Koshi Province

Province of Nepal

For the former province of Japan, see Koshi Province (Japan).

Province in Nepal

Koshi Province

कोशी प्रदेश

Province

From top left to right: Mount Everest, Kanchenjunga, Gokyo Lakes, Kanyam, Todke waterfall, Pathibhara Devi Temple, Halesi Mahadev Temple

Seal

Etymology: Derived from Sanskrit word kauśika

Location of Koshi Province in Nepal

Khotang

Solu
khumbu

Sankhuwa
sabha

Taplejung

Okhal
dhunga

Udayapur

Bhojpur

Tehra
thum

Panch
thar

Ilam

Jhapa

Morang

Sunsari

Dhankuta

Bagmati

Madhesh

China

India

Koshi Province

Coordinates (Biratnagar): 26°27′15″N 87°16′47″E﻿ / ﻿26.45417°N 87.27972°E﻿ / 26.45417; 87.27972
Country|  Nepal
Formation| 20 September 2015
Named as Koshi| 1 March 2023
Named after| Koshi River
Capital| Biratnagar[1]
Largest city| Biratnagar
Districts| 14
Government

• Type| Self-governing Province
• Body| Government of Koshi Province
• Governor|  Parshuram Khapung Limbu (CPN UML)
• Chief Minister| Hikmat Kumar Karki[2]
• High Court| Biratnagar High Court
• Koshi Provincial Assembly| Unicameral (93 seats)
• Parliamentary constituency| 28
Area

• Total

| 25,905 km2 (10,002 sq mi)
• Rank| 2nd
Highest elevation

(Mount Everest)

| 8,848.86 m (29,031.69 ft)
Lowest elevation

(Kechana Kawal)

| 58 m (190 ft)
Population

(2021)[3]

• Total

| 4,961,412
• Rank| 4th
• Density| 192/km2 (500/sq mi)
• Rank| 4th
• Households

| 1,191,556
Demonym(s)| Purbeli, Kosheli, Koshyali
Demographics

[4]

• Religions|

* Hinduism 66.63%
* Kiratism 17.14%
* Buddhism 9.20%
* Islam 3.59%
* Prakriti 1.33%

• Ethnic groups|

* 15.0% Chhetri
* 11.6% Bahun
* 10.2% Rai
* 7.8% Limbu
* 4.6% Tamang
* 4.2% Tharu
* 4.1% Muslims
* 4.0% Magar
* 3.6% Newar

• Sex ratio| 91.48 ♂ /100 ♀ (2011)
Development Parameters

[5]

• GDP per capita| US$1267 (3rd)
• Poverty rate| 0.127[6]
• Literacy| 79.7%
• Life expectancy| 69
• HDI| 0.553 (medium)
Time zone| UTC+5:45 (NST)
Geocode| NP-ON
ISO 3166 code| NP-P1
Vehicle registration| KOSHI XX AB XXXX
Official language| Nepali Maithili, Limbu[7]
Other Official language(s)| Bantawa
GDP (Nominal)| US$9 Billion (2nd)
Website| koshi.gov.np

Koshi Province (Nepali: कोशी प्रदेश, romanized: Kōśī pradēśa) is an autonomous province of Nepal adopted by the Constitution of Nepal on 20 September 2015. It covers an area of 25,905 km2 (10,002 sq mi), about 17.5% of the country's total area. With the industrial city of Biratnagar as its capital, the province includes the towns of Birtamod, Sundar Haraincha, Damak, Dharan, Itahari, Triyuga Municipality and Mechinagar, and Mount Everest, Kangchenjunga and Ama Dablam. Koshi River, the largest river of the nation, forms the province's western boundary. Under the First-past-the-post voting system issued by the Constituency Delimitation Commission, Nepal, the province hosts 28 parliamentary seats and 56 provincial assembly seats.[8] The province is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, the Indian states of Sikkim and West Bengal to the east, Bihar to the south, and Bagmati Province and Madhesh Province to the west.[9][10][11] According to the 2021 Nepal census, there are around five million people in the province, with a population density of 190 per square kilometre.[12] In the 2011 Nepal census, the province had approximately 4.5 million people.[13]

## Etymology

[edit]

Main article: Kosi River § Cultural significance

The province is named Koshi after the Koshi River, which is the largest river in the country. On 1 March 2023 the former temporary name of the province, Province No. 1, was changed to Koshi Province.[14]

The Kosi river is significantly and culturally an important river of Nepal. The Koshi river is called Kausika in the Rigveda and Kausiki in the Mahabharata.The Kosi is associated with many ancient spiritual stories. It is mentioned in the Bal Kand section of Valmiki's Ramayana as the Kausiki who is the form assumed by Satyavati after her death. In the Markandeya Purana, the Kosi is described as the primal force. Due to the violent nature of the Kosi in monsoon season, legend says that Parvati, the wife of Shiva, after defeating the demon Durg, became known as the warrior goddess Durga who transformed into Kaushiki. In Ramayana, the river Ganges is depicted as her elder sister.[15] According to Mahabharata epic, the God of death took the form of a woman and resides on the banks of the river to limit population growth. Kosi resonates with the folklore of Mithila. The most important depictions of Kosi folklore are Kosi as a virgin absolutely carefree and full of energy, and as a frustrated wife of old hermit Richeek wandering in the Himalayas. Koshi river is also invoked as the mother: 'Kosi Ma'.[15]

## History

[edit]

Further information: History of Nepal

Map of Kingdom of Morung between Kamala river[clarification needed] in the beginning of the 7th century

When King Mung Mawrong Hang came to prominence in the Terai lands of Limbuwan, he cleared much of the forest area in present-day Rangeli, east of Biratnagar, and built a town there. He named his Kingdom Morang after his name and rose to power.[16][verification needed] Meanwhile, King Prithvi Narayan Shah was on a campaign to conquer all the hill kingdoms into his Empire (the Kingdom of Nepal). He attacked Limbuwan on two fronts. After the Limbuwan–Gorkha War from 1771 to 1774 AD, the Limbu ministers of Morang, and Limbu rulers of the ten principalities came to an agreement with the King of Gorkha. With the Limbuwan Gorkha treaty of 1774, Limbuwan was annexed to the Kingdom of Nepal.[17]

Eastern districts of Nepal in 1942

The term district has been used in various ways throughout the modern history of Nepal. At the end of the Rana regime, Nepal was divided into 32 districts. Eastern Nepal was composed of the following districts:

* Morang District
* Udayapur District
* Ilam District
* Dhankuta District
* Bhojpur District
* Okhaldhunga District

In 1956, the eastern districts of Nepal were grouped together into a region called the Aruṇ Kshetra or Arun Region, after the Arun River which flows through it. Arun Kshetra was made by combining the then five districts; it had total area of 18,000 km2 (7,000 sq mi) and a total population of 1.1 million people.[18] The five districts were:[19][20]

* Biratnagar District: including Sunsari District and Morang District
* Dhankuta District: including Dhankuta District and Sankhuwasabha
* Taplejung District: including Taplejung and Panchtharl
* Mechi District: including Ilam District and Jhapa District
* Bhojpur District: including Bhojpur District and Khotang District

In 1962, the administrative system once again was changed, abolishing the kshetra system. The country was restructured into 75 development districts and those districts were grouped together into zones.[21] In 1972, what is now called Koshi Province was called the Eastern Development Region that was composed of 16 districts which were grouped into three zones: Koshi, Mechi and Sagarmatha.

In 2015, the Constitution was adopted which made 14 districts into an autonomous province which was temporarily named Province No. 1. At the cabinet meeting held on 17 January 2018, the city of Biratnagar was declared the interim capital of Province No. 1. On 6 May 2019, it was declared the permanent capital by a vote of two-thirds of the provincial Member of legislative assembly.[1] The province was named Koshi Province on passage of the bill in Parliament. Later, some protested the name "Koshi".[22]

## Geography

[edit]

Main article: Geography of Koshi Pradesh

Topography of Koshi Pradesh

Koshi Province covers an area of 25,905 km2.[13] The province has three-fold geographical division: Himalayan in the north, Hilly in the middle and Terai in the southern part of Nepal, varying between an altitude of 70 m and 8,848 m. Terai, extended from east to west, is made up of alluvial soil. To the west of Koshi River, in between Mahabharat Range and Churia Range, there elongates a valley called Inner Terai. Churai Range, Mahabharat Range and other hills of various heights, basins, tars, and valleys form the hilly region. Some parts of this region are favorable for agriculture but some other parts are not. The Himalayan region, in the north, consists of many mountains ranges. Mahalangur, Kumbhakarna, Umvek, Lumba Sumba and Janak being some of them. The highest mountain in the world, Mount Everest (8848.86 m); and the third highest mountain, Kangchenjunga (8598 m) also lie in this province.[23]

Nepal's lowest point, Kechana Kawal at 70 m, is located in Jhapa District of this province. There are many river basins and gentle slopes as well. Chure, Mahabharat, many basins, tars, and valleys form the Terai region. Between the Churia and Mahabharat, a low land of inner Terai exists. The Koshi River flows through the region with its seven tributaries; Indrawati, Likhu, Tamur, Dudh Kosi, Arun, Tamakoshi and Bhote Koshi (Sunkoshi). Tundra vegetables, coniferous forests, deciduous monsoon forests, and sub-tropical evergreen woods are vegetations found here. Sub-tropical, temperate, sub-temperate, and alpine and tundra types of climates are found here.[24]

Koshi Pradesh also includes the snow fall capped peaks including Mount Everest, Kangchenjunga, Makalu with Solukhumbu, Sankhuwasabha, and Taplejung districts towards the north, the jungle clad hill tracts of Okhaldhunga, Khotang, Bhojpur, Tehrathum, Ilam and Panchthar in the middle and the alluvial fertile plains of Udayapur, Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa. Province No. 1 includes places like Haleshi Mahadev Temple, Pathivara Temple and Barahachhetra, which are the famous religious shrines for Hindus.[25]

### Climate

[edit]

Climatic conditions of Nepal vary from one place to another in accordance with their geographical features. Koshi Pradesh has three geographical folds: the lowland of Terai, the hilly region, and the Himalayas' highlands. The low land altitude is 59 m, whereas the highest point is 8848 m.[26]

In the north, summers are cool and winters severe, while in the south, summers are tropical and winters are mild. Climatically, the southern belt of the province, the Terai, experiences a warm and humid climate. Eastern Nepal receives approximately 2,500 millimeters of rain annually. Koshi Pradesh has five seasons: spring, summer, monsoon, autumn and winter.

Average temperatures and precipitation for selected communities in Province No. 1[27] Location  | August
(°F)  | August
(°C)  | January
(°F)  | January
(°C)  | Annual
precipitation
(mm/in)

|
|
|
|
|

Damak | 94 / 82  | 34 / 28  | 74 / 47  | 23 / 8  | 2618 /103.07
Dharan | 85.1/72.3  | 29.5/22.4  | 68.4/44.4  | 20.2/6.9  | 1416/55.7
Biratnagar | 83.1  | 28.4  | 60.8  | 16  | 1549.8/61
Bhadrapur | 82.2  | 27.9  | 61.2  | 16.2  | 2351.9/92.6
Dhankuta | 76.5  | 24.7  | 54.5  | 12.5  | 1809.5/71.2
Khandbari | 74.8  | 23.8  | 52  | 11.1  | 2040.7/80.3
Ilam | 71.8  | 22.1  | 50.9  | 10.5  | 2551.5/100.5
Itahari | 82  | 27.8  | 59.5  | 15.3  | 1414.8/55.7
Bhojpur | 69.1  | 20.6  | 46.8  | 8.2  | 2290.4/90.2
Khumbu Pasang Lhamu | 56.1/38.3  | 13.4/3.5  | 33.8/-0.8  | 1/-18.2  | 645/25.4

### Mountains

[edit]

The northern part of Koshi Pradesh has the highest mountain in the world. Here is a list of mountains in Koshi Pradesh.[28]

Mountain/peak  | metres  | feet  | Section  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Mount Everest | 8,848.86  | 29,031.7 | Khumbu Mahalangur | Earth's highest peak from sea level
Kanchenjunga | 8,586  | 28,169 | Northern Kangchenjunga | 3rd highest on Earth
Lhotse | 8,516  | 27,940 | Everest Group | 4th highest
Makalu | 8,463  | 27,766 | Makalu Mahalangur | 5th highest
Cho Oyu | 8,201  | 26,906 | Khumbu Mahalangur | 6th highest
Gyachung Kang | 7,952  | 26,089 | Khumbu Mahalangur | Between Everest and Cho Oyu
Nuptse | 7,861  | 25,791 | Everest Group | 319 metres prominence from Lhotse
Jannu | 7,711  | 25,299 | Kumbhakarna Kangchenjunga |
Kabru | 7,412  | 24,318 | Singalila Kangchenjunga |
Kirat Chuli | 7,365  | 24,163 | Kangchenjunga |
Nangpai Gosum | 7,350  | 24,110 | Khumbu Mahalangur |
Chamlang | 7,321  | 24,019 | Barun Mahalangur | #79 in the world
Pumori | 7,161  | 23,494 | Khumbu Mahalangur | First ascent 1962
Baruntse | 7,129  | 23,389 | Barun Mahalangur | First ascent 1954
Ama Dablam | 6,812  | 22,349 | Barun Mahalangur | "Mother and her necklace"
Kangtega | 6,782  | 22,251 | Barun Mahalangur | First ascent 1963
Cho Polu | 6,735  | 22,096 | Barun Mahalangur | First ascent 1999
Lingtren | 6,714  | 22,028 | Khumbu Mahalangur | First ascent 1935
Num Ri | 6,677  | 21,906 | Barun Mahalangur | First ascent 2002
Khumbutse | 6,640  | 21,780 | Khumbu Mahalangur | First mountain west of Everest
Thamserku | 6,623  | 21,729 | Barun Mahalangur | First ascent 1964
Pangboche | 6,620  | 21,720 | Kutang Himal |
Taboche | 6,542  | 21,463 | Khumbu Mahalangur | First ascent 1974
Mera Peak | 6,476  | 21,247 | Himalayas | Trekking peak
Cholatse | 6,440  | 21,130 | Khumbu Mahalangur | Connected to Taboche
Kusum Kangguru | 6,367  | 20,889 | Barun Mahalangur | Trekking peak (difficult)
Ombigaichan | 6,340  | 20,800 | Barun Mahalangur |
Kongde Ri | 6,187  | 20,299 | Barun Mahalangur | Trekking peak (difficult)
Imja Tse | 6,160  | 20,210 | Khumbu Mahalangur | Also known as Island Peak. Popular trekking peak.
Lobuche | 6,145  | 20,161 | Khumbu Mahalangur | Trekking peak
Nirekha | 6,069  | 19,911 | Khumbu Mahalangur | Trekking peak (difficult)
Pokalde | 5,806  | 19,049 | Khumbu Mahalangur | Trekking peak (moderate)
Mount Khumbila | 5,761  | 18,901 | Mahalangur | Unclimbed
Kala Patthar | 5,545  | 18,192 | Khumbu Mah | Popular hiking peak below Pumori
Gokyo Ri | 5,357  | 17,575 | Himalayas | Popular hiking peak

### Rivers

[edit]

Koshi Barrage over Koshi River

There are many rivers in the region that flow south from the Himalayas which are tributaries of other large rivers that join Ganga River (in India). Sapta Koshi or the Koshi is the main river of the region. Seven tributaries join the Koshi so it is called Saptkoshi.

The major rivers in the province are:

* Mechi River
* Kankai River
* Koshi River (SaptaKoshi) Below given names are tributaries:
* Tamor
* Arun River
* Sun Koshi
* Dudh Koshi
* Likhu Khola
* Tama Koshi
* Indrawati River

### Protected areas

[edit]

* Sagarmatha National Park – 1,148 km2 (443 sq mi)
* Makalu Barun National Park – 1,500 km2 (580 sq mi)
* Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve – 175 km2 (68 sq mi)
* Kanchenjunga Conservation Area – 2,035 km2 (786 sq mi)

## Subdivisions

[edit]

There are 137 local administrative units in this province, including one metropolitan city, 2 sub-metropolitan cities, 46 municipalities and 88 rural municipalities.

### Districts

[edit]

The province is made up of the 14 following districts:

* Bhojpur District
* Dhankuta District
* Ilam District
* Jhapa District
* Khotang District
* Morang District
* Okhaldhunga District
* Panchthar District
* Sankhuwasabha District
* Solukhumbu District
* Sunsari District
* Taplejung District
* Tehrathum District
* Udayapur District

### Municipality

[edit]

Cities and villages are governed by municipalities in Nepal. A district may have one or more municipalities. Koshi Province has two types of municipalities.

* Urban municipality (Urban municipality has three levels):
* Metropolitan city
* Sub-metropolitan city and
* Municipality
* Rural municipality (Gaunpalika)

The government of Nepal has set out minimum criteria to meet city and towns. These criteria include a certain population, infrastructure, and revenues.

Largest cities in Koshi Province

2021 census

Rank  |  | District | Pop.
1 | Biratnagar | Morang District | 244,750
2 | Itahari | Sunsari District | 198,098
3 | Dharan | Sunsari District | 173,093
4 | Mechinagar | Jhapa District | 131,520
5 | Sundar Haraicha | Morang District | 121,305
6 | Birtamod | Jhapa District | 117,355
7 | Damak | Jhapa District | 107,410
8 | Triyuga | Udayapur District | 104,375
9 | Barahakshetra | Sunsari District | 91,891
10 | Arjundhara | Jhapa District | 84,429

## Administration

[edit]

Further information: Ministry of Internal Affairs And Law and Ministry of Tourism, Forests and Environment

The province is governed by Unicameral parliamentary system of representative Democracy. The house consists of 93 seats where 56 candidates are elected by FPTP and 37 by proportional basis.

The legislative assembly comprises a chief minister who is executive head, deputy chief minister who assists the chief minister, a speaker who hosts the assembly, a deputy speaker who assists the speaker, and various ministries which look over respective departments.[citation needed]

The first provincial elections in Nepal were held on 26 November and 7 December 2017. According to the results of this election in Koshi province, the biggest party is CPN (UML) winning 51 seats; the second biggest party is Nepali Congress which won 21 seats; the third biggest party is CPN (Maoist Center) which won 15 seats .[29]

In a meeting on 17 January 2018, the government of Nepal finalized the temporary capital of Province No. 1, which was renamed as Koshi Province in Falgun 17 2079 and appointed Govinda Subba as the governor.[30] Sher Dhan Rai was elected as first chief minister of Koshi Province on 14 February 2018.[31] Currently Hikmat Kumar Karki is serving as chief minister, the executive head of the Koshi government.[31]

For convenience and decentralisation, the province is divided into 14 districts, making it the province with the most districts in Nepal. CDO is the administrative head of each District. District inturn is further divided into Metropolitan city or/and Sub Metropolitan city or/and Municipality or/and Rural Municipality which has its own Local Government.[citation needed]

## Infrastructure

[edit]

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|

### Healthcare

[edit]

See also: Ministry of Health (Koshi Province)

Koshi province stretches from Himalayan region to terai belt due to which health facilities are more viable in Terai than other parts.

Koshi Province has 791 public health facilities: three hHub hospitals (BPKIHS, Koshi Hospital), 18 public hospitals, one regional medical store, 41 primary health centres, 648 health posts, 34 urban health care centres, and 41 community health units.

### Energy

[edit]

There are various power stations in Koshi province:

* Mai Hydropower Station is one of station located in Illam and was established in 2014 producing 22 MW energy.
* Puwa Khola Hydropower Station is located in Illam with capacity of 6.2 MW energy and was established in 1999.
* Chatara Hydropower Station is located in Sunsari District with production capacity of 3.2 MW energy. It was established in 1996.
* Iwa Khola Hydropower Project was established in 2018–19.
* Upper Mai Hydropower Station is located in Illam with a capacity of 12 MW.
* Pikhuwa Khola Hydropower Station is located in Bhojpur with a capacity of 5 MW.
* Hewa Khola-A Hydroelectric Project is located in Pachthar with a capacity of 14.9 MW.
* Jogmai Khola Hydropower Station is located in Illam with a capacity of 7.6 MW.
* Upper Puwa-1 Hydropower Station is located in Illam with a capacity of 3 MW.
* Upper Mai-C Hydropower Station is located in Illam and was established with a capacity of 6.1 MW.
* Kabeli B1 Hydropower Station is located in Pachthar and was established in 2019 with a capacity of 25 MW.
* Lower Hewa Hydropower Station is located in Pachthar and was established in 2017 with a capacity of 21.6 MW.
* Mai Cascade Hydropower Station is located in Illam and was established in 2014 with a capacity of 8 MW.
* Puwa Khola-1 Hydropower Station is located in Illam and was established in 2014 with a capacity of 4 MW.
* Solu Hydropower Station is located in Solukhumbu and was established in 2016 with a capacity of 23.5 MW.
* Molun Khola Small Hydropower Station is located in Okhaldhunga and was established in 2019 with a capacity of 7 MW.
* Upper Khorunga Hydropower Station is located in Tehrathum and was established in 2018 with a capacity of 7.5 MW.
* Super Mai Hydropower Station is located in Illam and was established in 2020 with a capacity of 7.8 MW.
* Super Mai-A Hydropower Station is located in Illam and was established in 2020 with a capacity of 9.6 MW.
* Super Mai Khola Cascade Hydropower Station is located in Illam and was established in 2020 with a capacity of 3.8 MW.
* Mai Khola Small Hydropower Station is located in Illam and was established in 2008 with a capacity of 4.5 MW.

## Provincial Assembly

[edit]

Further information: Koshi Provincial Assembly

The first meeting of the provincial assembly was held on 5 February 2018 in Biratnagar and was chaired by Om Prakash Sarbagi.[32] Pradeep Kumar Bhandari was elected unopposed as the Speaker of the Provincial Assembly on 11 February 2018.[33] Saraswoti Pokharel was also elected unopposed to the post of Deputy Speaker on 15 February 2018.[citation needed]

Party  | FPTP | PR | Total
| CPN (UML) | 25  | 15  | 40
| Nepali Congress | 17  | 12  | 29
| CPN (Maoist Centre) | 9  | 4  | 13
| CPN (Unified Socialist) | 3  | 1  | 4
| Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal | \-  | 1  | 1
| Rastriya Prajatantra Party | 2  | 4  | 6
Total | 56  | 37  | 93
Source: Election Commission of Nepal

## Transportation

[edit]

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|

Only three districts out of Koshi's fourteen fall in Terai and one district falls in inner Terai. Elevation from the lowest point of Nepal, Kechana (70 m above sea level) to the highest point of world, Everest (8848 m above sea level) lies in this province, so maintaining a consistent road network is challenging, but all districts are connected by road networks. Air services are available. Rail services are under construction.

### Roadways

[edit]

Main article: List of national highways in Nepal by province

Road and highway map of Koshi Province NH08 Koshi Highway at Tarhara NH2 Mechi Highway near Buddhashanti rural municipality Hilepani Junction at an elevation of 1,822 m (5,978 ft) Highways in Koshi Province  S# | Highway number | Length | Terminus | Note

|
|
|
|

1 |  NH01 | 135 | Kakarbhitta, Koshi Barrage | Interprovincial NH
2 |  NH02 | 352 | Kechana, Gharila Pass | Provincial NH
3 |  NH03 | 525 | Chiyo Bhanjyang, Bahadura Khola | Interprovincial NH
4 |  NH04 | 15 | Birtamod, Chandragadhi | Provincial NH
5 |  NH05 | 124 | Mechipul, Laukahi | Interprovincial NH
6 |  NH06 | 135 | Chatara, Ganeshchowk | Provincial NH
7 |  NH07 | 48 | Chatara, Koshi new bridge | Interprovincial NH
8 |  NH08 | 320 | Biratnagar, Kimathanka | Provincial NH
9 |  NH09 | 250 | Bahundangi, Baireni | Interprovincial NH
10 |  NH10 | 92 | Basantapur, Bohoratar | Provincial NH
11 |  NH11 | 19 | Phikkal Bazar, Chhabbise | Provincial NH
12 |  NH12 | 163 | Ghurmi, Barkhadanda | Provincial NH
13 |  NH14 | 40 | Basaha, Phattehpur | Interprovincial NH
14 |  NH16 | 111 | Siswari bridge, Mohure | Interprovincial NH
15 |  NH20 | 161 | Jyamire, Salleri | Interprovincial NH
16 |  NH23 | 108 | Diktel, Pekarnas | Interprovincial NH
17 |  NH73 | 25 | Surunga, Lasunganj | Provincial NH
18 |  NH74 | 50 | Biplate, Sandakpur | Provincial NH
19 |  NH75 | 135 | Ghorepani, Basa | Provincial NH
20 |  NH76 | 44 | Chisapani, Rabi | Provincial NH
21 |  NH78 | 100 | Damak ringroad | Provincial NH
22 |  NH80 | 12.29 | Cancer Hospital, Belsot | Interprovincial NH

### Airways

[edit]

Tenzing-Hillary Airport at Lukla

Many domestic airports and air services are available in the region including one of the most geographically challenging airports, Lukla Airport.

Airports in Koshi:

* Bhojpur Airport (Bhojpur)
* Biratnagar Airport (Biratnagar)
* Kangel Danda Airport (Kangel, Solukhumbu)
* Man Maya Airport (Khanidanda, Khotang)
* Thamkharka Airport (Khotang Bazar)
* Lamidanda Airport (Lamidanda, Khotang)
* Tenzing-Hillary Airport (Lukla, Solukhumbu)
* Phaplu Airport (Phaplu, Solukhumbu)
* Rumjatar Airport (Rumjatar, Okhladhunga)
* Syangboche Airport (Syangboche, Solukhumbu)
* Taplejung Airport (Taplejung)
* Tumlingtar Airport (Tumlingtar, Sankhuwasabha)
* Bhadrapur Airport (Bhadrapur, Jhapa)

[34]

### Railways

[edit]

Bathnaha–Katahari

Legend

|  |  |

|  |

|
|
|
|

|  |

0 km

| Bathnaha
|  |

|  |
custom yard  |

4.2 km

7 km

| Jogbani
Border  |

5.3 km

|  |
custom yard  |

6.3 km

|  |
|  |

|  |
Katahari  |

18 km

|  |
|  |

|  |
|  |  |  |  |  |

There is a 13 km railway track which has been laid in Nepal by Indian Railways is connected to Bathnaha railway station. Bathnaha is a village situated at Araria district of Bihar state of India. A custom yard station has been built both side of the border on Bathnaha–Katahari railway section. Katahari is at distance of 18 km from Bathnaha Railway Station.[35][36] Itahari will be further connected with Katahari, which is 20 km from Biratnagar (Katahari).[37]

## Economy

[edit]

Koshi has the third largest economy in Nepal, and contributes 15% to the national GDP. Koshi's GDP growth rate was estimated to be 6.5% in fiscal year 2018/19.

The population in absolute poverty in Koshi was 12.4%, and the multidimensional poverty rate was 19.7%.

### Agriculture

[edit]

Agriculture accounts for 38% of Koshi's GDP and is the main source of livelihood for 75% of the population.

The province has 714 registered businesses, with agriculture and forestry industry having the highest number registered businesses 114 (15.96%). Koshi contributes 22% of the total paddy production of Nepal and 29.3% of the national maize production.

## Sports

[edit]

Biratnagar Match

### Cricket

[edit]

Koshi province has a wide audience in the province. It has been a pioneer in organising night matches. Inaruwa, Sunsari organised the first night cricket in Nepal.[38] The first night football was organised in Duhabi, Sunsari on 31 March 2018.[39]

The provincial teams take part in various games inside and outside Nepal.[40] The team includes men as well as women. The overall sports in the province are administered by the Province 1 Sports Department.

There are numerous stadiums in Koshi:

* Domalal Rajbanshi Stadium, Birtamode, Jhapa
* Inaruwa Stadium, Inaruwa, Sunsari
* Itahari Regional Stadium, Itahari, Sunsari
* Sahid Rangasala, Biratnagar[41]
* Tharuhat Stadium, Gaighat

Major football cups include:

* Birat Gold Cup Biratnagar[42]
* Jhapa Gold Cup, Jhapa
* Budha Subba Gold Cup, Dharan
* Manmohan Duhabi Gold Cup, Duhabi
* Madan Bhandari Invitational Itahari Gold Cup, Itahari
* Udayapur Gold Cup, Udayapur

## Demographics

[edit]

Historical populationYear| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1981 | 2,954,510| —
1991 | 3,520,335| +1.77%
2001 | 4,201,795| +1.79%
2011 | 4,534,943| +0.77%
2021 | 4,961,412| +0.90%
Sources:[43]

The total population of the province according to the 2021 Nepal census was 4,961,412, of whom 2,544,084 were women (51.3%). 95 male per 100 female was the sex ratio. There were 1,191,556 households. 79.7% of the total population were literate. 86.1% of the total population of the male were educated, while 73.6% of the total of the female population were literate.[44]

### Religion

[edit]

Religions of Koshi Province (2021)

1. Hinduism (67.4%)
2. Kirat (16.8%)
3. Buddhism (8.73%)
4. Islam (4.20%)
5. Christianity (2.32%)
6. Prakriti (0.45%)
7. Other (0.08%)

Hinduism is the major religion of the province. Kirat Mundhum is the second major religion of the province. 67% of the total population are Hindus, 17% are Kirantis, 9% are Buddhists, 4% are Muslims, 2% are Christians and others make up 1%.[45]

### Ethnic groups

[edit]

Ethnicity of Koshi Pradesh (2021)

1. Chhetri (15.0%)
2. Hill Brahmin (11.6%)
3. Rai (10.2%)
4. Limbu (7.80%)
5. Tamang (4.60%)
6. Tharu (4.20%)
7. Musalman (4.10%)
8. Magar (4.00%)
9. Newar (3.60%)
10. Kami (3.37%)
11. Rajbanshi (2.58%)
12. Madheshi non-Dalit (8.68%)
13. Other Hill Janjati (7.85%)
14. Other Plains Janjati (4.38%)
15. Madheshi Dalit (3.40%)
16. Other Khas Dalit (2.84%)
17. Indian Nepalis (including Biharis, Marwaris & Bengalis) (1.86%)

The province is very ethnically diverse. In 2011, the largest group was Chhetri, making up 14.58% of the population. This is followed by Madheshi with (14.26%). Next is Hill Brahmin (11.98%). Other Khas Arya groups are the Kami (3.27%) and Damai (1.78%). The Janajati groups are the Rai (10.21%), Limbu (8.01%), Tamang (4.62%), Magar (4.13%), Newar (3.68%), Sherpa (1.40%) and Gurung (1.36%). Some Terai groups include Tharu (4.10%), Musalman (3.55%), Rajbanshi (2.47%), Musahar (1.35%), Yadav (1.30%) and Santal (1.11%).[46][47]

As of 2021, Chhetris were the largest ethnic group with 15.0% of the population. Bahun constituted 11.6% of the population, Rai 10.2%, Limbu 7.8%, Tamang 4.6%, Tharu 4.2%, Muslims 4.1%, Magar 4.0% and Newar 3.6%.[3] The various Madheshi non-Dalit communities were 8.68% of the population, of which the Yadav (1.42%) and Teli (0.98%) were the largest and second-largest non-Dalit communities. Madheshi Dalits were 3.40%, of which Musahar were 1.51%.[44]

### Language

[edit]

Languages of Koshi Pradesh (2021)[47]

1. Nepali (45.3%)
2. Maithili (11.7%)
3. Yakthung/Limbu (6.70%)
4. Tharu (4.40%)
5. Tamang (3.54%)
6. Magar Dhut (2.88%)
7. Bantawa (2.70%)
8. Rajbanshi (2.58%)
9. Urdu (2.32%)
10. Others (17.9%)

Nepali language is lingua franca of the province and is the mother tongue of 45.27% of the population. Maithili is the second-largest language, spoken by 11.68%. 6.70% of the population spoke Limbu, 4.40% Tharu, 3.54% Tamang, 2.88% Magar Dhut, 2.70% Bantawa, 2.58% Rajbanshi, 2.32% Urdu, 1.85% Rai, 1.67% Chamling, 1.32% Sherpa, 1.26% Nepal Bhasha and 1.08% Santali.[47]

The Language Commission of Nepal has recommended Limbu and Maithili as official language in the province. The commission has also recommended Tharu, Tamang, Magar, Bantawa, Urdu, Rajbanshi, Nepal Bhasa, Chamling, Sherpa and Santhali to be additional official languages, for specific regions and purposes in the province.[7]

## Education

[edit]

Koshi is renowned for its educational facilities; 71.22% of the population of the province can read and write.[48]

Education up to the level of master's degree is provided by Purbanchal University, which offers courses like Bachelor of Science in Agriculture and Bachelor of Science in Nursing.[citation needed] Insand titutions like BPKIHS, Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, B&C Medical College Teaching Hospital offer MBBS and BDS courses along with paramedic courses.[citation needed]

## Notable people

[edit]

* Girija Prasad Koirala, former prime minister
* KP Sharma Oli, former prime minister
* Bidya Devi Bhandari, former president of Nepal
* Rajendra Prasad Lingden, chairman of Rastriya Prajatantra Party
* Pramod Kharel, singer
* Rachana Rimal, singer
* Nawayug Shrestha, national football player
* Lalit Rajbanshi, national cricket player
* Malvika Subba, Miss Nepal 2002
* Malina Joshi, Miss Nepal 2011
* Manita Devkota, Miss Nepal Universe 2018
* Harka Raj Rai, independent mayor of Dharan
* Sabin Rai, singer
* Siddhicharan Shrestha, writer
* Kiran Chemjong, football player, captain of Nepal national football team
* Dayahang Rai, actor
* Sanduk Ruit, ophthalmologist, referred to as the "God of Sight"
* Mahaguru Phalgunanda, leader of the Kirat religion for the Kirat people
* Lhakpa Sherpa, mountaineer
* Pasang Lhamu Sherpa, mountaineer
* Mira Rai, Nepalese trail runner and sky runner
* Sushila Karki, former chief justice of the Supreme Court of Nepal and the only woman to have held the post
* Phupu Lhamu Khatri, judoka and Olympian
* Swarup Singh Karki, Dewan (prime minister)
* Nikita Chandak, Miss Nepal 2017
* Sugam Pokharel, singer
* Girish Khatiwada, rapper, radio, television personality, and vlogger.
* Bipin Karki, actor
* Sunil Pokharel, actor

## See also

[edit]

* Provinces of Nepal

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "प्रदेश १ राजधानी: विराटनगरको पक्षमा दुईतिहाई, नाम टुंगो लागेन" [Province No. 1 Capital: Two-thirds of MLAs vote in favour of Biratnagar]. Annapurna Post (in Nepali). 2019. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
2. ^ "मध्यावधि रोक्न सांसदहरूले मलाई समर्थन गर्नुभयो : मुख्यमन्त्री कार्की" [MPs supported me to block mid-terms: CM Karki]. Online Khabar. 2023.
3. ^ a b "National Population and Housing Census 2021". Government of Nepal, National Statistics Office. 2023.
4. ^ "NepalMap profile: Province No. 1". NepalMap. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
5. ^ "NID | Overview". Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
6. ^ "Province Wise Multidimensional Poverty Index". Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
7. ^ a b "सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८" (PDF). Language Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
8. ^ "Editorial: Important step". The Himalayan Times. 2017. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
9. ^ "Biratnagar celebrates its status of provincial capital". The Himalayan Times. 2018. Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
10. ^ "Locals intensify protest in Dhankuta after Biratnagar named as provincial HQ". Kathmandu Post Ekantipur. 2018. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
11. ^ "Nepal government announces Provincial Capitals and Chiefs". DDI News. 2018. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
12. ^ "राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८ प्रारम्भिक नतिजा". Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal (in Nepali). 2022. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
13. ^ a b "Province 1: Call for opportunities in the land of great promise". Kantipur Publications Pvt. Ltd. 2015. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
14. ^ "Nepal's 'Province 1' renamed 'Koshi' after country's largest river". Canada Asia Sustainability Tracker. 2023. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
15. ^ a b Valmiki, Maharishi. Ramayana (1st ed.). India: Various.
16. ^ "प्रदेश नं. १ सरकारको आधिकारिक पोर्टल". p1.gov.np. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
17. ^ Swatantra, G. (2018). Nepal KO itshaas (1st ed.). Kathmandu: Kriti publishers. pp. 1–567.
18. ^ नेपालको जिल्ला प्रशासन पुनर्गठनको रिपोर्ट, २०१३ (PDF). Nepal: Nepal Govt. pp. 31, 32, 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
19. ^ Caplan, L. (2000). Land and social change in east Nepal.
20. ^ History and Culture of the Kirat People: Part I-II.
21. ^ "Memorial Step of King Mahendra in 1st Poush 2017 BS". Review Nepal. 2017. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
22. ^ "Protest against naming of Koshi Province intensifies". Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
23. ^ "Geography of Nepal". Embassy of Nepal - Tokyo, Japan. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
24. ^ Republica. "Welcome to Federal Nepal, Koshi!". My Republica. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
25. ^ Board, Nepal Tourism. "Geography". ntb.gov.np. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
26. ^ "Koshi's weather forecast for today". justweather.org. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
27. ^ "Nepal Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
28. ^ "Province1". walkthroughhimalayas.com. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
29. ^ "Province No. 1". kathmandupost.ekantipur.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
30. ^ "Government finalises provinces' governors and temporary headquarters". nepalekhabar.com. 17 January 2018. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
31. ^ a b "Sherdhan Rai elected CM of Province 1". kathmandupost.ekantipur.com. 14 February 2018. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
32. ^ "First Province Assembly meeting of Province 1 today". Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
33. ^ "Pradeep Bhandari named Province 1 speaker". Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
34. ^ "Feasibility report of larger Dharan Airport ready". Nagrik News. 1 July 2017. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
35. ^ "Indian locomotive arrives in Biratnagar for test run". KMG. 4 November 2018. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
36. ^ "Railway Transit for Cargo Bound for Biratnagar, Nepal via Jogbani, India". South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation. 25 April 2018. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
37. ^ "EIA of proposed electric railway in Province 1 ready". The Himalayan. 18 December 2019. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
38. ^ "MM One day national cricket starts on Jan 5". kathmandupost.ekantipur.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2019.
39. ^ RSS. "Province 1 sees growing night-time sporting sensation". My Republica. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
40. ^ "Province Number 1 squad - Prov-1-Nepal Squad - PM Cup (T20), 2022 Squad". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 9 March 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
41. ^ "Morang: Dug-out Construction Begins At Sahid Maidan, Biratnagar". GoalNepal. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
42. ^ "Biggest Cities Nepal". www.geonames.org. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
43. ^ "Nepal: Provinces and Districts". citypopulation.de. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 26 February 2022.
44. ^ a b "Population size and distribution of Koshi Province". Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
45. ^ "Province No. 1". nepaltraveller.com. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
46. ^ "Province 1". Nepal Outlook | Believe in Data. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
47. ^ a b c "National Data Portal-Nepal". nationaldata.gov.np. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
48. ^ Province-Wise Literacy Rate of 5 Years and Above Population in 2011 AD (PDF) (Report). 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2020.

Places adjacent to Koshi Province

| Tibet Autonomous Region,  China | Tibet Autonomous Region,  China | Tibet Autonomous Region,  China

|
|

|  |
Bagmati Province,  Nepal |

Koshi Province,  Nepal

| Sikkim,  India
|  |
Madhesh Province,  Nepal | Bihar,  India | West Bengal,  India

* v
* t
* e

Municipalities of Koshi Province

Metropolitan cities|

* Biratnagar

Sub-metropolitan cities|

* Itahari
* Dharan

Largest municipalities
(by population)|

* Mechinagar
* Sundar Haraicha
* Birtamod
* Damak
* Triyuga
* Baraha
* Arjundhara
* Belbari
* Inaruwa
* Shivasatakshi
* Pathari Shanischare
* Urlabari
* Bhadrapur
* Duhabi
* Ramdhuni
* Ratuwamai
* Gauradaha

Largest Rural municipalities
(by population)|

* Kamal
* Buddha Shanti
* Budi Ganga
* Harinagara
* Bhokraha
* Koshi
* Katahari
* Jahada
* Dhanpalthan
* Kanepokhari
* Kachankawal
* Gadhi
* Jhapa
* Dewangunj
* Barhadashi
* Barju
* Gramthan
* Gaurigunj
* Kerabari
* Miklajung

* v
* t
* e

Koshi Province articles

Capital: Biratnagar

History|

* Kirata kingdom
* Limbuwan
* Sen Kingdom of Chaudandi
* Kingdom of Bijaypur
* Kingdom of Morang

* Nepal portal

Geography|

* Terai
* Mid-hills
* Mountains
* Rivers

Economics|

* Agriculture
* Animal husbandry
* Tourism

Politics and Government|

* Government
* Chief Minister
* Governor
* Election

Administration|

* Districts
* Municipalities
* Rural Municipalities
* Parliamentary constituencies
* Provincial constituencies

Protected Areas|

* Sagarmatha National Park
* Makalu Barun National Park
* Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
* Kanchenjunga Conservation Area
* Gokyo Lake Complex
* Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
* Mai Pokhari

Largest Rural Municipality|

* Kamal
* Koshi
* Jahada
* Buddha Shanti
* Budhi Ganga
* Harinagar
* Bhokraha
* Katahari
* Kachan Kawal
* Dhanpalthan

Largest Municipality|

* Biratnagar
* Dharan
* Itahari
* Mechinagar
* Triyuga
* Birtamod
* Sundar Haraicha
* Damak
* Belbari

* v
* t
* e

Provinces of Nepal

* Koshi
* Madhesh
* Bagmati
* Gandaki
* Lumbini
* Karnali
* Sudurpashchim

* Nepal portal

* v
* t
* e

Provinces and districts of Nepal

Koshi|

* Bhojpur
* Dhankuta
* Ilam
* Jhapa
* Khotang
* Morang
* Okhaldhunga
* Panchthar
* Sankhuwasabha
* Solukhumbu
* Sunsari
* Taplejung
* Tehrathum
* Udayapur

* Nepal portal

Madhesh|

* Bara
* Parsa
* Dhanusha
* Mahottari
* Rautahat
* Saptari
* Sarlahi
* Siraha

Bagmati|

* Bhaktapur
* Chitwan
* Dhading
* Dolakha
* Kathmandu
* Kavrepalanchok
* Lalitpur
* Makwanpur
* Nuwakot
* Ramechhap
* Rasuwa
* Sindhuli
* Sindhupalchok

Gandaki|

* Baglung
* Gorkha
* Kaski
* Lamjung
* Manang
* Mustang
* Myagdi
* Nawalpur
* Parbat
* Syangja
* Tanahun

Lumbini|

* Arghakhanchi
* Banke
* Bardiya
* Dang
* Eastern Rukum
* Gulmi
* Kapilavastu
* Parasi
* Palpa
* Pyuthan
* Rolpa
* Rupandehi

Karnali|

* Dailekh
* Dolpa
* Humla
* Jajarkot
* Jumla
* Kalikot
* Mugu
* Salyan
* Surkhet
* Western Rukum

Sudurpashchim|

* Achham
* Baitadi
* Bajhang
* Bajura
* Dadeldhura
* Darchula
* Doti
* Kailali
* Kanchanpur

* v
* t
* e

Nepal articles

History|

| Ancient|

* Bhadrabahu

| Shakya Republic|

* Gautama Buddha
* Maya (mother of Buddha)

|

Kirata kingdom|

* Yalamber

Lichchhavi rule|

* Manadeva
* Amshuverma
* Bhrikuti
* Araniko

Medieval
and
modern|

* Arimalla
* Khasa kingdom
* Baise Rajya
* Chaubisi Rajya
* Newa kingdoms

| Early Shah rule|

* Gorkha kingdom
* Prithvi Narayan Shah
* Unification
* Kalu Pande
* Kingdom of Nepal
* Monarchs
* Sino-Nepal War
* Bhimsen Thapa
* Anglo-Nepal War
* Balbhadra Kunwar
* Treaty of Sugauli

|

Rana rule|

* Kot massacre
* Jung Bahadur Rana
* Tibetan War (Treaty of Thapathali)
* Lamjang and Kaski
* Tribhuvan
* Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923

Post-Rana and Panchayat|

* 1951 revolution
* Panchayat system
* Back to the Village campaign

Multi-party democracy|

* Jana Andolan I
* Royal massacre
* 2005 coup d'état
* Civil war
* Jana Andolan II
* 2015 earthquake - April \- May

Geography|

| Mountains|

* Himalayas
* Mount Everest
* Kanchenjunga
* Makalu
* Dhaulagiri
* Manaslu
* Annapurna

|

Areas|

* Cities of Nepal
* Kathmandu Valley
* Terai
* Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal
* Tibetan Plateau
* Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck)

Rivers|

* Arun
* Karnali (Ghaghara)
* Koshi (Kosi)
* Narayani (Gandaki)
* West Rapti

Environment|

* Climate change
* Deforestation
* Protected areas
* Wildlife

Politics|

* Censorship
* Constitution
* Constituent Assembly
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Military
* Chief of the Army Staff
* Parliament
* Provincial assemblies
* Political parties
* Communism
* Heads of state
* President
* Vice President
* Prime Minister
* list
* Council of Ministers
* Supreme Court
* Chief Justice

| Divisions|

* Districts
* Provinces
* Municipalities
* Rural Municipalities

|

Cities|

* Bharatpur
* Biratnagar
* Birgunj
* Damak
* Hetauda
* Itahari
* Janakpur
* Kathmandu (capital)
* Lalitpur
* Nepalgunj
* Pokhara

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Energy
* Child labour
* Companies
* South Asian Free Trade Area
* Rupee (currency)
* Squatting
* Telecommunications
* Tourism
* Transport
* Workforce

Culture|

* Cuisine (wine)
* Demographics
* Education
* Languages
* Literature
* Music
* Gurkhas/Gorkhas
* International rankings
* Media
* Nepal Academy
* Nepal Academy of Fine Arts
* People
* Ethnic groups
* Public holidays
* Religion
* Hinduism
* Buddhism
* Islam
* Christianity
* Sport

| Festivals|

* Dashain
* Tihar
* Mohani
* Swonti
* Dipankha Yatra
* Eid
* Yomari Punhi
* Gadhimai
* Buddha Jayanti
* Maghe Sankranti
* Udhauli
* Ubhauli
* Gyalpo Lhosar
* Tamu Lhosar
* Sonam Lhosar
* Holi
* Chhath
* Chasok Tangnam
* Chhechu
* Jatra

| Celebrations|

* Nwaran
* Pasni
* Bratabandha
* Ihi
* Bahra
* Shraddha
* Antyesti

|

Issues|

* Abortion
* Witch-hunts
* Capital punishment
* Health
* Human rights
* Intersex
* LGBT
* Women
* Human trafficking

* Outline
* Index
* Bibliography

* Category
* Portal

*[FPTP]: First-past-the-post
*[PR]: Proportional Representation
*[Pop.]: Population
*[±% p.a.]: Per annum growth rate
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template