Korea

Region in East Asia

"Korean Peninsula" redirects here. For the geographical region, see Geography of Korea. For other uses, see Korea (disambiguation).

"Koreas" redirects here. For relations between the two countries on this peninsula, see North Korea–South Korea relations.

Korea

한국 (South Korean)
조선 (North Korean)

Korean Unification Flag (top)
Flag of South Korea (bottom left)
Flag of North Korea (bottom right)

Anthem:

* "Aegukga" (South Korea)
* "Aegukka" (North Korea)

Korea shown in dark green

Capital|

* Seoul (South Korea)
* Pyongyang (North Korea)

Largest city| Seoul
Official languages| Korean
Official script|

* Hangul
* Chosŏn'gŭl

Demonym(s)| Korean
Government| In dispute between South Korea and North Korea

• President of South Korea

| Lee Jae Myung

• Prime Minister of South Korea

| Kim Min-seok

• Supreme Leader of North Korea

| Kim Jong Un[a]

• Premier of North Korea

| Pak Thae-song
Legislature|

* National Assembly (South Korea)
* Supreme People's Assembly (North Korea)

Establishment

• Gojoseon

| 2333 BCE (mythological)

• Wiman Joseon

| 194 BCE

• Three Kingdoms

| 57 BCE

• Balhae and Silla Kingdoms

| 668

• Goryeo dynasty

| 918

• Joseon dynasty

| 17 July 1392

• Korean Empire

| 12 October 1897

• Japanese annexation of Korea

| 29 August 1910

• Korean Declaration of Independence

| 1 March 1919

• Establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea

| 11 April 1919

• Surrender of Japan and division of Korea

| 2 September 1945

• Establishment of the Republic of Korea

| 15 August 1948

• Establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

| 9 September 1948

• Korean War

| 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953

• Both Koreas admitted to the UN

| 17 September 1991
Area

• Total

| 223,172 km2 (86,167 sq mi)[1][2]
Population

• 2017 estimate

| 77,000,000

• Density

| 349.06/km2 (904.1/sq mi)
Time zone| UTC+09 (Korea Standard Time and Pyongyang Time)
Calling code|

* +82 (South Korea)
* +850 (North Korea)

Internet TLD|

* .kr (South Korea)
* .kp (North Korea)

1. ^ Kim Jong Un holds four concurrent positions: General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, President of the State Affairs Commission, Chairman of the Central Military Commission and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

Korea

North Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl| 조선
Hancha| 朝鮮
| Transcriptions

Revised Romanization| Joseon
McCune–Reischauer| Chosŏn
South Korean name
Hangul| 한국
Hanja| 韓國
| Transcriptions

Revised Romanization| Hanguk
McCune–Reischauer| Han'guk

Korea[a] is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula,[b] Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Since the end of World War II in 1945, it has been politically divided at or near the 38th parallel between North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea; DPRK) and South Korea (Republic of Korea; ROK). Both countries proclaimed independence in 1948, and the two countries fought the Korean War from 1950 to 1953. The region is bordered by China to the north and Russia to the northeast, across the Amnok (Yalu) and Duman (Tumen) rivers, and is separated from Japan to the southeast by the Korea Strait.

Known human habitation of the Korean peninsula dates to 40,000 BC.[3] The kingdom of Gojoseon, which according to tradition was founded in 2333 BC, fell to the Han dynasty in 108 BC. It was followed by the Three Kingdoms period, in which Korea was divided into Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. In 668 AD, Silla conquered Baekje and Goguryeo with the aid of the Tang dynasty, forming Unified Silla; Balhae succeeded Goguryeo in the north. In the late 9th century, Unified Silla collapsed into three states, beginning the Later Three Kingdoms period. In 918, Goguryeo was resurrected as Goryeo, which achieved what has been called a "true national unification" by Korean historians, as it unified both the Later Three Kingdoms and the ruling class of Balhae after its fall.[4] Goryeo, whose name developed into the modern exonym "Korea", was highly cultured and saw the invention of the first metal movable type. During the 13th century, Goryeo became a vassal state of the Mongol Empire. Goryeo overthrew Mongol rule before falling to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye, who established the Joseon dynasty in 1392. The first 200 years of Joseon were marked by peace; the Hangul, the Korean alphabet was created and Confucianism became influential. This ended with Japanese and Qing invasions, which brought devastation to Joseon and led to Korean isolationism. After the invasions, an isolated Joseon experienced another nearly 200-year period of peace and prosperity, along with cultural and technological development. In the final years of the 19th century, Japan forced Joseon to open up and Joseon experienced turmoil such as the Kapsin Coup, Donghak Peasant Revolution, and the assassination of Empress Myeongseong. In 1895, Japan defeated China in the First Sino-Japanese War and China lost suzerainty over Korea and Korea was placed under further Japanese influence. In 1897, the centuries old Joseon was replaced by the Korean Empire with the Joseon's last king, Gojong, becoming the Emperor of the Korean Empire. Japan's further victory in the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War, expelled Russian influence in Korea and Manchuria. In 1905, the Korean Empire became a protectorate of the Empire of Japan. In 1910, the Empire of Japan officially annexed the Korean peninsula.

Korea under Japanese rule was marked by industrialization and modernization, economic exploitation, and brutal suppression of the Korean independence movement, as reflected in the 1919 March First Movement. The Japanese suppressed Korean culture, and during World War II forcefully mobilized millions of Koreans to support its war effort. In 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allies, and the Soviet Union and United States agreed to divide Korea into two military occupation zones divided by the 38th parallel, with the Soviet zone in the north and American zone in the south. The division was meant to be temporary, with plans for Korea to be reunited under a single government. In 1948, the DPRK and ROK were established with the backing of each power, and ongoing tensions led to the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, which came to involve U.S.-led United Nations and communist Chinese forces. The war ended in stalemate in 1953, but without a peace treaty. A demilitarized zone was created between the countries, approximating the original partition.

This status contributes to the high tensions that divide the peninsula, and both states claim to be the sole legitimate government of Korea. South Korea is a regional power and a developed country, with its economy ranked as the world's fourteenth-largest by GDP (PPP). Its armed forces are one of the world's strongest militaries, with the world's second-largest standing army by military and paramilitary personnel. South Korea has been renowned for its globally influential pop culture, particularly in music (K-pop) and cinema, a phenomenon referred to as the Korean Wave. North Korea follows Songun, a "military first" policy which prioritizes the Korean People's Army in state affairs and resources. It possesses nuclear weapons, and is the country with the highest number of military personnel, with a total of 7.8 million active, reserve, and paramilitary personnel, or approximately 30% of its population. Its active duty army of 1.3 million soldiers is the fourth-largest in the world, consisting of 4.9% of its population. North Korea is widely considered to have the worst human rights record in the world.

## Etymology

[edit]

Main article: Names of Korea

See also: Korean romanization

"Korea" is the modern spelling of "Corea", a name attested in English as early as 1614.[5][6] "Corea" is derived from the name of the ancient kingdom of Goryeo.[citation needed] Korea was transliterated as Cauli in The Travels of Marco Polo,[7] of the Chinese 高麗 (MC: Kawlej,[8] mod. Gāolì). This was the Hanja for the Korean kingdom of Goryeo (Korean: 고려; MR: Koryŏ), which ruled most of the Korean peninsula during the 12th century. Korea's introduction to the West resulted from trade and contact with merchants from Arabic lands,[9] with some records dating back as far as the 9th century.[10] Goryeo's name was a continuation of Goguryeo (Koguryŏ) the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, which was officially known as Goryeo beginning in the 5th century.[11] The original name was a combination of the adjectives ("high, lofty") with the name of a local Yemaek tribe, whose original name is thought to have been either "Guru" (溝樓, 'Walled City', inferred from some toponyms in Chinese historical documents) or "Gauri" (가우리, 'Center'). With expanding British and American trade following the opening of Korea in the late 19th century, the spelling "Korea" appeared and gradually grew in popularity.[5] The name Korea is now commonly used in English contexts by both North and South Korea.

In South Korea, Korea as a whole is referred to as Hanguk (한국; lit. country of the Han, [haːnɡuk]). The name references Samhan, referring to the Three Kingdoms of Korea, not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula.[12][13] Although written in Hanja as 韓, 幹, or 刊, this Han has no relation to the Chinese place names or peoples who used those characters but was a phonetic transcription (OC: *Gar, MC: Han[8] or Gan) of a native Korean word that seems to have had the meaning "big" or "great", particularly in reference to leaders. It has been tentatively linked with the title khan used by the nomads of Manchuria and Central Asia.

In North Korea, Korea as a whole is referred to as Joseon (조선; lit. [land of the] Morning Calm, [tɕosʰʌn]). Joseon is the modern Korean pronunciation of the Hanja 朝鮮, which is also the basis of the word for Korea as a whole in Japan (朝鮮, Chōsen), China (朝鮮; Cháoxiǎn), and Vietnam (Triều Tiên). "Great Joseon" was the name of the kingdom ruled by the Joseon dynasty from 1392 until their declaration of the short-lived Great Korean Empire in 1897. King Taejo had named them for the earlier Gojoseon (고조선), who ruled northern Korea from its legendary prehistory until their conquest in 108 BCE by China's Han Empire. The Go- in Gojoseon is the Hanja word 古 and simply means "ancient" or "old"; it is a modern usage to distinguish the ancient Joseon from the later dynasty. It is unclear whether Joseon was a transcription of a native Korean name (OC *T[r]awser, MC Trjewsjen)[8] or a partial translation into Chinese of the Korean capital Asadal (아사달),[14] whose meaning has been reconstructed as "Morning Land" or "Mountain".

## History

[edit]

Main article: History of Korea

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Korean history.

Part of a series on the

History of Korea

Prehistoric period

|  Palaeolithic|  700,000–8000 BC

|

Neolithic|  8000–1500 BC
* Jeulmun|
Bronze Age|  1500–300 BC
* Mumun|
* Liaoning dagger|

Ancient period

|  Gojoseon|  2333–108 BC

|

* Dangun|
* Gija|
* Wiman|
Jin|  4th–2nd century BC
Yemaek|

Proto–Three Kingdoms period

* Takri
* Dongye
* Buyeo
* Eastern
* Galsa
* Okjeo
* Samhan
* Ma
* Byeon
* Jin
* Goguryeo
* Tamna
* Nakrang

* Four Commanderies of Han

Three Kingdoms period

|  Goguryeo|  37 BC – 668 AD

|

Baekje|  18 BC – 660 AD
Silla|  57 BC – 935 AD
Gaya confederacy|  42–562
Tamna (Tributary of Baekje)|  498–660
Usan|  512–930

Northern and Southern period

|  United Silla (Unified Silla)|  668–892

|

Balhae|  698–926
Little Goguryeo|  699–820
Tamna (Tributary of Silla)|  662–925

Later Three Kingdoms period

|  Later Baekje|  892–936

|

Taebong (Later Goguryeo)|  901–918
Unified Silla (Later Silla)|  892–935
Later Sabeol|  919–927
Dongdan Kingdom|  926–936
Later Balhae|  927–935
Jeongan|  938–986

Dynastic period

|  Goryeo|  918–1392

|

Tamna (Vassal of Goryeo)|  938–1105
Heungyo|  1029–1030
Joseon|  1392–1897
Korean Empire|  1897–1910

Colonial period

|  Japanese occupation|  1910–1945

|

Provisional Government|  1919–1948

Modern period

|  People's Republic of Korea|  1945

|

Military governments|  1945–1948
North-South division|  1945–present
* North|  1948–present
* South|  1948–present

By topic

* Architecture
* Art
* Cuisine
* Currency
* Education
* Geography
* Historiography
* Language
* Military (List · Goguryeo)
* Monarchs (Family tree)
* Names (Era names)
* Naval
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Timeline
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* v
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* e

### Prehistory

[edit]

Main article: Prehistoric Korea

The Korean Academy claimed ancient hominid fossils originating from about 100,000 BCE in the lava at a stone city site in Korea. Fluorescent and high-magnetic analyses indicate the volcanic fossils may be from as early as 300,000 BCE.[15] The best preserved Korean pottery goes back to the Paleolithic times around 10,000 BCE and the Neolithic period begins around 6000 BCE.

Beginning around 300 BC, the Japonic-speaking Yayoi people from the Korean Peninsula entered the Japanese islands and displaced or intermingled with the original Jōmon inhabitants.[16] The linguistic homeland of Proto-Koreans is located somewhere in Southern Siberia / Manchuria, such as the Liao river area or the Amur region. Proto-Koreans arrived in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC, replacing and assimilating Japonic-speakers and likely causing the Yayoi migration.[17]

### Gojoseon

[edit]

Main article: Gojoseon

According to Korean legend, Dangun, a descendant of Heaven, established Gojoseon in 2333 BCE. In 108 BCE, the Han dynasty defeated Gojoseon and installed four commanderies in the northern Korean peninsula. Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades, but the Lelang Commandery remained as a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties for four centuries. By 313, Goguryeo annexed all of the Chinese commanderies.

### Proto–Three Kingdoms

[edit]

Main article: Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea

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|

The Proto–Three Kingdoms period, sometimes called the Multiple States Period, is the earlier part of what is commonly called the Three Kingdoms Period, following the fall of Gojoseon but before Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla fully developed into kingdoms.

This time period saw numerous states spring up from the former territories of Gojoseon, which encompassed northern Korea and southern Manchuria. With the fall of Gojoseon, southern Korea entered the Samhan period.

Located in the southern part of Korea, Samhan referred to the three confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan. Mahan was the largest and consisted of 54 states. Byeonhan and Jinhan both consisted of twelve states, bringing a total of 78 states within the Samhan. These three confederacies eventually developed into Baekje, Silla, and Gaya.

### Three Kingdoms

[edit]

Main articles: Three Kingdoms of Korea, Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla

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7th century Tang dynasty painting of envoys from the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Baekje, Goguryeo, and Silla

The Three Kingdoms of Korea consisted of Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje. Silla and Baekje controlled the southern half of the Korean Peninsula, maintaining the former Samhan territories, while Goguryeo controlled the northern half of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria and the Liaodong Peninsula, uniting Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye, and other states in the former Gojoseon territories.[18]

Goguryeo was a highly militaristic state,[19][20] and a large empire in East Asia,[21][22][23][24] reaching its zenith in the 5th century when its territories expanded to encompass most of Manchuria to the north, parts of Inner Mongolia to the west,[25] parts of Russia to the east,[26] and the Seoul region to the south.[27] Goguryeo experienced a golden age under Gwanggaeto the Great and his son Jangsu,[28][29][30][31] who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their times, achieving a brief unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea and becoming the most dominant power on the Korean Peninsula.[32][33] In addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many military conflicts with various Chinese dynasties,[34][self-published source?] most notably the Goguryeo–Sui War, in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men.[35][36][37][38][39] In 642, the powerful general Yŏn Kaesomun led a coup and gained complete control over Goguryeo. In response, Emperor Tang Taizong of China led a campaign against Goguryeo, in which the Gorguryeo forces were decimated by the Tang at the Battle of Mount Jupil. Taizong was later defeated at the Battle of Ansi and withdrew his forces from Goguryeo.[40][41][self-published source?] After the death of Tang Taizong, his son Emperor Tang Gaozong allied with the Korean kingdom of Silla and invaded Goguryeo again, but were forced to withdraw in 662.[42][43] However, Yŏn Kaesomun died of a natural cause in 666 and Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by a succession struggle among his sons and younger brother, with his eldest son defecting to Tang and his younger brother defecting to Silla.[44][45] The Tang-Silla alliance conquered Goguryeo in 668. After the collapse of Goguryeo, Tang and Silla ended their alliance and fought over control of the Korean Peninsula. Silla succeeded in gaining control over most of the Korean Peninsula, while Tang gained control over Goguryeo's northern territories. However, 30 years after the fall of Goguryeo, a Goguryeo general by the name of Dae Joyeong founded the Korean-Mohe state of Balhae and successfully expelled the Tang presence from much of the former Goguryeo territories.

Seokguram Grotto from the Silla era, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

The southwestern Korean kingdom of Baekje was founded around modern-day Seoul by a Goguryeo prince, a son of the founder of Goguryeo.[46][47][self-published source?][48] Baekje absorbed all of the Mahan states and subjugated most of the western Korean peninsula (including the modern provinces of Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Jeolla, as well as parts of Hwanghae and Gangwon) to a centralised government; during the expansion of its territory, Baekje acquired Chinese culture and technology through maritime contacts with the Southern Dynasties. Baekje was a great maritime power;[49] its nautical skill, which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan.[50][51] Historic evidence suggests that Japanese culture, art, and language were influenced by the kingdom of Baekje and Korea itself;[24][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][excessive citations] Baekje also played an important role in transmitting advanced Chinese culture to the Japanese archipelago. Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, most notably in the 4th century during the rule of Geunchogo when its influence extended across the sea to Liaoxi and Shandong in China, taking advantage of the weakened state of Former Qin, and Kyushu in the Japanese archipelago;[63] however, Baekje was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined.[64]

The Three Kingdoms of Korea, at the end of the 5th century

Although later records claim that Silla was the oldest of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, it is now believed to have been the last kingdom to develop. By the 2nd century, Silla existed as a large state in the southeast, occupying and influencing its neighbouring city-states. In 562, Silla annexed the Gaya confederacy, which was located between Baekje and Silla. The Three Kingdoms of Korea often warred with each other and Silla was often dominated by Baekje and Goguryeo. Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three, but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage.[65][66] In 660, King Muyeol ordered his armies to attack Baekje. General Kim Yu-shin, aided by Tang forces, conquered Baekje after defeating General Gyebaek at the Battle of Hwangsanbeol. In 661, Silla and Tang attacked Goguryeo but were repelled. King Munmu, son of Muyeol and nephew of General Kim Yu-shin, launched another campaign in 667 and Goguryeo fell in the following year.

### North–South States Period

[edit]

Main articles: North–South States Period, Later Silla, and Balhae

Beginning in the 6th century, Silla's power gradually extended across the Korean Peninsula. Silla first annexed the adjacent Gaya confederacy in 562. By the 640s, Silla formed an alliance with the Tang dynasty of China to conquer Baekje and later Goguryeo. After conquering Baekje and Goguryeo, Silla repulsed Tang China from the Korean peninsula in 676. Even though Silla unified most of the Korean Peninsula, most of the Goguryeo territories to the north of the Korean Peninsula were ruled by Balhae. Former Goguryeo general[67][68] or chief of Sumo Mohe[69][70][71] Dae Jo-yeong led a group of Goguryeo and Mohe refugees to the Jilin and founded the kingdom of Balhae, 30 years after the collapse of Goguryeo, as the successor to Goguryeo. At its height, Balhae's territories extended from southern Manchuria down to the northern Korean peninsula. Balhae was called the "Prosperous Country in the East".[72]

Unified Silla and Balhae in the 8th century CE

Later Silla carried on the maritime prowess of Baekje, which acted like the Phoenicia of medieval East Asia,[73] and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China, Korea and Japan, most notably during the time of Jang Bogo; in addition, Silla people made overseas communities in China on the Shandong Peninsula and the mouth of the Yangtze River.[74][75][76][77] Later Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country,[78] and its metropolitan capital of Gyeongju[79] was the fourth largest city in the world.[80][81][82][83] Later Silla experienced a golden age of art and culture,[84][85][86][87] as evidenced by the Hwangnyongsa, Seokguram, and Emille Bell. Buddhism flourished during this time, and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists[88] and contributed to Chinese Buddhism,[89] including: Woncheuk, Wonhyo, Uisang, Musang,[90][91][92][93] and Kim Gyo-gak, a Silla prince whose influence made Mount Jiuhua one of the Four Sacred Mountains of Chinese Buddhism.[94][95][96][97][98]

Later Silla fell apart in the late 9th century, giving way to the tumultuous Later Three Kingdoms period (892–935), and Balhae was destroyed by the Khitans in 926. Goryeo unified the Later Three Kingdoms and received the last crown prince and much of the ruling class of Balhae, thus bringing about a unification of the two successor nations of Goguryeo.[99]

### Goryeo dynasty

[edit]

Main article: Goryeo

Goryeo was founded in 918 and replaced Silla as the ruling dynasty of Korea. Goryeo's land was at first what is now South Korea and about 1/3 of North Korea, but later on managed to recover most of the Korean peninsula. Momentarily, Goryeo advanced to parts of Jiandao while conquering the Jurchens, but returned the territories due to the harsh climate and difficulties in defending them. The name "Goryeo" (高麗) is a short form of "Goguryeo" (高句麗) and was first used during the time of King Jangsu. Goryeo regarded itself as the successor of Goguryeo, hence its name and efforts to recover the former territories of Goguryeo.[100][101][102][103] Wang Geon, the founder of Goryeo, was of Goguryeo descent and traced his ancestry to a noble Goguryeo clan.[104] He made Kaesong, his hometown, the capital.

During this period, laws were codified and a civil service system was introduced. Buddhism flourished and spread throughout the peninsula. The development of celadon industries flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries. The publication of the Tripitaka Koreana onto more than 80,000 wooden blocks and the invention of the world's first metal movable type in the 13th century attest to Goryeo's cultural achievements.[105][106][107][108][109][110]

Goryeo in 1374

Goryeo had to defend frequently against attacks by nomadic empires, especially the Khitans and the Mongols. Goryeo had a hostile relationship with the Khitans, because the Khitan Empire had destroyed Balhae, also a successor state of Goguryeo. In 993, the Khitans, who had established the Liao dynasty in 907, invaded Goryeo, demanding that it make amity with them. Goryeo sent the diplomat Sŏ Hŭi to negotiate, who successfully persuaded the Khitans to let Goryeo expand to the banks of the Amnok (Yalu) River, citing that in the past the land belonged to Goguryeo, the predecessor of Goryeo.[111] During the Goryeo–Khitan War, the Khitan Empire invaded Korea twice more in 1009 and 1018, but was defeated.

After defeating the Khitan Empire, which was the most powerful empire of its time,[112][113] Goryeo experienced a golden age that lasted a century, during which the Tripitaka Koreana was completed, and there were great developments in printing and publishing, promoting learning and dispersing knowledge on philosophy, literature, religion, and science; by 1100, there were 12 universities that produced famous scholars and scientists.[114][115]

Goryeo was invaded by the Mongols in seven major campaigns from the 1230s until the 1270s, but was never conquered.[116] Exhausted after decades of fighting, Goryeo sent its crown prince to the Yuan capital to swear allegiance to the Mongols; Kublai Khan accepted, and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince,[116] and the dynastic line of Goryeo continued to survive under the overlordship of the Mongol Yuan dynasty as a semi-autonomous vassal state and compulsory ally. The two nations became intertwined for 80 years as all subsequent Korean kings married Mongol princesses,[116] and the last empress of the Yuan dynasty was a Korean princess.[117]

In the 1350s, King Gongmin was free at last to reform the Goryeo government when the Yuan dynasty began to crumble. Gongmin had various problems that needed to be dealt with, which included the removal of pro-Mongol aristocrats and military officials, the question of land holding, and quelling the growing animosity between the Buddhists and Confucian scholars. During this tumultuous period, Goryeo momentarily conquered Liaoyang in 1356, repulsed two large invasions by the Red Turbans in 1359 and 1360, and defeated the final attempt by the Yuan to dominate Goryeo when General Ch'oe Yŏng defeated a Mongol tumen in 1364. During the 1380s, Goryeo turned its attention to the Wokou threat and used naval artillery created by Ch'oe Mu-sŏn to annihilate hundreds of pirate ships.

### Joseon dynasty

[edit]

Main article: Joseon

Gyeongbokgung Palace Donggwoldo

In 1392, the general Yi Seong-gye overthrew the Goryeo dynasty after he staged a coup and defeated General Ch'oe Yŏng. Yi Seong-gye named his new dynasty Joseon and moved the capital from Kaesong to Hanseong (formerly Hanyang; modern-day Seoul) and built the Gyeongbokgung palace.[118] In 1394, he adopted Confucianism as the country's official ideology, resulting in much loss of power and wealth by the Buddhists. The prevailing philosophy of the Joseon dynasty was Neo-Confucianism, which was epitomised by the seonbi class, scholars who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity.

Joseon was a nominal tributary state of China but exercised full sovereignty,[119][120] and maintained the highest position among China's tributary states,[121][122] which also included countries such as the Ryukyu Kingdom, Vietnam, Burma, Brunei, Laos, Thailand,[123][124][125] and the Philippines, among others.[126][127] In addition, Joseon received tribute from Jurchens and Japanese until the 17th century,[128][129][130] and had a small enclave in the Ryukyu Kingdom that engaged in trade with Siam and Java.[131]

During the 15th and 16th centuries, Joseon enjoyed many benevolent rulers who promoted education and science.[132] Most notable among them was Sejong the Great (r. 1418–50), who personally created and promulgated Hangul, the Korean alphabet.[133] This golden age[132] saw great cultural and scientific advancements,[134] including in printing, meteorological observation, astronomy, calendar science, ceramics, military technology, geography, cartography, medicine, and agricultural technology, some of which were unrivaled elsewhere.[135] Joseon implemented a class system that consisted of yangban the noble class, jungin the middle class, yangin the common class, and cheonin the lowest class, which included occupations such as butchers, tanners, shamans, entertainers, and nobi, the equivalent of slaves, bondservants, or serfs.[136][137]

Seoul taken from Namsan (1884)-George Clayton Foulk. The photo shows Gwanghwamun Plaza and Namdaemunno.

In 1592 and again in 1597, the Japanese invaded Korea; the Korean military at the time was unprepared and untrained, due to two centuries of peace on the Korean Peninsula.[138] Toyotomi Hideyoshi intended to conquer China and India[139] through the Korean Peninsula, but was defeated by strong resistance from the Righteous Army, the naval superiority of Admiral Yi Sun-sin and his turtle ships, and assistance from Wanli Emperor of Ming China. However, Joseon experienced great destruction, including a tremendous loss of cultural sites such as temples and palaces to Japanese pillaging, and the Japanese brought back to Japan an estimated 100,000–200,000 noses cut from Korean victims.[140] Less than 30 years after the Japanese invasions, the Manchus took advantage of Joseon's war-weakened state and invaded in 1627 and 1637, and then went on to conquer the destabilised Ming dynasty.

After normalising relations with the new Qing dynasty, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace. Kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo led a new renaissance of the Joseon dynasty during the 18th century.[141][142]

In the 19th century, the royal in-law families gained control of the government, leading to mass corruption and weakening of the state, with severe poverty and peasant rebellions spreading throughout the country. Furthermore, the Joseon government adopted a strict isolationist policy, earning the nickname "the hermit kingdom", but ultimately failed to protect itself against imperialism and was forced to open its borders, beginning an era leading into Japanese imperial rule.

### Korean Empire

[edit]

Main article: Korean Empire

The earliest surviving depiction of the Korean flag was printed in a US Navy book Flags of Maritime Nations in July 1889.

Beginning in 1871, Japan began to exert more influence in Korea, forcing it out of China's traditional sphere of influence. As a result of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), the Qing dynasty had to give up such a position according to Article 1 of the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which was concluded between China and Japan in 1895. That same year, Empress Myeongseong of Korea was assassinated by Japanese agents.[143]

In 1897, the Joseon dynasty proclaimed the Korean Empire (1897–1910). King Gojong became emperor. During this brief period, Korea had some success in modernising the military, economy, real property laws, education system, and various industries. Russia, Japan, France, and the United States all invested in the country and sought to influence it politically.

The Russians were pushed out of the fight for Korea following the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Korea became a protectorate of Japan shortly afterwards. In Manchuria on 26 October 1909, An Jung-geun assassinated the former Resident-General of Korea, Itō Hirobumi, for his role in trying to force Korea into occupation.

### Japanese annexation and occupation of Korea

[edit]

Main article: Korea under Japanese rule

See also: Japanese war crimes

The memorial tablet for the March First Movement in Pagoda Park, Seoul

In 1910, an already militarily occupied Korea ('Corea' before Japanese colonialism enforced a change to 'Korea' so 'Japan' would appear first in the English Dictionary)[144] was a forced party to the Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty. The treaty was signed by Lee Wan-Yong, who was given the General Power of Attorney by the Emperor. However, the Emperor is said to have not actually ratified the treaty according to Yi Tae-jin.[145] There is a long dispute whether this treaty was legal or illegal due to its signing under duress, threat of force and bribes.

Korean resistance to the brutal Japanese occupation[146][147][148] was manifested in the nonviolent March First Movement of 1919, during which 7,000 demonstrators were killed by Japanese police and military.[149] The Korean liberation movement also spread to neighbouring Manchuria and Siberia.

Over five million Koreans were conscripted for labour beginning in 1939,[150] and tens of thousands of men were forced into Japan's military.[151] Nearly 400,000 Korean labourers died.[152] Approximately 200,000 girls and women,[153] mostly from China and Korea, were forced into sexual slavery for the Japanese military.[154] In 1993, Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yohei Kono acknowledged the terrible injustices faced by these euphemistically named "comfort women".[155][156]

During the Japanese annexation, the Korean language was suppressed in an effort to eradicate indigenous Korean national identity. Koreans were forced to take Japanese surnames, known as Sōshi-kaimei.[157] Traditional Korean culture suffered heavy losses, as numerous Korean cultural artefacts were destroyed[158] or taken to Japan.[159] One such artefact is rumored to be a sacred Korean mask (tal), still up on display in a Japanese museum. To this day, valuable Korean artefacts can often be found in Japanese museums or among private collections.[160] One investigation by the South Korean government identified 75,311 cultural assets that were taken from Korea, 34,369 in Japan and 17,803 in the United States. However, experts estimate that over 100,000 artefacts actually remain in Japan.[159][161] Japanese officials considered returning Korean cultural properties, but to date[159] this has not occurred.[161] Both Koreas and Japan still dispute the ownership of the Dokdo islets, located east of the Korean Peninsula.[162]

There was significant emigration to the overseas territories of the Empire of Japan during the Japanese occupation period, including Korea.[163] By the end of World War II, there were over 850,000 Japanese settlers in Korea.[164] After World War II, most of these overseas Japanese repatriated to Japan.[165] Migrants who remained squatted in informal settlements.[166]

### Division and conflict

[edit]

Main article: Division of Korea

Satellite image of the Korean Peninsula demonstrating the differences in light pollution between the two Koreas, 2024

In 1945, with the surrender of Japan, the United Nations developed plans for a trusteeship administration, the Soviet Union administering the peninsula north of the 38th parallel and the United States administering the south. The politics of the Cold War resulted in the 1948 establishment of two separate governments, North Korea and South Korea.

The aftermath of World War II left Korea partitioned along the 38th parallel on 2 September 1945, with the north under Soviet occupation and the south under US occupation supported by other allied states. Consequently, North Korea, a Soviet-style socialist republic was established in the north, and South Korea, a Western-style regime, was established in the south.

North Korea is a one-party state ruled by the Workers' Party of Korea, now centred on Kim Il Sung's Juche ideology, with a centrally planned industrial economy. South Korea is a multi-party state with a capitalist market economy, alongside membership in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the Group of Twenty. The two states have greatly diverged both culturally and economically since their partition, though they still share a common traditional culture and pre-Cold War history.

Since the 1960s, the South Korean economy has grown enormously and the economic structure was radically transformed. In 1957, South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana,[167] and by 2008 it was 17 times as high as Ghana's.[c]

According to R. J. Rummel, forced labour, executions, and concentration camps were responsible for over one million deaths in North Korea from 1948 to 1987;[169] others have estimated 400,000 deaths in concentration camps alone.[170] Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the 1990s famine and that there were 600,000 to 850,000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008.[171] In South Korea, as guerrilla activities expanded, the South Korean government used strong measures against peasants, such as forcefully moving their families from guerrilla areas. According to one estimate, these measures resulted in 36,000 people killed, 11,000 people wounded, and 432,000 people displaced.[172]

### Korean War

[edit]

Main article: Korean War

The Korean War broke out when Soviet-backed North Korea invaded South Korea, though neither side gained much territory as a result. The Korean Peninsula remained divided, the Korean Demilitarized Zone being the de facto border between the two states.

In June 1950 North Korea invaded the South, using Soviet tanks and weaponry. During the Korean War (1950–53) more than 1.2 million people died and the three years of fighting throughout the nation effectively destroyed most cities.[173] The war ended with an armistice agreement at approximately the Military Demarcation Line, but the two governments are officially still at war.

### North and South Korea

[edit]

See also: History of North Korea, History of South Korea, Korean conflict, and Korean reunification

Kim and Moon shaking hands over the demarcation line on 27 April 2018

In 2018, the leaders of North Korea and South Korea officially signed the Panmunjom Declaration, announcing that they will work to end the conflict.[174]

In November 2020, South Korea and China agreed to work together to mend South Korea's relationship with North Korea. During a meeting between President Moon and China's foreign minister, Wang Yi, Moon expressed his gratitude to China for its role in helping to foster peace in the Korean Peninsula. Moon was quoted telling Wang during their meeting that "[the South Korean] government will not stop efforts to put an end (formally) to war on the Korean Peninsula and achieve complete denuclearization and permanent peace together with the international community, including China."[175]

## Geography

[edit]

Main article: Geography of Korea

See also: Geography of North Korea, Geography of South Korea, and Provinces of Korea

Satellite image of Korea A view of Seoraksan Daedongyeojido – this 1861 map of Korea represents the peak of pre-modern mapmaking in the region. Jeju Island seashore

Korea consists of a peninsula and nearby islands located in East Asia. The peninsula extends southwards for about 1,100 km (680 mi) from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan to the east and the Yellow Sea (West Sea) to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the two bodies of water.[176][177] To the northwest, the Amnok River separates Korea from China and to the northeast, the Duman River separates it from China and Russia.[178] Notable islands include Jeju Island, Ulleung Island, Dokdo.

The southern and western parts of the peninsula have well-developed plains, while the eastern and northern parts are mountainous. The highest mountain in Korea is Mount Paektu (2,744 m), through which runs the border with China. The southern extension of Mount Paektu is a highland called Gaema Heights. This highland was mainly raised during the Cenozoic orogeny and partly covered by volcanic matter. To the south of Gaema Gowon, successive high mountains are located along the eastern coast of the peninsula. This mountain range is named Baekdu-daegan. Some significant mountains include Sobaeksan (1,439 m), Mount Kumgang (1,638 m), Seoraksan (1,708 m), Taebaeksan (1,567 m), and Jirisan (1,915 m). There are several lower, secondary mountain series whose direction is almost perpendicular to that of Baekdu-daegan. They are developed along the tectonic line of Mesozoic orogeny and their directions are basically northwest.

Unlike most ancient mountains on the mainland, many important islands in Korea were formed by volcanic activity in the Cenozoic orogeny. Jeju Island, situated off the southern coast, is a large volcanic island whose main mountain, Mount Halla or Hallasan (1,950 m), is the highest in South Korea. Ulleung Island is a volcanic island in the Sea of Japan, the composition of which is more felsic than Jeju. The volcanic islands tend to be younger, the more westward.

Because the mountainous region is mostly on the eastern part of the peninsula, the main rivers tend to flow westwards. Two exceptions are the southward-flowing Nakdong River and Seomjin River. Important rivers running westward include the Amnok River, the Chongchon River, the Taedong River, the Han River, the Geum River, and the Yeongsan River. These rivers have vast flood plains and provide an ideal environment for wet-rice cultivation.

The southern and southwestern coastlines of the peninsula form a well-developed ria coastline, known as Dadohae-jin in Korean. This convoluted coastline provides mild seas, and the resulting calm environment allows for safe navigation, fishing, and seaweed farming. In addition to the complex coastline, the western coast of the Korean Peninsula has an extremely high tidal amplitude (at Incheon, around the middle of the western coast, the tide can get as high as 9 m). Vast tidal flats have been developing on the south and west coastlines.

### Climate

[edit]

Korea has a temperate climate with comparatively fewer typhoons than other countries in East Asia. Due to the peninsula's position, it has a unique climate influenced by Siberia in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east and the rest of Eurasia in the west. The peninsula has four distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.[179]

#### Spring

[edit]

As influence from Siberia weakens, temperatures begin to increase while the high pressure begins to move away. If the weather is abnormally dry, Siberia will have more influence on the peninsula leading to wintry weather such as snow.[180]

#### Summer

[edit]

During June at the start of the summer, there tends to be a lot of rain due to the cold and wet air from the Sea of Okhotsk and the hot and humid air from the Pacific Ocean combining. When these fronts combine, it leads to a so-called rainy season with often cloudy days with rain, which is sometimes very heavy. The hot and humid winds from the south west blow causing an increasing amount of humidity and this leads to the fronts moving towards Manchuria in China and thus there is less rain and this is known as midsummer; temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F) daily at this time of year.

#### Autumn

[edit]

Usually, high pressure is heavily dominant during autumn leading to clear conditions. Furthermore, temperatures remain high but the humidity becomes relatively low.

#### Winter

[edit]

The weather becomes increasingly dominated by Siberia during winter and the jet stream moves further south causing a drop in temperature. This season is relatively dry with some snow falling at times.

### Biodiversity

[edit]

Main article: Wildlife of Korea

Animal life of the Korean Peninsula includes a considerable number of bird species and native freshwater fish. Native or endemic species of the Korean Peninsula include Korean hare, Korean water deer, Korean field mouse, Korean brown frog, Korean pine and Korean spruce. The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) with its forest and natural wetlands is a unique biodiversity spot, which harbours eighty-two endangered species. Korea once hosted many Siberian tigers, but as the number of people affected by the tigers increased, the tigers were killed in the Joseon dynasty and the Siberian tigers in the South Korea became extinct during the Japanese colonial era period. It has been confirmed that Siberian tigers are only on the side of North Korea now.

There are also approximately 3,034 species of vascular plants throughout the peninsula.

## Economy

[edit]

### Science and technology

[edit]

Main article: History of science and technology in Korea

See also: List of Korean inventions and discoveries

Cheomseongdae, the oldest surviving astronomical observatory in Asia

One of the best known artefacts of Korea's history of science and technology is the Cheomseongdae, a 9.4-meter high astronomical observatory built in 634.

The earliest known surviving Korean example of woodblock printing is The Great Dharani Sutra.[181] It is believed to have been printed in Korea in 750–51, which if correct, would make it older than the Diamond Sutra.

Jikji, Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris.

During the Goryeo period, metal movable type printing was invented by Ch'oe Yun-ŭi in 1234.[182][107][183][184][110][105] This invention made printing easier, more efficient and also increased literacy, which observed by Chinese visitors was seen to be so important where it was considered to be shameful to not be able to read.[185] The Mongol Empire later adopted Korea's movable type printing and spread as far as Central Asia. There is conjecture as to whether or not Ch'oe's invention had any influence on later printing inventions such as Gutenberg's Printing press.[186] When the Mongols invaded Europe they inadvertently introduced different kinds of Asian technology.[187]

During the Joseon period, the Turtle Ship was invented, which were covered by a wooden deck and iron with thorns,[188][189][190] as well as other weapons such as the bigyeokjincheolloe cannon (비격진천뢰, 飛擊震天雷) and the hwacha.

The Korean alphabet hangul was also invented during this time by King Sejong the Great.

## Demographics

[edit]

Main articles: Koreans, Demographics of South Korea, and Demographics of North Korea

As of 2023[update], the combined population of the Koreas is about 77.9 million (South Korea: 51.7 million, North Korea: 26.1 million).[191][192] Korea is chiefly populated by a highly homogeneous ethnic group, the Koreans, who speak the Korean language.[193] The number of foreigners living in Korea has also steadily increased since the late 20th century, particularly in South Korea, where more than 1 million foreigners reside.[194] It was estimated in 2006 that only 26,700 of the old Chinese community now remain in South Korea.[195] However, in recent years, immigration from mainland China has increased; 624,994 persons of Chinese nationality have immigrated to South Korea, including 443,566 of ethnic Korean descent.[196] Small communities of ethnic Chinese and Japanese are also found in North Korea.[197]

Largest cities or towns in Korea

Sources: 2008 North Korean census and 2015 South Korean census

Rank  | Name | Province | Pop.  | Rank  | Name | Province | Pop.
1 | Seoul | Seoul | 9,904,312 | 11 | Goyang | Gyeonggi | 990,073
2 | Busan | Busan | 3,448,737 | 12 | Yongin | Gyeonggi | 971,327
3 | Pyongyang | Pyongyang | 3,255,288 | 13 | Seongnam | Gyeonggi | 948,757
4 | Incheon | Incheon | 2,890,451 | 14 | Bucheon | Gyeonggi | 843,794
5 | Daegu | Daegu | 2,446,052 | 15 | Cheongju | North Chungcheong | 833,276
6 | Daejeon | Daejeon | 1,538,394 | 16 | Hamhung | South Hamgyong | 768,551
7 | Gwangju | Gwangju | 1,502,881 | 17 | Ansan | Gyeonggi | 747,035
8 | Suwon | Gyeonggi | 1,194,313 | 18 | Chongjin | North Hamgyong | 667,929
9 | Ulsan | Ulsan | 1,166,615 | 19 | Jeonju | North Jeolla | 658,172
10 | Changwon | South Gyeongsang | 1,059,241 | 20 | Cheonan | South Chungcheong | 629,062

### Language

[edit]

Main articles: Korean language and Korean Sign Language

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Hunminjeongeum, afterwards called Hangul

Korean is the official language of both North and South Korea, and (along with Mandarin) of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in Jilin Province, China. Worldwide, there are up to 80 million speakers of the Korean language. South Korea has around 50 million speakers while North Korea around 25 million. Other large groups of Korean speakers through Korean diaspora are found in China, the United States, Japan, former Soviet Union and elsewhere.

Modern Korean is written almost exclusively in the script of the Korean alphabet (known as Hangul in South Korea and Chosungul in China and North Korea), which was invented in the 15th century. Korean is sometimes written with the addition of some Chinese characters called Hanja; however, this is only occasionally seen nowadays.

### Religion

[edit]

Main articles: Religion in Korea, Religion in South Korea, and Religion in North Korea

See also: Korean shamanism, Korean Confucianism, Korean Buddhism, Taoism in Korea, Christianity in Korea, and Islam in Korea

Korean Buddhist architecture Amitabha and Eight Great Bodhisattvas, Goryeo scroll from the 1300s

Confucian tradition has dominated Korean thought, along with contributions by Buddhism, Taoism, and Korean Shamanism. Since the middle of the 20th century, however, Christianity has competed with Buddhism in South Korea, while religious practice has been suppressed in North Korea. Throughout Korean history and culture, regardless of separation; the influence of traditional beliefs of Korean Shamanism, Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism have remained an underlying religion of the Korean people as well as a vital aspect of their culture; all these traditions have coexisted peacefully for hundreds of years up to today despite strong Westernisation from Christian missionary conversions in the South[198][199][200] or the pressure from the Juche government in the North.[201][202]

According to 2005 statistics compiled by the South Korean government, about 46% of citizens profess to follow no particular religion. Christians account for 29.2% of the population (of which are Protestants 18.3% and Catholics 10.9%) and Buddhists 22.8%.[203] In North Korea, around 71.3% claim to be non-religious or atheists, 12.9% follow Cheondoism and 12.3% Korean Folk Religion, while Christians count for 2% of the population, and Buddhists as 1.5%.[204]

Islam in South Korea is practised by about 45,000 natives (about 0.09% of the population) in addition to some 100,000 foreign workers from Muslim countries.[205] While in North Korea it's estimated to be around 3000 Muslims, which is around 0.01% of the popultation.[206] The Ar-Rahman Mosque is the only mosque in DPRK, and it is located at the Iranian Embassy grounds in Pyongyyang.[207]

In 1993, the Korean Overseas Culture and Information Service estimated that around 1,600,000 people practice Korean new religions in both Korean countries.[208]

### Education

[edit]

Main articles: Education in South Korea and Education in North Korea

The modern South Korean school system consists of six years in elementary school, three years in middle school, and three years in high school. Students are required to go to elementary and middle school, and do not have to pay for their education, except for a small fee called a "School Operation Support Fee" that differs from school to school. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, ranks South Korea's science education as the third best in the world and being significantly higher than the OECD average.[209]

Although South Korean students often rank high on international comparative assessments, the education system is criticised for emphasising too much upon passive learning and memorisation. The South Korean education system is rather notably strict and structured as compared to its counterparts in most Western societies.

The North Korean education system consists primarily of universal and state funded schooling by the government. The national literacy rate for citizens 15 years of age and above is over 99 per cent.[210][211] Children go through one year of kindergarten, four years of primary education, six years of secondary education, and then on to universities. The most prestigious university in the DPRK is Kim Il Sung University. Other notable universities include Kim Chaek University of Technology, which focuses on computer science, Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies, which trains working level diplomats and trade officials, and Kim Hyong Jik University of Education, which trains teachers.

## Culture

[edit]

Main articles: Culture of Korea, Korean art, Korean pottery and porcelain, Korean martial arts, Korean dance, Korean bow, and Korean architecture

Goguryeo tombs

Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong

Baekje Historic Areas

Changdeokgung / Jongmyo

Gyeongju Historic Areas

Haeinsa

Hahoe

Yangdong

Hwaseong

Jeju

Namhansanseong

Royal Tombs of the Joseon

Bulguksa and Seokguram

Dolmen Sites

Sansa

class=notpageimage|

Location of World Heritage Sites in Korea.[212][213]

Note: Seoul is home to three separate properties; Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty locate throughout the country, only one site is shown on map.

Traditional Korean dance (Jinju geommu)

In ancient Chinese texts, Korea is referred to as "Rivers and Mountains Embroidered on Silk" (금수강산; 錦繡江山) and "Eastern Nation of Decorum" (동방예의지국; 東方禮儀之國).[214] Individuals are regarded as one year old when they are born, as Koreans reckon the pregnancy period as one year of life for infants, and age increments increase on New Year's Day rather than on the anniversary of birthdays. Thus, one born immediately before New Year's Day may only be a few days old in western reckoning, but two years old in Korea. Accordingly, a Korean person's stated age (at least among fellow Koreans) will be one or two years more than their age according to western reckoning. However, western reckoning is sometimes applied with regard to the concept of legal age; for example, the legal age for purchasing alcohol or cigarettes in the Republic of Korea is 19, which is measured according to western reckoning.

### Literature

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Korean literature.[edit]

The Tripitaka Koreana

Korean literature is the body of literature produced by Koreans, mostly in the Korean language and sometimes in Classical Chinese. For much of Korea's 1,500 years of literary history, it was written in Hanja. It is commonly divided into classical and modern periods, although this distinction is sometimes unclear.

There are four major traditional poetic forms: hyangga ("native songs"); byeolgok ("special songs"), or changga ("long poems"); sijo ("current melodies"); and gasa ("verses"). Other poetic forms that flourished briefly include the kyonggi-style, in the 14th and 15th centuries, and the akchang ("words for songs") in the 15th century. The most representative akchang is Yongbi och'on ka (1445–47; Songs of Flying Dragons), a cycle compiled in praise of the founding of the Yi dynasty. Korean poetry originally was meant to be sung, and its forms and styles reflect its melodic origins. The basis of its prosody is a line of alternating groups of three or four syllables, which is probably the most natural rhythm to the language.

One famous earliest poetry or lyric song was the Gonghuin (Konghu-in) by Yeo-ok during Gojoseon.

### Music

[edit]

Main article: Traditional music of Korea

Traditional Korean music includes combinations of the folk, vocal, religious and ritual music styles of the Korean people. Korean music has been practised since prehistoric times.[215] Korean music falls into two broad categories. The first, Hyangak, literally means The local music or Music native to Korea, a famous example of which is Sujechon, a piece of instrumental music often claimed to be at least 1,300 years old.[216] The second, yangak, represents a more Western style.

### Cuisine

[edit]

Main article: Korean cuisine

See also: Korean tea ceremony and Korean royal court cuisine

Gimjang, the process for making kimchi

Koreans traditionally believe that the taste and quality of food depend on its spices and sauces, the essential ingredients to making a delicious meal. Therefore, soybean paste, soy sauce, gochujang or red pepper paste and kimchi are some of the most important staples in a Korean household.

Korean cuisine was greatly influenced by the geography and climate of the Korean Peninsula, which is known for its cold autumns and winters, therefore there are many fermented dishes and hot soups and stews.

Korean cuisine is probably best known for kimchi, a side dish which uses a distinctive fermentation process of preserving vegetables, most commonly cabbage. Kimchi is said to relieve the pores on the skin, thereby reducing wrinkles and providing nutrients to the skin naturally. It is also healthy, as it provides necessary vitamins and nutrients. Gochujang, a traditional Korean sauce made of red pepper is also commonly used, often as pepper (chilli) paste, earning the cuisine a reputation for spiciness.

Bulgogi (roasted marinated meat, usually beef), galbi (marinated grilled short ribs), and samgyeopsal (pork belly) are popular main courses. Fish is also a popular commodity, as it is the traditional meat that Koreans eat. Meals are usually accompanied by a soup or stew, such as galbitang (stewed ribs) or doenjang jjigae (fermented bean paste soup). The center of the table is filled with a shared collection of sidedishes called banchan.

Other popular dishes include bibimbap, which literally means "mixed rice" (rice mixed with meat, vegetables, and red pepper paste), and naengmyeon (cold noodles).[217][218]

Instant noodles, or ramyeon, is a popular snack food. Koreans also enjoy food from pojangmachas (street vendors), which serve tteokbokki, rice cake and fish cake with a spicy gochujang sauce; gimbap, made of steamed white rice wrapped in dried green laver seaweed; fried squid; and glazed sweet potato. Soondae, a sausage made of cellophane noodles and pork blood, is widely eaten.

Additionally, some other common snacks include "Choco Pie", shrimp crackers, "bbeongtwigi" (puffed rice grains), and "nurungji" (slightly burnt rice). Nurungji can be eaten as it is or boiled with water to make a soup. Nurungji can also be eaten as a snack or a dessert.

Korea is unique among Asian countries in its use of metal chopsticks. Metal chopsticks have been discovered in archaeological sites belonging to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla.

### Sports

[edit]

Main articles: Sport in South Korea and Sport in North Korea

North Korea and South Korea usually compete as two separate nations in international events. There are, however, a few examples of them having competed as one entity, under the name Korea.

While association football remains one of the most popular sports in South Korea, the martial art of taekwondo is considered to be the national sport. Baseball and golf are also popular. The board game Go, known in Korea as baduk, has also been popular for over a millennium, first arriving from China in the 5th century CE; baduk is played both casually and competitively.

#### Martial arts

[edit]

##### Taekwon-Do

[edit]

Main article: Taekwondo

Taekwon-Do is Korea's most famous martial art and sport. It combines combat techniques, self-defence, sport and exercise. Taekwon-Do has become an official Olympic sport, starting as a demonstration event in 1988 (when South Korea hosted the Games in Seoul) and becoming an official medal event in 2000. The two major Taekwon-Do federations were founded in Korea. The two are the International Taekwon-Do Federation and the World Taekwondo Federation.

##### Hapkido

[edit]

Main article: Hapkido

Hapkido is a modern Korean martial art with a grappling focus that employs joint locks, throws, kicks, punches and other striking attacks like attacks against pressure points. Hapkido emphasises circular motion, non-resisting movements and control of the opponent. Practitioners seek to gain advantage through footwork and body positioning to employ leverage, avoiding the pure use of strength against strength.

##### Ssireum

[edit]

Main article: Ssireum

Ssireum is a traditional form of wrestling that has been practised in Korea for thousands of years, with evidence discovered from Goguryeo of Korea's Three Kingdoms Period (57 BCE to 688). Ssireum is the traditional national sport of Korea. During a match, opponents grip each other by sash belts wrapped around the waist and the thigh, attempting to throw their competitor to the sandy ground of the ring. The first opponent to touch the ground with any body part above the knee or to lose hold of their opponent loses the round.

Ssireum competitions are traditionally held twice a year, during the Dano Festival (the 5th day of the fifth lunar month) and Chuseok (the 15th day of the 8th lunar month). Competitions are also held throughout the year as a part of festivals and other events.

##### Taekkyon

[edit]

Main article: Taekkyon

Taekkyon is a traditional martial art, considered the oldest form of fighting technique of Korea. Practiced for centuries and especially popular during the Joseon period, two forms co-existed: one for practical use, the other for sport. This form was usually practised alongside Ssireum during festivals and competitions between villages. Nonetheless, Taekkyon almost disappeared during the Japanese Occupation and the Korean War.

Though lost in North Korea, Taekkyon has enjoyed a spectacular revival from the 1980s in South Korea. It is the only martial art in the world (with Ssireum) recognised as a National Treasure of South Korea and a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage.

## See also

[edit]

* Geography portal
* Asia portal
* North Korea portal
* South Korea portal

* Inter-Korean summits
* Korean name
* Korean natural farming
* Korean War
* List of Korean inventions and discoveries
* National Treasures of North Korea
* National Treasures of South Korea
* North Korea–South Korea relations
* Korean reunification

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Korean: 한국; RR: Hanguk in South Korea, or Korean: 조선; MR: Chosŏn in North Korea.
2. ^ Korean: 한반도; Hanja: 韓半島; RR: Hanbando in South Korea, or 조선반도; 朝鮮半島; Chosŏnbando in North Korea and among some in the Korean diaspora.
3. ^ $26,341 GDP for Korea, $1513 for Ghana.[168]

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

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67. ^ Old records of Silla 新羅古記(Silla gogi [ko]): ... 高麗舊將祚榮
68. ^ Rhymed Chronicles of Sovereigns 帝王韻紀(Jewang ungi): ... 前麗舊將大祚榮
69. ^ Solitary Cloud 孤雲集(Gounjib): ... 渤海之源流也句驪未滅之時本爲疣贅部落靺羯之屬寔繁有徒是名栗末小蕃甞逐句驪, 內徙其首領乞四羽及大祚榮等至武后臨朝之際自營州作孼而逃輒據荒丘始稱振國時有句驪遺燼勿吉雜流梟音則嘯聚白山鴟義則喧張黑姶與契丹濟惡旋於突厥通謀萬里耨苗累拒渡遼之轍十年食葚晚陳降漢之旗.
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### Bibliography

[edit]

* Castello-Cortes, Ian, ed. (1996), "North Korea", World Reference Atlas (2nd American ed.), New York: Dorling Kindersley, ISBN 978-0-7894-1085-6.
* Cumings, Bruce (1997), Korea's Place in the Sun, Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-31681-0
* Kim (1976), Women of Korea: A History from Ancient Times to 1945, et al., Ewha Womans University Press, ISBN 978-89-7300-116-3.
* "History", Korea, Asian Info, archived from the original on 4 February 2012, retrieved 11 July 2006.
* Top 500 list, CN: STJI, 2007, archived from the original on 5 March 2010, retrieved 16 November 2007
* "People", Facts, UMSL, 2005, archived from the original on 22 July 2009, retrieved 16 November 2007.
* Hussain, Tariq (5 March 2007), "The Korea Herald" (PDF), The Korea Herald, Diamond dilemma, archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2007, retrieved 27 April 2008.
* "Korea information", Korea Expat Community, WorknPlay, archived from the original on 5 July 2010, retrieved 23 July 2010.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Chun, Tuk Chu. "Korea in the Pacific Community". Social Education 52 (March 1988), 182. EJ 368 177.
* Cumings, Bruce. The Two Koreas. New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1984.
* Oberdorfer, Don (2001). The Two Koreas: a Contemporary History. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465051625. OCLC 47831650.
* Focus on Asian Studies. Special Issue: "Korea: A Teacher's Guide". No. 1, Fall 1986.
* Shin, Gi-Wook (1999), Robinson, Michael (ed.), Colonial modernity in Korea, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Asia Center, ISBN 978-0-674-14255-8.
* Hart, Dennis. From Tradition to Consumption: Construction of a Capitalist Culture in South Korea. Seoul: Jimoondang, 2003.
* Jager, Sheila Miyoshi (2013). Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea. London: Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-84668-067-0.
* Joe, W.J. & Choe, H.A. Traditional Korea: A Cultural History, Seoul: Hollym, 1997.
* Joungwon, A.K. Divided Korea: The Politics of Development, Harvard University Press, 1975.
* Lee Ki-baik. A New History of Korea. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1984.
* Lee Sang-sup. "The Arts and Literature of Korea". The Social Studies 79 (July–August 1988): 153–60. EJ 376 894.
* Pratt, Keith L (2006). Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea. London: Reaktion. ISBN 9781861892737. OCLC 63137295.
* Tae-Jin, Y. "The Illegality of the Forced Treaties Leading to Japan's Annexation of the Great Han Empire", In the Korean National Commission for UNESCO, Vol. 36, No. 4, 1996.
* The Gloucestershire Regiment and The Battle of the Imjin River, Korean War, UK: Glosters, archived from the original on 13 May 2008.
* "How Does Korea Compare", OECD Health Data (PDF) (briefing note), Organisation For Economic Co-operation and Development, 2009, archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2008, retrieved 2 September 2009.

## External links

[edit]

Look up Korea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Korea.

* Texts on Wikisource:
* "Corea" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. VI (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 390–394.
* "Korea" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 908–913.
* "Korea". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
* "Korea". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
* The Republic of Korea

* v
* t
* e

Index of Korea-related articles

* North Korea
* South Korea

History of Korea

| General|

* Military history of Korea
* List of monarchs of Korea
* Timeline of Korean history

|

Chronology|

* Gojoseon
* Dangun Joseon / Gija Joseon / Wiman Joseon / Jin (Korean state)
* Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea
* Buyeo / Okjeo / Dongye / Samhan / Four Commanderies of Han
* Three Kingdoms of Korea
* Goguryeo / Baekje / Silla / Gaya confederacy
* North–South States Period
* Later Silla / Balhae
* Later Three Kingdoms
* Taebong / Later Baekje / Silla
* Goryeo
* Joseon
* Korean Empire
* Korea under Japanese rule
* Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
* Division of Korea
* United States Army Military Government in Korea / Soviet Civil Administration / Korean War
* History of South Korea / History of North Korea

Geography of Korea

| General|

* Borders
* Korean Peninsula
* List of islands of Korea
* List of lakes of Korea
* List of mountains in Korea
* List of rivers of Korea
* Provinces of Korea
* Regions of Korea
* Geology of South Korea
* Floods in Korea

|

Geography of North Korea|

* Administrative divisions of North Korea
* List of cities in North Korea
* Special cities of North Korea
* Geology of North Korea

Geography of South Korea|

* Administrative divisions of South Korea
* Environment of South Korea
* List of cities in South Korea
* List of special cities of South Korea
* List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea

Politics

| North Korea|

* Overview
* Constitution
* Foreign relations
* Relations with South Korea
* Government
* Supreme Leader
* Heads of state
* Premier
* Korean People's Army
* WMD
* Elections
* Workers' Party of Korea
* General Secretary
* Politburo
* Secretariat
* Juche
* State Affairs Commission
* President of State Affairs
* Supreme People's Assembly
* Law
* Human rights

|

South Korea|

* Overview
* Constitution
* Foreign relations
* Relations with North Korea
* Government
* President
* Prime Minister
* Republic of Korea Armed Forces
* WMD
* Elections
* Presidential
* Legislative
* Political parties
* National Assembly
* Judiciary
* Constitutional Court
* Supreme Court
* High courts
* Law
* Human rights

Economy

| North Korea|

* Overview
* Agriculture
* Automotive industry
* Energy
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transport
* North Korean won (currency)
* North Korean famine
* Jangmadang
* Mining
* Rason Special Economic Zone

|

South Korea|

* Overview
* Agriculture
* Automotive industry
* Chaebol
* Economic inequality
* Squatting
* Energy
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transport
* South Korean won (currency)
* Financial services
* Fishing industry
* Miracle on the Han River
* Science and technology
* Trade unions
* 1997 Asian financial crisis

Demographics

* Koreans
* Demographics of North Korea
* Demographics of South Korea
* Aging of South Korea
* Gender inequality in South Korea
* Low birth rate in South Korea
* International adoption of South Korean children
* Life expectancy
* Koreatown
* Korean language
* Hangul
* Hanja
* Korean name

Culture of Korea

| General|

* Cinema of Korea
* Korean cuisine
* Globalization in South Korea
* Korean martial arts
* Korean mythology
* Korean philosophy
* Religion in Korea
* Ssireum (wrestling)
* Korean sword
* Korean tea ceremony
* Tattooing in South Korea

|

Korean art|

* Korean architecture
* Korean calligraphy
* Korean drama
* Korean literature
* Traditional music of Korea
* Korean painting
* Korean pottery and porcelain

Culture of North Korea|

* Education in North Korea
* North Korean literature
* Religion in North Korea
* Smoking in North Korea
* Sport in North Korea
* Arirang Festival
* Juche
* Propaganda in North Korea

Culture of South Korea|

* Education in South Korea
* Religion in South Korea
* Smoking in South Korea
* Sport in South Korea
* Cultural icons
* Korean Wave
* K-pop
* Marriage in South Korea
* Media of South Korea
* Pets in South Korea
* Sexuality in South Korea

* v
* t
* e

East Asia

Countries and regions|

* China
* Hong Kong
* Macau
* Mainland
* Japan
* Ryukyu
* Korea
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Jeju
* Mongolia
* Taiwan

Ethnic groups|

* Ainu
* Han Chinese
* subgroups
* Hui
* Japanese
* Yamato
* Koreans
* in China
* in Japan
* in Sakhalin
* Manchu
* Miao
* Mongolic
* Mongols
* in China
* Khalkha in Mongolia
* Qiang
* Ryukyuans
* Indigenous Taiwanese
* Tibetans
* Tujia
* Uyghurs
* Yi
* Zhuang
* other ethnic groups in China
* unrecognized
* historical

Culture|

* Age reckoning
* Architecture‎
* Art
* Chinese
* Japanese
* Korean
* Taiwanese
* Blepharoplasty
* Buddhism
* Calligraphy
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Sinosphere
* Dance
* Chinese knotting
* Chinese dragon
* Festivals
* Gardens
* Chinese characters
* Hip-and-gable roof
* Languages
* Literature
* Mādhyamaka
* Music
* Mythology
* Philosophy
* Religion
* Scripts
* Seal
* Sino-Xenic pronunciations
* Surnames
* Television
* Typography
* Yogācāra
* Chinese zodiac

Environment|

* East Asia Climate Partnership
* Monsoon
* Rainy season
* Flora

Economy and Politics|

* China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
* Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
* Capitalism
* East Asia Summit
* East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
* East Asian Community
* Four Asian Tigers
* Human rights in East Asia
* Ports
* Stock exchanges

History|

* Archaeology
* Archaeological cultures
* Bronze Age
* Iron Age
* Former countries

Sports|

* China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting
* East Asian Football Federation
* East Asian Games
* East Asian Judo Championships
* East Asian martial arts
* East Asian Youth Games
* EAFF E-1 Football Championship

Education|

* Association of East Asian Research Universities
* CrossAsia
* East Asian Economic Review
* East Asia Image Collection
* East Asia Law Review
* East Asian studies
* Journal of East Asian Studies
* Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute

Military|

* Horses in East Asian warfare
* Bansenshūkai
* Miyamoto Musashi
* Sun Tzu
* The Art of War
* The Book of Five Rings
* Yi Sun-sin

Science and technology|

* Needham Research Institute
* Printing
* Swords
* Traditional medicine

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Spain
* Korea
* Vatican
* Israel

Other|

* IdRef
* Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
* NARA
* Yale LUX

38°19′N 127°14′E﻿ / ﻿38.317°N 127.233°E﻿ / 38.317; 127.233
*[lit.]: literal translation
*[2333]: mythological
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