Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

Nuclear power plant in India

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant

Country| India
Coordinates| 8°10′08″N 77°42′45″E﻿ / ﻿8.16889°N 77.71250°E﻿ / 8.16889; 77.71250
Status| Operational
Construction began| Units 1: 31 March 2002 (2002-03-31)
Unit 2: 4 July 2002 (2002-07-4)
Units 3 & 4: 29 June 2017 (2017-06-29)
Units 5: 29 June 2021 (2021-06-29)
Units 6: 20 December 2021 (2021-12-20)
Commission date| Unit 1: 22 October 2013 (2013-10-22)
Unit 2: 15 October 2016 (2016-10-15)
Construction cost| Units 1 & 2: ₹22,462 crore (US$3.68 billion)[1]

Units 3 & 4: ₹39,849 crore (US$6.12 billion)

Units 5 & 6: ₹49,621 crore (US$6.7 billion)
Owner| Nuclear Power Corporation of India
Operator|

* Nuclear Power Corporation of India

Nuclear power station
Reactors| 6
Reactor type| PWR
Reactor supplier| Rosatom
Cooling source| Laccadive Sea
Thermal capacity| 2 × 3000 MWth
Power generation
Units operational| 2 × 1000 MW (gross)
Make and model| VVER-1000/412
Units under const.| 4 × 1000 MW (gross)
Nameplate capacity| 2000 MW
Capacity factor| 68.27% (2020–21)[2]
Annual net output|

* Unit 1: 7584.740 GWh (2023) [3]
* Unit 2: 5988.250 GWh (2023) [4]

External links
Website| Nuclear Power Corporation of India
Commons| Related media on Commons

[edit on Wikidata]

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (or Kudankulam NPP or KKNPP) is the largest[5] nuclear power station in India, situated in Kudankulam in the Tirunelveli district of the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Construction on the plant began on 31 March 2002,[6] but faced several delays due to opposition from local fishermen.[7][8] KKNPP is scheduled to have six VVER-1000 reactors built in collaboration with Atomstroyexport, the Russian state company and Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), with an installed capacity of 6,000 MW of electricity.[9]

Unit 1 was synchronized with the southern power grid on 22 October 2013 and since then, has been generating electricity at its warranted limit of 1,000 MW.[10]

The original cost of the two units was ₹ 13,171 crore, but it was later revised to ₹ 17,270 crore (US$2.6 billion).[11] The cost was revised again to ₹22,462 crore (US$3.68 billion) in 2014 due to increased expenses related to Interest During Construction (IDC), labor costs, operational expenses, and the deployment of Russian specialists at Kudankulam.[11]

Russia advanced a credit of ₹ 6,416 crore (US$0.97 billion) for both the units.[12] Unit 2 attained criticality on 10 July 2016 and was synchronized with the electricity grid on August 29 of the same year.[13]

In 2015, Nuclear Power Corporation Ltd (NPCIL) announced a price of ₹ 4.29/kW·h (6.4 ¢/kW·h) for energy delivered from Kudankulam nuclear power plant.[14]

The ground-breaking ceremony for construction of units 3 & 4 was performed on 17 February 2016. Due to technology changes, inflation and insistence of the supplier and operator for additional liability insurance the construction cost of units 3 & 4 amounted to twice the cost of units 1 & 2 and was later revised to be ₹39,849 crore (US$6.12 billion).[15][16][17] A budget of ₹49,621 crore (US$6.7 billion) has been approved for construction of Units 5 & 6.[15]

## History

[edit]

### Background

[edit]

Kudankulum under construction, 14 April 2009

An intergovernmental agreement (IGA) on the project was signed on 20 November 1988 by the Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi and the Soviet head of state, Mikhail Gorbachev, for the construction of two reactors. The project remained in limbo for a decade due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[9] There were also objections from the United States, on the grounds that the agreement did not meet the 1992 terms of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).[18] M. R. Srinivasan, Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) Chairman from 1987 to 1990, called the project "a non-starter". However, the project was revived on 21 June 1998.[9]

### Construction

[edit]

Construction began on 31 March 2002, with the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) predicting that the first unit would be operational in March 2007, instead of the original target of December 2007.[9]

A small port became operational in Kudankulam on 14 January 2004. This port was established to receive barges carrying over-sized light water reactor equipment from ships anchored at a distance of 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi). Until 2004, materials had to be brought in via road from the port of Thoothukudi, risking damage during transportation.[19] In 2008, negotiations on building four additional reactors at the site began. Though the capacity of these reactors had not been declared, it was expected that the capacity of each reactor will be 1,200 MW (1.2 GW).[20][21] The new reactors would bring the total capacity of the power plant to 6,800 MW (6.8 GW).

The ground-breaking ceremony for construction of third and fourth units was performed on 17 February 2016 and AERB authorised the first pour of concrete on 19 June 2017.[22] Construction of the third and fourth units started on 29 June 2017.[23] AERB granted excavation permit for Unit 5 and 6 in 14 November 2018 and concerete pour begun in 2020.[24][25][26] Construction of units 5 and 6 commenced on 29 June 2021. Unit 5 is expected to be ready for commissioning in December 2026, while unit 6 is expected to be ready by September 2027.

### Cyber-attack

[edit]

In 2019, NPCIL confirmed identification of malware in the internet connected administrative network but said that the critical internal network was isolated. KNPP officials had earlier termed reports on the cyber attack as false. The malware was linked to the North Korea based Lazarus Group.[27]

## Design and specification

[edit]

The reactors are pressurised water reactor of Russian design, model VVER-1000/V-412 referred also as AES-92. Thermal capacity is 3,000 MW, gross electrical capacity is 1,000 MW with a net capacity of 917 MW.[28] Construction is by NPCIL and Atomstroyexport. The plant is the largest nuclear power generation complex in India producing a cumulative 2 GW of electric power.[29] Both units are water-cooled, water-moderated power reactors.[30][31][32][33]

## Operations

[edit]

The first reactor of the plant attained criticality on 13 July 2013 and was connected to the grid three months later.[34][35] It started commercial operation from 31 December 2014.[36] The second unit achieved criticality on 10 July 2016 and was connected to the grid in August.[37] Commercial operation started on 15 October 2016.[38][39]

The Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) board members have approved signing of a power purchase agreement (PPA) with the Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) for sourcing electricity from the Kudankulam nuclear power project (KKNPP).

Unit 1 was shut down in June 2015 for refuelling and annual maintenance. On 21 January 2016, the reactor restarted and was connected to grid on 30 January.[40]

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project Site Director D. S. Choudhary stated on 26 January 2018 that units 1 and 2 of the nuclear plant had generated a combined total of 22,800 million units since they began functioning.[41]

## Opposition

[edit]

People had been opposing the plant since its proposal in 1979. The proposal however, was halted because of the protests. It was brought back in 2000, and construction started under the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee.[42]

In 2011, thousands from the vicinity of the plant protested against it, fearing a nuclear disaster, in the wake of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster[43] According to the protesters, evacuation of people in the event of a nuclear disaster would be impossible.[44] According to S P Udayakumar, of the People's Movement Against Nuclear Energy, "the nuclear plant is unsafe". However, in 2012, the chief of India's nuclear energy programme, Dr Srikumar Banerjee, called the plant "one of the safest" in the world.[45] In December 2012, The Hindu reported that hundreds of villagers in the region were largely ignorant of the risks and benefits of the plant.[46]

A public interest litigation (PIL) was filed in 2011 with the Supreme Court asking for nuclear power development to be delayed until safety concerns were independently assessed.[47][48] In May 2013, the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the plant, stating that the nuclear power plant was in the larger public interest.[49]

In March 2012, nearly 200 anti-nuclear protesters were detained for a few hours by the police. The protesters were set to join protests objecting resumption of work of one of two 1 GW reactors, a day after the local government restarted work on the project.[50]

There have also been rallies and protests in favour of commissioning this nuclear power plant.[51][52]

On, 24 February 2012, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh blamed foreign NGOs for protests at the power plant. News agencies reported that three NGOs had diverted donations earmarked for religious and social causes to the protests, in violation of foreign exchange regulations.[53][54]

Supporters of the power plant in Idinthakarai village have been targeted by opponents using improvised explosive devices.[55]

The Church of South India and the National Council of Churches opposed the power plant and supported the protests against it.[56] Supporters of the power plant and the government have alleged that the protest against the power plant was instigated by churches and funded by foreign sources. The protestors dismissed the allegation of foreign funding, but said that seeking support from church was "natural" as many protestors were Christian localities living in the vicinity of the Reactor.[57]

### Response from officials

[edit]

Former chairman of Atomic Energy Commission of India Srinivasan said, "The Fukushima plant was built on a beach-front, but the Kudankulam was constructed on a solid terrain and that too keeping all the safety aspects in mind. Also, we are not in a tsunami prone area. The plants in Kudankulam have a double containment system which can withstand high pressure. At least ₹ 14,000 crore has been spent. If we don't operate the plant immediately, it will affect the economic stability of our country".[58]

A centre panel constituted by the Government of India, which did a survey of the safety features in the plant, vouched for the safety of the Kudankulam reactors. Dr Muthunayagam, who headed the panel, said that the protesters asked for some documents which are not related to the safety of the reactor.[59] Nuclear scientist and principal scientific adviser to the federal Government of India Rajagopala Chidambaram has said "We have learnt lessons from the Fukushima nuclear accident, particularly on the post-shut-down cooling system", and also added Fukushima nuclear accident should not deter or inhibit India from pursuing a safe civil nuclear programme.[60]

The Tamil Nadu state government formed a four-member expert panel which submitted a report to the government after inspecting the safety features of the plant. The Tamil Nadu government in the wake of the acute power shortages in the state has ordered in favour of the commissioning of the plant.[61]

## Allocation of power

[edit]

Government of India announced the power allocation from the two units of the reactor on 29 August 2013.[62]

Beneficiary | Power (MW)

|

Tamil Nadu | 925 MW
Karnataka | 442 MW
Kerala | 266 MW
Puducherry | 67 MW
Unallotted | 300 MW
Total | 2,000 MW

As of 1 December 2021, the government is considering to increase its capability to 6,000 MW, on completion of KKNPP-3 & 4 (2 x 1,000 MW) and KKNPP-5 & 6 (2 x 1,000 MW) which are presently under construction.

## Kudankulam Alley

[edit]

The town council of Volgodonsk, Rostov Oblast named a lane located next to the Atommash plant as Kudankulam Alley in November 2018. The plant, which is owned by Rosatom, manufactures equipment for the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant.[63]

## Units

[edit]

Phase  | Unit
No.  | Reactor  | Status  | Capacity in MWe  | Construction start  | First criticality | Grid Connection  | Commercial operation  | Closure  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Type | Model | Net | Gross
I  | 1  | PWR | VVER-1000 | Operational  | 917 | 1000  | 31 March 2002  | 13 July 2013  | 22 October 2013  | 31 December 2014  | —  | [35]
2  | PWR | VVER-1000 | Operational  | 917 | 1000  | 4 July 2002  | 10 July 2016  | 29 August 2016  | 31 March 2017  | —  | [39]
II  | 3  | PWR | VVER-1000 | Under Construction  | 917 | 1000  | 29 June 2017  | —  | —  | —  | —  | [23]
4  | PWR | VVER-1000 | Under Construction  | 917 | 1000  | 23 October 2017  | —  | —  | —  | —  | [23]
III  | 5  | PWR | VVER-1000 | Under Construction  | 917 | 1000  | 29 June 2021  | —  | —  | —  | —  | [64]
6  | PWR | VVER-1000 | Under Construction  | 917 | 1000  | 20 December 2021  | —  | —  | —  | —

## See also

[edit]

* India portal
* Nuclear technology portal
* Energy portal

* Nuclear Power Corporation of India
* Nuclear power in India

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Performance Audit on Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project, Units I and II (original link) | Archived link
2. ^ "Monthly Genration Reports Actual for Apr-2021 : Central Sector Nuclear" (PDF). National Power Portal. Central Electricity Authority. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
3. ^ PRIS - Unit 1 Statistics
4. ^ PRIS - Unit 2 Statistics
5. ^ "Construction of unit 5 & 6 of India's largest nuclear power plant in Kudankulam commences". WION. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
6. ^ "PRIS – Albert's-1 – Reactor Details". Iaea.org. 31 March 2002. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
7. ^ "Commercial operation of Kudankulam plant delayed further". Business Standard. 13 January 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
8. ^ "The professor and the politics in anti-nuclear crucible". Archived from the original on 22 March 2014.
9. ^ a b c d Subramanian, T.S. (11 November 2016). "Kudankulam ready for more". Frontline. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
10. ^ "Wait for Kudankulam power ends; unit 1 linked to grid". Business Line. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
11. ^ a b "Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project, Units I and II" (PDF). Comptroller and Auditor General of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
12. ^ "Ready to run". Frontline. 9 August 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
13. ^ "KUDANKULAM-2". 11 December 2024. Archived from the original on 11 December 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
14. ^ B.Sivakumar (25 January 2015). "Kudankulam power to cost 4.29/unit". The Times of India. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
15. ^ a b "Nuclear Power Plants". Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India. Press Information Bureau. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
16. ^ "Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant: Cost of units 3, 4 surpasses Rs 39,000 crore". The Economic Times. 3 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
17. ^ "Kudankulam units 3, 4 cost more than doubles over liability issues". www.thehindu.com. The Hindu. 3 December 2014. Archived from the original on 3 December 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
18. ^ Nuclear Exports to India from Russia Archived 1 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
19. ^ "The Hindu Business Line : Kudankulam port becomes operational". www.thehindubusinessline.com.
20. ^ Dmitry Sergeev (1 February 2008). "Russia, India edge closer to major nuclear deal". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
21. ^ "India, Russia to sign deal on new nuclear reactors". Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 3 December 2008.
22. ^ "Bhoomi pooja performed for Kudankulam 3rd, 4th units". Zee Media Corporation Ltd. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
23. ^ a b c "KUDANKULAM-4". 11 December 2024. Archived from the original on 11 December 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
24. ^ Singh, Surendra (5 September 2019). "Make in India push: India likely to produce nuclear fuel with Russia's help". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
25. ^ "e-Newsletter, October – December 2018" (PDF). Atomic Energy Regulatory Board. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
26. ^ "AERB grants FPC clearance for Kudankulam units 3 and 4" (PDF). Atomic Energy Regulatory Board. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
27. ^ "Confirmed: North Korean malware found on Indian nuclear plant's network". ZDNet. 30 October 2019.
28. ^ "The VVER today – Evolution – Design – Safety" (PDF). www.rosatom.ru (PDF). Rosatom. 2014. pp. 11–12\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.11-12&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http://www.rosatom.ru/upload/iblock/0be/0be1220af25741375138ecd1afb18743.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kudankulam+Nuclear+Power+Plant" class="Z3988">
29. ^ "NPCIL to go into details with 4 reactor suppliers".
30. ^ "Nuclear Power Plant Type". Archived from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2007.
31. ^ "Koodankulam to start production in 40 days". 24 April 2012.
32. ^ "Kudankulam Atomic Power Project 1 & 2 and". Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2008.
33. ^ "History of the Kudankulam Project". Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2007.
34. ^ "Kudankulam nuclear plant goes critical". The Times of India. 14 July 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013. "Birds started nesting in area surrounding NPP of Kudankulam". India Info Online. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
35. ^ a b "KUDANKULAM-1". 11 December 2024. Archived from the original on 11 December 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
36. ^ Sudhakar, A. (7 June 2014). "Kudankulam reactor attains full capacity". The Hindu - via www.thehindu.com.
37. ^ "Nuclear Power in India | Indian Nuclear Energy - World Nuclear Association". Archived from the original on 6 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
38. ^ "Путин и Моди запустили второй энергоблок АЭС "Куданкулам"". РИА Новости. 15 October 2016.
39. ^ a b "KUDANKULAM-2". 11 December 2024. Archived from the original on 11 December 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
40. ^ "Kudankulam Nuclear-Plant Restarts Generation". NDTV. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
41. ^ "Kudankulam nuclear reactors generated 22,800 million units". The Hindu. 28 January 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
42. ^ "A decade on, Kudankulam nuclear plant protesters say still face ordeal". 6 June 2022.
43. ^ Rahul Bedi (28 October 2011). "Indian activists fear nuclear plant accident". NZ Herald.
44. ^ "Thirteen Reasons Why We Do Not Want the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Project". TRANSCEND Media Service.
45. ^ "Kudankulam one of safest reactors, Lanka's fears unfounded: India's nuclear chief". NDTV. 12 April 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
46. ^ "At Kudankulam's core is fear, ignorance and anger". 2 December 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
47. ^ Siddharth Srivastava (27 October 2011). "India's Rising Nuclear Safety Concerns". Asia Sentinel. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2011.
48. ^ Ranjit Devraj (25 October 2011). "Prospects Dim for India's Nuclear Power Expansion as Grassroots Uprising Spreads". Inside Climate News.
49. ^ "Kudankulam verdict: for this village, renewed protests or tacit acceptance". NDTV. 6 May 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
50. ^ "Nearly 200 arrested in India nuclear protest". France24. 20 March 2012. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012.
51. ^ "Rally seeks power generation at Kudankulam plant". The Hindu. 16 February 2012.
52. ^ "Blood donation camp in support of N-plant". The Hindu. 24 February 2012.
53. ^ "5 NGOs diverted foreign funds to fuel Kudankulam stir". hindustantimes. 24 February 2012.
54. ^ "Kudankulam protests: 3 NGOs lose licence for diverting funds". Firstpost. 25 February 2012.
55. ^ Sudipto Mondal. "Explosions at village near Kudankulam plant: Reports". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
56. ^ "Churches back Kudankulam stir". The Hindu. 22 November 2012.
57. ^ Roy, Biswajit; G. S. Mudur (9 February 2013). "The professor and the politics in anti-nuclear crucible". The Telegraph.
58. ^ "Kudankulam plant is safe: Srinivasan". The Times of India. 14 November 2011. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012.
59. ^ "Kudankulam reactors safest: Central panel". The Hindu. 19 November 2011.
60. ^ "R. Chidambaram bats for Kudankulam". The Hindu. 12 March 2012.
61. ^ "Kudankulam nuclear power plant issue ends – India – DNA". Dnaindia.com. 19 March 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
62. ^ Press Information Bureau English Releases. Pib.nic.in. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.
63. ^ "Now, a Kudankulam lane in Russia". The Week. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
64. ^ "Construction of Kudankulam nuclear reactors 5 and 6 begins". The Hindu. 30 June 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 June 2021.

## External links

[edit]

* Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd
* Navigation map of the Nuclear Plant (Tamil language)

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