Kurdish Hezbollah

Far-right Kurdish nationalist and Islamist group in Turkey

Not to be confused with Kurdish Revolutionary Hezbollah or Kurdish Hezbollah of Iran.

Kurdish Hezbollah

Hizbullahî Kurdî (Kurdish)
Kürt Hizbullahı (Turkish)

Various color flags commonly used by the Kurdish Hezbollah

Leaders| Hüseyin Velioğlu †
İsa Altsoy[1]
Dates of operation| 1983[2] – present
Active regions| Turkey
Ideology| Kurdish nationalism
Kurdish-Islamic synthesis
Social conservatism
National conservatism
Islamism
Anti-Zionism
Anti-communism

Political position| Far-right
Allies| Free Cause Party
Iran (alleged by Turkey)
Opponents|  Turkey
PKK
Battles and wars| Kurdish Hezbollah insurgency
Designated as a terrorist group by|  Turkey[3]

Kurdish Hezbollah (Kurdish: حیزبوڵڵای کورد, romanized: Hizbullahî Kurdî, Turkish: Kürt Hizbullahı)[1][4][5] or Hizbullah,[6] is a Kurdish Sunni Islamist militant organization,[7][8][5][9] active against Turkey,[10][11][12] and the PKK (mainly in the period between 1992 and 1995).[8] It is derogatorily known by its critics as Hizbulkontra (Party of Contra), Hizbulvahşet (Party of Barbarianism), and Hizbulşeytan (Party of the Devil).[13] They are also derogatorily known as Sofik, which is a diminutive of "Sofu", which means "devout" or "practicing".[14][15]

The group, founded by Hüseyin Velioğlu, remains a primarily Kurdish group that has its roots in the predominantly Kurdish southeast of Turkey and among Kurds who migrated to the cities in Western Turkey.[7] The Kurdish Hezbollah began shifting increasingly towards Kurdish nationalism during Velioğlu's final years, and after Velioğlu's death, under İsa Altsoy's leadership, they disarmed and began focusing on charity work for the Kurdish population under various organizations.[16][17][18] The Hezbollah reestablished in 2003 in southeastern Turkey and "today its ideology might be more widespread then ever among Kurds there".[19] Turkish Hezbollah's influence was not limited to Turkey and it has also "left an imprint on Turkish Kurds in Germany."[7] The Kurdish Hezbollah is closely affiliated with the Free Cause Party (HÜDA PAR).[20]

Despite similar names, Kurdish Hezbollah has no relationship whatsoever with Hezbollah of Lebanon, the Kurdish Revolutionary Hezbollah or the Kurdish Hezbollah of Iran.

## Background

[edit]

In the 1970s various Kurdish Islamists sought to work through democratic means to develop Islamism in Turkey. It initially remained a Kurdish group that had its roots in the southeast of Turkey, and Kurdish Islamists who migrated to the prosperous cities in Western Turkey. The group utilized poor economical situations of the Kurdish population and had built its social bases in their areas. Many joined the Turkish National Student Union (Milli Türk Talebe Birliği, MTTB), the youth organization of the National Salvation Party.[1] With the closure of these after the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, it appeared clear that the military was too strongly dedicated to secularism for the democratic route to be an option, and a group of Islamists launched the Union Movement (Vahdet Hareketi).[1] The movement organised around two bookshops in Diyarbakır – Fidan Gündör's Menzil and Hüseyin Velioğlu's İlim. Until 1987 the groups gathered around these bookshops worked together.[21][22][7][19] According to the Guido Steinberh, the Turkish government cooperated with the group against the PKK and it's believed that Kurdish Hezbollah's influence was not limited to Turkey and it has also left an imprint on some Kurds who had migrated to Germany.[7]

In 1987, when Hüseyin Velioğlu moved his bookshop to Batman, different opinions on leadership and armed actions resulted in the split of the two wings.[23] The so-called İlim-wing, under the leadership of Hüseyin Velioğlu insisted to start the armed struggle immediately. The dispute resulted in bloody fighting between the two factions.[24] Between 1990 and 1993, the İlim group killed many members of the Menzil group, and ultimately emerged victorious.[1] In 1993 the İlim group took the name Hizbullah.[1]

## History

[edit]

The group which became known as Hizbollah took this name in 1993, after emerging victorious from a bloody factional war between two wings of the Union Movement (Vahdet Hareketi) which had been established following the 1980 Turkish coup d'état's crushing of Islamist hopes for democratic success. Hüseyin Velioğlu's group had previously been known as İlim, named for his bookshop.[1] In March of the same year, soon after Abdullah Öcalan was expelled from Syria, there were reports of an Iranian-brokered peace accord between KH and PKK.[25]

According to Turkish security officials, Hezbollah was financed by and trained in post-revolutionary Iran, with Iran allegedly using terror groups to establish Islamic governments throughout the Middle East.[26][27][28]

Further groups within Hezbollah were named as Tevhid, led by Nurettin Şirin and Mehmet Şahin and Yeryüzü, led by Burhan Kavuncu.[29] Besides the town of Batman, Hezbollah was strongest in Cizre district of Şırnak, Nusaybin district of Mardin and Silvan district of Diyarbakır province. For a long time the village Yolaç was used as their base.[23]

In the early 1990s the organization became a direct threat to the already rising Kurdish separatist movement. The Hezbollah viewed the "PKK's claim to be the only true spokesman of Kurdish nationalism" as a "threat to its own identity",[8] and dubbed the PKK as the "Partiya Kafirin Kurdistan" meaning Kurdistans Infidels' Party.[30] As an Islamist organization, KH began as an oppositional force against the PKK, but have targeted both PKK militants and other people they considered "immoral" (people who drank alcohol, wore mini-skirts etc.).[31] Between 1992 and 1995 they killed around 500 PKK members, for the loss of around 200 of its own.[1]

In 2007, after the Assassination of Hrant Dink, his friend Orhan Alkaya suggested that the three-shot assassination technique was a signature mark of the Kurdish Hezbollah.[32]

KH also targeted journalists who wrote about its activities, particularly those who wrote about connections between them and the Turkish state. It was believed that the group gets support from Turkish army for its conflict against the PKK. Journalists, mainly Kurds, associated with 2000'e Doğru and Özgür Gündem were particularly targeted (see List of journalists killed in Turkey).[33]

Some of KH's major attacks allegedly include an April 1999 suicide bombing in Bingöl, and the February 2001 assassination of Diyarbakir police chief Gaffar Okkan (and five other police).[34]

## Turkish military support

[edit]

The Kurdish Hezbollah claimed that they do not work with Turkey and that it is mere PKK propaganda, while Turkey also hated Hezbollah throughout their entire existence but only tolerated them at first, due to them fighting the PKK.[35][36] A former JITEM agent confirmed that Turkey had offered Kurdish Hezbollah assistance against the PKK, although Hüseyin Velioğlu kept refusing it, stating that the Kurdish Hezbollah really hates Turkey and aims for peace with the PKK.[37] The weekly 2000'e Doğru of 16 February 1992 reported that eyewitnesses and sympathizers of Hezbollah had informed them that members of the organization were educated in the headquarters of Turkey's rapid deployment force (Çevik Kuvvet) in Diyarbakır. Two days after the article was published its author, Halit Güngen was killed by unidentified murderers.[24] Namik Taranci, the Diyarbakir representative of the weekly journal Gerçek (Reality), was shot dead on November 20, 1992 on his way to work in Diyarbakır. Again, the previous edition of the magazine had examined relations between the state and Hizbullah. Hafiz Akdemir, reporter for Özgür Gündem (Free Agenda), was shot dead in a Diyarbakır street on June 8, 1992, after reporting that a man who had given refuge to assassins fleeing a Hezbollah-style double killing in Silvan was released after only six weeks in custody, without even appearing in court.[24]

The 1993 report of Turkey's Parliamentary Investigation Commission referred to information that Hezbollah had a camp in the Batman region where they received political and military training and assistance from the security forces.[38]

Former Minister Fikri Sağlar said in an interview with the paper Siyah-Beyaz (Black-White) that the army not only used Hezbollah, but actually founded and sponsored the organization. He maintained that such a decision had been taken in 1985 at the highest levels – the National Security Council.[39] On 17 January 2011 Arif Doğan, a retired colonel in the Turkish army who also claims to be a founder of JİTEM, while testifying in court in the Ergenekon case, declared that he set up Hezbollah as a contra group to force to fight and kill militants of the PKK. The organization was originally to be called Hizbul-Kontr ("Party of the Contras").[40]

According to journalist Faik Bulut, some Hizbollah members were caught in Istanbul with 40 kg of C-4 explosive and valid Turkish National Intelligence Organization identity cards.[41]

## Human resources

[edit]

In December 2003 Corry Görgü put the number of militants as high as 20,000[12] a figure presented by the Center for Defense Information as well.[42] Information provided by the Intelligence Resource Program of the Federation of American Scientists based on the 2002 Patterns of Global Terrorism report suggests that the organisation possibly has a few hundred members and several thousand supporters.[43] Ufuk Hiçyılmaz stated that the group had about 1,000 armed members.[44]

## Trials (2000–2011)

[edit]

After the kidnapping of several businessmen in Istanbul and the subsequent raid of a house in Beykoz quarter a nationwide hunt on Hezbollah supporters followed. During the operation in Beykoz on 17 January 2000 Hüseyin Velioğlu was killed and Edip Gümüş and Cemal Tutar were detained. Edip Gümüş, born 1958 in Batman was alleged to lead the military wing of Hezbollah and Cemal Tutar was said to be a member of the armed wing.[45] In this period nearly 6000 KH members were arrested.[1]

In the time to follow many trials were conducted in Diyarbakır and other places against alleged members of Hezbollah. In several instances defendants raised torture allegations. Such allegations are documented in Urgent Actions (UA) of Amnesty International.[46] In the trial in which Edip Gümüş and Cemal Tutar were indicted the defendant Fahrettin Özdemir said on 10 July 2000 that he had been held in custody for 59 days and had been tortured. In the hearing of 11 September 2000 Cemal Tutar said that he had been held in police custody for 180 days.[45]

The Turkish Hezbollah trial was concluded in December 2009. The defendants received varying terms of imprisonment.[47]

Eighteen members of Turkish Hezbollah, amongst them Edip Gümüs and Cemal Tutar, were released from jail on 4 January 2011,[48] in accordance with a recent amendment to the Turkish criminal code that set a limit of 10 years on the time detainees can be held without being sentenced in a final verdict.[49] The juridic authorities demanded a re-arrest of the released, but the police failed in locating them.[48]

## Movement of the Oppressed and Free Cause Party (2002–present)

[edit]

Main article: Free Cause Party

Following the decision to end armed struggle in 2002, sympathizers of Hizbollah's Menzil group founded an association called "Solidarity with the Oppressed" (tr: Mustazaflar ile Dayanışma Derneği or short Mustazaf Der) in 2003.[50] It also became known as the Movement of the Oppressed (Turkish: Mustazaflar Hareketi). On 18 April 2010 Mustazaf Der organized a mass meeting in Diyarbakir to celebrate the anniversary of the Prophet Muhammad's birthday (known as Mawlid). The Turkish police estimated that the event was attended by 120,000 people. The organizers put the figure at over 300,000.[51]

On 20 April 2010 a court in Diyarbakir ordered the closure of the Association for the Oppressed (Mustazaf-Der) on the grounds that it was "conducting activities on behalf of the terrorist organization Hizbollah."[51] The decision was confirmed by the Court of Cassation on 11 May 2012.[52]

In late 2012, the Movement of the Oppressed announced its will to found a political party, basically to challenge the hegemony of the Peace and Democracy Party.[53] In December 2012, a political party with the name Free Cause Party (Hür Dava Partisi) was founded.[54] Hüda-Par, the abbreviated form of the party's name is synonymous with Hizbollah, both interpreted as the "God's Party", emphasising that the party is a front for the otherwise illegal Hizbollah. Societies affiliated with Hüda-Par operate under the umbrella organisation Lovers of Prophet (Turkish: Peygamber Sevdalıları, Kurdish: Evindarên Pêyxamber) particularly active in Kurdish Mawlid meetings.

## See also

[edit]

* Category:People killed by Kurdish Hezbollah
* Konca Kuris, Turkish feminist, one of Hizbollah's victims
* Ittihadul Ulema (Union of Islamic Scholars and Schools)
* Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front
* List of illegal political parties in Turkey
* Kurdistan Islamic Movement (Turkey)
* Kurdish Hezbollah of Iran

## Further reading

[edit]

* German Jihad: On the Internationalisation of Islamist Terrorism by Guido Steinberg. Columbia University Press, 2013

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i The Kurdish Ḥizbullāh in Turkey. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. By: Mehrzad Boroujerdi, Nader Entessar, Martin Kramer, Joseph A. Kéchichian, Emrullah Uslu. Source: The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
2. ^ Growing Influence of the Hezbollah. Qantara.de (2006-12-29). Retrieved on 2011-02-09.
3. ^ Türkiye'de Halen Faalıyetlerıne Devam Eden Başlica Terör Örgütlerı Archived 2013-01-14 at the Wayback Machine (in Turkish). Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü.
4. ^ The real challenge to secular Turkey, The Economist, 31 Aug 2006
5. ^ a b TTurkish Hezbollah (Hizbullah) / Kurdish Hezbollah Archived 2015-01-02 at the Wayback Machine, turkishweekly.net
6. ^ Aslı Aydıntaşbaş, Murder on the Bosporus, Middle East Quarterly, June 2000, pp. 15–22, Meforum.org. Retrieved on 2011-02-09.
7. ^ a b c d e Steinberg, Guido W. (2013-06-25). German Jihad: On the Internationalization of Islamist Terrorism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-50053-1.
8. ^ a b c "Ḥizbullāh - Oxford Islamic Studies Online". www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
9. ^ Sevinc, Bilal (2008). "Participation in Terrorist Organizations: An Analysis of Left Wing DHKP/C." Michigan State University. Criminal Justice. ISBN 9781109035827. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
10. ^ Gareth Jenkins Tales from the crypt Archived 2005-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, Al-Ahram Weekly, 3–9 February 2000, Issue No. 467
11. ^ Ufuk Hiçyılmaz, Aksiyon, 31 January 2005, Maskeli Hizbullah’ın hedefi cemaatler
12. ^ a b Corry Görgü: "Die Anschläge auf die Synagogen in Istanbul und die Rolle von Staat und Hizbullah"
13. ^ "Hizbullah, Hizbul Kontra, Hizbul Şeytan, Hizbul Vahşet ve Hüda Par – Çetin Yılmaz (jiyan.org)". sendika.org (in Turkish). Retrieved 2024-03-03.
14. ^ Çelik, Adnan (2021-05-09). "'Keep your mouth shut in the day and your door shut at night.': Intra-Kurdish Violence in the Shadow of the State: The case of Hizbullah in Turkish Kurdistan". Kurdish Studies. 9 (1): 37–57. doi:10.33182/ks.v9i1.563 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISSN 2051-4891. "Before that date, the townsfolk had generally regarded the few members of Hizbullah there as sofîk (diminutive of 'sofu', meaning 'bigot' and denoting a certain contempt with a touch of humour)."`{{cite journal}}`: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
15. ^ https://www.academia.edu/81034784/Kurdish_Hizbullah_in_Turkey_Islamism_Violence_and_the_State r. 166 "Sofîk is a disparaging diminutive of the word sofu (devout) in Kurdish."
16. ^ Elitsoy, Aslı (June 2017). The Kurdish Hizbullah and Its Shifting Attitude towards Kurdishness and the Kurdish Issue in Turkey.
17. ^ "Release of Radical Group's Leaders Causes Shock in Turkey". Voice of America. 2011-01-31. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
18. ^ Zaken (1 October 2016). "Thematisch Ambtsbericht". www.rijksoverheid.nl (in Dutch). Ministerie van Algemene Zaken. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
19. ^ a b *German Jihad: On the Internationalisation of Islamist Terrorism by Guido Steinberg. Columbia University Press, 2013
20. ^ "Hizbullah: Tebliğ, Cemaat, Cihat". Bianet. 13 April 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
21. ^ Turkish sympathy for militants grows Archived 2006-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Common Dreams News Center
22. ^ Hizbullah raporunda, örgütün İran İstihbarat Servisi'ne bağlı Pasdar'la büyük benzerlik gösterdiği kaydedildi: 'Askeri eğitim İran'da yapılıyor', TBMM'nin Hizbullah Raporu – Bölüm 1- Cumhuriyet Gazetesi'nden; cited in the daily Cumhuriyet of 2 February 2000.
23. ^ a b Mehmet Faraç, Cumhuriyet, 19 January 2000, Hizbullah'ın kanlı yolculuğu (archive link)
24. ^ a b c Human Rights Watch, 16 February 2000, What is Turkey's Hizbullah?
25. ^ Turkey and the War on Terror, Andrew Mango, (Routledge, 2005), 65.
26. ^ The Turkish Counter-Terrorism Experience, Suleyman Ozeren, Organizational and Psychological Aspects of Terrorism, Ed. Centre of Excellence Defence against Terrorism, (IOS Press, 2008), 159.
27. ^ Turkish Hezbollah, Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Ed. Harvey Kushner, (Sage Publications Inc., 1993), 368-369.
28. ^ The Kurdish Question and Turkish Foreign Policy, Kemal Kirisci, The future of Turkish foreign policy, Ed. Lenore G. Martin, Dimitris Keridis, (MIT Press, 2004), 295.
29. ^ Radikal, 3 July 1999, Radikal-online / Türkiye / TÜRKİYE'DEKİ İSLAMCI KURULUŞ VE ÖRGÜTLER Archived 2010-01-30 at the Wayback Machine. Radikal.com.tr. Retrieved on 2011-02-09.
30. ^ Gürbüz, Mustafa (2013). Bilgin, Fevzi; Sarihan, Ali (eds.). Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question. Lexington Books. p. 168\. ISBN 978-0-7391-8402-8.
31. ^ Milliyet, 23 March 2007, Hizbullah davasında 9 yıl sonra karar; (Turkish). Retrieved 21 October 2009.
32. ^ "Hrant Dink, Agos Gazetesi önünde silahlı saldırıda öldürüldü". Milliyet (in Turkish). 19 January 2007. Archived from the original on 22 January 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
33. ^ Hurriyet Daily News, 31 January 2000, Hizbullah is prime example of state's 'playing one against the other' policy
34. ^ Evan Kohlmann, National Review, 25 November 2003, Terrorized Turkey: Pointing fingers at al Qaeda
35. ^ Kurdish Hizbullah in Turkey, Mehmet Kurt, pp. 38
36. ^ "Release of Radical Group's Leaders Causes Shock in Turkey". Voice of America. 2011-01-31. Archived from the original on March 23, 2024. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
37. ^ "Hizbullah nihayet sessizligini bozdu". June 22, 2004. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024.
38. ^ Akkoç v. Turkey, Application Nos. 22947/93, 22948/93, Judgement of 10 October 2000 Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, European Court of Human Rights judgment concerning Akkoç v. Turkey case, section II, C (in English)
39. ^ Cited in the 2000 Human Rights Watch report relying on the book of Faik Bulut and Mehmet Farac: Kod Adı: Hizbullah (Code name: Hizbullah), Ozan Publishing House, March 1999.
40. ^ Benjamin Harvey (18 January 2011). "Turkey Officer Says He Created Local Hezbollah Group, Star Says". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
41. ^ Hurriyet Daily News, 27 January 2000, Hizbullah: The Susurluk of the Southeast
42. ^ In the Spotlight: Turkish Hezbollah, the article was written in December 2003. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
43. ^ Turkish Hizballah. Fas.org. Retrieved on 2011-02-09.
44. ^ Maskeli Hizbullah'ın hedefi cemaatler; Turkish article published in the journal Aksiyon on 31 January 2005. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
45. ^ a b An online edition of the Annual Report 2000 of the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey Archived 2012-02-26 at the Wayback Machine is available on the website of the Democratic Turkey Forum
46. ^ See: EXTRA 64/01 of 14 September 2001 (Hacı Bayancık), UA 218/01 of 4 September 2001 (Hacı Elhunisuni), UA 209/01 of 22 August 2001 (Yasın Karadağ), UA 194/10 of 31 July 2001 (Edip Balık), UA 317/00 of 17 October 2000 (Fesih und Hatice Güler)
47. ^ Radikal, 31 December 2009, Hizbullah'a 10 yıl sonra 16 müebbet / Türkiye / Radikal İnternet. Radikal.com.tr (2009-12-31). Retrieved on 2011-02-09.
48. ^ a b Gürbüz, Mustafa (2013). Bilgin, Fevzi; Sarihan, Ali (eds.). Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question. Lexington Books. p. 169\. ISBN 978-0-7391-8402-8.
49. ^ Sebnem Arsu (4 January 2011). "After a Court Ruling, Turkey Frees 23 Suspected Militants". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
50. ^ Compare an article in the daily Radikal of 13 April 2013: Hizbullah: Tebliğ, Cemaat, Cihat; accessed on 15 April 2013
51. ^ a b See an article of the International Relation and Security Network in Zurich of 15 June 2010 written by Gareth Jenkins A New Front in the PKK Insurgency, accessed on 15 April 2013
52. ^ See an article of the portal timeturk.com Mustazaf-Der resmen kapatıldı! dated 11 May 2012; accessed on 15 April 2013
53. ^ Hüda-Par'ın rakibi BDP mi, AK Parti'mi?. Timeturk.com (2012-12-06). Retrieved on 2013-02-09.
54. ^ Hür Dava Partisi (Hüda-Par) Resmen Kuruldu Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. Haberdiyarbakir.com (2012-12-17). Retrieved on 2013-02-09.

## External links

[edit]

* Turkish Hezbollah: Release of Turkish Hezbollah Members Rocks Turkey
* Hizbullah (Oxford)

* v
* t
* e

Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency

* Timelines
* 1978–2015
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* Map

Turkey|

| State|

* Government
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|

Deep state|

* Counter-Guerrilla
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* Susurluk scandal
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* JİTEM

Kurdish groups|

| Insurgent|

* KCK
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* History
* People's Defence Forces (HPG)
* Free Women's Units (YJA-STAR)
* National Liberation Front of Kurdistan (ERNK)
* Liberation Forces OF Kurdistan (HRK)
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* Democratic Society Coordination of Kurdistan (CDK)
* Free Women's Union of Kurdistan (YAJK)
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* KH (Hüda-Par)

|

Allies|

* DHP
* TDP
* ASALA (until the late 1980s)

Political|

* HEP (1990–1993)
* DEP (1993–1994)
* HADEP (1994–2003)
* DEHAP (1997–2005)
* DTH (2005)
* DTP (2005–2009)
* BDP (2008–2014)
* HDP (2012–present)
* DBP (2014–present)
* DEM (2023–present)

The conflict|

| 1974–1984|

* Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)
* Maraş massacre
* 1980 Turkish coup d'état

|

1984–1999|

* 1984 PKK attacks
* Karageçit
* August 1986 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
* Ortabağ
* March 1987 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
* Pınarcık massacre
* Yeşilova incident
* Battle of Şırnak
* 1992 Taşdelen attack
* Battle of Kulp
* Operation Northern Iraq
* May 24, 1993 PKK attack
* Başbağlar massacre
* Lice massacre
* Winter Campaign of 1994–1995
* Operation Steel
* Operation Hawk
* Operation Tokat
* 1996 Tunceli bombing
* Siege of Varto
* Sazak assault
* Operation Hammer
* Operation Dawn
* Operation Murat
* 1999 Istanbul bombings
* Blue Market massacre

1999–2004|

2000 Turkish Hezbollah crackdown

2004–2012|

* 2005 Kuşadası minibus bombing
* 2007 Ankara bombing
* October 2007 clashes in Hakkâri
* December 2007 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
* 2008 Diyarbakır bombing
* 2008 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
* 2008 Istanbul bombings
* October 2008 Aktütün attack
* Reşadiye shooting
* 2010 İskenderun attack
* 2010 Hakkâri bus bombing
* 2010 Istanbul bombing
* August 2011 Turkey–Iraq cross-border raids
* 2011 Hakkâri attack
* Roboski massacre
* June–August 2012 Hakkari clashes
* 2012 Gaziantep bombing
* September 2012 Beytüşşebap attack

2015–present|

* 2015 Siirt bombing
* Operation Martyr Yalçın
* 2015 Hakkari assault
* Siege of Silvan (2015)
* Şırnak clashes (2015–2016)
* Siege of Sur (2016)
* February 2016 Lice bombing
* February 2016 Ankara bombing
* March 2016 Ankara bombing
* March 2016 Turkish incursion into northern Iraq
* 2016 Bursa bombing
* May 2016 Dürümlü bombing
* May 2016 Diyarbakır bombing
* 2016 Cizre bombing
* 2016 Elazığ bombing
* Assassination of Deryan Aktert
* December 2016 Istanbul bombings
* 2017 Diyarbakır bombing
* Turkish airstrikes on Sinjar (2018)
* 2018 Siirt raid
* 2018 Gercüş bombing
* 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria
* 2020 İskenderun shootout
* Operation Claw-Eagle 2
* Operation Claw-Lock
* Zakho resort attack
* 2022 Mersin attack
* Operation Claw-Sword
* 2023 Ankara bombing
* October 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes

Protests|

| Serhildan|

* 1990
* 1991
* 1992
* 1999
* 2001
* 2005
* 2006
* 2008
* 2009
* 2011–2012
* 2014

|

Others|

* Mothers of Diyarbakır

Peace process
and peace efforts|

* 1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives
* 2013–2015 Solution process
* 1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire
* Musa Anter peace train
* 2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire

Kurdish leaders|

| Insurgent|

* Abdullah Öcalan
* Murat Karayılan
* Cemîl Bayik
* Bahoz Erdal
* Mustafa Karasu
* Duran Kalkan
* Haji Ahmadi
* Osman Öcalan
* Mahsum Korkmaz
* Şemdin Sakık
* Nizamettin Taş
* Mazlum Doğan
* Muhammad Mustafa
* Hüseyin Velioğlu
* Celal Başkale
* İsmail Özden

|

Political|

* Ahmet Fehmi Işıklar
* Yaşar Kaya
* Leyla Zana
* Hatip Dicle
* Orhan Doğan
* Ahmet Türk
* Murat Bozlak
* Tuncer Bakırhan
* Aysel Tuğluk
* Selahattin Demirtaş
* Nurettin Demirtaş
* Ayla Akat Ata
* Gültan Kışanak
* Pervin Buldan
* Emine Ayna
* Sebahat Tuncel
* Kemal Burkay
* Fatma Kurtulan
* Osman Baydemir
* Sırrı Süreyya Önder

Turkish leaders|

| Military|

* Kenan Evren
* Tahsin Şahinkaya
* Bülend Ulusu
* Nurettin Ersin
* Necdet Üruğ
* Necip Torumtay
* Eşref Bitlis
* Doğan Güreş
* İsmail Hakkı Karadayı
* Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu
* Hilmi Özkök
* İbrahim Fırtına
* Faruk Cömert
* Yaşar Büyükanıt
* Aydoğan Babaoğlu
* İlker Başbuğ
* Işık Koşaner
* Erdal Ceylanoğlu
* Necdet Özel
* Hayri Kıvrıkoğlu

|

Political|

* Turgut Özal
* Süleyman Demirel
* Bülent Ecevit
* Ali Bozer
* Yıldırım Akbulut
* Mesut Yılmaz
* Erdal İnönü
* Tansu Çiller
* Mesut Yılmaz
* Necmettin Erbakan
* Ahmet Necdet Sezer
* Abdullah Gül
* Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
* Süleyman Soylu

See also|

| Memorials, monuments
and military cemeteries|

* 33 Martyrs Memorial
* Düzce Military Cemetery
* Monument of the Martyrs of Internal Security

|

Other|

* Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
* Kurdish separatism in Iran
* Rojava conflict
* Kurdish rebellions in Turkey
* Kurdish refugees
* Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey
* Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey
* Turkish war crimes
* Iraq operations

Militant Islamism

* v
* t
* e

Militant Islamism in the Middle East and North Africa region

Ideology|

* Jihadism
* Salafi jihadism
* Pan-Islamism
* Qutbism
* Khomeinism
* Wahhabism

Phenomena|

* Islamic extremism
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Islamic terrorism

Organisations|

| Middle East|

* Abdullah Azzam Brigades
* Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades
* Ahrar al-Sham
* Ajnad al-Sham
* Al-Ashtar Brigades
* Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq
* Al-Nusra Front
* Al-Qaeda
* Al-Qaeda in Iraq
* Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
* Al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya in the Sinai
* Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
* Ansar al-Sham
* Ansar al-Sharia (Syria)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)
* Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
* Army of Conquest
* Army of Islam
* Baqir Brigade
* Hamas
* Hamas of Iraq
* Hezbollah
* Quwat al-Ridha
* Hezbollah Al-Hejaz
* Houthis
* Palestinian Islamic Jihad
* Islamic State of Iraq
* Islamic State
* Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
* Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
* Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Jaysh al-Islam
* Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)
* Jund Ansar Allah
* Jundallah (Iran)
* Khorasan group
* Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
* Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan
* Levant Front
* Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem
* Masada al-Mujahideen
* Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement
* Peace Companies
* People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
* Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade
* Tahrir al-Sham
* Tawhid al-Jihad
* Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
* Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba
* Kata'ib Hezbollah
* Badr Organization
* Mukhtar Army
* Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham
* Saraya al-Jihad
* Shield of Islam Brigade
* Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda
* Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas
* Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces
* Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada
* Kata'ib al-Imam Ali
* Kata'ib Jund al-Imam
* Liwa Fatemiyoun
* Liwa Zainebiyoun
* Sabireen Movement
* Jaysh al-Mu'ammal
* Jaysh Muhammad in Bilad al-Sham
* Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya
* Promised Day Brigade
* 1920 Revolution Brigades
* Turkish Hezbollah
* Hamas of Iraq
* Hassan Al-Basri Brigades
* Islamic Dawa Party

|

North Africa|

* Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade
* al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
* Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)
* Ansar ul Islam
* Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
* Armed Islamic Group
* Derna Protection Force
* Egyptian Islamic Jihad
* al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya
* Takfir wal-Hijra
* Libyan Islamic Fighting Group
* Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
* Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
* Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
* Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries
* Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna
* Tunisian Combatant Group
* Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade

Leaders|

* Abu Ali al-Anbari
* Abu Mohammad al-Adnani
* Abu Muslim al-Turkmani
* Abu Suleiman al-Naser
* Ahmed al-Assir
* Anwar al-Awlaki
* Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
* Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah
* Abdul Nasser Qardash
* Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi
* Abu Ayyub al-Masri
* Abu Omar al-Baghdadi
* Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
* Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
* Mohammed Atef
* Mokhtar Belmokhtar
* Tariq al-Dahab
* Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim
* Massoud Rajavi
* Maryam Rajavi
* Abdelmalek Droukdel
* Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi
* Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri
* Abu Ubaidah al-Masri
* Saeed al-Masri
* Saleh Al-Qaraawi
* Haji Bakr
* Hassan Hattab
* Abu Mohammad al-Julani
* Omar Abdel-Rahman
* Osama bin Laden
* Hassan Nasrallah
* Juhayman al-Otaybi
* Muqtada al-Sadr
* Saif al-Adel
* Shukri Mustafa
* Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj
* Nasir al-Wuhayshi
* Qasim al-Raymi
* Khalid Batarfi
* Ibrahim al-Banna
* Ahmed Yassin
* Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
* Ayman al-Zawahiri
* Abdelhamid Abou Zeid
* Abu Khayr al-Masri
* Abu Muhsin al-Masri
* Qais al-Khazali
* Hadi al-Amiri
* Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir
* Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi
* Wathiq al-Battat

Events|

* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Lebanese Civil War
* Iranian Revolution
* Iran–Iraq War
* Algerian Civil War
* Terrorism in Egypt
* Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
* Iraq War (2003–2011)
* Libyan crisis (2011–present)
* Syrian civil war (2012–present)
* War in Iraq (2013–2017)
* Yemeni civil war (2014–present)

Related|

* Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
* ISIL territorial claims
* Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency
* Holy Shrine Defender

* Part of Islamism
* Militant Islamism in
* South Asia
* Southeast Asia
* Sub-Saharan Africa

* v
* t
* e

Militant Islamism in South Asia

Ideology|

* Deobandi
* Deobandi jihadism
* Wahhabism
* Salafi movement
* Salafi jihadism
* Pan-Islamism
* Pashtunwali

Phenomena|

* Islamic extremism
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Islamic terrorism

Organisations|

* Taliban
* Haqqani network
* Jamaat al Dawa al Quran
* Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
* Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
* Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami
* Lashkar-e-Omar
* Jundallah
* Ansarul Sharia Pakistan
* Haji Namdar Group
* Ahrar-ul-Hind
* Hizbul Mujahideen
* Jaish-e-Mohammed
* Al-Badr (Jammu and Kashmir)
* Tehreek-e-Azaadi Jammu and Kashmir
* Lashkar-e-Taiba
* Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
* Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami Bangladesh
* Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam
* Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh
* Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh
* Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
* Indian Mujahideen
* Popular Front of India
* Students' Islamic Movement of India (SIMI)
* Karnataka Forum for Dignity
* Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan

Leaders|

* Syed Ahmad Barelvi
* Hibatullah Akhundzada
* Riaz Basra
* Jalaluddin Haqqani
* Qari Hussain
* Mullah Akhtar Mansour
* Baitullah Mehsud
* Mohammed Omar
* Mullah Muhammad Rasul
* Hafiz Muhammad Saeed

Related|

* Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)
* Shabana
* Talibanization

* Part of Islamism
* Militant Islamism in
* MENA region
* Southeast Asia
* Sub-Saharan Africa

* v
* t
* e

Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia

Ideology|

* Islamism
* Jihadism
* Salafi jihadism
* Pan-Islamism

Phenomena|

* Islamic extremism
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Islamic terrorism

Organisations|

* Abu Sayyaf
* Al-Ma'unah
* Ansar Khalifa Philippines
* Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
* Barisan Revolusi Nasional
* Darul Islam
* Front for the Liberation of Champa
* Indonesian Mujahedeen Council
* Islamic Liberation Front of Patani
* Jamaah Ansharusy Syariah
* Jemaah Islamiyah
* Jamaah Ansharut Daulah
* Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid
* Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao
* Kumpulan Mujahidin Malaysia
* Laskar Jihad
* Maute group
* Moro Islamic Liberation Front
* Mujahedeen KOMPAK
* Mujahidin Indonesia Timur
* Patani United Liberation Organisation
* Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement
* Runda Kumpulan Kecil
* United Mujahideen Front of Pattani

Leaders|

* Abdullah Sungkar
* Abu Bakar Bashir
* Abu Sabaya
* Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani
* Ataullah abu Ammar Jununi
* Azahari Husin
* Dulmatin
* Khadaffy Janjalani
* Les Kosem
* Mahmud Ahmad
* Murad Ebrahim
* Noordin Mohammad Top
* Nur Misuari
* Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo
* Zulkifli Abdhir

* Events

* South Thailand insurgency
* Timeline of events
* Islamic insurgency in the Philippines
* Cross border attacks in Sabah
* Insurgency in Aceh
* 1985 Borobudur bombing
* Sauk Siege
* Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings
* 2000 Sipadan kidnappings
* 2000 Philippine consulate bombing
* Rizal Day bombings
* Dos Palmas kidnappings
* Singapore embassies attack plot
* 2002 Bali bombings
* 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing
* 2004 Palopo cafe bombing
* 2004 SuperFerry 14 bombing
* Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta
* 2005 Tentena market bombings
* 2005 Bali bombings
* 2005 Indonesian beheadings of Christian girls
* 2005 Palu market bombing
* 2007 Basilan beheading incident
* 2009 Jakarta bombings
* 2013 Ekayana Monastery bombing
* Mamasapano clash
* 2016 Jakarta attacks
* 2016 Movida Bar grenade attack
* 2016 Davao City bombing
* 2016 Samarinda church bombing
* 2017 Jakarta bombings
* 2018 Mako Brimob standoff
* Surabaya bombings
* 2018 Lamitan bombing
* 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings
* 2020 Jolo bombings
* 2021 Makassar cathedral bombing
* Indonesian National Police headquarters shooting
* Datu Paglas market occupation
* Indonesian People's Da'wah Party crackdown
* Istana Negara attempted shooting
* Astana Anyar bombing
* 2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack

* Part of Islamism
* Militant Islamism in
* MENA region
* South Asia
* Sub-Saharan Africa

* v
* t
* e

Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa

Ideology|

* Jihadism
* Salafi jihadism
* Pan-Islamism

Phenomena|

* Islamic extremism
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Islamic terrorism

Organisations|

* Al-Shabaab
* Islamic Courts Union
* Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
* Hizbul Islam
* Boko Haram
* Ansaru
* Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
* Al-Mulathameen
* Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
* al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
* Ansar Dine
* Al-Mourabitoun
* Katiba Macina
* Ansarul Islam
* Katibat Salaheddin
* Ansar al-Sharia (Mali)
* Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania)
* Allied Democratic Forces
* Islamic State
* Islamic State in the Greater Sahara
* Islamic State – West Africa Province
* Islamic State - Central Africa Province
* Islamic State in Somalia
* Islamic State - Mozambique Province
* Ansar al-Sunna (Mozambique)

Leaders|

* Ali Yassin Mohamed
* Hassan Dahir Aweys
* Fuad Qalaf
* Abdul Qadir Mumin
* Mokhtar Belmokhtar
* Abou Zeid
* Abdelmalek Droukdel
* Abubakar Shekau
* Ahmad Umar
* Mohammed Yusuf
* Iyad Ag Ghaly
* Amadou Koufa
* Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi
* Sedane Ag Hita
* Ibrahim Malam Dicko
* Djaffar Dicko
* Musa Baluku

Events|

* Islamist insurgency in the Sahel
* Mali War
* Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso
* Jihadist insurgency in Niger
* Somali Civil War (2009–present)
* Boko Haram insurgency
* Insurgency in Cabo Delgado

* Part of Islamism
* Militant Islamism in
* MENA region
* South Asia
* Southeast Asia

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* United States
* Israel

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