)
* The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002)
* The American Soldier (2003)
* George W. Bush (2004)
* The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005)
* You (2006)
* Vladimir Putin (2007)
* Barack Obama (2008)
* Ben Bernanke (2009)
* Mark Zuckerberg (2010)
* The Protester (2011)
* Barack Obama (2012)
* Pope Francis (2013)
* Ebola Fighters: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014)
* Angela Merkel (2015)
* Donald Trump (2016)
* The Silence Breakers (2017)
* The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018)
* Greta Thunberg (2019)
* Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020)
* Elon Musk (2021)
* Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022)
* Taylor Swift (2023)

* v
* t
* e

Members of the 1st Bundestag (1949–1953)

President: Erich Köhler until 18 October 1950; Hermann Ehlers from 19 October 1950 (CDU)

CDU/CSU|

* v
* t
* e

CDU/CSU

Speaker: Konrad Adenauer until 21 September 1949; Heinrich von Brentano from 30 September 1949

* CDU:
* Adenauer
* Albers
* Arndgen
* Bartram (from 13 May 1952)
* Bauknecht
* Baur
* Bausch
* Becker
* Blank
* Brauksiepe
* Brentano
* Brese
* Brökelschen
* Brönner
* Brookmann
* Bucerius
* Degener (until 31 December 1951)
* Dietz
* Dresbach
* Eckstein
* Ehlers
* Ehren
* Eplée (from 16 January 1953)
* Erhard
* Etzel (until 4 January 1953)
* Etzenbach
* Even
* Feldmann
* Frey
* Friedensburg (from 1 February 1952)
* Gengler
* Gerns
* Gerstenmaier
* Gibbert
* Giencke
* Glüsing
* Gockeln
* Götz
* Gröwel
* Günther
* Hagge (from 24 June 1953 FDP)
* Handschumacher (from 21 January 1953)
* Heiler
* Heix
* Henle
* Hilbert
* Hilpert (until 10 October 1949)
* Höfler
* Hohl (from 3 November 1949)
* Holzapfel (until 20 January 1953)
* Hoogen
* Hoppe
* Horn (from 10 June 1950)
* Huth
* Junglas
* Kaiser
* Kather
* Kemper
* Kern
* Kiesinger
* Köhler
* Kopf
* Krone
* Kühling
* Kuntscher
* Kunze
* Lehr
* Leibfried
* Lemmer (from 1 February 1952)
* Lenz
* Leonhard
* Lübke (until 30 September 1950)
* Lücke
* Majonica (from 19 November 1950)
* Massoth
* Maxsein (from 1 February 1952)
* Mayer
* Mehs
* Mensing
* Morgenthaler
* Muckermann
* Mühlenberg
* Müller
* Müller-Hermann (from 1 January 1952)
* Naegel
* Neber
* Nellen
* Neuburger
* Niggemeyer
* Oetzel (from 24 January 1953)
* Orth
* Pelster
* Pfender
* Pferdmenges (from 12 January 1950)
* Povel (until 21 October 1952)
* Pünder
* Raestrup
* Rehling
* Rösch
* Rümmele
* Sabel
* Scharnberg
* Schill
* Schlange-Schöningen (until 9 June 1950)
* Schmitt
* Schmitz
* Schmücker
* Schröder
* Schröter (until 25 February 1952)
* Schuler
* Schulze-Pellengahr
* Schüttler
* Serres
* Sewald (until 25 November 1949)
* Siebel
* Stauch
* Steinbiß
* Storch
* Struve
* Tillmanns
* Vogel
* Wacker
* Wackerzapp
* Wahl
* Weber
* Weber
* Weiß
* Winkelheide
* Wuermeling

* CSU:
* Bauereisen
* Bodensteiner (from 14 November 1952 Non-attached (GVP))
* Fuchs
* Fugger
* Funk
* Horlacher
* Jaeger
* Kahn
* Karpf
* Kemmer
* Kleindinst
* Laforet
* Loibl (until 16 April 1951)
* Nickl
* Niklas (from 30 May 1951)
* Oesterle
* Probst
* Schäffer
* Schatz
* Schütz
* Semler (from 14 May 1950)
* Solleder
* Spies
* Spreti
* Strauss
* Stücklen

SPD|

* v
* t
* e

SPD

Speaker: Kurt Schumacher until 20 August 1952; Erich Ollenhauer from 7 October 1952

* Members:
* Albertz
* Albrecht
* Altmaier
* Ansorge (from 17 November 1951)
* Arndt
* Arnholz
* Baade
* Bärsch
* Baur
* Bazille
* Behrisch
* Bergmann
* Bergsträsser
* Berlin
* Bettgenhäuser
* Bielig
* Birkelbach
* Blachstein
* Bleiß
* Böhm
* Brandt
* Brill
* Bromme
* Brünen
* Brunner (until 13 November 1951)
* Cramer
* Dannebom
* Diel
* Döhring
* Eichler
* Ekstrand
* Erler
* Faller (from 4 December 1951)
* Fischer (until 21 October 1951)
* Franke (from 17 May 1951)
* Freidhof
* Freitag
* Geritzmann
* Gleisner
* Görlinger
* Graf
* Greve
* Gülich
* Happe
* Heiland
* Heinen (from 24 July 1953)
* Hennig
* Henßler
* Herbig (until 1 December 1951)
* Herrmann
* Höcker
* Höhne
* Hubert
* Imig
* Jacobi
* Jacobs
* Jahn
* Kalbfell
* Kalbitzer
* Keilhack
* Keuning
* Kinat
* Kipp-Kaule
* Klabunde (until 21 November 1950)
* Knoeringen (until 3 April 1951)
* Knothe (until 20 February 1952)
* Koch
* Königswarter (from 1 February 1952)
* Korspeter
* Krahnstöver
* Kreyssig (from 4 April 1951)
* Kriedemann
* Kurlbaum
* Lange
* Lausen
* Leddin (until 25 March 1951)
* Löbe
* Lockmann (from 28 November 1950)
* Lohmüller (until 2 March 1952)
* Ludwig
* Lütkens
* Marx
* Matzner
* Mayer
* Meitmann
* Mellies
* Menzel
* Merten (from 23 April 1951)
* Mertins
* Meyer
* Meyer
* Meyer-Laule
* Missmahl
* Mommer
* Moosdorf (from 4 May 1952)
* Mücke
* Müller
* Müller
* Nadig
* Neubauer (from 1 February 1952)
* Neumann
* Nölting (until 15 July 1953)
* Nowack
* Odenthal (from 28 September 1951)
* Ohlig
* Ollenhauer
* Paul
* Peters
* Pohle
* Preller (from 16 March 1951)
* Priebe
* Reitzner
* Richter
* Ritzel
* Roth (until 14 May 1951)
* Ruhnke
* Runge
* Sander
* Sassnick
* Schanzenbach
* Schellenberg (from 1 February 1952)
* Schmid
* Schmidt
* Schoettle
* Schönauer (until 2 April 1950)
* Schöne
* Schroeder
* Schröter (from 1 February 1952)
* Schumacher (until 20 August 1952)
* Segitz (from 4 December 1951)
* Seuffert
* Stech
* Steinhörster
* Stierle
* Stopperich (until 6 January 1952)
* Striebeck
* Strobel
* Suhr (until 31 January 1952)
* Temmen
* Tenhagen
* Troppenz
* Veit
* Wagner
* Wehner
* Wehr (from 21 May 1952)
* Weinhold
* Welke
* Weltner
* Wenzel
* Winter (from 9 November 1952)
* Wolff (from 1 February 1952)
* Wönner
* Zinn (until 21 January 1951)
* Zühlke

FDP|

* v
* t
* e

FDP

Speaker: Theodor Heuss until 12 September 1949; Hermann Schäfer until 10 January 1951; August-Martin Euler until 6 May 1952; Hermann Schäfer from 6 May 1952

* Members:
* Atzenroth
* Becker
* Blank
* Blücher
* Dannemann
* Dehler
* Dirscherl
* Eberhard (from 3 October 1952)
* Euler
* Fassbender
* Friedrich (from 5 October 1950 Non-attached, from 16 November 1950 BHE/DG, from 2 April 1952 FDP-Gast)
* Frühwald
* Funcke (from 14 September 1951)
* Gaul
* Golitschek
* Grundmann
* Hammer
* Hasemann
* Henn (from 1 February 1952)
* Heuss (until 15 September 1949)
* Hoffmann (from 15 June 1951)
* Hoffmann
* Höpker-Aschoff (until 9 September 1951)
* Hübner (from 1 February 1952)
* Hütter (from 15 September 1949)
* Ilk (from 3 November 1949)
* Jaeger (from 22 January 1953)
* Juncker
* Kneipp
* Kohl (until 31 January 1952)
* Kühn
* Langer (from 10 June 1952 Non-attached, from 29 March 1953 WAV)
* Leuchtgens (from 21 January 1950 DRP, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 6 December 1950 DP, from 27 July 1953 partei- und Non-attached)
* Leuze (from 21 March 1952)
* Linnert (until 27 October 1949)
* Luchtenberg (from 30 October 1950)
* Margulies
* Mauk (from 7 April 1952)
* Mayer (until 18 December 1952)
* Mende
* Middelhauve (until 17 October 1950)
* Mulert (from 1 February 1952)
* Neumayer
* Nöll
* Nowack (until 30 September 1952)
* Oellers (until 5 June 1951)
* Onnen
* Pfleiderer
* Preiß
* Preusker
* Rademacher
* Rath
* Rechenberg (until 19 January 1953)
* Reif
* Revenstorff
* Rüdiger (until 20 February 1951)
* Schäfer
* Schneider
* Stahl
* Stegner
* Trischler
* Vries (from 5 January 1953)
* Wellhausen
* Wildermuth (until 9 March 1952)
* Will (from 1 February 1952)
* Wirths
* Zawadil (from 26 November 1952 DP)

DP|

* v
* t
* e

Speaker: Heinrich Hellwege until 2 November 1949; Friedrich Klinge until 21 December 1949; Hans Mühlenfeld until 15 March 1953; Hans-Joachim von Merkatz from 17 March 1953

* Members:
* Ahrens
* Bahlburg (from 13 September 1951 Non-attached, from 24 January 1952 DP-Gast, from 10 September 1952 Non-attached)
* Campe (from 23 January 1950, until 8 January 1952)
* Eickhoff
* Ewers
* Farke
* Fricke (from 22 March 1952)
* Hedler (from 19 January 1950 Non-attached, from 28 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 16 September 1950 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV)
* Hellwege
* Jaffé (from 9 January 1952)
* Kalinke
* Klinge (until 21 December 1949)
* Kuhlemann
* Matthes
* Merkatz
* Mühlenfeld (until 15 May 1953)
* Seebohm
* Tobaben
* Walter
* Wittenburg
* Woltje (from 30 May 1953)

BP|

* v
* t
* e

Speaker: Gebhard Seelos until 25 September 1951; Hugo Decker from 25 September 1951

* Members:
* Aretin (from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Aumer (from 8 September 1950 Non-attached)
* Baumgartner (until 1 January 1951)
* Besold (from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Decker
* Donhauser (from 8 September 1950 Non-attached, from 17 September 1952 CSU)
* Eichner (from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Etzel (from 14 December 1951 FU, from 3 December 1952 Non-attached (GVP))
* Falkner (until 27 October 1950)
* Fink (from 14 December 1951 FU, from 5 January 1952 CSU)
* Fürstenberg (from 7 November 1950 Non-attached, from 19 January 1951 CSU)
* Lampl (from 10 November 1950, from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Maerkl (from 1 September 1952)
* Mayerhofer (from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Meitinger (from 26 September 1951, from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Oettingen-Wallerstein (from 8 January 1951, from 14 December 1951 FU, until 1 September 1952)
* Parzinger (from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Rahn (from 14 January 1950, from 8 September 1950 Non-attached, from 17 October 1950 WAV-Gast, from 14 February 1951 CSU)
* Seelos (until 25 September 1951)
* Volkholz (from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Wartner (from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Ziegler (until 30 December 1949)

KPD|

* v
* t
* e

KPD

Speaker: Max Reimann

* Members:
* Agatz
* Fisch
* Gundelach
* Harig
* Kohl (from 26 January 1950)
* Leibbrand (until 26 January 1950)
* Müller (from 10 May 1950 Non-attached)
* Müller
* Niebergall
* Niebes (from 10 July 1952)
* Nuding (until 20 April 1951)
* Paul
* Reimann
* Renner
* Rische
* Strohbach (from 16 May 1951)
* Thiele
* Vesper (until 30 June 1952)

WAV|

* v
* t
* e

WAV

Speaker: Alfred Loritz

* Members:
* Bieganowski (from 21 March 1952, from 23 April 1952 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached)
* Fröhlich (from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached)
* Goetzendorff (from 29 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 29 April 1953 WAV)
* Keller (from 24 April 1952, from 6 December 1951 DP, Non-attached)
* Löfflad (from 6 December 1951 DP)
* Loritz (from 6 December 1951 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV)
* Paschek (from 29 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached, from 30 January 1951 WAV, from 6 December 1951 DP, until 22 April 1952)
* Reindl (from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV)
* Schmidt (from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached)
* Schuster (from 6 December 1951 DP)
* Tichi (from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached)
* Wallner (from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached)
* Weickert (from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, until 16 March 1952)
* Wittmann (from 6 December 1951 DP, from 9 May 1952 Non-attached, from 5 July 1952 CDU/CSU-Gast)

ZENTRUM|

* v
* t
* e

ZENTRUM

Speaker: Helene Wessel

* Members:
* Amelunxen (until 7 October 1949)
* Arnold (from 14 December 1951 FU, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached (GVP))
* Bertram (from 3 November 1949, from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Determann (from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Glasmeyer (from 23 November 1951 CDU)
* Hamacher (until 29 July 1951)
* Hoffmann (, from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Krause (until 18 October 1950)
* Pannenbecker (from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Reismann (from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Ribbeheger (from 14 December 1951 FU)
* Wessel (from 14 December 1951 FU, from 13 November 1952 Non-attached (GVP))
* Willenberg (from 26 October 1950, from 14 December 1951 FU)

DRP|

* v
* t
* e

DRP

* Members:
* Dorls (from 13 December 1950 WAV-Gast, from 17 January 1951 WAV, from 26 September 1951 Non-attached, am 23 October 1952 Mandatsaberkennung)
* Frommhold (from 7 September 1949 Nationale Rechte, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 26 March 1952 DP-Gast, from 11 February 1953 Non-attached)
* Jaeger (from 29 February 1952)
* Miessner (from 5 October 1950 FDP-Gast, from 20 December 1950 FDP)
* Rößler (from 15 September 1949 Nationale Rechte, from 6 September 1950 Non-attached, from 13 December 1950 WAV-Gast, from 17 January 1951 WAV, from 26 September 1951 Non-attached, until 21 February 1952)
* Thadden (from 15 September 1949 Nationale Rechte; 1950 DRP, from 20 April 1950 Non-attached)

OTHER|

* v
* t
* e

OTHER

* Members:
* Clausen (from 23 January 1952 FU-Gast, from 3 July 1953 Non-attached)
* Edert (CDU/CSU-Gast)
* Freudenberg (from 5 December 1952 Non-attached)
* Ott (Non-attached, from 4 May 1950 WAV-Gast, from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached, from 26 March 1952 DP/DPB-Gast, from 26 June 1952 Non-attached)

* List of members of the 1st Bundestag

* v
* t
* e

Members of the 2nd Bundestag (1953–1957)

President: Eugen Gerstenmaier (CDU)

CDU/CSU|

* v
* t
* e

CDU/CSU

Speaker: Heinrich von Brentano until 7 June 1955; Heinrich Krone from 15 June 1955]]

* CDU:
* Ackermann
* Adenauer
* Albers
* Albrecht (from 11 May 1956)
* Arndgen
* Baier (from 26 June 1956)
* Barlage
* Bartram
* Bauknecht
* Bausch
* Becker
* Berendsen
* Bergmeyer
* Bismarck
* Blank
* Bleyler
* Blöcker (from 8 November 1954)
* Bock
* Bodelschwingh
* Böhm
* Brand
* Brauksiepe
* Brenner (from 5 May 1957)
* Brentano
* Brese
* Brökelschen
* Brönner
* Brookmann (until 31 August 1957)
* Brück (until 17 September 1957)
* Bucerius
* Buchka
* Burgemeister
* Bürkel
* Caspers
* Cillien
* Conring
* Czaja
* Diedrichsen
* Dietz
* Dresbach
* Eckstein
* Ehlers (until 29 October 1954)
* Ehren
* Engelbrecht-Greve
* Erhard
* Etzenbach
* Even
* Farny (until 11 November 1953)
* Feldmann
* Finckh
* Franzen
* Friedensburg
* Friese
* Furler
* Ganswindt (from 9 November 1955)
* Gantenberg (from 8 October 1956)
* Gedat
* Gengler
* Gerns
* Gerstenmaier
* Gibbert
* Giencke
* Glasmeyer
* Glüsing
* Gockeln
* Goldhagen
* Gontrum
* Götz
* Grantze (from 17 November 1955)
* Griem (until 7 November 1955)
* Günther
* Hahn
* Harnischfeger
* Hassel (until 4 November 1954)
* Häussler
* Hellwig
* Hesberg
* Heye
* Hilbert
* Höck
* Höfler
* Holla
* Hoogen
* Horn
* Huth
* Illerhaus
* Jahn
* Jochmus
* Josten
* Kaiser (from 17 September 1956)
* Kaiser
* Kather (from 15 June 1954 GB/BHE)
* Kemper
* Kiesinger
* Kirchhoff
* Kliesing
* Knapp
* Knobloch
* Köhler
* Kolbe (until 25 December 1953)
* Koops
* Kopf
* Kortmann
* Krammig
* Kratz (from 4 January 1957, until 11 April 1957)
* Kroll
* Krone
* Kühlthau
* Kuntscher
* Kunze
* Leibfried (until 21 June 1956)
* Leibing (from 8 August 1955)
* Leiske
* Lemmer
* Lenz (until 2 May 1957)
* Lenz
* Lenze
* Leonhard
* Leverkuehn
* Lindenberg
* Lindrath
* Löhr
* Lotze (from 1 November 1954)
* Lübke
* Lücke
* Lulay
* Majonica
* Massoth
* Maucher (until 16 September 1956)
* Maxsein
* Mayer (from 20 November 1953)
* Mayer
* Menke
* Mensing
* Moerchel
* Morgenthaler
* Muckermann
* Mühlenberg
* Müller (until 11 November 1953)
* Müller
* Müller-Hermann
* Müser
* Naegel (until 24 May 1956)
* Nellen
* Neuburger
* Niggemeyer
* Oetzel
* Orth (until 7 October 1956)
* Pelster
* Pferdmenges
* Pitz-Savelsberg
* Platner (from 12 December 1956 DP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Pohle
* Praetorius
* Pünder
* Raestrup
* Rasner
* Rehling
* Richarts
* Röder (from 4 January 1957)
* Rösch
* Ruf
* Rümmele
* Sabel
* Schäfer (from 4 January 1957)
* Scharnberg
* Scheppmann
* Schill
* Schlick
* Schmidt-Wittmack (from 22 April 1954 Non-attached, Loss of mandate 23 February 1956)
* Schmücker
* Schneider
* Schrader
* Schröder
* Schuler (until 30 July 1955)
* Schulze-Pellengahr
* Schüttler
* Schwarz
* Schwarzhaupt
* Seffrin
* Serres
* Sfromaß
* Sfromel (until 16 September 1957)
* Siebel
* Siemer
* Solke
* Spies
* Stauch
* Steinbiß
* Steinhauer (from 12 April 1957)
* Stingl
* Storch
* Storm
* Struve
* Teriete
* Thies (from 30 May 1956)
* Tillmanns (until 12 November 1955)
* Varelmann
* Vietje
* Vogel
* Voß
* Wacker
* Wahl
* Walz
* Weber
* Weber
* Wehking
* Welskop
* Welter (from 4 January 1954)
* Werber
* Wiedeck
* Willeke
* Windelen (from 28 September 1957)
* Winkelheide
* Wolf (from 13 November 1953)
* Wuermeling
* Wullenhaupt

* CSU:
* Bauer
* Bauereisen
* Demmelmeier
* Dittrich
* Dollinger
* Donhauser
* Franz
* Fuchs
* Funk
* Geiger
* Geisendörfer
* Gleissner
* Graf (from 26 October 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Gumrum (from 26 October 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Henckel
* Höcherl
* Horlacher
* Jaeger
* Kahn
* Karpf
* Kemmer
* Kihn
* Klausner
* Kleindinst
* Kramel
* Kuchtner
* Lang
* Lermer
* Leukert
* Lücker
* Manteuffel-Szoege
* Meyer
* Miller
* Niederalt
* Oesterle
* Probst
* Riederer
* Rinke
* Schäffer
* Schuberth
* Schütz
* Seidl
* Spies
* Spörl
* Spreti (until 5 March 1956)
* Stiller
* Strauss
* Stücklen
* Unertl
* Wacher
* Wieninger
* Winter (from 6 March 1956)
* Wittmann

* CVP:
* Ruland (from 4 January 1957, from 23 May 1957 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion)
* Schneider (from 4 January 1957, Non-attached, from 23 May 1957 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion)

SPD|

* v
* t
* e

SPD

Speaker: Erich Ollenhauer

* Members:
* Albertz
* Albrecht
* Altmaier
* Arndt
* Arnholz
* Baade
* Bals
* Banse
* Bärsch
* Bauer
* Baur
* Bazille
* Behrisch
* Bennemann
* Bergmann
* Berlin
* Bettgenhäuser
* Beyer
* Birkelbach
* Blachstein
* Bleiß
* Böhm (until 18 July 1957)
* Brandt
* Bruse
* Corterier
* Dannebom
* Daum
* Deist
* Dewald
* Diekmann
* Diel
* Döhring
* Dopatka (from 21 November 1955)
* Erler
* Eschmann
* Faller
* Franke
* Frehsee
* Freidhof
* Frenzel
* Gefeller
* Geiger (from 1 January 1954)
* Geritzmann
* Gleisner
* Görlinger (until 10 February 1954)
* Greve
* Grunner (from 11 June 1957, until 21 June 1957)
* Gülich
* Hansen
* Hansing
* Hauffe
* Heide
* Heiland
* Heinrich
* Heise
* Hellenbrock
* Herklotz (from 24 September 1956)
* Hermsdorf
* Herold
* Höcker
* Höhne
* Hörauf
* Hubert
* Hufnagel
* Jacobi
* Jacobs
* Jahn
* Jaksch
* Kahn-Ackermann
* Kalbitzer
* Keilhack
* Kettig
* Keuning
* Kinat
* Kipp-Kaule
* Klingelhöfer
* Koenen
* Könen
* Königswarter
* Korspeter
* Kreyssig
* Kriedemann
* Kühn
* Kurlbaum
* Ladebeck
* Lange
* Leitow (from 3 August 1956)
* Lockmann
* Ludwig
* Lütkens (until 17 November 1955)
* Marx
* Mattick
* Matzner
* Mayer
* Meitmann
* Mellies
* Menzel
* Merten
* Metzger
* Meyer
* Meyer
* Meyer-Laule
* Missmahl (from 1 September 1954)
* Moll
* Mommer
* Müller
* Müller
* Nadig
* Neubauer
* Neumann
* Odenthal
* Ohlig
* Ollenhauer
* Op
* Paul
* Peter (from 24 July 1957)
* Peters
* Pohle
* Pöhler
* Preller
* Prennel (from 9 November 1955)
* Priebe
* Pusch
* Putzig (from 13 February 1954)
* Rasch
* Ratzel (from 15 September 1955)
* Regling
* Rehs
* Reitz
* Reitzner
* Renger
* Richter
* Ritzel
* Rudoll
* Ruhnke
* Runge
* Sassnick (until 6 November 1955)
* Schanzenbach
* Schellenberg
* Scheuren
* Schmid
* Schmidt
* Schmidt
* Schmitt
* Schoettle
* Schöne
* Schreiner (from 4 January 1957)
* Schroeder (until 4 June 1957)
* Schröter
* Seidel
* Seither
* Seuffert
* Stierle
* Sträter
* Strobel
* Stümer (from 30 March 1954)
* Tausch-Treml (from 25 June 1957)
* Tenhagen (until 22 August 1954)
* Thieme
* Traub [de] (until 8 September 1955)
* Trittelvitz (until 12 September 1956)
* Veit (until 10 December 1953)
* Wagner
* Wagner
* Wehner
* Wehr
* Welke
* Weltner
* Wenzel
* Wienand
* Will (from 4 January 1957)
* Winter (until 7 March 1954)
* Wittrock
* Wolff
* Ziegler (until 27 July 1956)
* Zühlke

FDP|

* v
* t
* e

FDP

Speaker: Erich Mende

* Members:
* Atzenroth
* Becker
* Berg (from 27 June 1955, from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Blank (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Blücher (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Bucher
* Dannemann (until 1 July 1955)
* Dehler
* Drechsel
* Eberhard
* Euler (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Fassbender (from 18 November 1955 DP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Friese-Korn
* Frühwald
* Gaul
* Golitschek (from 18 April 1956)
* Graaff (from 4 July 1955)
* Hammer
* Held (from 13 September 1954)
* Henn (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Hepp (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Hoffmann
* Hübner (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Hütter (from 29 September 1955)
* Ilk
* Jentzsch
* Kühn
* Lahr (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Lenz
* Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg (from 6 June 1957 Non-attached, from 25 June 1957 DP/FVP)
* Luchtenberg (from 18 September 1954, until 9 April 1956)
* Lüders
* Manteuffel (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Margulies
* Mauk
* Mayer (until 14 May 1956)
* Mende
* Middelhauve (until 10 September 1954)
* Miessner
* Neumayer (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Onnen
* Pfleiderer (until 20 September 1955)
* Preiß (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Preusker (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Rademacher
* Reif
* Schäfer (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Scheel
* Schloß
* Schneider (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Schwann
* Stahl
* Stammberger
* Starke
* Stegner (from 13 January 1954 Non-attached, from 6 February 1957 GB/BHE)
* Weber (from 15 May 1956)
* Wellhausen (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 23 June 1956 CDU/CSU)
* Weyer (until 17 September 1954)
* Will
* Wirths (until 16 June 1955)

* DPS:
* Schneider (from 4 January 1957, Guest of FDP-Fraktion)
* Schwertner (from 4 January 1957, from 8 January 1957 Guest of FDP-Fraktion)
* Wedel (from 4 January 1957, Non-attached, from 8 January 1957 Guest of FDP-Fraktion)

GB/BHE|

* v
* t
* e

GB/BHE

Speaker: Horst Haasler until 15 March 1955; Karl Mocker 15 March 1955 till 26 April 1956; Erwin Feller from 26 April 1956]]

* Members:
* Bender (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)
* Czermak (from 14 July 1955 FDP)
* Eckhardt (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)
* Elsner
* Engell
* Feller
* Fiedler (until 13 October 1953)
* Finck (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)
* Finselberger
* Gemein
* Gille
* Haasler (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)
* Keller
* Klötzer
* Körner (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 FDP, from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Kraft (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)
* Kunz
* Kutschera
* Meyer-Ronnenberg (from 20 August 1954 CDU/CSU)
* Mocker
* Oberländer (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)
* Petersen
* Reichstein
* Samwer (from 15 October 1953, from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU)
* Seiboth
* Sornik
* Srock
* Strosche

DP|

* v
* t
* e

Speaker: Hans-Joachim von Merkatz until 11 September 1955; Ernst-Christoph Brühler from 11 September 1955]]

* Members:
* Becker (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Brühler (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Eickhoff (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Elbrächter (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Hellwege (until 27 May 1955)
* Kalinke (from 3 June 1955, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Matthes (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Merkatz (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Müller (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Schild (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Schneider (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Schranz (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Seebohm (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Walter (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Wittenburg (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)
* Zimmermann (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP)

OTHER|

* v
* t
* e

Independent

* Members:
* Böhner (Non-attached, until 8 January 1954)
* Brockmann (Non-attached)
* Heix (from 23 September 1953 CDU/CSU)
* Rösing (from 14 January 1954, Non-attached, from 25 June 1954 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 6 June 1955 CDU/CSU)

* List of members of the 2nd Bundestag

* v
* t
* e

Members of the 3rd Bundestag (1957–1961)

President: Eugen Gerstenmaier (CDU)

CDU/CSU|

* v
* t
* e

CDU/CSU

Speaker: Heinrich Krone

* CDU:
* Ackermann
* Adelmann
* Adenauer
* Arndgen
* Arnold (until 29 June 1958)
* Baier
* Baldauf
* Balkenhol
* Bartels
* Barzel
* Bauknecht
* Bausch
* Becker
* Becker
* Benda
* Berberich
* Berendsen (until 15 September 1959)
* Berger
* Bergmeyer
* Birrenbach
* Bismarck
* Blank
* Bleyler
* Blöcker
* Blohm
* Bodelschwingh
* Böhm
* Brand
* Brauksiepe
* Brentano
* Brese
* Brökelschen
* Brönner (until 21 January 1958)
* Brück
* Brüns (from 26 October 1959 until 28 November 1960)
* Bucerius
* Bühler
* Burgbacher
* Burgemeister
* Caspers
* Cillien (until 29 April 1960)
* Conring
* Czaja
* Deringer
* Diebäcker
* Diel
* Draeger
* Dresbach
* Ehren
* Eichelbaum
* Elbrächter
* Engelbrecht-Greve
* Engländer
* Enk
* Eplée (from 8 September 1958)
* Erhard
* Etzel
* Etzenbach
* Even
* Even
* Finckh
* Franzen
* Frey
* Friedensburg
* Fritz
* Fritz
* Furler
* Gantenberg
* Gaßmann
* Gedat
* Gehring
* Gerns
* Gerstenmaier
* Gewandt
* Gibbert
* Giencke
* Glüsing
* Gockeln (until 6 December 1958)
* Goldhagen
* Gontrum
* Gossel
* Gottesleben
* Götz
* Gradl
* Günther
* Hackethal
* Hahn
* Hahne (from 7 December 1959)
* Harnischfeger
* Hauser (from 11 March 1960)
* Häussler
* Heck
* Heix
* Hellwig (until 30 November 1959)
* Hesberg
* Hesemann
* Heye
* Hilbert
* Höck
* Höfler
* Holla
* Hoogen
* Horn
* Hübner ()
* Huth
* Huys
* Illerhaus
* Jahn
* Jordan
* Josten
* Kalinke
* Kanka
* Katzer
* Kiesinger (until 19 February 1959)
* Kirchhoff
* Kisters (from 21 September 1959)
* Klemmert
* Kliesing
* Knobloch
* Koch
* Kopf
* Kraft
* Krammig
* Kroll
* Krone
* Krüger (from 15 December 1958)
* Krüger
* Kühlthau
* Kunst
* Kuntscher
* Kunze (until 11 October 1959)
* Leicht
* Leiske
* Lemmer
* Lenz
* Lenze
* Leonhard
* Leverkuehn (until 1 March 1960)
* Lindeiner (from 8 September 1959)
* Lindenberg
* Lindrath (until 27 February 1960)
* Löhr
* Lübke (until 2 September 1959)
* Lücke
* Lulay (from 23 February 1959)
* Majonica
* Martin
* Maucher (from 30 January 1958)
* Maxsein
* Mayer
* Meis (from 2 July 1958)
* Mengelkamp
* Menke
* Mensing
* Merkatz
* Meyers (until 4 September 1958)
* Mick
* Muckermann
* Mühlenberg
* Müller-Hermann
* Müser
* Neuburger
* Nieberg
* Niggemeyer
* Oberländer
* Oetzel
* Pannhoff
* Pelster
* Pernoll (until 15 July 1959)
* Pferdmenges
* Pflaumbaum
* Philipp
* Pietscher
* Pitz-Savelsberg
* Preiß
* Preusker
* Probst
* Rasner
* Rehling
* Reinhard
* Reith
* Richarts
* Riedel
* Ripken (from 10 March 1958)
* Rollmann (from 7 March 1960)
* Rommerskirchen (from 12 December 1960)
* Rösch
* Rösing
* Rüdel
* Ruf
* Scharnberg
* Scheppmann
* Schild
* Schlick
* Schmidt
* Schmitt
* Schmücker
* Schneider (from 10 September 1958)
* Schneider
* Schröder
* Schulze-Pellengahr
* Schüttler
* Schwarz
* Schwarzhaupt
* Schwörer (from 21 October 1958)
* Seebohm
* Seffrin
* Serres
* Siebel
* Siemer
* Simpfendörfer
* Solke
* Spies
* Stauch
* Stecker
* Steinbiß
* Steinmetz
* Stingl
* Stoltenberg
* Storch
* Storm
* Storm
* Struve
* Teriete
* Tobaben
* Toussaint
* Varelmann
* Vehar
* Vietje (from 6 May 1960)
* Vogel
* Wahl
* Weber
* Weber
* Wehking
* Weimer
* Welter
* Wendelborn
* Werber
* Werner (from 24 July 1959)
* Wilhelmi
* Willeke
* Windelen
* Winkelheide
* Wittmer-Eigenbrodt
* Wolff (until 15 October 1958)
* Worms
* Wuermeling
* Wullenhaupt
* Zimmer

* CSU:
* Aigner
* Balke
* Bauer
* Bauereisen
* Besold
* Demmelmeier
* Dittrich
* Dollinger
* Drachsler
* Eckhardt (from 27 December 1957)
* Feury (until 10 December 1957)
* Franz
* Fuchs
* Funk
* Geiger
* Geisendörfer
* Gleissner
* Görgen
* Guttenberg
* Haniel-Niethammer
* Henckel (from 5 September 1959)
* Höcherl
* Jaeger
* Kemmer
* Kempfler
* Klausner (until 17 April 1958)
* Knorr
* Kramel
* Krug
* Kuchtner
* Lang
* Lermer
* Leukert (from 21 April 1958)
* Lücker
* Manteuffel-Szoege
* Memmel
* Meyer
* Niederalt
* Oesterle (until 31 August 1959)
* Probst
* Ruland
* Schäffer
* Schlee
* Schütz
* Seidl
* Spies
* Stiller
* Strauss
* Stücklen
* Sühler
* Unertl
* Vogt
* Wacher
* Weinkamm
* Wieninger
* Winter
* Wittmann
* Zimmermann

SPD|

* v
* t
* e

SPD

Speaker: Erich Ollenhauer

* Members:
* Albertz
* Albrecht (until 16 May 1958)
* Altmaier
* Altvater (from 22 September 1960)
* Arndt
* Auge
* Baade
* Bach (from 27 October 1959)
* Bading
* Bals
* Bärsch
* Bauer
* Bäumer
* Baur
* Bay (from 20 December 1960)
* Bazille
* Bechert
* Behrendt
* Bennemann
* Berger-Heise
* Bergmann
* Berkhan
* Berlin
* Bettgenhäuser
* Beyer
* Birkelbach
* Blachstein
* Bleiß
* Börner
* Brecht
* Bruse
* Büttner
* Conrad (until 20 July 1959)
* Corterier
* Cramer
* Deist
* Dewald
* Diekmann
* Diel (until 6 April 1959)
* Döhring
* Dopatka
* Dröscher
* Eilers
* Erler
* Eschmann
* Faller
* Felder
* Folger (from 19 May 1958)
* Franke
* Frede
* Frehsee
* Frenzel (until 4 November 1960)
* Geiger
* Geritzmann
* Gleisner (until 17 March 1959)
* Greve
* Gülich (until 15 April 1960)
* Haage
* Hamacher
* Hansing
* Harm (until 22 September 1961)
* Hauffe
* Heide
* Heiland
* Heinemann
* Heinrich (until 7 March 1959)
* Hellenbrock
* Herklotz
* Hermsdorf
* Herold
* Höcker
* Höhmann
* Höhne
* Hörauf
* Hubert
* Hufnagel
* Iven
* Jacobi
* Jacobs
* Jahn (until 10 July 1960)
* Jahn
* Jaksch
* Junghans
* Jungherz (from 19 January 1960)
* Jürgensen
* Kalbitzer
* Keilhack
* Kettig
* Keuning
* Killat (from 19 March 1959)
* Kipp-Kaule
* Koenen
* Könen
* Königswarter
* Korspeter
* Krappe
* Kraus
* Kreyssig
* Kriedemann
* Kühn
* Kurlbaum
* Lange
* Lantermann
* Lautenschlager (from 9 November 1960)
* Leber
* Lohmar
* Lücke
* Ludwig
* Lünenstraß
* Marx
* Mattick
* Matzner
* Mayer (until 14 December 1960)
* Meitmann
* Mellies (until 19 May 1958)
* Menzel
* Merten
* Metter
* Metzger
* Meyer
* Meyer
* Meyer-Laule
* Mommer
* Müller
* Müller
* Müller
* Munzinger (from 20 April 1959 until 1 October 1959)
* Nadig
* Nellen
* Neubauer
* Neumann
* Odenthal
* Ollenhauer
* Paul
* Peters
* Pohle
* Pöhler
* Prennel
* Priebe
* Pusch
* Pütz
* Rasch (until 15 September 1960)
* Ratzel (until 21 June 1960)
* Recktenwald (from 11 August 1959 until 20 October 1959)
* Regling
* Rehs
* Reitz
* Reitzner
* Renger
* Rimmelspacher (from 27 June 1960)
* Ritzel
* Rodiek (from 15 July 1960)
* Rohde
* Rudoll
* Ruhnke
* Schäfer
* Schanzenbach
* Scharnowski
* Schellenberg
* Scheuren (from 20 March 1959)
* Schliestedt (from 29 September 1961)
* Schmid
* Schmidt
* Schmidt
* Schmitt-Vockenhausen
* Schoettle
* Schreiner (until 31 August 1958)
* Schröder
* Schröter
* Schütz
* Seidel
* Seither
* Seppi (from 13 October 1959)
* Seuffert
* Seume
* Stenger
* Stierle
* Sträter
* Striebeck (from 27 May 1958)
* Strobel
* Tamblé (from 25 April 1960)
* Theil (from 6 March 1960)
* Theis
* Wagner
* Walpert (until 12 January 1960)
* Wegener
* Wehner
* Wehr (until 20 February 1960)
* Welke
* Welslau
* Weltner
* Wessel
* Wienand
* Wilhelm (from 5 September 1958)
* Wischnewski
* Wittrock
* Wolff
* Zühlke

FDP|

* v
* t
* e

FDP

Speaker: Erich Mende

* Members:
* Achenbach
* Atzenroth
* Becker (until 29 July 1960)
* Bucher
* Dahlgrün
* Dehler
* Diemer-Nicolaus
* Döring
* Dowidat
* Dürr
* Eberhard (from 4 November 1959)
* Eilers
* Eisenmann
* Friese-Korn
* Glahn (until 2 November 1959)
* Graaff (until 8 May 1959)
* Hoven
* Imle (from 29 June 1960)
* Keller
* Köhler (until 27 June 1960)
* Kohut
* Kreitmeyer
* Kühlmann-Stumm (from 8 August 1960)
* Kühn
* Lenz
* Logemann
* Lüders
* Margulies
* Mauk
* Mayer (until 30 September 1959)
* Mende
* Miessner (from 21 May 1959)
* Mischnick
* Mühlen (from 6 October 1959)
* Murr
* Rademacher
* Ramms
* Rutschke
* Sander
* Scheel
* Schneider
* Schultz
* Spitzmüller
* Stahl
* Stammberger
* Starke
* Walter
* Weber
* Will
* Zoglmann

OTHER|

* v
* t
* e

Independent

* Members:
* Behrisch
* Kinat
* Matthes
* Schneider
* Schranz

* List of members of the 3rd Bundestag

* v
* t
* e

Members of the 4th Bundestag (1961–1965)

President: Eugen Gerstenmaier (CDU)

CDU/CSU|

* v
* t
* e

CDU/CSU

Speaker: Heinrich von Brentano until 14 November 1964; Rainer Barzel from 1 December 1964

* CDU:
* Ackermann (from 16 January 1965)
* Adenauer
* Adorno
* Arndgen
* Arnold
* Artzinger
* Baier
* Baldauf
* Balkenhol
* Barzel
* Bauknecht
* Bausch
* Becker (from 11 June 1964)
* Becker
* Benda
* Berberich
* Berger (from 22 December 1964)
* Bewerunge
* Biechele
* Bieringer
* Birrenbach
* Bismarck
* Blank
* Bleyler
* Blöcker
* Blohm
* Blumenfeld
* Bodelschwingh
* Böhm
* Böhme
* Brand
* Brauksiepe
* Brentano (until 14 November 1964)
* Brese
* Brück
* Bucerius (until 22 March 1962)
* Bühler
* Burgbacher
* Burgemeister
* Conring
* Czaja
* Delden
* Deringer
* Dichgans
* Diebäcker
* Draeger
* Dresbach
* Ehren (from 4 October 1962 until 30 November 1964)
* Eichelbaum
* Elbrächter
* Engelbrecht-Greve (until 7 December 1962)
* Engländer (from 1 August 1962)
* Erhard
* Etzel
* Even (until 24 November 1964)
* Even
* Exner (from 30 November 1964)
* Falke
* Finckh (until 28 April 1962)
* Franzen (until 8 October 1965)
* Frey
* Friedensburg
* Fritz (until 5 January 1965)
* Furler
* Gaßmann
* Gedat
* Gehring
* Gerlich (from 24 August 1963)
* Gerns (until 20 August 1963)
* Gerstenmaier
* Gewandt
* Gibbert
* Giencke
* Glüsing
* Goldhagen (until 7 January 1964)
* Gossel
* Gottesleben
* Götz
* Gradl
* Griesinger (from 23 November 1964)
* Güde
* Günther
* Haase
* Hagen (from 20 January 1964)
* Hahn (from 9 May 1962 until 16 November 1964)
* Hahn
* Harnischfeger
* Härzschel (from 28 October 1963)
* Hauser
* Häussler (from 20 April 1964)
* Heck
* Heix
* Hesberg
* Hesemann
* Hilbert
* Höchst
* Höfler (until 21 October 1963)
* Holkenbrink
* Hoogen (until 11 December 1964)
* Horn
* Hörnemann
* Hübner
* Huthmacher (until 13 February 1962)
* Huys
* Illerhaus
* Jacobi
* Josten
* Jungmann
* Kalinke
* Kanka
* Katzer
* Klee
* Klein
* Kliesing
* Klinker (from 10 December 1962)
* Knobloch
* Kopf
* Krone
* Krüger
* Kühn
* Kuntscher
* Kurtz (from 12 October 1964)
* Leicht
* Lemmer
* Lenz
* Lenze
* Leonhard
* Löhr
* Lücke
* Luda
* Majonica
* Martin
* Maucher
* Maxsein
* Mayer
* Meis
* Mengelkamp
* Menke
* Merkatz
* Mick
* Missbach
* Müller
* Müller
* Müller
* Müller-Hermann
* Müser
* Neumann
* Nieberg
* Oberländer (from 9 May 1963)
* Oetzel
* Pannhoff
* Pferdmenges (until 28 September 1962)
* Pflaumbaum
* Philipp
* Pitz-Savelsberg
* Poepke
* Porten
* Preiß (from 24 November 1964)
* Rasner
* Rauhaus
* Rehling (until 29 May 1964)
* Reinhard
* Richarts
* Riedel
* Rollmann
* Rommerskirchen
* Rösing (from 30 June 1965)
* Ruf
* Ruland (from 19 February 1962 until 28 September 1964)
* Scheppmann
* Schlick
* Schmidt
* Schmücker
* Schneider (from 27 March 1962)
* Schröder
* Schroeder
* Schulhoff
* Schwarz
* Schwarzhaupt
* Schwörer
* Seebohm
* Seffrin
* Serres
* Siemer
* Sinn
* Stauch
* Stecker
* Stein
* Steinmetz
* Stingl
* Stoltenberg
* Stommel (from 4 December 1964)
* Stooß
* Storch
* Storm
* Struve
* Süsterhenn
* Teriete
* Tobaben
* Toussaint
* Varelmann
* Verhoeven
* Vietje (until 2 May 1963)
* Vittinghoff-Schell
* Vogel (until 15 April 1964)
* Wahl
* Weber (until 25 July 1962)
* Weber
* Wehking
* Welter
* Wendelborn
* Werner
* Wilhelmi
* Willeke (until 24 June 1965)
* Windelen
* Winkelheide
* Wittmer-Eigenbrodt
* Wuermeling
* Wullenhaupt
* Zimmer

* CSU:
* Aigner
* Althammer
* Balke
* Bauer
* Besold
* Brenck
* Dittrich
* Dollinger
* Drachsler
* Eckhardt (from 21 July 1964)
* Ehnes
* Franz
* Funk (until 5 August 1963)
* Geiger (from 8 June 1965)
* Geisendörfer
* Gleissner
* Guttenberg
* Haas (from 9 August 1963)
* Haniel-Niethammer
* Höcherl
* Hösl
* Jaeger
* Kemmer (until 7 October 1964)
* Kempfler
* Knorr
* Krug
* Kuchtner
* Lang (until 1 June 1965)
* Lemmrich
* Lermer (until 15 July 1964)
* Leukert (from 27 June 1962)
* Lücker
* Manteuffel-Szoege (until 8 June 1962)
* Memmel
* Meyer (until 29 January 1962)
* Niederalt
* Probst
* Ramminger
* Schlee (from 15 February 1963)
* Schütz (until 5 February 1963)
* Seidl
* Spies
* Stiller
* Strauss
* Stücklen
* Sühler
* Unertl
* Vogt
* Wacher (until 26 March 1963)
* Wagner
* Weigl
* Weinkamm
* Weinzierl
* Wieninger
* Winter (from 2 February 1962)
* Wittmann (from 26 October 1964)
* Ziegler (from 1 April 1963)
* Zimmermann

SPD|

* v
* t
* e

SPD

Speaker: Erich Ollenhauer until 14 December 1963; Fritz Erler from 3 March 1964

* Members:
* Albertz
* Altmaier (until 8 February 1963)
* Anders (from 17 April 1963)
* Arendt
* Arndt
* Auge
* Baade
* Bading
* Bals
* Bartsch (from 23 October 1963)
* Bauer
* Bäuerle (from 31 May 1963)
* Bäumer
* Bazille
* Bechert
* Behrendt
* Berger-Heise
* Bergmann
* Berkhan
* Berlin
* Beuster
* Beyer
* Biegler
* Biermann
* Birkelbach (until 30 September 1964)
* Blachstein
* Bleiß
* Börner
* Brandt (until 27 December 1961)
* Brauer
* Braun
* Brecht (until 10 July 1962)
* Brünen
* Bruse (from 16 July 1962)
* Buchstaller
* Busch (from 26 January 1962)
* Büttner
* Corterier
* Cramer
* Deist (until 7 March 1964)
* Diekmann
* Döhring
* Dopatka
* Dröscher
* Eilers
* Elsner
* Eppler
* Erler
* Eschmann
* Faller
* Felder
* Figgen
* Flämig (from 15 February 1963)
* Folger
* Franke
* Frede
* Frehsee
* Freyh (from 22 December 1961)
* Fritsch
* Geiger
* Gerlach
* Glombig (from 25 January 1962)
* Gscheidle
* Haage
* Haase (from 10 November 1961)
* Hamacher
* Hansing
* Harm (until 10 August 1964)
* Hauffe
* Heide
* Heiland (until 6 May 1965)
* Heinemann
* Hellenbrock
* Herberts (from 12 March 1964)
* Herklotz
* Hermsdorf
* Herold
* Hirsch
* Hoegner (until 4 January 1962)
* Höhmann
* Höhne
* Hörauf
* Hörmann
* Hubert
* Hübner (from 13 May 1965)
* Hufnagel
* Hussong
* Iven
* Jacobi
* Jacobs
* Jahn
* Jaksch
* Junghans
* Junker
* Jürgensen
* Kaffka
* Kahn-Ackermann (from 10 January 1962)
* Kalbitzer
* Keilhack (until 19 January 1962)
* Kettig
* Killat
* Kipp-Kaule
* Klein (until 22 October 1963)
* Kleinert (from 13 November 1964)
* Koch
* Koenen
* Kohlberger
* Könen
* Korspeter
* Krappe
* Kraus
* Kreyssig
* Kriedemann
* Kübler
* Kühn (until 9 April 1963)
* Kulawig
* Kurlbaum
* Lange
* Langebeck
* Lautenschlager
* Leber
* Lemper
* Lenz
* Liehr (from 11 January 1962)
* Lohmar
* Lösche (from 18 April 1963)
* Lücke
* Ludwig (from 6 January 1962 until 18 February 1962)
* Lünenstraß (until 16 May 1963)
* Marquardt
* Marx
* Matthöfer
* Mattick
* Matzner
* Maybaum (from 22 May 1963)
* Meermann
* Menzel (until 24 September 1963)
* Merten
* Metter
* Metzger
* Meyer
* Meyer
* Michels
* Möller
* Mommer
* Morgenstern
* Müller
* Müller
* Müller
* Müller
* Müller-Emmert
* Nellen
* Neubauer (until 16 April 1963)
* Neumann
* Nissen (until 1 October 1964)
* Ohlemeyer (from 14 June 1965)
* Ollenhauer (until 14 December 1963)
* Paul
* Peiter (from 22 February 1962)
* Peters
* Pohle (until 3 November 1961)
* Pohlenz (from 30 September 1963 until 10 June 1965)
* Pöhler
* Porzner (from 21 May 1962)
* Priebe
* Ravens
* Regling
* Rehs
* Reichhardt (from 5 October 1964)
* Reischl
* Reitz
* Reitzner (until 11 May 1962)
* Renger
* Riegel
* Rinderspacher
* Ritzel
* Roesch
* Rohde
* Ross (from 18 August 1964)
* Rudoll
* Sänger
* Saxowski
* Schäfer
* Schanzenbach
* Schellenberg
* Scheuren
* Schlüter (from 11 September 1964)
* Schmid
* Schmidt (until 19 January 1962)
* Schmidt
* Schmidt
* Schmidt
* Schmidt
* Schmitt-Vockenhausen
* Schoettle
* Schröder (until 6 September 1964)
* Schütz (until 9 January 1962)
* Schwabe
* Seibert
* Seidel
* Seifriz
* Seither
* Seppi
* Seuffert
* Seume
* Stammberger
* Steinhoff
* Stephan
* Striebeck
* Strobel
* Strohmayr
* Tamblé
* Theis
* Urban
* Wagner (until 19 December 1961)
* Wegener
* Wehner
* Welke
* Wellmann (from 1 January 1962)
* Welslau
* Weltner
* Wessel
* Wienand
* Wilhelm
* Winterstein (from 26 October 1964 until 2 November 1964)
* Wischnewski
* Wittrock (until 8 May 1963)
* Wolf (from 19 December 1963)
* Zimmermann
* Zinn (until 13 December 1961)
* Zühlke

FDP|

* v
* t
* e

FDP

Speaker: Erich Mende until 17 October 1963; Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm from 5 November 1963

* Members:
* Achenbach
* Aschoff
* Atzenroth
* Bucher
* Burckardt
* Busse
* Dahlgrün
* Danz
* Dehler
* Deneke (from 26 July 1963)
* Diemer-Nicolaus
* Döring (until 17 January 1963)
* Dörinkel
* Dorn
* Dürr
* Effertz
* Eisenmann
* Emde
* Ertl
* Flitz
* Funcke
* Hamm
* Hammersen
* Hellige
* Heuser (from 6 December 1962)
* Hoven
* Imle
* Keller (until 21 July 1963)
* Kiep-Altenloh
* Kohut
* Kreitmeyer
* Krümmer (from 24 January 1963)
* Kubitza
* Kühlmann-Stumm
* Kühn (until 4 December 1962)
* Lenz
* Löbe
* Logemann
* Mälzig
* Margulies (until 27 August 1964)
* Mauk
* Mende
* Menne
* Mertes
* Miessner
* Mischnick
* Moersch (from 1 September 1964)
* Mühlen
* Murr
* Ollesch
* Opitz
* Peters
* Rademacher
* Ramms
* Reichmann
* Rieger
* Rutschke
* Sander
* Scheel
* Schmidt
* Schneider
* Schultz
* Soetebier
* Spitzmüller
* Starke
* Supf
* Wächter
* Walter
* Weber
* Zoglmann

OTHER|

* v
* t
* e

Independent

* Members:
* Gontrum

* List of members of the 4th Bundestag

* v
* t
* e

Members of the 5th Bundestag (1965–1969)

President: Eugen Gerstenmaier (CDU) until 31 January 1969; Kai-Uwe von Hassel (CDU) from 5 February 1969

CDU/CSU|

* v
* t
* e

CDU/CSU

Speaker: Rainer Barzel

* CDU:
* Abelein
* Adenauer (until 19 April 1967)
* Adorno
* Arnold
* Artzinger
* Baier
* Balkenhol
* Barzel
* Bauknecht
* Becker
* Benda
* Berberich
* Berendsen
* Berger
* Bewerunge
* Biechele
* Birrenbach
* Blank
* Blöcker
* Blohm
* Blumenfeld
* Brand
* Brauksiepe
* Bremer
* Brese
* Brück
* Budde
* Bühler
* Burgbacher
* Burgemeister
* Burger
* Conring
* Czaja
* Damm
* Delden
* Deringer
* Dichgans
* Diebäcker
* Draeger
* Eckardt
* Elbrächter
* Enk
* Enseling (from 28 April 1966)
* Erhard
* Erhard
* Ernesti (from 9 July 1967)
* Erpenbeck
* Even
* Exner
* Falke (from 27 July 1967)
* Franke
* Franzen
* Freiwald
* Frerichs
* Frey
* Frieler
* Fritz
* Furler
* Geißler (until 11 October 1967)
* Gerstenmaier
* Gewandt
* Gibbert (until 30 December 1967)
* Giulini
* Glüsing
* Gottesleben
* Götz
* Gradl
* Griesinger
* Güde
* Haase
* Häfele
* Hahn
* Hammans
* Hanz
* Härzschel (from 19 October 1967)
* Hassel
* Hauser
* Hauser
* Häussler
* Heck
* Hesberg
* Hilbert
* Hofmann
* Holkenbrink (until 17 July 1967)
* Holzmeister (from 5 February 1968)
* Hörnemann
* Horstmeier
* Horten
* Huys
* Illerhaus
* Jacobi
* Jahn
* Josten
* Jungmann
* Kalinke
* Katzer
* Kiep
* Klee
* Klein
* Klepsch
* Kliesing
* Klinker
* Knobloch (from 24 July 1967)
* Kopf
* Köppler
* Krammig
* Krampe (from 11 October 1966)
* Kraske
* Krone
* Kühn
* Kuntscher
* Lampersbach
* Leicht
* Lemmer
* Lenz
* Lenz
* Lenze
* Lindenberg (from 29 September 1967)
* Löhr
* Lücke
* Luda
* Majonica
* Martin
* Marx
* Maucher
* Maxsein
* Meis
* Meister
* Mengelkamp (until 21 July 1967)
* Merkatz
* Mick
* Missbach
* Mönikes (from 12 October 1967)
* Müller
* Müller
* Müller
* Müller-Hermann
* Müser
* Nordenskjöld
* Orgaß
* Petersen
* Philipp (until 20 April 1966)
* Picard
* Pieser (from 26 June 1968)
* Pitz-Savelsberg
* Porten
* Prassler
* Preiß
* Rasner
* Rawe
* Reinhard
* Reinholz (from 24 July 1967)
* Richarts (until 16 September 1969)
* Riedel
* Rinsche
* Ritgen
* Ritz
* Rock
* Rollmann
* Rommerskirchen
* Rösing
* Rösler (from 24 September 1969)
* Ruf
* Russe
* Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein
* Schmid-Burgk
* Schmidt
* Schmitt
* Schmücker
* Schober
* Schröder
* Schröder
* Schroeder
* Schulhoff
* Schwarzhaupt
* Schwörer
* Seebohm (until 17 September 1967)
* Serres
* Siemer
* Sinn
* Springorum
* Stahlberg
* Stark
* Stecker
* Stein
* Steinmetz
* Stingl (until 15 June 1968)
* Stoltenberg
* Stommel
* Stooß
* Storm
* Struve
* Süsterhenn
* Teriete
* Tobaben
* Toussaint
* Varelmann
* Verbeek (until 13 December 1966)
* Vittinghoff-Schell
* Vogel (until 6 October 1966)
* Vogel (until 17 July 1967)
* Wahl
* Weiland (from 14 December 1966)
* Weimer
* Wendelborn
* Wex (from 28 April 1967)
* Wilhelmi
* Wilper (until 3 July 1967)
* Windelen
* Winkelheide
* Wolf
* Wörner
* Wrangel
* Wuermeling
* Wullenhaupt
* Zink

* CSU:
* Aigner
* Althammer
* Balke
* Bauer
* Besold
* Brenck
* Dittrich
* Dollinger
* Eckhardt
* Ehnes
* Franz
* Geisendörfer
* Geisenhofer (from 3 May 1967)
* Gierenstein
* Gleissner
* Guttenberg
* Höcherl
* Hösl
* Hudak
* Jaeger
* Kempfler
* Krug
* Kuchtner
* Lemmrich
* Leukert
* Lücker
* Memmel
* Niederalt
* Ott
* Pohle
* Prinz (until 30 July 1969)
* Probst (until 1 May 1967)
* Rainer
* Röhner
* Schlager
* Schlee
* Schmidhuber
* Schulze-Vorberg
* Spies (from 4 August 1969)
* Stiller
* Strauss
* Stücklen
* Unertl
* Vogt
* Wagner
* Weigl
* Wieninger
* Ziegler
* Zimmermann (until 15 October 1969)

* CSU (GDP):
* Becher
* Prochazka

SPD|

* v
* t
* e

SPD

Speaker: Fritz Erler until 22 February 1967; Helmut Schmidt from 14 March 1967

* Members:
* Adams (from 8 December 1966)
* Albertz
* Apel
* Arendt
* Arndt (from 4 June 1968)
* Arndt
* Arndt
* Auge
* Bading
* Bals
* Baltes (from 15 December 1967)
* Barche (from 14 April 1967)
* Bardens
* Bartsch
* Bauer
* Bäuerle
* Bayerl (from 27 October 1967)
* Bazille
* Bechert
* Behrendt
* Berger-Heise
* Bergmann
* Berkhan
* Berlin
* Beuster
* Biermann
* Blachstein (until 31 May 1968)
* Blume
* Böhm
* Börner
* Braun (until 17 July 1966)
* Brück
* Brünen
* Buchstaller
* Bühling
* Buschfort
* Büttner
* Collet
* Corterier
* Cramer
* Diekmann
* Dortans (from 30 June 1969)
* Dröscher
* Eckerland
* Eilers
* Elsner
* Enders (from 9 May 1967)
* Eppler
* Erler (until 22 February 1967)
* Eschmann
* Esters (from 15 January 1969)
* Faller
* Felder
* FellerMayer
* Feuring (from 2 January 1967)
* Figgen (until 6 December 1966)
* Flämig
* Folger
* Franke
* Frede (until 23 November 1967)
* Frehsee
* Freyh
* Fritsch
* Fritz
* Geiger
* Gerlach
* Gertzen
* Glombig
* Gscheidle
* Haage
* Haar
* Haase
* Haehser
* Hamacher
* Hansing
* Hauck
* Hauffe
* Hein (until 22 December 1966)
* Heinemann (until 24 June 1969)
* Hellenbrock
* Herberts
* Herklotz
* Hermsdorf
* Herold
* Hirsch
* Hofmann
* Höhmann
* Höhne
* Hölzle (from 20 February 1967)
* Hörauf
* Hörmann
* Hubert
* Hübner (from 6 December 1966 until 14 January 1969)
* Hufnagel
* Hussong (until 10 December 1967)
* Ils
* Iven
* Jacobi
* Jahn
* Jaksch (until 27 November 1966)
* Jaschke
* Josef
* Junghans
* Junker
* Jürgensen
* Kaffka
* Kahn-Ackermann
* Karius (from 18 August 1969)
* Kern (from 27 February 1967)
* Killat
* Kleinert (from 14 December 1967)
* Koch
* Koenen
* Kohlberger
* Könen
* Korspeter
* Krappe
* Kriedemann
* Krips (until 31 January 1969)
* Kübler (until 9 August 1969)
* Kulawig
* Kunze
* Kurlbaum
* Kurlbaum-Beyer
* Lange
* Langebeck
* Lautenschlager
* Leber
* Lemp (from 29 November 1967)
* Lemper
* Lenders
* Liedtke
* Liehr
* Löbbert
* Lohmar
* Lösche (from 29 July 1966)
* Lotze
* Marquardt
* Marx
* Matthes
* Matthöfer
* Mattick
* Maybaum
* Meermann
* Meinecke
* Merten (until 12 December 1967)
* Metzger
* Michels
* Möller
* Mommer
* Morgenstern (until 14 September 1966)
* Müller
* Müller
* Müller
* Müller
* Müller-Emmert
* Müthling
* Nann (from 17 February 1969)
* Neemann
* Nellen
* Neumann
* Neumann
* Paul
* Peiter (from 19 September 1967)
* Peters
* Pöhler
* Porzner
* Raffert
* Rau
* Ravens
* Regling
* Rehs
* Reischl
* Reitz
* Renger
* Richter
* Riegel
* Rinderspacher
* Rohde
* Ross (from 21 September 1966)
* Rudoll
* Sänger
* Saxowski
* Schäfer (until 14 February 1967)
* Schanzenbach
* Schellenberg
* Schiller
* Schimschok
* Schlüter (until 7 April 1967)
* Schmid
* Schmidt
* Schmidt
* Schmidt
* Schmidt
* Schmidt
* Schmitt-Vockenhausen
* Schoettle
* Schonhofen
* Schulte
* Schulz
* Schwabe
* Seibert
* Seidel
* Seifriz
* Seither
* Seppi
* Seuffert (until 18 October 1967)
* Seume
* Sieglerschmidt (from 4 June 1969)
* Spillecke
* Stammberger
* Stein (until 14 September 1967)
* Steinhoff
* Stephan
* Strobel
* Strohmayr
* Tallert
* Tamblé
* Tönjes
* Urban
* Vit
* Wehner
* Welke
* Wellmann (until 30 May 1969)
* Welslau
* Wendt
* Wessel (until 13 October 1969)
* Westphal
* Wiefel
* Wienand
* Wilhelm
* Wischnewski
* Wolf
* Wuwer
* Zerbe (until 2 May 1967)

* SPD (GDP):
* Ahrens
* Kreutzmann

FDP|

* v
* t
* e

FDP

Speaker: Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm until 23 January 1968; Wolfgang Mischnick from 23 January 1968

* Members:
* Achenbach
* Borm
* Bucher
* Busse
* Dahlgrün
* Dehler (until 21 July 1967)
* Diemer-Nicolaus
* Dorn
* Effertz (until 4 July 1968)
* Eisenmann (until 1 June 1967)
* Emde
* Ertl
* Friderichs
* Funcke
* Geldner
* Gemmingen-Hornberg (from 11 October 1967)
* Genscher
* Graaff
* Haas
* Hamm (until 12 May 1966)
* Hellige
* Heuser (from 11 July 1968)
* Imle (from 2 June 1967)
* Jung (from 17 May 1966)
* Kubitza
* Kühlmann-Stumm
* Lenz (until 5 October 1967)
* Logemann
* Mauk
* Mende
* Menne
* Mertes
* Miessner
* Mischnick
* Moersch
* Mühlhan
* Ollesch
* Opitz
* Peters
* Porsch (from 27 July 1967)
* Ramms
* Reichmann
* Rutschke
* Saam
* Sander
* Scheel
* Schmidt
* Schultz
* Spitzmüller
* Staratzke
* Starke
* Wächter
* Walter
* Wurbs
* Zoglmann

* List of members of the 5th Bundestag

* v
* t
* e

Germany articles

General
History|

| Overviews|

* History of Germany
* Timeline
* Historiography
* Military history

|

Ancient|

* Germanic peoples
* Migration Period
* List of ancient Germanic peoples
* Goths
* Teutons
* Visigoths
* History of the Huns
* Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic tribes
* Cimbrian War
* Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
* Marcomannic Wars
* Gothic Wars
* Sack of Rome (410)

Middle Ages|

* Frankish Empire
* Treaty of Verdun
* East Francia
* Carolingian Empire
* Carolingian dynasty
* Holy Roman Empire
* Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)

Modern|

* Early modern period, 1500–1800
* 18th-century
* Confederation of the Rhine
* German revolutions of 1848–1849
* German Confederation
* Frankfurt Constitution
* North German Confederation
* Unification of Germany
* German Empire
* World War I
* War guilt question
* Revolution of 1918
* Weimar Republic
* Nazi Germany
* World War II
* Allied occupation
* Flight and expulsions
* Denazification
* Divided Germany
* East Germany
* West Germany

Contemporary|

* Reunification
* History of Germany since 1990

Regions|

* History of Prussia
* History of Brandenburg
* Cologne War, 1583-1588
* Baden Revolution, 1848

Geography|

* Administrative divisions
* States
* Districts
* Cities and towns
* Earthquakes
* Geology
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Rivers

Politics|

* Bundestag
* Bundesrat
* Bundeswehr (military)
* Cabinet
* Chancellor
* Constitution
* Court system
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Human rights
* Intersex
* LGBT
* Transgender
* Law
* Law enforcement
* Lobbying
* Conservatism
* Nationalism
* Political parties
* President

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Automobile industry
* Banking
* Central bank
* Chemical Triangle
* Economic history
* Energy
* Exports
* German model
* German states by GDP
* Mittelstand companies
* Science and technology
* Stock exchange
* Taxation
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Trade unions
* Transport
* Welfare
* Women

Society|

* Crime
* Corruption
* Demographics
* Drug policy
* Education
* Germans
* Ethnic groups
* Women
* Healthcare
* Homelessness
* Immigration
* Pensions
* Racism
* Religion
* Social issues

Culture|

* Anthem
* Architecture
* Art
* Arts
* Cinema
* Coat of arms
* Cuisine
* Cultural icons
* Dance
* Fashion
* Festivals
* Folklore
* Flag
* Language
* Libraries
* Literature
* Internet
* Media
* Music
* Names
* Philosophy
* Prussian virtues
* Sport
* Television
* World Heritage Sites

* Outline
* Index
* Bibliography

* Category
* Portal

Authority control databases

International|

* FAST
* ISNI
* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* Norway
* Chile
* Spain
* France
* BnF data
* Catalonia
* Germany
* Israel
* Finland
* Belgium
* United States
* Sweden
* Latvia
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Australia
* Greece
* Korea
* Croatia
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Vatican

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* RKD Artists
* ULAN

People|

* Deutsche Biographie
* Trove

Other|

* NARA
* SNAC
* IdRef

*[m.]: married
*[c.]: circa
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template