L. Ron Hubbard

American writer and Scientology founder (1911–1986)

L. Ron Hubbard

Hubbard in 1950

Born|

Lafayette Ronald Hubbard

(1911-03-13)March 13, 1911

Tilden, Nebraska, U.S.

Died| January 24, 1986(1986-01-24) (aged 74)

Creston, California, U.S.

Other names| LRH
Education| George Washington University (dropped out)
Occupation|

* Author

Known for| Inventor of Scientology
Notable work|

* Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health (1950)
* Battlefield Earth (1982)

Criminal charges|

* Petty theft (1948)
* Fraud (in absentia, 1978)

Criminal penalty| Fine of ₣35,000 and four years in prison (unserved)
Spouses|

Margaret "Polly" Grubb

(m. 1933; div. 1947)​

Sara Northrup Hollister

(m. 1946; div. 1951)​

Mary Sue Whipp

(m. 1952)​

Children| 7, including Ronald, Diana and Quentin
Relatives| Jamie DeWolf (great-grandson)
Military career
Branch| United States Navy
Years of service|

* 1941–1945 (Active)
* 1945–1950 (Reserve)

Rank| Lieutenant
Commands| USS YP-422 and USS PC-815
Battles / wars|

* World War II
* Pacific Theater

Awards|

* Navy Pistol Marksmanship Ribbon
* Navy Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon
* American Defense Service Medal
* Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal
* American Campaign Medal
* World War II Victory Medal

Signature
Part of a series of

L. Ron Hubbard
biographies

* Chronological

* Early life (1911–1950)
* Dianetics era (1950–1953)
* Church of Scientology era (1953–1967)
* Sea Org era (1967–1975)
* In hiding (1975–1986)

* Additional details

* Military career
* False biographies
* Timeline

More
Part of a series on

Scientology

* General

* Scientology
* Dianetics
* Timeline
* History
* L. Ron Hubbard
* Publications
* Glossary

* Beliefs and practices

* Thetan
* Auditing
* Bridge to Total Freedom
* OT
* Xenu
* Ethics and justice

* Church of Scientology

* Officials and staff
* Sea Org
* David Miscavige

Controversies

* Litigation
* Status by country
* Suppressive person
* Disconnection
* Fair game
* RPF
* The Hole
* Office of Special Affairs
* Guardian's Office
* War on psychiatry

More

Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (March 13, 1911 – January 24, 1986) was an American author and the founder of Scientology. A prolific writer of pulp science fiction and fantasy novels in his early career, in 1950 he authored the pseudoscientific book Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health and established organizations to promote and practice Dianetics techniques. Hubbard created Scientology in 1952 after losing the intellectual rights to his literature on Dianetics in bankruptcy. He would lead the Church of Scientology - variously described as a cult,[1] a new religious movement, or a business - until his death in 1986.

Born in Tilden, Nebraska, in 1911, Hubbard spent much of his childhood in Helena, Montana. While his father was posted to the U.S. naval base on Guam in the late 1920s, Hubbard traveled to Asia and the South Pacific. In 1930, Hubbard enrolled at George Washington University to study civil engineering but dropped out in his second year. He began his career as an author of pulp fiction and married Margaret Grubb, who shared his interest in aviation.

Hubbard was an officer in the Navy during World War II, where he briefly commanded two ships but was removed from command both times. The last few months of his active service were spent in a hospital, being treated for a variety of complaints. After the war, he sought psychiatric help from a veteran's charity hospital in Georgia. While acting as a lay analyst, or peer counselor, in Georgia, Hubbard began writing what would become Dianetics. In 1951, Hubbard's wife Sara said that experts had diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia and recommended lifelong hospitalization.[2] In 1953, the first Scientology organizations were founded by Hubbard. In 1954, a Scientology church in Los Angeles was founded, which became the Church of Scientology International. Hubbard added organizational management strategies, principles of pedagogy, a theory of communication and prevention strategies for healthy living to the teachings of Scientology.[3] As Scientology came under increasing media attention and legal pressure in a number of countries during the late 1960s and early 1970s, Hubbard spent much of his time at sea as "commodore" of the Sea Organization, a private, quasi-paramilitary Scientologist fleet.

Hubbard returned to the United States in 1975 and went into seclusion in the California desert after an unsuccessful attempt to take over the town of Clearwater, Florida. In 1978, Hubbard was convicted of fraud in absentia by France. In the same year, 11 high-ranking members of Scientology were indicted on 28 charges for their role in the Church's Snow White Program, a systematic program of espionage against the United States government. One of the indicted was Hubbard's wife Mary Sue Hubbard; he himself was named an unindicted co-conspirator. Hubbard spent the remaining years of his life in seclusion, attended to by a small group of Scientology officials.

Following his 1986 death, Scientology leaders announced that Hubbard's body had become an impediment to his work and that he had decided to "drop his body" to continue his research on another plane of existence. The Church of Scientology describes Hubbard in hagiographic terms, though many of his autobiographical statements were fictitious. Sociologist Stephen Kent has observed that Hubbard "likely presented a personality disorder known as malignant narcissism."[4]

## Life

[edit]

### Before Dianetics

[edit]

Main article: Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1911 to 1950

See also: Scientology and psychiatry § Hubbard's early encounters with psychiatry

Lafayette Ronald Hubbard was born on March 13, 1911,[5] the only child of Ledora May Waterbury, who had trained as a teacher, and Harry Ross Hubbard, a low-ranking United States Navy officer.[6][7] Like many military families of the era, the Hubbards repeatedly relocated around the United States and overseas.[8] After moving to Kalispell, Montana, they settled in Helena in 1913.[9] Hubbard's father rejoined the Navy in April 1917, during World War I, while his mother worked as a clerk for the state government.[10] After his father was posted to Guam, Hubbard and his mother traveled there with brief stop-overs in a couple of Chinese ports.[11][12][13] In high school, Hubbard contributed to the school paper,[14][15] but was dropped from enrollment due to failing grades.[16] After he failed the Naval Academy entrance examination,[17] Hubbard was enrolled in a Virginia Preparatory School to prepare him for a second attempt.[18] However, after complaining of eye strain, Hubbard was diagnosed with myopia, precluding any future enrollment in the Naval Academy.[16][19] As an adult, Hubbard would privately write to himself that his eyes had gone bad when he "used them as an excuse to escape the naval academy".[20]

Hubbard was sent to the Woodward School in D.C., as graduates qualified for admission to George Washington University without having to take the entrance exam. Hubbard graduated in June 1930 and entered GWU.[21][16][22][21] Academically, Hubbard did poorly and was repeatedly warned about bad grades,[16] but he contributed to the student newspaper and was active in the glider club.[21] In 1932, Hubbard organized a student trip to the Caribbean, but amid multiple misfortunes and insufficient funding, the passengers took to burning Hubbard in effigy and the trip was canceled by the ship's owners. Hubbard did not return to GWU the following year.[23]

Hubbard spoke of interactions with psychiatrists at both St. Elizabeths Hospital in D.C. (top) and nearby Chestnut Lodge Sanitarium (bottom).

For much of the 1920s and 1930s, Hubbard lived in Washington D.C., and he would later claim to have interacted with multiple psychiatrists in the city.[24] Hubbard described encounters in 1923 and 1930 with navy psychiatrist Joseph Thompson.[25][26] Thompson was controversial within the American psychiatric community for his support of lay analysis, the practice of psychoanalysis by those without medical degrees. Hubbard also recalled interacting with William Alanson White, supervisor of the D.C. psychiatric hospital St. Elizabeths.[27][28][29] According to Hubbard, both White and Thompson had regarded his athleticism and lack of interest in psychology as signs of a good prognosis.[30] Hubbard later claimed to have been trained by both Thompson and White.[31] Hubbard also discussed his interactions at Chestnut Lodge, a D.C.-area facility specializing in schizophrenia, repeatedly complaining that their staff misdiagnosed an unnamed individual with the condition:

External videos

Hubbard lecture on schizophrenia and his interactions at Chestnut Lodge

> There's a place by the name of Walnut Lodge... They don't see anything humorous in that, by the way... They sent three people to see me and every one of them was under treatment—and this was their staff! But anyway, very good people there, I'm sure... Didn't happen to meet any. Have some fine patients though! Anyway, they treat only schizophrenia. And so they take only schizophrenics. Now how do they get only schizophrenics? Well, anybody sent to Walnut Lodge is a classified schizophrenic. And they take somebody who is a dementia praecox unclassified or a more modern definition, a mania-depressive and they take him from Saint Elizabeths and they take him over to Walnut Lodge and he goes onto the books as a schizophrenic. Why? Because Walnut Lodge takes only schizophrenics.[32]

#### Pre-war fiction

[edit]

Main articles: Written works of L. Ron Hubbard and Excalibur (L. Ron Hubbard)

Hubbard's adventure story "Yukon Madness" which was published in 1935.

In 1933, Hubbard renewed a relationship with a fellow glider pilot, Margaret "Polly" Grubb[33] and the two were quickly married on April 13.[34] The following year, she gave birth to a son who was named Lafayette Ronald Hubbard, Jr., later nicknamed "Nibs".[35] A second child, Katherine May, was born two years later.[36] The Hubbards lived for a while in Laytonsville, Maryland, but were chronically short of money. In the spring of 1936, they moved to Bremerton, Washington. They lived there for a time with Hubbard's aunts and grandmother before finding a place of their own at nearby South Colby. According to one of his friends at the time, Robert MacDonald Ford, the Hubbards were "in fairly dire straits for money" but sustained themselves on the income from Hubbard's writing.[37][38]

Hubbard began a writing career and tried to write for mainstream publications. Hubbard soon found his niche in the pulp fiction magazines, becoming a prolific and prominent writer in the medium. From 1934 until 1940, Hubbard produced hundreds of short stories and novels.[39] Hubbard is remembered for his "prodigious output" across a variety of genres, including adventure fiction, aviation, travel, mysteries, westerns, romance, and science fiction.[40] His first full-length novel, Buckskin Brigades, was published in 1937.[41] The novel told the story of "Yellow Hair", a white man adopted into the Blackfeet tribe, with promotional material claiming the author had been a "bloodbrother" of the Blackfeet. The New York Times Book Review praised the book, writing "Mr. Hubbard has reversed a time-honored formula and has given a thriller to which, at the end of every chapter or so, another paleface bites the dust."[42]

Museum recreation of a 1930s dentist office; the setting where Hubbard reported having a "near-death experience".

On New Year's Day, 1938, Hubbard reportedly underwent a dental procedure and reacted to the anesthetic gas used in the procedure.[43] According to his account, this triggered a revelatory near-death experience. Allegedly inspired by this experience, Hubbard composed a manuscript, which was never published, with working titles of The One Command and Excalibur.[44][45] Hubbard sent telegrams to several book publishers, but nobody bought the manuscript.[46] Hubbard wrote to his wife:

> Sooner or later Excalibur will be published... I have high hopes of smashing my name into history so violently that it will take a legendary form even if all books are destroyed. That goal is the real goal as far as I am concerned.[47]

Hubbard found greater success after being taken under the supervision of editor John W. Campbell, who published many of Hubbard's short stories and serialized novelettes in his magazines Unknown and Astounding Science Fiction.[48][49] Hubbard's novel Final Blackout told the story of a low-ranking British army officer who rises to become dictator of the United Kingdom.[50] In July 1940, Campbell magazine Unknown published a psychological horror by Hubbard titled Fear about an ethnologist who becomes paranoid that demons are out to get him—the work was well-received, drawing praise from Ray Bradbury, Isaac Asimov, and others. In November and December 1940, Unknown serialized Hubbard's novel Typewriter in the Sky about a pulp fiction writer whose friend becomes trapped inside one of his stories.[51]

#### Military career

[edit]

Main article: Military career of L. Ron Hubbard

Hubbard (left) in 1943

In 1941, Hubbard applied to join the United States Navy. His application was accepted, and he was commissioned as a lieutenant junior grade in the United States Naval Reserve on July 19, 1941. By November, he was posted to New York for training as an intelligence officer.[52] The day after Pearl Harbor, Hubbard was posted to the Philippines and departed the US bound for Australia. But while in Australia awaiting transport to the Philippines, Hubbard was suddenly ordered back to the United States after being accused by the US Naval Attaché to Australia of sending blockade-runner Don Isidro "three thousand miles out of her way".[53][54]

Hubbard's first command was a yard patrol boat in Massachusetts (top), while his second was a West Coast sub-chaser (bottom). In both cases, Hubbard was relieved of command.

In June 1942, Hubbard was given command of a patrol boat at the Boston Navy Yard, but he was relieved after the yard commandant wrote that Hubbard was "not temperamentally fitted for independent command".[55] In 1943, Hubbard was given command of a submarine chaser, but only five hours into the shakedown cruise, Hubbard believed he had detected an enemy submarine. Hubbard and crew spent the next 68 hours engaged in combat. An investigation concluded that Hubbard had likely mistaken a "known magnetic deposit" for an enemy sub.[56][57][58] The following month, Hubbard unwittingly fired upon Mexican territory and was relieved of command.[58] In 1944, Hubbard served aboard the USS Algol before being transferred. The night before his departure, Hubbard reported the discovery of an attempted sabotage.[59][60]

In June 1942, Navy records indicate that Hubbard suffered "active conjunctivitis" and later "urethral discharges".[a] After being relieved of command of the sub-chaser, Hubbard began reporting sick, citing a variety of ailments, including ulcers, malaria, and back pains. In July 1943, Hubbard was admitted to the San Diego naval hospital for observation—he would remain there for months.[62] Years later, Hubbard would privately write to himself: "Your stomach trouble you used as an excuse to keep the Navy from punishing you."[20] On April 9, 1945, Hubbard again reported sick and was re-admitted to Oak Knoll Naval Hospital, Oakland.[63][64] He was discharged from the hospital on December 4, 1945.[61]

#### After the war

[edit]

Main articles: Scientology and the occult, Affirmations (L. Ron Hubbard), and L. Ron Hubbard and psychiatry

Parsons in 1943

After Hubbard chose to stay in California rather than return to his family in Washington state,[65] he moved into the Pasadena mansion of John "Jack" Whiteside Parsons, a rocket propulsion engineer and a leading follower of the English occultist Aleister Crowley.[66][67] Hubbard befriended Parsons and soon became sexually involved with Parsons's 21-year-old girlfriend, Sara "Betty" Northrup.[68][69] Hubbard and Parsons collaborated on "Babalon Working", a sex magic ritual intended to summon an incarnation of Babalon, the supreme Goddess in Crowley's pantheon.[70]

During this period, Hubbard authored a document which has been called the "Affirmations", a series of statements relating to various physical, sexual, psychological and social issues that he was encountering in his life. The Affirmations appear to have been intended to be used as a form of self-hypnosis with the intention of resolving the author's psychological problems and instilling a positive mental attitude.[71][20]

Hubbard and Northrup aboard the schooner Blue Water II in June 1946 (left). The Church of Scientology has republished this photograph with Northrup (pictured right) airbrushed out.

Parsons, Hubbard and Sara invested nearly their entire savings — the vast majority contributed by Parsons and Sara — in a plan for Hubbard and Sara to buy yachts on the East Coast and sail them to the West Coast to sell. Hubbard had a different idea, writing to the U.S. Navy requesting permission to undertake a world cruise.[72] Parsons attempted to recover his money by obtaining an injunction to prevent Hubbard and Sara leaving the country or disposing of the remnants of his assets, but ultimately only received a $2,900 promissory note from Hubbard. Parsons returned home "shattered" and was forced to sell his mansion.[73][74]

Hubbard's novella "The Kingslayer" was reprinted in Two Complete Science-Adventure Books in 1950 after its original publication in a 1949 Hubbard collection.

On August 10, 1946, Hubbard married Sara, though he was still married to his first wife Polly.[75] Hubbard resumed his fiction writing to supplement his small disability allowance.[76] In August 1947, Hubbard returned to the pages of Astounding with a serialized novel "The End is Not Yet", about a young nuclear physicist who tries to stop a world takeover by building a new philosophical system.[77] In October 1947, the magazine began serializing Ole Doc Methuselah, the first in a series about the "Soldiers of Light", supremely skilled, extremely long-lived physicians. In February and March 1950, Campbell's Astounding serialized the Hubbard novel To the Stars about a young engineer on an interstellar trading starship who learns that months aboard ship amounts to centuries on Earth, making the ship his only remaining home after his first voyage.[49] During his time in California, Hubbard began acting as a sort of amateur stage hypnotist or "swami".[78][79]

Hubbard repeatedly wrote to the Veterans Administration (VA) asking for an increase in his war pension.[80] Finally, in October 1947, he wrote to request psychiatric treatment:

> After trying and failing for two years to regain my equilibrium in civil life, I am utterly unable to approach anything like my own competence. My last physician informed me that it might be very helpful if I were to be examined and perhaps treated psychiatrically or even by a psychoanalyst. Toward the end of my service I avoided out of pride any mental examinations, hoping that time would balance a mind which I had every reason to suppose was seriously affected. I cannot account for nor rise above long periods of moroseness and suicidal inclinations, and have newly come to realize that I must first triumph above this before I can hope to rehabilitate myself at all. ... I cannot, myself, afford such treatment.
>  Would you please help me?[81]

The VA eventually did increase his pension,[82] but his money problems continued. In the summer of 1948, Hubbard was arrested by the San Luis Obispo sheriff on a charge of petty theft for passing a fraudulent check.[83] Beginning in June 1948, the nationally-syndicated wire service United Press ran a story on an American Legion-sponsored psychiatric ward in Savannah, Georgia, which sought to keep mentally-ill war veterans out of jail.[84][85] In late 1948, Hubbard and his second wife Sara moved from California to Savannah, Georgia, where he would later claim to have worked as a volunteer in a psychiatric clinic.[86] Hubbard claimed he had "processed an awful lot of Negroes"[87] and wrote of having observed a psychiatrist using the threat of institutionalization in a state hospital to solicit funds from a patient's husband.[88][89] In letters to friends sent from Savannah, Hubbard began to make the first public mentions of what was to become Dianetics.[86]

### In the Dianetics era

[edit]

Main article: Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1950 to 1953

Inspired by science-fiction of his friend Robert Heinlein, Hubbard announced plans to write a book which would claim to "make supermen".[90] Hubbard announced to the public that there existed a superhuman condition which he called the state of "Clear". He claimed people in that state would have a perfectly functioning mind with an improved intelligence quotient (IQ) and photographic memory.[91] The "Clear" would be cured of physical ailments ranging from poor eyesight to the common cold, which Hubbard asserted were purely psychosomatic.[92][93][94]

Hubbard and Sara moved into a cottage at Bay Head, New Jersey, to finish writing Dianetics. The cottage at 666 East Avenue is now on the National Register of Historic Places. Hubbard's son Nibs later claimed the number '666' had special significance for his father.

To promote his upcoming book, Hubbard enlisted his longtime-editor John Campbell, who had a fascination with fringe psychologies and psychic powers.[95] Campbell invited Hubbard and Sara to move into a New Jersey cottage. Campbell, in turn, recruited an acquaintance, medical doctor Joseph Winter, to help promote the book. Campbell wrote Winter to extol Hubbard, claiming that Hubbard had worked with nearly 1000 cases and cured every single one.[96] The birth of Hubbard's second daughter Alexis Valerie, delivered by Winter on March 8, 1950, came in the middle of the preparations to launch Dianetics.[97]

The basic content of Dianetics was a pseudoscientific retelling of psychoanalytic theory geared for a mass market English-speaking audience. Like Freud, Hubbard wrote that the brain recorded memories (for Hubbard, "engrams") which were stored in the unconscious mind (which Hubbard restyled "the reactive mind"). Past memories could be triggered later in life, causing psychological, emotional, or even physical problems. By sharing their memories with a friendly listener (or "auditor"), a person could overcome their past pain and thus cure themselves. Through Dianetics, Hubbard claimed that most illnesses were psychosomatic and caused by engrams, including arthritis, dermatitis, allergies, asthma, coronary difficulties, eye trouble, bursitis, ulcers, sinusitis and migraine headaches. He further claimed that dianetic therapy could treat these illnesses, and also included cancer and diabetes as conditions that Dianetic research was focused on.[98][99]

Hubbard conducting a Dianetics seminar in Los Angeles in 1950.

Accompanied by an article in Astounding's May 1950 issue, the pseudoscientific book Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health was released on May 9.[100] Although Dianetics was poorly received by the press and the scientific and medical professions, the book was an immediate commercial success and sparked "a nationwide cult of incredible proportions".[101][102] Five hundred Dianetic auditing groups were set up across the United States,[101] and Hubbard established the "Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation".[103] Financial controls were lax, and Hubbard himself took large sums with no explanation of what he was doing with it.[104]

Dianetics lost public credibility on August 10 when a presentation by Hubbard before an audience of 6,000 at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles failed disastrously.[105] He introduced a woman named Sonya Bianca and told the audience that as a result of undergoing Dianetic therapy she now possessed perfect recall, only for her to forget the color of Hubbard's necktie. A large part of the audience walked out, and the debacle was publicized by popular science writer Martin Gardner.[106][107] On September 3, psychologist Erich Fromm publicly derided Dianetics as a "mixture of some oversimplified truths, half truths and plain absurdities"; Fromm criticized the writing as "propagandistic" and likened it to the quack field of patent medicines.[108] By late-1950, Hubbard's foundations were in financial crisis. Hubbard's publisher Arthur Ceppos, his longtime promoter John Campbell, and medical doctor-turned-Dianetics endorser Joseph Winter all resigned under acrimonious circumstances.[109][110]

In late-1950, Hubbard began an affair with employee Barbara Klowden, prompting Sara to start her own affair with Miles Hollister. On February 23, 1951, Sara and her lover consulted with a psychiatrist about Hubbard, who advised that Sara was in grave danger and Hubbard should be institutionalized. The trio telephoned Jack Maloney, the head of the Hubbard's foundation in Elizabeth, New Jersey, to request funding for the hospitalization. Maloney informed Hubbard of the plans to institutionalize him.[111][112][113] That night, Hubbard and two trusted aides kidnapped Hubbard's one-year-old daughter Alexis and wife Sara and attempted unsuccessfully to find a doctor to examine Sara and declare her insane.[114] He let Sara go but took Alexis to Cuba. Hubbard denounced Sara and her lover to the FBI, portraying them in a letter as communist infiltrators. An agent annotated his correspondence with Hubbard with the comment, "Appears mental".[115]

On April 12, Sara's story was published in the press, leading to headlines such as "Ron Hubbard Insane, Says His Wife".[116] Hubbard's first wife evidently saw the headlines and wrote to Sara on May 2 offering her support. "Ron is not normal... Your charges probably sound fantastic to the average person—but I've been through it—the beatings, threats on my life, all the sadistic traits you charge—twelve years of it."[117] In June, Sara finally secured the return of her daughter by agreeing to a settlement in which she signed a statement, written by Hubbard, declaring that she had been misrepresented in the press and that she had always believed he was a "fine and brilliant man".[118]

Jersey

Los
Angeles

Wichita

Phoenix

Philadelphia

D.C.

class=notpageimage|

During the Dianetics and Scientology era, Hubbard regularly relocated across the country, living in Elizabeth, New Jersey (1950); Los Angeles (1950–51), Wichita (1951–52), Phoenix (1952–53), Philadelphia (December 1952), Camden, New Jersey (1953–55); and D.C. (1955–59). In 1959, after losing tax-exemption in the US, Hubbard relocated to England.

The Dianetics craze "burned itself out as quickly as it caught fire",[107] and the movement appeared to be on the edge of total collapse. However, it was temporarily saved by Don Purcell, a millionaire who agreed to support a new Foundation in Wichita, Kansas. In August 1951, Hubbard published Science of Survival. In that book, Hubbard introduced such concepts as the immortal soul (or "Thetan") and past-life regressions (or "Whole Track Auditing"). The Wichita Foundation underwrote the costs of printing the book, but it recorded poor sales when first published, with only 1,250 copies of the first edition being printed.[119] The Wichita Foundation became financially nonviable after a court ruled that it was liable for the unpaid debts of its defunct predecessor in Elizabeth, New Jersey. The ruling prompted Purcell and the other directors of the Wichita Foundation to file for voluntary bankruptcy in February 1952.[120] Hubbard resigned immediately and accused Purcell of having been bribed by the American Medical Association to destroy Dianetics.[121] Hubbard emptied the Wichita foundation's bank accounts, in part through forgery.[122]

### Pivot to Scientology

[edit]

Main article: Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1950 to 1953

See also: L. Ron Hubbard and starting a religion for money

Mary Sue Hubbard in 1957.

Having lost the rights to Dianetics, Hubbard created Scientology. At a convention in Wichita, Hubbard announced that he had discovered a new science beyond Dianetics which he called "Scientology". Whereas the goal of Dianetics had been to reach a superhuman state of "Clear", Scientology promised a chance to achieve god-like powers in a state called Operating Thetan. Hubbard introduced a device called an "electropsychometer" (or e-meter), which called for users to hold two metal cans[123] in their hands to measure changes in skin conductivity due to variance in sweat or grip. In 1906, Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung had famously used such a device in a study of word association.[124][125] Rather than a mundane biofeedback device, Hubbard presented the e-meter as having "an almost mystical power to reveal an individual's innermost thoughts".[126][127]

Hubbard married a staff member, 20-year-old Mary Sue Whipp, and the pair moved to Phoenix, Arizona.[128] Hubbard was joined by his 18-year-old son Nibs, who had become a Scientology staff member and "professor".[129][130] Scientology was organized in a different way from the decentralized Dianetics movement — The Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS) was the only official Scientology organization. Branches or "orgs" were organized as franchises, rather like a fast food restaurant chain. Each franchise holder was required to pay ten percent of income to Hubbard's central organization.[131] In July, Hubbard published "What to Audit" (later re-titled Scientology: A History of Man), which taught everyone has subconscious traumatic memories of their past lives as clams, sloths, and cavemen which cause neuroses and health problems. In November 1952, Hubbard published Scientology 8-80, followed up in December with Scientology 8-8008, which argued that the physical universe is the creation of the mind.[132]: 103

> "I'm going to send him back a letter. Uh... so... uh... you say you have some connection with the Prince of Darkness out there and you're very worried about this.
>  Who do you think I am?"

Hubbard in December 1952.[133]

In December, Hubbard gave a seventy-hour series of lectures in Philadelphia that was attended by 38 people in which he delved into the occult.[134] In the lectures, Hubbard connects rituals and the practice of Scientology to the magickal practices of Aleister Crowley,[135] recommending Crowley's book The Master Therion.[136] During the Philadelphia course, Hubbard joked that he was "the prince of darkness", which was met with laughter from the audience.[137] On December 16, 1952, Hubbard was arrested in the middle of a lecture for failing to return $9,000 withdrawn from the Wichita Foundation. He eventually settled the debt by paying $1,000 and returning a car belonging to Wichita financier Don Purcell.[138]

In April 1953, Hubbard proposed setting up a chain of "Spiritual Guidance Centers" as part of what he called "the religion angle".[139][140][141][142] On December 18, 1953, Hubbard incorporated the Church of Scientology in Camden, New Jersey.[143][144] The religious transformation was explained as a way to protect Scientologists from charges of practicing medicine without a license.[145] The idea may not have been new; Hubbard has been quoted as telling a science fiction convention in 1948: "Writing for a penny a word is ridiculous. If a man really wants to make a million dollars, the best way would be to start his own religion."[115][146][147][148]

### In the Church of Scientology era

[edit]

Main article: Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1953 to 1967

See also: Scientology controversies § "Attack the Attacker" policy, and Scientology and psychiatry § Psychiatry as evil

By 1954, the IRS recognized the Church of Scientology of California as a tax-exempt organization and by 1966, the Washington, D.C. Founding Church of Scientology received tax-exempt status nationwide. The Church of Scientology became a highly profitable enterprise for Hubbard,[149] as he was paid a percentage of the Church's gross income. By 1957 he was being paid about $250,000 per year (equivalent to $2.8 million in 2024).[150][151] His family grew, too, with Mary Sue giving birth to three more children—Quentin on January 6, 1954;[152] Suzette on February 13, 1955;[153] and Arthur on June 6, 1958.[154]

> "The purpose of the suit is to harass and discourage rather than to win. The law can be used very easily to harass"

L. Ron Hubbard[155]

Hubbard was notorious for his policies of attacking his perceived enemies. Nibs recalled that Hubbard "only knew how to do one thing and that was to destroy people."[156] Hubbard told Scientologists to "Don't ever defend, always attack", encouraging them to find or manufacture evidence and to file harassing lawsuits against enemies.[157] Any individual breaking away from Scientology and setting up his own group was to be shut down.[158] Most of the formerly independent Scientology and Dianetics groups were either driven out of business or were absorbed into Hubbard's organizations. Hubbard finally achieved victory over Don Purcell in 1954 when the latter, worn out by constant litigation, handed the copyrights of Dianetics back to Hubbard.[159]

After dealing with Purcell, Hubbard turned his attention to attacking psychiatrists, who he blamed for the backlash against Dianetics and Scientology.[160] In 1955, Hubbard authored a text titled: Brain-Washing: A Synthesis of the Russian Textbook on Psychopolitics which purported to be a secret manual linking Psychiatry and Communism written by a Soviet secret police chief.[161][162] Hubbard founded the "National Academy of American Psychology" which sought to issue a "loyalty oath" to psychologists and psychiatrists. Those who opposed the oath were to be labeled "Subversive psychiatrists", while those who merely refused to sign the oath would be labeled "Potentially Subversive".[163][164] Hubbard denounced psychiatric abuses, writing that psychoanalysis had been "superseded by tyrannous sadism, practiced by unprincipled men". Wrote Hubbard:

> Today men who call themselves analysts are merrily sawing out patients' brains, shocking them with murderous drugs, striking them with high voltages, burying them underneath mounds of ice, placing them in restraints, 'sterilizing' them sexually and generally conducting themselves much as their patients would were they given the chance.

In 1956, Hubbard released Fundamentals of Thought, which teaches that life is a game and divides people into pieces, players, and game-makers. The following year, Hubbard published All About Radiation, which falsely claimed that radiation poisoning and even cancer can be cured by vitamins. In 1958, amid widespread interest in the Bridey Murphy case, Hubbard authored Have You Lived Before This Life?, a collection of past life regressions.[165]

In 1958, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service withdrew the Washington, D.C., Church of Scientology's tax exemption after it found that Hubbard and his family were profiting unreasonably from Scientology's ostensibly non-profit income.[149] In the spring of 1959, Hubbard purchased Saint Hill Manor, an 18th-century English country house formerly owned by the Maharaja of Jaipur. The house became Hubbard's permanent residence and an international training center for Scientologists.[166]

That year Hubbard learned his son Nibs had resigned from the organization, citing financial difficulties. Hubbard regarded the departure as a betrayal.[167] Hubbard introduced "security checking",[157] a structured interrogation using the e-meter, to identify those he termed "potential trouble sources" and "suppressive persons". Members of the Church of Scientology were interrogated with the aid of E-meters and were asked questions such as "Have you ever practiced homosexuality?" and "Have you ever had unkind thoughts about L. Ron Hubbard?"[168]

Since its inception, Hubbard marketed Dianetics and Scientology through false medical claims. On January 4, 1963, US Food and Drug Administration agents raided American offices of the Church of Scientology, seizing over a hundred E-meters as illegal medical devices, thousands of pills being marketed as "radiation cures", and tons of literature that they accused of making false medical claims.[169][170][171][172] In November 1963 Victoria, Australia, the government opened an inquiry into the Church, which was accused of brainwashing, blackmail, extortion and damaging the mental health of its members.[173][174] Its report, published in October 1965, condemned every aspect of Scientology and Hubbard himself.[175] The report led to Scientology being banned in Victoria,[176] Western Australia and South Australia,[177] and led to more negative publicity around the world. Public perceptions of Scientology changed from "relatively harmless, if cranky" to an "evil, dangerous" group that performs hypnosis and brainwashing.[173] Scientology attracted increasingly unfavorable publicity across the English-speaking world.[178]

Hubbard took major new initiatives in the face of these challenges. By 1965, "Ethics Technology" was introduced to tighten internal discipline within Scientology. It required Scientologists to "disconnect" from any organization or individual—including family members—deemed to be disruptive or "suppressive".[179] Scientologists were also required to write "Knowledge Reports" on each other, reporting transgressions or misapplications of Scientology methods. Hubbard promulgated a long list of punishable "Misdemeanors", "Crimes", and "High Crimes".[180] At the start of March 1966, Hubbard created the Guardian's Office (GO), a new agency within the Church of Scientology that was headed by his wife Mary Sue.[181] It dealt with Scientology's external affairs, including public relations, legal actions and the gathering of intelligence on perceived threats.[182] As Scientology faced increasingly negative media attention, the GO retaliated with hundreds of writs for libel and slander; it issued more than forty on a single day.[183] Hubbard ordered his staff to find "lurid, blood sex crime actual evidence  [sic] on [Scientology's] attackers".[184] The "fair game" policy was codified in 1967, which was applicable to anyone deemed an "enemy" of Scientology: "May be deprived of property or injured by any means by any Scientologist without any discipline of the Scientologist. May be tricked, sued or lied to or destroyed."[185][186]

External videos

L. Ron Hubbard Interview in Rhodesia, May 1966

Newspapers and politicians in the UK pressed the British government for action against Scientology. In April 1966, hoping to form a remote "safe haven" for Scientology, Hubbard traveled to the southern African country Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Despite his attempts to curry favor with the local government, Rhodesia promptly refused to renew Hubbard's visa, compelling him to leave the country.[187]: 80–81 Finally, at the end of 1966, Hubbard acquired his own fleet of three ships.[66] In July 1968, the British Minister of Health announced that foreign Scientologists would no longer be permitted to enter the UK and Hubbard himself was excluded from the country as an "undesirable alien".[188][189] Further inquiries were launched in Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.[177]

### In the Sea Org era

[edit]

Main article: Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1967 to 1975

See also: Xenu and Space opera in Scientology

Enroute to the volcanic island of Las Palmas, Hubbard wrote "OT III: The Wall of Fire", about the evil lord Xenu who uses hydrogen bombs and volcanoes to murder his enemies and imprison their souls on Earth. Beginning in 1967, new editions of Dianetics featured a volcano on the cover.

Hubbard purchased a ship in Las Palmas and founded the "Sea Org", a private navy of elite Scientologists. Hubbard set out to take command of the ship. Enroute, he wrote OT III, the esoteric story of Xenu.[190][191] In a letter to his wife Mary Sue,[192]: 58–59, 332–333 Hubbard said that, in order to assist his research, he was drinking alcohol and taking stimulants and depressants.[193] In OT III, Hubbard wrote of alleged secrets of an immense disaster that had occurred "on this planet, and on the other seventy-five planets which form this Confederacy, seventy-five million years ago".[194] It teaches that Xenu, the leader of the Galactic Confederacy, had shipped billions of people to Earth and blown them up with hydrogen bombs, following which their traumatized spirits were stuck together at "implant stations", brainwashed with false memories and eventually became contained within human beings.[195]

When Hubbard established the Sea Org he publicly declared that he had relinquished his management responsibilities over the Church of Scientology. In fact, he received daily telex messages from Scientology organizations around the world reporting their statistics and income. The Church of Scientology sent him $15,000 a week (equivalent to $129,000 in 2024)[151] along with millions of dollars that were transferred to bank accounts.[196] Church of Scientology couriers arrived regularly, conveying luxury food for Hubbard and his family or cash that had been smuggled from England to avoid currency export restrictions.[197][198] Hubbard's fleet began sailing from port to port in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern North Atlantic, rarely staying anywhere for longer than six weeks, as Hubbard claimed he was being pursued by enemies whose interference could lead to global chaos or nuclear war.[199]

External videos

"The Shrinking World of L. Ron Hubbard", 1967 interview with Hubbard

Though Scientologists around the world were presented with a glamorous picture of life in the Sea Org and many applied to join Hubbard aboard the fleet, the reality was rather different.[200] Most of those joining had no nautical experience at all.[200] Mechanical difficulties and blunders by the crews led to a series of embarrassing incidents and near-disasters. Following one incident in which the rudder of the Royal Scotman was damaged during a storm, Hubbard ordered the ship's entire crew to be reduced to a "condition of liability" and wear gray rags tied to their arms.[201] The ship itself was treated the same way, with dirty tarpaulins tied around its funnel to symbolize its lower status. According to those aboard, conditions were appalling; the crew was worked to the point of exhaustion, given meager rations and forbidden to wash or change their clothes for several weeks.[202] Hubbard maintained a harsh disciplinary regime aboard the fleet, punishing mistakes by confining people in the Royal Scotman's bilge tanks without toilet facilities and with food provided in buckets.[203] At other times erring crew members or students were thrown overboard with Hubbard looking on and, occasionally, filming.[204] One member of the Sea Org recalled Hubbard punishing a little boy by confining him to the ship's chain locker.[205]

Aboard ship, Hubbard began dispatching teams of Sea Org members to search for historic evidence of his past lives; In 1973, he published Mission into Time about those searches.[206] Now having his own paramilitary force, orders to use R2-45 (killing someone with a .45 pistol) on specific individuals were published.[207][208] From about 1970, Hubbard was attended aboard ship by the children of Sea Org members, organized as the Commodore's Messenger Organization (CMO). They were mainly young girls dressed in hot pants and halter tops, who were responsible for running errands for Hubbard such as lighting his cigarettes, dressing him or relaying his verbal commands to other members of the crew.[209][210] In addition to his wife Mary Sue, he was accompanied by all four of his children by her, who were all members of the Sea Org and shared its rigors.[167]

After his prior failure in Rhodesia, Hubbard again tried to establish a safe haven in a friendly country, this time Greece.[211] The fleet stayed at the Greek island of Corfu for several months in 1968–1969. Hubbard, recently expelled from Britain, renamed the ships after Greek gods—the Royal Scotman was rechristened Apollo—and he praised the recently established military dictatorship.[197] Despite Hubbard's hopes, in March 1969 Hubbard and his ships were ordered to leave.[212]

The Scientology cross came into use in 1969. Given Hubbard's private affinity for Crowley and antipathy to Christianity; it has been suggested that the cross may have been inspired by Crowley's Rose Cross or might be a "crossed-out cross" (an anti-Christian symbol).

The practice of prominently displaying the cross in Scientology centers was instituted in 1969 following hostile press coverage where Scientology's status as a legitimate religion was being questioned.[213] In October 1969, The Sunday Times published an exposé by Australian journalist Alex Mitchell detailing Hubbard's occult experiences with Parsons and Aleister Crowley's teachings.[214][215] The Church responded with a statement, claiming without evidence Hubbard was sent in by the US Government to "break up Black Magic in America" and succeeded.[216]

In mid-1972, Hubbard again tried to find a safe haven, this time in Morocco, establishing contacts with the country's secret police and training senior policemen and intelligence agents in techniques for detecting subversives.[217] The program ended in failure when it became caught up in internal Moroccan politics, and Hubbard left the country hastily in December 1972.[218] After French prosecutors charged Hubbard with fraud and customs violations, Hubbard risked extradition to France.[192]: 94 In response, at the end of 1972, Hubbard left the Sea Org fleet temporarily, living incognito in Queens, New York.[219] Hubbard's health deteriorated significantly during this period, as he was an overweight chain-smoker, suffered from bursitis and had a prominent growth on his forehead.[220] In September 1973 when the threat of extradition had abated, Hubbard left New York, returning to his flagship.[221]

Hubbard suffered serious injuries in a motorcycle accident on the island of Tenerife in December 1973. In 1974, Hubbard established the Rehabilitation Project Force, a punishment program for Sea Org members who displeased him.[222] Hubbard's son Quentin reportedly found it difficult to adjust and attempted suicide in mid-1974.[223] Also in 1974, L. Ron Hubbard confessed to two top executives[224] that "People do not [leave Scientology] because of [their unconfessed sins], they leave because [they stop liking Scientology or stop believing in it]".[225] Hubbard warned "If any of this information ever became public, I would lose all control of the orgs and eventually Scientology as a whole."[226]

On July 8, 1977, after uncovering Operation Snow White, the FBI raided the Founding Church of Scientology in D.C. and seized thousands of documents revealing the scope of the Church's espionage operations.

Throughout this period, Hubbard was heavily involved in directing the activities of the Guardian's Office (GO), the legal bureau/intelligence agency.[227] In 1973, he instigated the "Snow White Program" and directed the GO to remove negative reports about Scientology from government files and track down their sources.[228] The GO carried out covert campaigns on his behalf such as Operation Bulldozer Leak, designed to convince authorities that Hubbard had no legal liability for the actions of the church. Hubbard was kept informed of these operations, including as the theft of medical records from a hospital, harassment of psychiatrists, and infiltrations of organizations such as the Better Business Bureau, American Medical Association, American Psychiatric Association, U.S. Department of Justice, and Internal Revenue Service.[229][230] Paulette Cooper, a freelance journalist and Scientology critic, was subjected to at least at least 19 lawsuits, framed for sending bomb threats, and was urged to climb onto a dangerous 33rd-floor ledge by a roommate later believed to be a Guardian's Office agent.[231][232][232]: 129–136,167–168,286,376 [233][234]

### In hiding

[edit]

Main article: Life of L. Ron Hubbard from 1975 to 1986

Daytona Beach

D.C.

Sparks

Southern California

class=notpageimage|

In his final decade, Hubbard hid throughout the United States, moving from Florida to D.C., then to Southern California.

Culver
City

Hemet

Newport Beach

Creston

class=notpageimage|

Multiple locations where Hubbard was in hiding in Southern California.

After suffering a heart attack, Hubbard decided to relocate back to the United States.[235] In October 1975, Hubbard moved into a hotel suite in Daytona Beach while the Fort Harrison Hotel in Clearwater, Florida, was secretly acquired as the location for the Sea Org "land base".[235] According to a former member of the Sea Organization pseudonymously named "Heidi Forrester", in late 1975 she met with a man fitting Hubbard's description who apparently performed a Crowleyite sex magick ritual called Dianism using her.[192]: 126–27

On June 11, 1976, the FBI apprehended two Guardian's Office agents inside the US Courthouse in D.C., prompting Hubbard to move cross country to a safe house in California, and later a nearby ranch. On October 28, 1976, Las Vegas police discovered Hubbard's son Quentin Hubbard unconscious in his car with a hose connected to the tailpipe.[236] L. Ron Hubbard was furious at the news, shouting, "That stupid fucking kid! Look what he's done to me!"[237][210] Scientologists were told that Quentin had died from encephalitis.[238]

On July 8, 1977, the FBI carried out simultaneous raids on Guardian's Office locations in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C.[239][240] They retrieved wiretap equipment, burglary tools and some 90,000 pages of incriminating documents.[241] On July 15, a week after the raid, Hubbard fled with Pat Broeker to Sparks, Nevada. On August 18, 1978, Hubbard suffered from a pulmonary embolism and fell into a coma, but recovered.[242][243] Hubbard summoned his personal auditor, David Mayo, to heal him.[244]

The distinctive logo designed by Hubbard has been constructed at Trementina (top) and at the ranch in Creston (middle) where Hubbard ultimately died. The logo is speculated to derive from the Kool cigarettes logo, Hubbard's preferred brand.[245]

In August 1979, Hubbard saw his wife for the last time.[246] Hubbard was facing a possible indictment for his role in Operation Freakout, a campaign of attacks against journalist Paulette Cooper. In February 1980, Hubbard disappeared into deep cover in the company of two trusted messengers, Pat and Annie Broeker.[247][248] For the first few years of the 1980s, Hubbard and the Broekers toured the Pacific Northwest in a recreational vehicle, later residing in Southern California.[249] Hubbard returned to science fiction, writing Battlefield Earth (1982) and Mission Earth, a ten-volume series published between 1985 and 1987.[250]

In OT VIII, Hubbard discusses the Antichrist, a Christian apocalyptic figure, depicted here with the devil whispering into his left ear as visualized by Italian renaissance painter Luca Signorelli.

In OT VIII, dated 1980, Hubbard explains the document is intended for circulation only after his death. In the document, Hubbard denounces the historic Jesus as "a lover of young boys" given to "uncontrollable bursts of temper".[251] Hubbard explains that "My mission could be said to fulfill the Biblical promise represented by this brief anti-Christ period."[252] This was corroborated by a 1983 interview where Hubbard's son Nibs explained that his father believed he was the Anti-Christ.[253][254]

External videos

Nibs Hubbard testimony
Day 1[dead link] and Day 2[dead link]
Nibs Hubbard interviewed by Carol Randolph
Jamie DeWolf reads grandfather Nibs's memoir

In December 1985, Hubbard allegedly attempted suicide by custom e-meter.[255] On January 17, 1986, Hubbard suffered a stroke; he died a week later.[256] His body was cremated and the ashes were scattered at sea.[257][258]

## Sources and doctrines

[edit]

Hubbard drew upon a diverse set of teachings to create his doctrine, incorporating elements from the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud (top) and the occult teachings of Aleister Crowley (bottom) among many other sources.

Hubbard has been described as an "eclectic and ingenious" religious innovator who cobbled together ideas from a diverse array of sources and traditions.[259] Hubbard explicitly cited Freud's psychoanalysis as a source for Dianetics and Scientology, renaming some terms.[260][26] Hubbard's wife Sara recalled him discussing biologist Richard Semon, who had coined the term "engram" which became a centerpiece of Dianetics.[26] Hubbard incorporated the 1920s psychoanalytic theory of birth trauma and taught his followers to maintain total silence during the birth process.[261][26] Hubbard explicitly credited Social Darwinism pioneer Herbert Spencer who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest", and taught that the 'one command' given to all life is to "survive" and later authored a book called Science of Survival.[26]

Hubbard cited author Alfred Korzybski as an influence; after two years observing patients at St. Elizabeths Hospital in D.C. in collaboration with superintendent William Alanson White, Korzybski published a tome titled Science and Sanity outlining a doctrine he called "General Semantics".[262] After Korzybski founded an "Institute" to promote his teachings and began offering seminars, his ideas were incorporated into the science-fiction of Hubbard-associates Van Vogt and Heinlein, who envisioned futures where research into General Semantics had transformed some individuals into superhumans; Hubbard cited this fiction in a letter announcing the central principles of Dianetics: a book that promises to "make supermen".[90]

Through his exposure to both psychoanalysts and occultists, Hubbard drew inspiration from Eastern religions. Hubbard cited psychiatrist Joseph Thompson as teaching him the adage "If it's not true for you, it's not true", a purportedly-Buddhist maxim which was later incorporated into Scientology.[263][264] Reincarnation, originally a dharmic doctrine, entered Western occultism through the works of Blavatsky and numerous others. Fifteen years after Blavatsky followers unveiled "The Bridge to Freedom", Hubbard announced "The Bridge to Total Freedom".

Hubbard's son Nibs said that Aleister Crowley was his father's most important source of inspiration, and scholar Hugh Urban has written extensively about the occult roots of Scientology.[265] Nibs Hubbard said in an interview in 1983:[266]

> What a lot of people don't realize is that Scientology is black magic that is just spread out over a long time period. To perform black magic generally takes a few hours or, at most, a few weeks. But in Scientology it's stretched out over a lifetime, and so you don't see it.

Like Crowley, Hubbard identified himself with diabolical figures from the Book of Revelation. Just as Aleister Crowley taught a soul could temporarily leave its body through astral projection, Hubbard taught a thetan could journey outside the body by "going exterior".[267]

Hubbard also taught extensively about hypnosis and recommended a 1949 book on the subject.[268][26] Hubbard told of hypnotic implants, privately teaching human religions are the product of such implants. The use of hypnosis or trance to remember past lives was an extant practice in occult circles prior to Dianetics.[269] Hubbard incorporated a range of hypnotic techniques into Scientology auditing and courses.[270] They are employed as a means to create dependency and obedience in his followers.[270] Crowley and Hubbard both placed emphasis on a Goddess figure, variously called Babalon, Hathor, or Diana—a name Hubbard gave to a ship and a daughter; the term Dianetics may have been inspired by the Goddess.[271] Crowley taught a sex magic ritual called karezza or Dianism which Hubbard is believed to have practiced.[271]

The e-meter was constructed by inventor Volney Mathison, who introduced it to Hubbard. Similar devices had been in use by psychiatrists and law enforcement for decades. Hubbard likened his own teachings about interstellar empires and invader forces to the early 20th-century fiction genre Space Opera.[272] Hubbard drew upon US Navy traditions in creating the Sea Org, and he once said the Commodore's Messenger Organization had been inspired by the Hitler Youth.[273]

## Hubbard and psychiatry

[edit]

Main article: Scientology and psychiatry § L. Ron Hubbard and psychiatry

Hubbard's views on psychiatry evolved over time.

Hubbard reported many encounters with psychiatrists from the age of 12 onward. Hubbard spoke positively of his childhood and teen encounters with psychiatrists in the 1920s and 30s. At the age of 12, Hubbard, his father, and his mother were accompanied by Navy psychiatrist Joseph Cheesman Thompson on an ocean trip from Seattle to Washington, D.C.[274] Hubbard likewise wrote positively of teenage/young-adult encounters with D.C.-based psychiatrist William Alanson White.[275]Some of Hubbard's later works included acknowledgements of both Thompson and White, and Hubbard would later claim to have received clinical training from both Thompson and White.[31] In contrast, Hubbard spoke more critically of his later encounters with psychiatrists and psychiatric institutions. Although Hubbard had written positively of psychiatric hospital superintendent William Alanson White, White's successor Winfred Overholser was singled out for criticism.[276][277] Hubbard likewise spoke critically of his encounters with a Washington, D.C., institution for the treatment of schizophrenia called "Walnut Lodge" (presumably Chestnut Lodge).[32] :

> there’s a place by the name of Walnut Lodge. I... I... They don’t see anything humorous in that, by the way; it’s Walnut Lodge. [...] They... they... they sent three people to see, to... to see me and every one of them was under treatment. And this was their staff. But anyway, very good people there, I’m sure, didn’t happen to meet any. Have some fine patients though. Anyway, they... they treat only schizophrenia. And so they take only schizophrenics. Now how do they get only schizophrenics? Well, anybody sent to Walnut Lodge is a classified schizophrenic. And they take somebody who is a dementia praecox unclassified or a more modern definition, a mania-depressive and they take him from Saint Elizabeth’s and they take him over to Walnut Lodge and he goes onto the books as a schizophrenic. Why? Because Walnut Lodge takes only schizophrenics.[32][278]

During the Second World War, Hubbard was hospitalized at Oak Knoll Military Hospital. In 1947, Hubbard wrote a letter to the VA requesting psychiatric treatment.[279] The following year, Hubbard and his wife Sara moved to Savannah, Georgia, where Hubbard would later recall having been associated with a charity mental health clinic.[86] According to Hubbard, he worked as a "lay analyst" or volunteer peer counselor, listening to charity patients during his time in Savannah.[citation needed] While in Savannah, Hubbard began working on a "book of psychology" about "the cause and cure of nervous tension"; the next year, he published Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health.[280]

In 1951, Hubbard's wife Sara reportedly consulted a psychiatrist who recommended Hubbard be institutionalized. Hubbard initially responded by kidnapping Sara. Thereafter, he took their daughter and fled to Havana. After Sara went public with her story, Hubbard returned her daughter. In his final known encounter with a psychiatrist, Hubbard consulted a practitioner in order to rebut public claims of his own mental illness.

Thereafter, Hubbard was increasingly hostile towards psychiatry. In the 50s, Hubbard sought to identify "Subversive" psychiatrists or other "Potential Subversives".[281] By the early 70s, Hubbard wrote of having redefined the word "psychiatrist" to mean "an antisocial enemy of the people".[282]

## False biographical claims

[edit]

Hubbard claimed to have been wounded in combat, but was never awarded the Purple Heart (a decoration given to all US servicemen wounded in action).

Main article: Pseudobiography of L. Ron Hubbard

Throughout his life, Hubbard made grossly exaggerated or outright false claims about himself. His estranged son Nibs reported that "Ninety-nine percent of what my father ever wrote or said about himself" was false. An acquaintance who knew Hubbard in Pasadena recalled recognizing Hubbard's epic autobiographical tales as being adapted from the writings of others.[283] In October 1984, an American judge issued a ruling, writing of Hubbard that "the evidence portrays a man who has been virtually a pathological liar when it comes to his history, background and achievements."[284] In his private "Affirmations", Hubbard wrote to himself:

> You can tell all the romantic tales you wish... you know which ones were lies... You are gallant and dashing and need tell no lies at all. You have enough real experience to make anecdotes forever. Stick to your true adventures. Or if you wish, as you will, tell adventures which happened to others – People accept them better.[285]

Hubbard described his grandfather as a "wealthy Western cattleman", but contemporary records show that Hubbard's grandfather, Lafayette Waterbury, was a veterinarian, not a rancher, and was not wealthy. Hubbard claimed to be a "blood brother" of the Native American Blackfeet tribe, but Hubbard lived over a hundred miles from the Blackfeet reservation and the tribe did not practice blood brotherhood.[286][287][9] Hubbard claimed to have been the youngest Eagle Scout in Boy Scouts history, but in fact the organization kept no records of the ages of Eagle Scouts.[288]

Hubbard claimed to have traveled to Manchuria, but his diary did not record it.[289] Hubbard claimed to be a graduate engineer, but in fact he earned poor grades at university, was placed on probation in September 1931 and dropped out altogether in the fall of 1932.[132]: 31 [290][132]: 31 Hubbard used the title "Doctor", but his only doctorate was from a diploma mill. Hubbard claimed to have been crippled and blinded in combat, but records show he was never wounded and never received a Purple Heart (a decoration given to all US servicemen wounded in action). Hubbard's Navy service records indicate that he received only four campaign medals rather than the twenty-one claimed by Church biographies.[58]

## Legacy

[edit]

Hubbard's great-grandson, slam poet Jamie DeWolf.

Hubbard was survived by his wife Mary Sue and all of his children except his second son Quentin. His will provided a trust fund to support Mary Sue; her children Arthur, Diana and Suzette; and Katherine, the daughter of his first wife Polly.[291] He disinherited two of his other children.[292] L. Ron Hubbard, Jr. had become estranged, changed his name to "Ronald DeWolf" and, in 1982, sued unsuccessfully for control of his father's estate.[293] Alexis Valerie, Hubbard's daughter by his second wife Sara, had attempted to contact her father in 1971. She was rebuffed with the implied claim that her real father was Jack Parsons rather than Hubbard, and that her mother had been a Nazi spy during the war.[294] Both later accepted settlements when litigation was threatened.[292] In 2001, Diana and Suzette were reported to still be Church members, while Arthur had left and become an artist. Hubbard's great-grandson, Jamie DeWolf, is a noted slam poet.[295]

Opinions are divided about Hubbard's literary legacy. One sociologist argued that even at Hubbard's peak in the late 1930s, he was regarded as merely "a passable, familiar author but not one of the best", while by the late-1970s "the [science fiction] subculture wishes it could forget him" and fans gave him a worse rating than any other of the "Golden Age" writers.[296] The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction argues that while Hubbard could not be considered a peer of the "prime movers" like Asimov, Heinlein, and Sprague de Camp, Hubbard could be classed with Van Vogt as "rogue members of the early Campbell pantheon".[50] Hubbard received various posthumous awards, having a street named after in him in Los Angeles and recognition of his birthday in Utah and New Jersey.[297][298][299][300]

Hubbard's beliefs and practices, drawn from a diverse set of sources, influenced numerous offshoots, splinter-groups, and new movements.

Hubbard's teachings led to numerous offshoots and splinter groups. In 1966, two former Scientologists founded the Process Church of the Final Judgment which mixed Hubbard's teachings with Satanism. In 1969, a group led by former Scientologists Charles Manson and Bruce M. Davis was arrested and later convicted for their role in a series of high-profile murders. In 1971, former Scientologist Werner Erhard founded EST, a notable large group awareness training. In 1998, Keith Raniere drew upon Hubbard's writings and Erhard's techniques to create the large group awareness training ESP, a forerunner to the group NXIVM. Raniere offered students a chance to reach a superhuman state called "Unified" and taught Hubbard's doctrine of "suppressive persons"; Raniere was ultimately sentenced to 120 years for a pattern of crimes, including the sexual exploitation of a child, sex trafficking of women, and conspiracy to commit forced labor.[301][302] In 2010, the Nation of Islam began introducing its followers to Hubbard's teachings, with leader Louis Farrakhan proclaiming "I thank God for Mr. L. Ron Hubbard!"[303][304]

### In Scientology

[edit]

After his death, Scientology leaders announced that Hubbard's body had become an impediment to his work and that he had decided to "drop his body" to continue his research.[305][306] The copyrights of his works and much of his estate were willed to the Church of Scientology.[307] According to the church, Hubbard's entire corpus of Scientology and Dianetics texts are etched onto steel tablets in a vault under a mountain, on top of which a Hubbard-designed logo has been bulldozed, intended to be visible from space.[308][309]

Hubbard's presence pervades Scientology, and his birthday is celebrated annually.[310] Every Church of Scientology maintains an office reserved for Hubbard, with a desk, chair and writing equipment, ready to be used.[307] Hubbard is regarded as the ultimate source of Scientology, and is often referred to as simply "Source", and he has no successor.[311][312] Scientology has been described as "a movement focused on the figure of Hubbard".[313] Hubbard is presented as "the master of a multitude of disciplines" who performed extraordinary feats as a photographer, composer, scientist, therapist, explorer, navigator, philosopher, poet, artist, humanitarian, adventurer, soldier, scout, musician and many other fields of endeavor.[314] Busts and portraits of Hubbard are commonplace throughout Scientology organizations, and meetings involve a round of applause to Hubbard's portrait.[315]: 29–30 [316] In 2009, the American Religious Identification Survey found that 25,000 Americans identified as Scientologists.[317]

Scientology's sacred texts are inextricably linked to L. Ron Hubbard. According to Scientology's official doctrine, "Hubbard is the sole author or narrator of each and every one of the religion's sacred books; indeed he is considered to be the single orchestrating genius behind everything Scientological." Scientologists consider everything Hubbard ever said in verbal or written terms as "scripture".[318]

### In popular culture

[edit]

See also: Scientology in popular culture

External videos

1980s advertisement for Dianetics
"This is What Scientologists Actually Believe" clip from South Park, 2005
"How Ayn Rand and L. Ron Hubbard Came Up With Their Big Ideas", Cracked, 2012
"Black Scientologists", The Eric Andre Show, December 5, 2013
Neurotology Music Video - SNL, satirizing the 1990 music video We Stand Tall
"Hubbard meets Parsons" in Strange Angel episode Aeon, July 25, 2019

In the mid-1980s, the church began to promote Dianetics with a radio and television advertising blitz that was "virtually unprecedented in book circles".[319] In March 1988, Dianetics topped the best-seller lists nationwide through an organized campaign of mass bookbuying. Booksellers reported patrons buying hundreds of copies at once and later receiving ostensibly-new books from the publisher with store price stickers already attached.[319] Hubbard's number of followers peaked in the early 1990s with roughly 100,000 scientologists worldwide.[320]

On November 21, 1997, the Fox network aired an episode of X-Files spinoff Millennium titled "Jose Chung's Doomsday Defense" which satirized Lafayette Ronald Hubbard's biography in a brief opening narration about a character named "Juggernaut Onan Goopta" who dreamt of becoming a neuroscientist only to discover that "his own brain could not comprehend basic biology".[321] The character switches to philosophy, but "while reading Kirkegaard's 'The Sickness unto Death', he became sick and nearly died"; After writing an entire book in a "single, feverish night" that changed the course of human history, the character began lecturing to standing room only crowds, "for he shrewdly refrained from providing chairs". In a satire of both Hubbard and George Santayana, the character explains that painful memories must be exterminated, saying "those who cannot forget their past, are condemned to repeat it". The character establishes an institute where patients are called 'doctors' and founds a religious order called Selfosophy staffed by an elite paramilitary inspired by the US Postal Service. We are told the character died of cancer or "molted his earthly encumbrance to pursue his Selfosophical research in another dimension".[322]

On February 8, 1998, Fox comedy The Simpsons broadcast "The Joy of Sect", satirizing Hubbard and Scientology when the family joins a group called the Movementarians ruled over by a figure called "The Leader" who physically resembles L. Ron Hubbard. The Movementarians' use of a 10-trillion-year commitment for its members alludes to the billion-year contract and both groups make extensive use of litigation.[323] One of The Simpsons' voice actors, Nancy Cartwright, is herself a Scientologist.[324]

In 2015, Saturday Night Live satirized Hubbard, with cast member Bobby Moynihan (bottom) using similar costumes and staging as shown in historic footage of Hubbard (top). A caption reads "Died of Pink Eye", referencing Hubbard's wartime diagnosis of conjunctivitis.

In 2000, Hubbard's novel was adapted into a film called Battlefield Earth, starring long-time Scientology celebrity John Travolta. In 2001, a film titled The Profit parodied Scientology and Hubbard.[325] In 2005, animated comedy South Park aired the episode "Trapped in the Closet" in which protagonist Stan is believed to be the reincarnation of Hubbard. The episode broadcast the great secret behind the church—a condensed version of the Xenu story while an on-screen caption reads "This is what Scientologists actually believe".[326][327] Prior to the episode, the story was almost completely unknown in mainstream culture.[328]

Paul Thomas Anderson's 2012 film The Master features a religious leader named Lancaster Dodd, played by Philip Seymour Hoffman, who is based on Hubbard and shares a physical resemblance to him.[329][330][331][332] The film depicts a Navy washout with psychological issues who is unable to hold down steady employment after the war. Facing potential legal troubles, he flees California by stowing away on a ship captained by self-proclaimed nuclear physicist and philosopher Lancaster Dodd, leader of a movement called "The Cause".[333]

On December 5, 2013, The Eric Andre Show aired a comedy sketch titled "Black Scientologists" where André's character proclaims "Not a lot of people know this, but L. Ron Hubbard was a black man. His real name was L. Ron Hoyabembe!", while revealing an artist's conception of Hubbard wearing an afro. In April 2015, following the recent release of Going Clear: Scientology and the Prison of Belief, Saturday Night Live aired a music video featuring the "Church of Neurotology", a parody of Scientology's 1990 music video "We Stand Tall". Bobby Moynihan played a Hubbard-lookalike in the video.[334] From 2018 to 2019, the show Strange Angel dramatized the life of Jack Parsons. In the season 2 finale, actor Daniel Abeles played Hubbard.[335]

According to Hugh B. Urban in the book Handbook of Scientology, the nature of popular media accounts of Scientology is largely due to its culture of secrecy. An example of Scientology being "America's most secretive religion" is the documentary The Secrets of Scientology. Urban states, "However, while these popular accounts are often sensational and not particularly balanced, they do highlight the fact that secrecy has in fact been a pervasive aspect of the church from its inception."[336]: 279

## Select works

[edit]

See also: L. Ron Hubbard bibliography and Bibliography of Scientology

Hubbard was a prolific writer and lecturer across a wide variety of genres. His works of fiction include several hundred short stories and many novels.[308] According to the Church of Scientology, Hubbard produced some 65 million words on Dianetics and Scientology, contained in about 500,000 pages of written material, 3,000 recorded lectures and 100 films.[308]

Early Fiction

* Buckskin Brigades (1937) recounts the story of a white man adopted by the Blackfeet tribe.
* Slaves of Sleep (1939) features a man, cursed by an evil genie, who instead of sleeping must now enter an Arabian Nights-like world ruled over by an evil-genie queen.
* Death's Deputy (1940) is the story of an accident-prone pilot who seemingly cannot be killed
* Final Blackout (1940) tells the story of a low-ranking British army officer who rises to the role of dictator.
* Fear (1951), a psychological thriller, follows a professor who, after an episode of missing time, becomes paranoid that demons are haunting him.
* Typewriter in the Sky (1951) features protagonist Mike de Wolf who finds himself inside a story being written by friend Horace Hackett.

Dianetics and Scientology

* Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health (1950) introduced concepts like engram, reactive mind, and the State of Clear.
* Science of Survival (1951) introduced concepts like the tone scale, the thetan, and past lives.
* What to Audit (1952), later re-titled Scientology: A History of Man linked traumatic incidents throughout evolutionary history to modern health problems, for example, jaw trouble was said to result from unresolved trauma from having been a clam.
* Scientology 8-80 and Scientology 8-8008 (1952) embraced the magical worldview, teaching that the physical universe is a creation of the mind.
* Fundamentals of Thought (1956) argued life is a game, describing some people as "pieces", others as "players", and an elite few as "game makers".
* All About Radiation (1957) claimed radiation poisoning and cancer could be cured with vitamins.
* Introduction to Scientology Ethics (1968) codified an authoritarian set of ethics and justice procedures.
* Mission Into Time (1973) chronicled Hubbard's 1968 trip in the Mediterranean where he sought to find physical evidence of his past lives.

Late fiction

* Revolt in the Stars (1979), a screenplay version of the Xenu story
* Battlefield Earth (1982), a novel set in the year 3000 when humanity has become an endangered species, it tells the story of tribesman Johnny Goodboy Tyler who leads humanity in rebellion against the Psychlos, an evil alien race.
* Mission Earth (1985–87), a ten-book series, posthumously published, about an invasion of Earth by aliens called the Voltarian.

## Family tree

[edit]

L. Ron Hubbard family tree

| | | | | | | Ledora May Waterbury| | | | Harry Ross Hubbard| |

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| | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | L. Ron Hubbard| | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | Margaret Grubb| | | Sara Northrup Hollister| | | Mary Sue Whipp|
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | L. Ron Hubbard Jr.| | Katherine
May| | Alexis
Valerie| | Diana Hubbard| | Quentin Hubbard| | Mary Suzette Hubbard| | Arthur Hubbard
| | | |
| | Jamie DeWolf

## See also

[edit]

* Biography portal

* Timeline of L. Ron Hubbard
* Joseph Smith, creator of Mormonism
* Helena Blavatsky, creator of Theosophy
* Mary Baker Eddy, creator of Christian Science
* Wallace Fard Muhammad, creator of the Nation of Islam

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Owen argues that Hubbard likely suffered from venereal disease, writing: "Sulfa drugs were used in treatment but in excess could cause bloody urine, something which Hubbard's shipmate Thomas Moulton saw him passing on at least one occasion. Hubbard himself later complained about the amount of sulfa he had been fed in the Navy. Former Scientology spokesman Robert Vaughn Young claims that Hubbard's private papers refer to him having caught gonorrhoea from a girlfriend named Fern, which forced him to secretly take sulfa."[61]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Kent, Stephen A. (2001). "Brainwashing Programs in The Family/Children of God and Scientology". In Zablocki, Benjamin; Robbins, Thomas (eds.). Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field. University of Toronto Press. pp. 349–358\. ISBN 978-0-8020-8188-9.
2. ^ Modern psychologists including Rachel Bernstein disagree with the diagnosis of fullblown schizophrenia, suggesting Hubbard's behavior was better explained by mania- or drug-induced psychotic episodes.
3. ^ Dericquebourg, Régis (2017). "Scientology: From the Edges to the Core". Nova Religio. 20 (4): 5–12\. doi:10.1525/nr.2017.20.4.5. ISSN 1092-6690.
4. ^ Lane, J., & Kent, S.A. (2008). "Malignant narcissism, L. Ron Hubbard, and Scientology's policies of narcissistic rage". Trans. as Politiques de rage et Narcissisme Malin. Criminologie, 41(2), 117-55.
5. ^ Hall, Timothy L. American religious leaders, p. 175. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2003. ISBN 978-0-8160-4534-1
6. ^ Miller 1987, p. 11.
7. ^ Christensen 2004, p. 236.
8. ^ Miller 1987, p. 23.
9. ^ a b Christensen 2004, p. 237.
10. ^ Miller 1987, p. 19.
11. ^ Atack 1990, pp. 53–54.
12. ^ Miller 1987, p. 31.
13. ^ Lewis, James R. (2009). Scientology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195331493.
14. ^ Miller 1987, p. 34.
15. ^ Clarke, Peter, ed. (2004). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. Routledge. p. 281\. ISBN 9781134499700.
16. ^ a b c d Ortega, Tony (February 24, 2015). "New government release contains a surprise: L. Ron Hubbard flunked out of high school, too!".
17. ^ Wakefield, Margery. "Understanding Scientology / Chapter 2: L. Ron Hubbard – Messiah? Or Madman?". Retrieved July 25, 2016.
18. ^ Miller 1987, p. 45.
19. ^ Miller 1987, p. 46.
20. ^ a b c Wright 2013, pp. 53–54.
21. ^ a b c Miller 1987, p. 47.
22. ^ Atack 1990, p. 59.
23. ^ Atack 1990, p. 63.
24. ^ 1922–1927,1929–1932
25. ^ The Purpose of Human Evaluation (3) (1951)
26. ^ a b c d e f Atack, Jon. "Possible origins for Dianetics and Scientology". ""Through his [Thompson's] friendship I attended many lectures given at Naval hospitals and generally became conversant with psychoanalysis as it had been exported from Austria by Freud" LRH's autobiographical notes for Peter Tompkins. Exhibit 500-I in CSI v. Armstrong, pp.7-8"
27. ^ L. Ron Hubbard (August 13, 1951). "Lecture: The Purpose of Human Evaluation (1)". Archived from the original on December 5, 2021 - via carolineletkeman.org.
28. ^ L. Ron Hubbard (June 4, 1954). "Lecture: Know to Sex Scale: The Mind and the Tone Scale". Archived from the original on December 6, 2021 - via carolineletkeman.org.
29. ^ Hubbard, L. R. (February 6, 1952). Dianetics: The Modern Miracle. LRH Recorded Lectures
30. ^ "The... it was an interesting thing, for instance, to William Allen White. And Commander Thompson. Both of them, where I was concerned, that I wasn't very interested in sitting around figuring about this stuff and didn't seem to be terribly interested in the insane." – Lecture: "The Mind and the Tone Scale", 1954
31. ^ a b "Letter: Scientology executive John Galusha to FBI". Refund and Reparation. June 12, 1954. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
32. ^ a b c "Lecture: The Logics Methods of Thinking (2) – Decoding Scientology Propaganda". Archived from the original on February 1, 2019.
33. ^ Miller 1987, p. 59.
34. ^ Miller 1987, p. 61.
35. ^ Miller 1987, p. 64.
36. ^ Miller 1987, p. 70.
37. ^ Miller 1987, p. 74.
38. ^ Miller 1987, p. 62.
39. ^ "About L. Ron Hubbard — Master Storyteller". Galaxy Press. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
40. ^ Frenschkowski, Marco (July 1999). "L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology: An annotated bibliographical survey of primary and selected secondary literature" (PDF). Marburg Journal of Religion. 4 (1). University of Marburg: 15. doi:10.17192/mjr.1999.4.3760. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2015 - via CORE.
41. ^ Staff (July 30, 1937). "Books Published Today". The New York Times. p. 17.
42. ^ "The New York Times Book Review". July 1937.
43. ^ Wright 2013, p. 29.
44. ^ "'Going Clear': A New Book Delves Into Scientology". NPR. January 24, 2013.
45. ^ "The History of Excalibur". lermanet.com.
46. ^ Burks, Arthur J. (December 1961). "Yes, There Was A Book Called "Excalibur" By L. Ron Hubbard". The Aberee - via David S. Touretzky.
47. ^ Letter from L. Ron Hubbard, October 1938, quoted in Miller 1987, p. 81
48. ^ Miller 1987, p. 86.
49. ^ a b Stableford, Brian (2004). Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Literature. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 164\. ISBN 978-0-8108-4938-9.
50. ^ a b "SFE: Hubbard, L Ron".
51. ^ Kent, Stephen A.; Raine, Susan (2017). Scientology in Popular Culture: Influences and Struggles for Legitimacy. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-3249-9.
52. ^ Miller 1987, p. 97.
53. ^ Ron The War Hero, Chris Owen
54. ^ Hubbard would later claim that "for the next two or three years I'd run into officers, and they would say 'Hubbard? Hubbard? Hubbard? Are you the Hubbard that was in Australia?' And I'd say 'Yes.' And they's say 'Oh!' Kind of, you know, horrified, like they didn't know whether they should quite talk to me or not, you know? Terrible man." The Key Words (Buttons) of Scientology Clearing (a lecture given on July 21, 1958).
55. ^ Atack 1990, p. 74.
56. ^ "Battle Report – Submission of", A16-3(3)/PC815, Vice Adm. Frank Jack Fletcher, Commander NW Sea Frontier, June 8, 1943; Image of document
57. ^ Miller 1987, p. 105.
58. ^ a b c Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert W. (June 24, 1990). "The Mind Behind the Religion : Chapter Two : Creating the Mystique : Hubbard's image was crafted of truth, distorted by myth". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
59. ^ Atack 1990, p. 81.
60. ^ Miller 1987, pp. 108–109.
61. ^ a b Owen, Chris (2019). "Crippled and blinded". Ron The War Hero: The True Story of L Ron Hubbard's Calamitous Military Career. Silvertail Books. ISBN 9781909269897 - via David S. Touretzky.
62. ^ Miller 1987, p. 107.
63. ^ Miller 1987, p. 110.
64. ^ Miller 1987, p. 112.
65. ^ Miller 1987, p. 125.
66. ^ a b Wright, Lawrence (February 14, 2011). "The Apostate: Paul Haggis vs. the Church of Scientology". The New Yorker. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
67. ^ Miller 1987, p. 113.
68. ^ Miller 1987, p. 117.
69. ^ Parson letter to Crowley: "[Hubbard] is a gentleman; he has red hair, green eyes, is honest and intelligent, and we have become great friends. He moved in with me about two months ago, and although Betty and I are still friendly, she has transferred her sexual affection to Ron. Although he has no formal training in Magick, he has an extraordinary amount of experience and understanding in the field. From some of his experiences I deduced that he is in direct touch with some higher intelligence, possibly his Guardian Angel. He describes his Angel as a beautiful winged woman with red hair whom he calls the Empress and who has guided him through his life and saved him many times. He is the most Thelemic person I have ever met and is in complete accord with our own principles." as quoted in Symonds, John. The Great Beast: the life and magick of Aleister Crowley, p. 392. London: Macdonald and Co., 1971. ISBN 0-356-03631-6
70. ^ Urban, Hugh B. (2006). Magia sexualis: sex, magic, and liberation in modern Western esotericism. University of California Press. p. 137\. ISBN 978-0-520-24776-5.
71. ^ "Your eyes are getting progressively better. They became bad when you used them as an excuse to escape the naval academy. You have no reason to keep them bad.", "Your stomach trouble you used as an excuse to keep the Navy from punishing you. You are free of the Navy.", "You can tell all the romantic tales you wish. ... But you know which ones were lies ... You have enough real experience to make anecdotes forever. Stick to your true adventures.", "Masturbation does not injure or make insane. Your parents were in error. Everyone masturbates." – Hubbard's Affirmations
72. ^ Pendle 2005, p. 268.
73. ^ Pendle 2005, p. 270.
74. ^ Pendle 2005, p. 269.
75. ^ Miller 1987, p. 134.
76. ^ Streeter 2008, p. 210.
77. ^ Miller, 134
78. ^ Ortega, Tony (January 30, 2015). "Another Secret Lives leak: L. Ron Hubbard enjoyed humiliating people under hypnosis".
79. ^ Miller 1987, p. 231.
80. ^ Miller 1987, pp. 125, 128, 131.
81. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron, letter to Veterans Administration, October 15, 1947; quoted in Miller 1987, p. 137
82. ^ Miller 1987, p. 139.
83. ^ Miller 1987, p. 142.
84. ^ e.g. The Herald-News (Passaic, New Jersey) June 10, 1948, Ventura County Star-Free Press June 23, 1948, Spokane Chronicle (Spokane, Washington) September 29, 1948
85. ^

* Gerecht, Ash (May 23, 1948). "Don't put the Insane in Jail, part 1 of 2". The Atlanta Journal.
* Gerecht, Ash (May 23, 1948). "Don't put the Insane in Jail, part 2 of 2". The Atlanta Journal.

86. ^ a b c Miller 1987, p. 143.
87. ^ PDC43
88. ^ "Article: Today's Terrorism – Decoding Scientology Propaganda". Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. "I well recall a conversation I had with a Dr. [Abraham Hyrman] Center in Savannah, Georgia, in 1949. It well expresses the arrogance and complete contempt for law and order of the psychiatrist. A man had just called to inquire after his wife who was "under treatment" in Center's hospital. Center asked him, "Do you have the money...? That's right, thirty thousand... well you better get it or I'll have to send your dear wife to the state institution and you know what will happen then!" I was there doing work on charity patients the local psychiatrists wouldn't touch. Center had forgotten I was in the room."
89. ^ Abraham Hyman Center per Biographical Directory of Fellows & Members of the American Psychiatric Association, 1950
90. ^ a b Ortega, Tony (November 8, 2014). "The Heinlein Letters: What L. Ron Hubbard's close friends really thought of him". The Underground Bunker. Retrieved January 14, 2020. "Letter to Heinlein: "Well, you didn't specify in your book what actual reformation took place in the society to make supermen. Got to thinking about it other day. The system is Excalibur. It makes nul A's.""
91. ^ Streeter 2008, pp. 210–211.
92. ^ Miller, Timothy (1995). America's Alternative Religions. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 385–386. ISBN 978-0-7914-2398-1. OCLC 30476551.
93. ^ Atack 1990, p. 108.
94. ^ "The Time Vault: December 22, 1952". Retrieved July 25, 2016.
95. ^ Luckhurst, Roger (2005). Science Fiction. Malden, MA: Polity. p. 74\. ISBN 978-0-7456-2893-6.
96. ^ Miller 1987, p. 149: "With cooperation from some institutions, some psychiatrists, [Hubbard] has worked on all types of cases. Institutionalized schizophrenics, apathies, manics, depressives, perverts, stuttering, neuroses—in all, nearly 1000 cases. But just a brief sampling of each type; he doesn't have proper statistics in the usual sense. But he has one statistic. He has cured every patient he worked with. He has cured ulcers, arthritis, asthma."
97. ^ "Bare-Faced Messiah: Chapter 9". www.cs.cmu.edu. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
98. ^ Spellman, Frank R.; Price-Bayer, Joan (2010). In Defense of Science: Why Scientific Literacy Matters. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 81\. ISBN 978-1-60590-735-2.
99. ^ Christensen, Dorthe Refslund (June 24, 2016). "Rethinking Scientology A Thorough Analysis of L. Ron Hubbard's Formulation of Therapy and Religion in Dianetics and Scientology, 1950–1986". Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review. doi:10.5840/asrr201662323.
100. ^ Atack 1990, p. 107.
101. ^ a b Staff (August 21, 1950). "Dianetics book review; Best Seller". Newsweek
102. ^ Gardner 1986, p. 265.
103. ^ Miller 1987, p. 152.
104. ^ O'Brien 1966, p. 27.
105. ^ Whitehead 1987, p. 67.
106. ^ Gardner 1986, p. 270.
107. ^ a b "Martin Gardner Evaluates Dianetics".
108. ^ Fromm, Erich. ""Dianetics" – For Seekers of Prefabricated Happiness" (PDF). opus4.kobv.de. "But perhaps the most unfortunate element in Dianetics is the way it is written. The mixture of some oversimplified truths, half truths and plain absurdities, the propagandistic technique of impressing the reader with the greatness, infallibility and newness of the author's system, the promise of unheard of results attained by the simple means of following Dianetics is a technique which has had most unfortunate results in the fields of patent medicines and politics; applied to psychology and psychiatry it will not be less harmful."
109. ^ Atack 1990, p. 115.
110. ^ Miller 1987, p. 181.
111. ^ "Sara Northrup Hubbard – Complaint for Divorce".
112. ^ Hubbard's letter to the Attorney General dated May 1951: "Feb. 25 she [Sara] flew to San Francisco and my general manager Jack Maloney in New Jersey received a phone call from her and Miles Hollister and a psychiatrist named Meyer Zelig in San Francisco that I had gone insane and that they needed money to incarcerate me quickly."
113. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron (May 14, 1951). "Letter: L. Ron Hubbard to the Attorney General". scientology-research.org.
114. ^ Atack 1990, p. 117.
115. ^ a b Methvin, Eugene H. (May 1990). "Scientology: Anatomy of a Frightening Cult". Reader's Digest. p. 16.
116. ^ Staff (April 24, 1951). "Ron Hubbard Insane, Says His Wife". San Francisco Chronicle
117. ^ Bent Corydon, L. Ron Hubbard: Madman or Messiah?, pp. 281–282 (Lyle Stuart, 1987)
118. ^ Quoted in Miller 1987, p. 192
119. ^ Atack 1990, p. 122.
120. ^ Miller 1987, p. 199.
121. ^ Streissguth 1995, p. 71.
122. ^ "1982 CW Scientology Hearings – Ron DeWolf – Day 1". May 5, 1982. 1962 seconds - via YouTube.
123. ^ Initially, the user held emptied soup or juice cans with the paper labels removed. Later versions of electrodes had abandoned food cans, however Hubbard continued to use the term "cans" to refer to the handheld metal electrodes.
124. ^ Urban 2012, p. 49.
125. ^ Peterson & Jung 1907.
126. ^ Miller 1987, p. 204.
127. ^ Powers, Ormund (October 23, 1952). "One Man's Lake County". Orlando Morning Sentinel - via Newspapers.com.
128. ^ Miller 1987, p. 202.
129. ^ Miller 1987, p. 207.
130. ^ Miller 1987, p. 232.
131. ^ Tucker 1989, p. 304.
132. ^ a b c Malko, George (1970). Scientology: The Now Religion. Delacorte Press. OL 5444962M.
133. ^ Ortega, Tony (January 28, 2018). "Sunday Scientology sermon: L. Ron Hubbard on freeing kids from their bodies".
134. ^ Miller 1987, p. 210.
135. ^ Urban 2012.
136. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2000). Studies in Contemporary Religion: The Church of Scientology (1 ed.). United States: Signature Books. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-56085-139-4. Retrieved May 15, 2015. "In an off-the-cuff remark during the Philadelphia Lectures in 1952 (PDC Lecture 18), Hubbard referred to "my friend Aleister Crowley." This reference would have to be one of literary allusion, as Crowley and Hubbard never met. He obviously had read some of Crowley's writings and makes reference to one of the more famous passages in Crowley's vast writings and his idea that the essence of the magical act was the intention with which it was accomplished. Crowley went on to illustrate magic with a mundane example, an author's intention in writing a book."
137. ^ Many, Nancy (2009). My Billion Year Contract: Memoir of a Former Scientologist. BookBaby. p. 203\. ISBN 9780982590409. OL 25424752M.
138. ^ Atack 1990, p. 135.
139. ^ Streeter 2008, p. 215.
140. ^ Miller 1987, p. 213.
141. ^ Westbrook, Donald A. (2018). Among the Scientologists: History, Theology, and Praxis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 84\. "We don't want a clinic. We want one in operation but not in name. Perhaps we could call it a Spiritual Guidance Center. Think up its name, will you. And we could put in nice desks and our boys in neat blue with diplomas on the walls and 1. knock psychotherapy into history and 2. make enough money to shine up my operating scope and 3. keep the HAS solvent. It is a problem of practical business. I await your reaction on the religion angle. In my opinion, we couldn't get worse public opinion than we have had or have less customers with what we've got to sell."
142. ^ L Ron Hubbard letter to Helen O'Brien dated April 10, 1953
143. ^ Also incorporated were Church of American Science and Church of Spiritual Engineering
144. ^ Williams, Ian. The Alms Trade: Charities, Past, Present and Future, p. 127. New York: Cosimo, 2007. ISBN 978-1-60206-753-0
145. ^ "[T]here is little doubt but what this stroke will remove Scientology from the target area of overt and covert attacks by the medical profession, who see their pills, scalpels, and appendix-studded incomes threatened ... [Scientologists] can avoid the recent fiasco in which a Pasadena practitioner is reported to have spent 10 days in that city's torture chamber for "practicing medicine without a license.", Staff (April 1954). "Three Churches Are Given Charters in New Jersey". The Aberree, volume 1, issue 1, p. 4
146. ^ Lawrence, Sara. (April 18, 2006) "The Secrets of Scientology". The Independent. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
147. ^ Staff. (April 5, 1976). "Religion: A Sci-Fi Faith". Time. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
148. ^ Underdown, James (2018). "'I Was There...': Harlan Ellison Witnesses the Birth of Scientology". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (6): 10.
149. ^ a b Atack 1990, p. 142.
150. ^ Miller 1987, p. 227.
151. ^ a b 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
152. ^ Miller 1987, p. 214.
153. ^ Miller 1987, p. 221.
154. ^ Miller 1987, p. 230.
155. ^ quoted in Atack 1990, p. 139
156. ^ "1982 CW Scientology Hearings – Ron DeWolf – Day 1". May 5, 1982. 2070 seconds - via YouTube.
157. ^ a b Miller 1987, p. 239.
158. ^ Atack 1990, p. 139.
159. ^ Atack 1990, p. 138.
160. ^ "When Scientology was in trouble in 1955, L. Ron Hubbard told prosecutor he was a 'psychologist'". tonyortega.org. February 21, 2016.
161. ^ Paul F. Boller (1989). They Never Said It : A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, and Misleading Attributions. Oxford University Press, US. p. 5\. ISBN 978-0-19-505541-2. "brain washing hubbard 1936."
162. ^ The purported author is Lavrentiy Beria
163. ^ "THE ANDERSON REPORT: CHAPTER 28". www.cs.cmu.edu.
164. ^ "DOX: Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard's nutty scheme to strong-arm America's psychologists « The Underground Bunker". tonyortega.org.
165. ^ The LRH Study Tapes 1972
166. ^ Streissguth 1995, p. 74.
167. ^ a b Miller 1987, p. 236.
168. ^ Atack 1990, p. 150.
169. ^ Barrett 2001, p. 461; Lewis 2009a, pp. 6–7; Melton 2009, p. 24; Urban 2011, p. 63; Bigliardi 2016, pp. 667–668; Thomas 2021, p. 47.
170. ^ Miller 1987, p. 228.
171. ^ Wright 2013, p. 90.
172. ^ Owen, Chris (July 11, 2019). "Scientology and the FDA: The conspiracy that never was". The Underground Bunker.
173. ^ a b Wallis 1977, p. 215.
174. ^ Miller 1987, p. 250.
175. ^ Miller 1987, pp. 252–253.
176. ^ Wallis 1977, p. 193.
177. ^ a b Wallis 1977, p. 196.
178. ^ Wallis 1977, p. 192.
179. ^ Atack 1990, p. 155.
180. ^ Atack 1990, p. 156.
181. ^ Atack 1990, p. 161.
182. ^ Atack 1990, p. 165.
183. ^ Atack 1990, p. 189.
184. ^ Atack 1990, p. 160.
185. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron. "Penalties for Lower Conditions". HCO Policy Letter of October 18, 1967, Issue IV. Quoted in Atack 1990, pp. 175–176
186. ^ Wallis 1977, p. 144–145.
187. ^ Reitman, Janet (2011). Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780618883028. OCLC 651912263. OL 24881847M.
188. ^ Atack 1990, p. 183.
189. ^ Kenneth Robinson
190. ^ Miller 1987, p. 266
191. ^ OT III says "In December 1967 I knew someone had to take the plunge", but the material was publicized well before this.
192. ^ a b c Corydon, Bent (1987). L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman?. Lyle Stuart. ISBN 0818404442. (alternative link)
193. ^ "I'm drinking lots of rum and popping pinks and greys" -Correspondence to Mary Sue Hubbard as quoted in Corydon p. 59
194. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron. "Ron's Journal '67", quoted in Atack 1990, p. 173.
195. ^ Atack 1990, p. 32.
196. ^ Miller 1987, p. 299.
197. ^ a b Miller 1987, p. 290.
198. ^ Miller 1987, p. 300.
199. ^ Quoted in Miller 1987, p. 297
200. ^ a b Atack 1990, p. 177.
201. ^ Miller 1987, p. 285.
202. ^ Miller 1987, p. 286.
203. ^ Atack 1990, p. 180.
204. ^ Atack 1990, p. 186.
205. ^ Secret Lives "He put this 4-and-a-half year old little boy – Derek Greene – into the chain locker for two days and two nights. It's a closed metal container, it's wet, it's full of water and seaweed, it smells bad. But Derek was sitting up, on the chain, in this place, on his own, in the dark, for two days and two nights. He was not allowed to go to the potty. I mean he had to go in the chain locker on his own, soil himself. He was given food. And I never went near it, the chain locker while he was in there, but people heard him crying. That is sheer, total brutality. That is child abuse."
206. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron. Mission into Time, p. 7. Copenhagen: AOSH DK Publications Department A/S, 1973. ISBN 87-87347-56-3
207. ^ On March 6, 1968, Hubbard issued an internal memo titled "Racket Exposed", in which he denounced twelve people as "Enemies of mankind, the planet and all life", and ordered that "Any Sea Org member contacting any of them is to use Auditing Process R2-45."Wallis 1977, p. 154 The memo was subsequently reproduced, with another name added, in the Church of Scientology's internal journal, The Auditor.
208. ^ "Racket Exposed". The Auditor. No. 35\. 1968. "[List of names] are hereby declared Suppressive Persons ... 3. They are declared Enemies of mankind, the planet and all life. 4. They are fair game. 5. No amnesty may ever cover them. 6. If they ever come to a Qual Division they are to be run on reverse processes. 7. Any Sea Organization member contacting any of them is to use Auditing Process R2-45."
209. ^ Miller 1987, p. 301.
210. ^ a b Sappell, Joel; Robert W. Welkos (June 24, 1990). "The Mind Behind the Religion : Life With L. Ron Hubbard : Aides indulged his eccentricities and egotism". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
211. ^ Miller 1987, p. 310.
212. ^ Miller 1987, p. 296.
213. ^ Hubbard, L. Ron (1999). "HCO Policy Letter of February 1969: Religion". An Encyclopedia of Scientology Policy (PDF). Los Angeles: Church of Scientology of California. p. 196\. ISBN 0-88404-031-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 22, 2019. "Any staff who are trained at any level as auditors (but not in AOs) are to be clothed in the traditioned ministerial black suit, black vest white collar silver cross for ordinary org wear."
214. ^ Ortega, Tony (September 28, 2013). "Blood Relation, Blood Ritual: A Hubbard Family Occult Mystery". The Underground Bunker.
215. ^ Mitchell, Alexander (October 5, 1969). "Scientology: Revealed for the first time / The odd beginning of Ron Hubbard's career". The Sunday Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2019.
216. ^ "Bare-Faced Messiah: Chapter 7". "December 1969: "Hubbard broke up black magic in America . . . because he was well known as a writer and philosopher and had friends among the physicists, he was sent in to handle the situation [of black magic being practised in a house in Pasadena occupied by nuclear physicists]. He went to live at the house and investigated the black magic rites and the general situation and found them very bad . . . Hubbard's mission was successful far beyond anyone's expectations. The house was torn down. Hubbard rescued a girl they were using. The black magic group was dispersed and never recovered.""
217. ^ Miller 1987, p. 311.
218. ^ Miller 1987, p. 312.
219. ^ Miller 1987, p. 314.
220. ^ Miller 1987, p. 316.
221. ^ Miller 1987, p. 318.
222. ^ Atack 1990, p. 206.
223. ^ Miller 1987, p. 325.
224. ^ Bill Franks and David Mayo
225. ^ "A person does not blow due to Overts or Withholds. He blows only due to ARC BKs."
226. ^ Interview with Bill Franks, June 2010
227. ^ Beresford, David (February 7, 1980). "Snow White's dirty tricks". London: The Guardian
228. ^ Miller 1987, p. 317–318.
229. ^ Marshall, John (January 24, 1980). "The Scientology Papers: Hubbard still gave orders, records show". Globe and Mail. ProQuest 386965976.
230. ^ Streissguth 1995, p. 75.
231. ^ Marshall, John (January 25, 1980). "Files show spy reported woman's intimate words". Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
232. ^ a b Ortega, Tony (2015). The Unbreakable Miss Lovely. London: Silvertail Books. ISBN 9781511639378.
233. ^ Staff (November 1, 1982). "Redondo couple, N.Y. writer named in Scientology lawsuit". Daily Breeze.
234. ^ Paulette Cooper (May 8, 1982). "The 1982 Clearwater Hearings: Day 4". Archived from the original on January 3, 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2007.
235. ^ a b Miller 1987, p. 334.
236. ^ Clark County Coroner. Report of Investigation, Case #1003–76.
237. ^ Miller 1987, p. 344.
238. ^ Atack 1990, p. 214.
239. ^ Marro, Anthony (July 9, 1977). "Federal Agents Raid Scientology Church: Offices in Two Cities Are Searched for Allegedly Stolen I.R.S. Files" (PDF). New York Times.
240. ^ Robinson, Timothy S. (July 6, 1978). "FBI Raid on L.A. Scientologists Upheld". Washington Post.
241. ^ Robinson, Timothy S. (July 14, 1977). "Scientology Raid Yielded Alleged Burglary Tools". The Washington post.
242. ^ Atack 1990, p. 256.
243. ^ "Bare-Faced Messiah: Timeline".
244. ^ "Interview with David Mayo".
245. ^ Ortega, Tony (February 6, 2012). "Scientology's Secret Vaults: A Rare Interview With a Former Member of Hush-Hush "CST"". The Village Voice.
246. ^ Atack 1990, p. 258.
247. ^ Atack 1990, p. 259.
248. ^ Miller 1987, p. 364.
249. ^ Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert W. (June 24, 1990). The Mind Behind the Religion : Chapter Four : The Final Days : Deep in hiding, Hubbard kept tight grip on the church." Los Angeles Times, retrieved February 8, 2011.
250. ^ Queen, Edward L.; Prothero, Stephen R.; Shattuck, Gardiner H. Encyclopedia of American religious history, Volume 1, p. 493. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8160-6660-5
251. ^ "Up The Bridge: We finally reach 'OT 8' — but was its first version really a hoax? – The Underground Bunker". tonyortega.org.
252. ^ Wakefield, Margery (1991). "What Christians Need to Know about Scientology". David Touretzky.
253. ^ Ortega, Tony (December 16, 2017). "L. Ron Hubbard's son was troubled, but don't discount him entirely: few knew his father better".
254. ^ Urban, Hugh B (2006). "Fair Game: Secrecy, Security, and the Church of Scientology in Cold War America". Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 2 (74).
255. ^ "Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard's caretaker and friend, Steve 'Sarge' Pfauth, 1945–2016 | the Underground Bunker".
256. ^ "L. Ron Hubbard's death certificate and other documents" (PDF). Archived from the original on November 23, 2015. Retrieved June 15, 2012.
257. ^ Lindsey, Robert; Times, Special To the New York (January 29, 1986). "L. Ron Hubbard Dies of Stroke; Founder of Church of Scientology". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
258. ^ Miller 1987, p. 375.
259. ^ Urban (2012): "An eclectic and ingenious religious entrepreneur, Hubbard assembled a wide array of philosophical, occult, spiritual and science fiction elements, cobbling them together into a unique, new and surprisingly successful synthesis. In Hubbard's religious bricolage, occult elements drawn from Crowley were indeed one important element, but neither more nor less important than the many others drawn from pop psychology, Eastern religions, science fiction and a host of goods available in the 1950s spiritual marketplace."
260. ^ e.g. Freud's "unconscious mind" became Hubbard's "reactive mind".
261. ^ The first edition of Dianetics featured a dust jacket advertisement for psychoanalyst Nandor Fodor's book on "the trauma of birth and pre-natal conditioning".
262. ^ Westbrook, Donald A. (2018). Among the Scientologists: History, Theology, and Praxis. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-066498-5 - via Google Books.
263. ^ Wright: "One of Thompson's maxims was 'If it's not true for you, it's not true.' He told young Hubbard that the statement had come from Gautama Siddhartha, the Buddha. It made an impression on Hubbard." (Wright 2013, p. 22)
264. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "LRH Birthday event Hubbard talks about Snake Thompson". YouTube. September 9, 2014.
265. ^ "Black magic is the inner core of Scientology" Penthouse interview, 1983.
266. ^ Sonnenschein, Allan (June 1983). "Scientology Through the Eyes of L. Ron Hubbard, Jr". Penthouse. Archived from the original on August 1, 2023. (alternative link)
267. ^ Urban 2012, p. 107.
268. ^ Hypnotism Comes of Age (1949) by Bernard Wolfe
269. ^ How We Remember Our Past Lives (1946)
270. ^ a b Hassan & Scheflin 2024, pp. 759–761.
271. ^ a b Atack, Jon. "Hubbard and the Occult" - via spaink.net.
272. ^ "Source Code: Actual things L. Ron Hubbard said on this date in history | the Underground Bunker". "Now, all this sounds very Space Opera-ish and that sort of thing, and I'm sorry for it, but I am not one to quibble about the truth."
273. ^ Miller 1987, p. 323, "I once asked him why he chose young girls as messengers ... He said it was an idea he had picked up from Nazi Germany. He said Hitler was a madman, but nevertheless a genius in his own right and the Nazi Youth was one of the smartest ideas he ever had. With young people you had a blank slate and you could write anything you wanted on it and it would be your writing. That was his idea, to take young people and mould them into little Hubbards. He said he had girls because women were more loyal than men.".
274. ^ Atack 1990, pp. 49.
275. ^ L. Ron Hubbard (August 13, 1951). "Lecture: The Purpose of Human Evaluation (1)". Archived from the original on December 5, 2021 - via carolineletkeman.org.
276. ^ L. Ron Hubbard (December 9, 1953). "Lecture: Bodies". Archived from the original on November 21, 2022 - via carolineletkeman.org.
277. ^ L. Ron Hubbard (February 28, 1972). "Letter: Hubbard to Commodore Staff-Guardian". Archived from the original on November 21, 2022 - via carolineletkeman.org.
278. ^ "Scientology L Ron Hubbard on Kraepelin Schizophrenia and Chestnut Lodge". YouTube. November 3, 2019.
279. ^ Miller 1987, p. 137.
280. ^ Miller 1987, p. 144.
281. ^ Ortega, Tony (April 18, 2017). "DOX: Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard's nutty scheme to strong-arm America's psychologists". The Underground Bunker.
282. ^ "HCOPL: Propaganda By Redefinition of Words". carolineletkeman.org. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011.
283. ^ "The Bare-Faced Messiah Interviews : Interview with Nieson Himmel, Los Angeles, 14 August 1986" - via David Touretzky. "He claimed he was in England, in the "Royal Museum", going down this hall, and three scientists came walking out of an office, spotted him, grabbed him and took him into office and started measuring his skull, saying this was a perfect example of whatever it was and then pushing him out without a word. I said, "gee, that's a hell of a great story, except I think I read that in George Bernard Shaw." Another time he told a story of being in the Aleutians in command of a destroyer and came near some ice foes and a polar bear jumped onto the ship chasing everyone around. It's another good story that Cory Ford wrote in his book about the Aleutians."
284. ^ Miller 1987, pp. 370–71.
285. ^ "Appendix 2: The Affirmations of L. Ron Hubbard" (PDF). mncriticalthinking.com. 2016.
286. ^ Sappell, Joel; Welkos, Robert (June 24, 1990). "The Making of L. Ron Hubbard: Staking a Claim to Blood Brotherhood". Los Angeles Times. A38:5.
287. ^ McDowell, Michael; Brown, Nathan Robert (2009). World Religions at your Fingertips. Penguin. p. 275\. ISBN 9781592578467. OL 23831136M. Retrieved January 8, 2016.
288. ^ Atack 1990, p. 50.
289. ^ Atack 1990, p. 57.
290. ^ Wallis 1977, p. 18.
291. ^ [Staff] (February 7, 1986). "Hubbard Left Most of Estate to Scientology Church; Executor Appointed". The Associated Press.
292. ^ a b Atack 1990, p. 356.
293. ^ Lamont 1986, p. 154.
294. ^ Miller 1987, p. 306.
295. ^ Lattin, Don (February 12, 2001). "Scientology Founder's Family Life Far From What He Preached". San Francisco Chronicle, retrieved February 12, 2011.
296. ^ Bainbridge, William Sims. "Science and Religion: The Case of Scientology", in Bromley, David G.; Hammond, Phillip E. (eds). The Future of new religious movements, p. 63. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1987. ISBN 978-0-86554-238-9
297. ^ Times, Los Angeles (March 31, 2015). "How Scientology got L.A. to name street after L. Ron Hubbard". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
298. ^ Tribune, Pamela Manson The Salt Lake. "West Valley City recognizes L. Ron Hubbard Day". Retrieved July 25, 2016.
299. ^ "N.J. approves more than 100 school religious holidays". April 11, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
300. ^ "N.J. Now Has More Than 100 School Religious Holidays You May Not Know About". April 12, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
301. ^ Moynihan, Colin (June 19, 2019). "Nxivm's Keith Raniere Convicted in Trial Exposing Sex Cult's Inner Workings". The New York Times.
302. ^ "NXIVM Leader Keith Raniere Sentenced to 120 Years in Prison for Racketeering and Sex Trafficking Offenses". Department of Justice. October 27, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
303. ^ Gray, Eliza (October 5, 2012). "Thetans and Bowties : The Mothership of All Alliances: Scientology and the Nation of Islam". The New Republic.
304. ^ "Minister Farrakhan talks about the Church of Scientology and Dianetics". YouTube. October 10, 2021.
305. ^ Petrowsky, Marc (1998). Sects, Cults, and Spiritual Communities: A Sociological Analysis. Westport, Conn: Praeger. p. 144\. ISBN 978-0-275-95860-2.
306. ^ Atack 1990, p. 354.
307. ^ a b Reitman, Janet (February 23, 2006). "Inside Scientology". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 30, 2009.
308. ^ a b c Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, Michael (2006). African Diaspora Traditions and Other American Innovations. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 5\. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 172\. ISBN 978-0-275-98717-6.
309. ^ "35°31'28.6"N 104°34'20.2"W". Google maps.
310. ^ Ortega, Tony (March 13, 2023). "Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard's 112th birthday: What's your favorite tall tale of his?".
311. ^ per Lonnie D. Kliever
312. ^ Rothstein 2007, p. 24.
313. ^ per Mikael Rothstein
314. ^ Rothstein 2007, p. 21.
315. ^ Westbrook, Donald A. (2017). "Researching Scientology and Scientologists in the United States: Methods and Conclusions". In Lewis, James R.; Hellesoy, Kjersti (eds.). Handbook of Scientology. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Brill. ISBN 9789004330542.
316. ^ My Scientology Movie, at 59:00
317. ^ "Defections, court fights test Scientology". Associated Press. November 1, 2009. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
318. ^ Rothstein 2007, p. 19.
319. ^ a b The Scientology Story (Los Angeles Times series) by Joel Sappell and Robert W. Welkos Part 5: The Making of a Best-Selling Author, June 28, 1990 archive
320. ^ Eber, Hailey (May 10, 2019). "Scientology Is Looking Abroad for New Stars and Vulnerable Recruits". LAmag – Culture, Food, Fashion, News & Los Angeles.
321. ^ Chamberlain, Adam (2012). Back to Frank Black. Fourth Horseman Press. p. 350\. ISBN 9780988392281.
322. ^ Zaccuri, Alessandro (2000). Citazioni pericolose: il cinema come critica letteraria [Dangerous Quotes: Cinema as Literary Criticism] (in Italian). Fazi Editore. p. 259\. ISBN 8881121417.
323. ^ Hunt, Martin. "Celebrity Critics of Scientology, Simpsons (TV show)". FACTnet. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
324. ^ Brockes, Emma (August 2, 2004). "That's my boy". The Guardian. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
325. ^ Steve Persall (August 24, 2001). "Real problems with a fictional movie". St. Petersburg Times.
326. ^ Arp, Robert, ed. (2006). South Park and Philosophy: You Know, I Learned Something Today. William Irwin (Series Editor). Blackwell Publishing (The Blackwell Philosophy & Pop Culture Series). pp. 27, 59, 60, 118, 120, 132, 137, 138, 140, 224. ISBN 978-1-4051-6160-2.
327. ^ "Trapped in the Closet". South Park. November 16, 2005.
328. ^ Bornstein, Kate (2023). A Queer and Pleasant Danger: A Memoir. Beacon Press. ISBN 9780807001653.
329. ^ Yamato, Jen (June 10, 2010). "Will Scientologists Declare War on Paul Thomas Anderson's The Master?". Film.com. RealNetworks. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
330. ^ Brown, Lane (December 3, 2010). "So This New Paul Thomas Anderson Movie Is Definitely About Scientology, Right?". NYMag.com. New York Media Holdings. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
331. ^ Brown, Lane (March 17, 2010). "Universal Passes on Paul Thomas Anderson's Scientology Movie". NYMag.com. New York Media Holdings. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
332. ^ Pilkington, Ed (April 26, 2011). "Church of Scientology snaps up Hollywood film studio". Guardian.co.uk. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
333. ^ "How Did Scientology Influence 'The Master'?". ABC News.
334. ^ "Saturday Night Live's genius spoof of Scientology: Lyrics and images « The Underground Bunker". tonyortega.org.
335. ^ Ortega, Tony (July 31, 2019). "'Strange Angel' goes there, teases Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard at season end". The Underground Bunker.
336. ^ Urban, Hugh B. (2017). "'Secrets, secrets, SECRETS!' Concealment, Surveillance, and Information-Control in the Church of Scientology". In Lewis, James R.; Hellesoy, Kjersti (eds.). Handbook of Scientology. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Brill. pp. 279–299\. doi:10.1163/9789004330542_012. ISBN 9789004330542.

## Works cited

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* Atack, Jon (1990). A Piece of Blue Sky: Scientology, Dianetics and L. Ron Hubbard Exposed. Lyle Stuart Books. ISBN 081840499X. OL 9429654M.
* Barrett, David V. (2001). The New Believers: A Survey of Sects, Cults and Alternative Religions. London: Cassell and Co. ISBN 978-0304355921. OL 3999281M.
* Bigliardi, Stefano (2016). "New Religious Movements, Technology, and Science: The Conceptualization of the E-Meter in Scientology Teachings". Zygon. 51 (3): 661–683\. doi:10.1111/zygo.12281.
* Bromley, David G. (2009). "Making Sense of Scientology: Prophetic, Contractual Religion". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–102\. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331493.003.0005. ISBN 9780199852321. OL 16943235M.
* Christensen, Dorthe Refslund (2004). "Inventing L. Ron Hubbard: On the Construction and Maintenance of the Hagiographic Mythology of Scientology's Founder". In Lewis, James R.; Petersen, Jasper Aagaard (eds.). Controversial New Religions (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 227–258\. doi:10.1093/019515682X.003.0011. ISBN 9780195156836. OCLC 53398162.
* Evans, Christopher. Cults of Unreason. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974. ISBN 0-374-13324-7, OCLC 863421
* Gardner, Martin (1986). Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-20394-2. OCLC 18598918. OL 22475247M.
* Hassan, Steven A.; Scheflin, Alan W. (2024). "Understanding the Dark Side of Hypnosis as a Form of Undue Influence Exerted in Authoritarian Cults: Implications for Practice, Policy, and Education". In Linden, Julie H.; De Benedittis, Giuseppe; Sugarman, Laurence I.; Varga, Katalin (eds.). The Routledge International Handbook of Clinical Hypnosis. Abingdon/New York: Routledge. pp. 755–772\. ISBN 978-1-032-31140-1.
* Lamont, Stewart (1986). Religion Inc.: The Church of Scientology. Harrap. ISBN 978-0-245-54334-0. OCLC 23079677. OL 2080316M.
* Lewis, James R. (2009a). "Introduction". In Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–14\. ISBN 978-0-19-5331-49-3.
* Melton, J. Gordon. Encyclopedic handbook of cults in America. Taylor & Francis; 1992. ISBN 978-0-8153-1140-9
* Melton, Gordon (March 19, 2009). Lewis, James R. (ed.). Scientology. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-1953-3149-3. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
* Miller, Russell (1987). Bare-faced Messiah : The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0805006540. OCLC 17481843. OL 26305813M.
* O'Brien, Helen (1966). Dianetics in Limbo: A Documentary About Immortality. Whitmore Publishing. OCLC 4797460.
* Pendle, George (2005). Strange Angel: The Otherworldly Life of Rocket Scientist John Whiteside Parsons. Harcourt. ISBN 015100997X. OCLC 55149255. OL 7362552M.
* Peterson, Frederick; Jung, C. G. (July 1907). "Psycho-physical Investigations with the Galvanometer and Pneumograph in Normal and Insane Individuals". Brain. 30 (2). Oxford University Press: 153–218\. doi:10.1093/brain/30.2.153. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-1710-9. ISSN 0006-8950. Archived from the original on March 13, 2020 - via Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.
* Rolph, Cecil Hewitt (1973). Believe What You Like: What Happened Between the Scientologists and the National Association for Mental Health. Deutsch. ISBN 978-0-233-96375-4. OCLC 815558.
* Rothstein, Mikael (2007). "Scientology, scripture and sacred tradition". In Lewis, James R.; Hammer, Olav (eds.). The Invention of Sacred Tradition. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–37\. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511488450.002. ISBN 978-0-521-86479-4. OCLC 154706390.
* Streeter, Michael (2008). Behind closed doors: the power and influence of secret societies. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 9781845379377. OCLC 231589690. OL 25446794M.
* Streissguth, Thomas (1995). Charismatic cult leaders. The Oliver Press. ISBN 978-1-881508-18-2. OCLC 30892074.
* Thomas, Aled (2021). Free Zone Scientology: Contesting the Boundaries of a New Religion. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-350-18254-7.
* Tucker, Ruth A. (1989). Another Gospel: Cults, Alternative Religions, and the New Age Movement. Zondervan. ISBN 0310259371. OL 9824980M.
* Urban, Hugh B. (2011). The Church of Scientology: A History of a New Religion. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691146089.
* Urban, Hugh B. (2012). "The Occult Roots of Scientology? L. Ron Hubbard, Aleister Crowley, and the Origins of a Controversial New Religion". In Bogdan, Henrik; Starr, Martin P. (eds.). Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 335–68\. ISBN 978-0-19-986309-9. OCLC 820009842.
* Wallis, Roy (1977). The Road to Total Freedom: A Sociological Analysis of Scientology. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231042000. OL 4596322M.
* Whitehead, Harriet (1987). Renunciation and reformulation: a study of conversion in an American sect. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-1849-5. OCLC 14002616. OL 2722663M.
* Winter, Joseph A (1987) [1951]. A Doctor's Report on Dianetics: Theory and Therapy. Julian Press. ISBN 0517564211. OCLC 1572759.
* Wright, Lawrence (2013). Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood and the Prison of Belief. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 9780307700667. OL 25424776M.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Behar, Richard (May 6, 1991). "Scientology: The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power". Time. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014.

## External links

[edit]

L. Ron Hubbard at Wikipedia's sister projects

* Media from Commons
* Quotations from Wikiquote
* Texts from Wikisource
* Textbooks from Wikibooks
* Data from Wikidata

* Official website
* Biographical documentation from The New Yorker
* Operation Clambake. Critical material on Hubbard and Scientology
* U.S. Government FBI Files for Hubbard via The Smoking Gun
* Frenschkowski, Marco, "L. Ron Hubbard and Scientology: An annotated bibliographical survey of primary and selected secondary literature", Marburg Journal of Religion, Vol. 1. No. 1. July 1999, ISSN 1612-2941
* L. Ron Hubbard at IMDb
* L. Ron Hubbard at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
* Hubbard, L Ron at The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
* Hubbard, L Ron Archived October 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine at the Encyclopedia of Fantasy

* v
* t
* e

L. Ron Hubbard

Life|

* Biography
* Early life
* 1911–1950
* 1950–1953
* 1953–1967
* 1967–1975
* 1975–1986
* Pseudobiography
* Bibliography
* Military career
* USS PC-815
* USS YP-422
* L. Ron Hubbard House
* Relationship with psychiatry
* Timeline of L. Ron Hubbard

Founded|

* Dianetics
* Scientology
* Church of Scientology
* beliefs and practices
* controversies

Novels and
novellas|

* Battlefield Earth
* Branded Outlaw
* Buckskin Brigades
* Death's Deputy
* Excalibur (unpublished)
* Fear
* Final Blackout
* If I Were You
* Mission Earth series
* Slaves of Sleep
* To the Stars
* The Iron Duke
* Typewriter in the Sky

Short story
collections|

* The Kingslayer
* Ole Doc Methuselah
* Science-Fantasy Quintette
* Triton

Film|

* The Secret of Treasure Island
* Battlefield Earth
* Revolt in the Stars (screenplay)

Dianetics and
Scientology|

* Affirmations
* Dianetics: The Evolution of a Science
* Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health
* Science of Survival
* Scientology: A History of Man
* Have You Lived Before This Life?
* All About Radiation

Music|

* Space Jazz
* Mission Earth
* The Road to Freedom

Biographies|

* Bare-faced Messiah
* L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman?
* The L. Ron Hubbard Series (official church biography)

Publishers' sites|

* Bridge Publications
* Church of Spiritual Technology
* Galaxy Press
* Writers and Illustrators of the Future

Family|

* Margaret Grubb (first wife)
* Sara Northrup Hollister (second wife)
* Mary Sue Hubbard (third wife)
* Ronald DeWolf (son)
* Quentin Hubbard (son)
* Jamie DeWolf (great-grandson)

* v
* t
* e

Scientology

Beliefs and
practices|

* Abortion
* Auditing
* Books
* Bridge
* Clear
* Dianetics
* Dianetics (book)
* Disconnection
* E-meter
* Engram
* Ethics and justice
* Glossary and Terminology
* Implant
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* Marriage
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* Reincarnation
* Sec Check
* Sex
* Gender
* Homosexuality
* Silent birth
* Space opera
* Study Technology
* Thetan
* Training routines
* Xenu

History and
controversies|

* Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act
* Books critical of Scientology
* Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia
* Clearwater Hearings
* Death of Elli Perkins
* Death of Kaja Ballo
* Death of Lisa McPherson
* Fair game
* Fishman Affidavit
* Guardian's Office operations
* Keith Henson
* The Internet
* Operation Clambake
* Operation Freakout
* Operation Snow White
* Project Chanology
* Project Normandy
* R2-45
* Psychiatry
* Scientology and Me
* Scientology as a business
* The Secrets of Scientology
* Suppressive person
* Tax status in the US
* The Hole
* The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power
* Timeline

Government reports|

* Anderson Report (AUS)
* Dumbleton–Powles Report (NZ)
* Foster Report (UK)
* Lee Report (CAN)

Litigation|

* R v Registrar General, ex p Segerdal
* Hubbard v Vosper
* United States v. Hubbard
* X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden
* Church of Scientology v. Sweden
* Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology
* Hernandez v. Commissioner
* New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack
* Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong
* R. v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
* Church of Scientology Intl. v. Fishman and Geertz
* Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
* Religious Technology Center v Lerma
* Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.
* Church of Scientology Intl. v. Time Warner, Inc., et al.
* Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany
* Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia
* Headley v. Church of Scientology International

Organizations
(and properties)|

* Cadet Org
* Celebrity Centre
* Château Élysée
* Church of Scientology
* Church of Scientology International
* Guaranty Building
* Church of Spiritual Technology
* Trementina Base
* Flag Service Organization
* Flag Building/Super Power Building
* Flag Ship Service Org
* Freewinds
* Founding Church of Scientology
* Galaxy Press
* Author Services building
* Golden Era Productions (Gold Base)
* Hubbard Association of Scientologists International
* International Association of Scientologists
* Office of Special Affairs
* Religious Technology Center
* Rehabilitation Project Force
* Saint Hill Manor
* Scientology Missions International
* Sea Org

Countries|

* Status by country
* Australia
* Belgium
* Canada
* Egypt
* France
* Germany
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States

Officials|

* L. Ron Hubbard
* Mary Sue Hubbard
* David Miscavige
* Shelly Miscavige
* Bob Adams
* John Carmichael
* Tommy Davis
* Jessica Feshbach
* David Gaiman
* Leisa Goodman
* Heber Jentzsch
* Kendrick Moxon
* Karin Pouw
* Mark Rathbun
* Mike Rinder
* Michelle Stith
* Kurt Weiland

Affiliated
organizations
and recruitment|

* Association for Better Living and Education
* Applied Scholastics
* Celebrities
* Citizens Commission on Human Rights
* Concerned Businessmen's Association of America
* Criminon
* Cult Awareness Network
* Delphian School
* Free Zone
* Front groups
* Moxon & Kobrin
* Narconon
* New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project
* Oxford Capacity Analysis
* Safe Environment Fund
* Scientology Network
* KSCN-TV
* WFTT-TV
* Second Chance Program
* Trademarks
* Volunteer Ministers
* The Way to Happiness Foundation
* World Institute of Scientology Enterprises
* Youth for Human Rights International

Popular
culture|

* Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology
* Being Tom Cruise
* Bowfinger
* The Bridge
* Going Clear
* film
* Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath
* The Master
* My Scientology Movie
* The Profit
* South Park
* "A Token of My Extreme"
* A Very Merry Unauthorized Children's Scientology Pageant
* We Stand Tall

* Wikibooks
* Wikimedia Commons
* Wikinews
* Wikiquote
* Wikisource
* Wikiversity
* Wiktionary

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* 2
* 3
* VIAF
* 2
* FAST
* WorldCat
* 2

National|

* Germany
* United States
* 2
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Italy
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Russia
* Spain
* 2
* Portugal
* Netherlands
* Norway
* Latvia
* Croatia
* Chile
* Greece
* 2
* 3
* Korea
* Sweden
* Poland
* Vatican
* Israel
* Catalonia
* Belgium

Academics|

* CiNii

Artists|

* MusicBrainz

People|

* Trove
* DDB

Other|

* IdRef
* SNAC
* Yale LUX

*[m.]: married
*[div.]: divorced
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