Kurdish emirates

The emirate and the area of Kurdish self-mayors

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The Kurdish emirates, Kurdish chiefdoms or Kurdish principalities (Sorani Kurdish: میرنشینە کوردیەکان) were various semi-independent entities which existed during the 16th to 19th centuries during the state of continuous warfare between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran.[1] The Kurdish principalities were almost always divided and entered into rivalries against each other.[1] The demarcation of borders between the Safavid Shah Safi and the Ottoman caliph Sultan Murad IV in 1639 effectively divided Kurdistan between the two empires.[1]

The eyalet of Diyarbakir was the center of the major and minor Kurdish chiefdoms. However, other Kurdish emirates existed outside of Diyarbakir.[2][3]

## Policy during the Ottoman-Persian Wars

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The Ottomans gave the Kurds self-rule during the Ottoman-Persian wars, to ensure that the Kurds remain on the Ottoman side. After the Treaty of Erzurum in 1823 the Persian threat was reduced & the Ottomans brought the Kurdish chiefdoms under direct control.[4]

## List

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### Major emirates

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* Ardalan
* Bahdinan
* Baban
* Bitlis
* Bohtan
* Bradost
* Donboli
* Eğil
* Genç
* Hakkari
* Emirate of Hasankeyf
* Principality of Hizan [tr]
* Kilis
* Mahmudi Principality
* Mukriyan
* Palu
* Pazooka
* Soran
* Principality of Suleyman
* Tercil
* Daseni
* Shekak
* Milan (tribe)
* Koçgiri

### Minor emirates

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[5][6][7][8]

* Abagay (between Muradiye and Doğubayazıt)[9]
* Ağcakale
* Aghakis (Göllü, Tatvan District)
* Albak
* Arabgir
* Awraman
* Principality of Atak [tr]
* Bâne
* Bayezid
* Bargiri
* Belican
* Çaan Gedig
* Çeğni
* Çemişgezek
* Çermik
* Daratang
* Darna
* Dasini
* Derzini
* Diyadin
* Dulkıran
* Eruh
* Goran
* Görgil
* Principality of Gürdükan [tr]
* Hançük
* Hemkerdan
* Emirate of Hezo [ku]
* Hûdî (Didan Tribe)
* Ispayird (Sürücüler, Hizan District)
* İspir
* Janpollat
* Kârkâr (Daldere, Gevaş district)
* Kızuçan[10]
* Kurnê
* Kiğı
* Lesser Lur (Lur-i Kuchek)
* Mahidasht
* Mazgirt
* Mifariqın
* Mihrani (Mihrani Kalesi in Hazro District)
* Mücenkürd
* Principality of Müks [tr]
* Pasin
* Pertek
* Palangan
* Pünyanişi (Somay)
* Qulp
* Sağman
* Sasun
* Siirt
* Sindi
* Siyah Mansûr
* Somay
* Suveydi (Çapakçur)
* Şemdinan (Istuni, Sitûnê village, Mergasor District)
* Şirvan (Kufra)
* Şıtak
* Terza
* Uşni
* Zakho
* Zangana
* Zeriki (Sarıca, Şemdinli District)
* Zerza (Zerzan tribe)
* Zirqan (Zeyrek)

## See also

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* Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
* List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
* Ayyubids
* Shaddadids
* Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan

## Notes

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1. ^ a b c KurdishGlobe- Kurdish Nationalism in Mam u Zin of Ahmad-î Khânî -- (Part XII) Archived 2012-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
2. ^ Kurdish notables and the Ottoman state: evolving identities, competing ..., p. 49, at Google Books By Hakan Özoğlu
3. ^ "The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800)". The Formation of Ottoman Kurdistan: Social, Economic and Political Developments in Ottoman Kurdistan before the Nineteenth Century (1514–1800) (Chapter 2) - The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Core. 2017. pp. 64–92\. doi:10.1017/9781316848579.005. ISBN 9781107181236.
4. ^ "The Ottoman conquest of Dyarbekir and the administrative organization of the province in the 16th and 17th centuries" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
5. ^ Yadirgi, Veli (2014). "2.1 Administrative division of the eyalet of Diyarbekir, 1527-1792". The political economy of the kurdish question in turkey: de-development in eastern and southeastern anatolia (PhD in Development studies thesis). School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
6. ^ Genç, Vural (April 11, 2019). "Kurdish Emirs in the 16th-Century Ruus Registers". Der Islam. 96 (1): 78–111\. doi:10.1515/islam-2019-0003. Retrieved December 9,  2024.
7. ^ Özcoşar, İbrahim (September 21, 2020). "KÜRTLER". İslâm Ansiklopedi. Türkiye Diyanet Foundation. Retrieved December 10, 2024.
8. ^ Çiftçi, Erdal (November 6, 2017). "Migration, memory and mythification: relocation of Suleymani tribes on the northern Ottoman–Iranian frontier". Middle Eastern Studies. 53. doi:10.1080/00263206.2017.1393623. hdl:11693/50068. Retrieved December 16, 2024.
9. ^ Dankoff, Robert (June 1, 1990). Evliya Çelebi in Bitlis. Brill. p. 12\. ISBN 9004092420.
10. ^ Alanoğlu, Murat (December 2016). "1642 Tari̇hli̇ avâriz defteri̇ne göre kızuçan (pülümür) kazâsı". Journal of History School. 28: 109–140\. doi:10.14225/Joh999. Retrieved December 16, 2024.

## References

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* Evli̇ya Çelebi̇ in Diyarbekir: the relevant section of The seyahatname, p. 19, at Google Books By Evli̇ya Çelebi̇, Martin van Bruinessen, Hendrik Boeschoten