LGBTQ rights by country or territory

For historical and current movements to further LGBTQ rights, see LGBTQ movements. For intersex rights, see Intersex human rights.

"LGBTQ right" redirects here. For the right-wing LGBTQ movement, see LGBTQ conservatism.

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2025)

|

* v
* t
* e

Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression

Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties:

Death

Prison; death not enforced

Death under militias

Prison, with arrests or detention

Prison, not enforced1

Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions:

Marriage

Extraterritorial marriage2

Civil unions

Limited domestic

Limited foreign

Optional certification

None

Restrictions of expression, not enforced

Restrictions of association with arrests or detention

1No imprisonment in the past three years[timeframe?] or moratorium on law.
2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.

LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations

* v
* t
* e

* * *

|  Neither|  States which did not support either declaration

|
|

|  Non-member states|  States that are not voting members of the United Nations

|  Oppose|  States which supported an opposing declaration in 2008 and continued their opposition in 2011

|  Subsequent member|  South Sudan, did not exist in 2008

|  Support|  States which supported the LGBTQ rights declaration in the General Assembly or on the Human Rights Council in 2008 or 2011
Part of a series on

LGBTQ rights
Lesbian ∙ Gay ∙ Bisexual ∙ Transgender ∙ Queer

Overview

* Rights
* Movements
* Student
* Germany (pre-1933)
* United States
* Intersex rights
* Social attitudes
* Transgender rights
* Legal status
* Movement

Aspects

* Decriminalization
* Gender self-identification
* Legal recognition of non-binary gender
* Marriage
* Legal status
* Timeline
* Migration
* Military service
* Organizations
* List
* Parenting
* Adoption
* Pinkwashing
* Relationship
* Recognition
* Right to sexuality
* Union

Opposition

* Censorship
* Conversion therapy
* Corrective rape
* Discrimination
* Criminalization of homosexuality
* Execution
* Opposition
* Propaganda
* Rhetoric
* Violence

Organizations

* LGBTQ
* Bisexual
* Intersex
* Community centre
* Medical
* Military and Veteran
* Rights
* Transgender
* United States
* Religious
* Christian
* Jewish
* Muslim

Politics

* Anarchism
* Bisexual politics
* Communism
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* Ecology
* Homonationalism
* Liberation
* Libertarianism
* Nationalism
* Radicalism
* Sexual revolution
* Socialism
* Transfeminism
* Political parties affiliates
* Political ideologies regarding LGBTQ

Timeline

* Years
* List
* Category

Related

* Discrimination
* Freedom Index
* Human rights
* Minority rights
* Legality of conversion therapy
* LGBTQ people in prison
* Right to privacy

LGBTQ portal

* v
* t
* e

Rights

Theoretical distinctions

* Claim rights and liberty rights
* Individual and group rights
* Natural rights and legal rights
* Negative and positive rights

Human rights

* Civil and political
* Economic, social and cultural
* Three generations

Rights by beneficiary

* Accused
* Animals
* Autistic
* Children
* Consumers
* Creditors
* Deaf
* Disabled
* Elders
* Family
* Fetus
* Farmers
* Humans
* Indigenous
* Intersex
* Kings
* LGBTQ
* Transgender
* Life
* Men
* Minorities
* Parents
* Fathers
* Mothers
* Patients
* Peasants
* Plants
* Prisoners
* Robots
* States
* Students
* Victims
* Effective remedy
* Women
* Workers
* Youth

Other groups of rights

* Assembly
* Association
* Asylum
* Civil liberties
* Clothing
* Development
* Digital
* Education
* Environment
* Fair trial
* Food
* Free migration
* Guns
* Health
* Housing
* Linguistic
* Movement
* Property
* Public participation
* Repair
* Resist
* Rest and leisure
* Revolution
* Security
* Sexual and Reproductive
* Abortion
* Reproductive
* Sexuality
* Self defense
* Self-determination
* Speech
* Water and sanitation

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

LGBTQ people

* LGBTQ
* Lesbian
* Gay
* Bisexual
* Transgender
* Queer

Sexual orientation and gender

* Aromantic
* Asexual
* Gray asexual
* Aegosexual
* Demisexual
* Biology
* Bisexual
* Pansexual
* Demographics
* Environment
* Fictosexual
* Gender fluid
* Gender identity
* Gender role
* Gender modality
* Gender nonconforming
* Homosexual
* Intersex
* Non-heterosexual
* Non-binary
* Queer
* Queer heterosexual
* Questioning
* Sexual identity
* Sex–gender distinction
* Trans man
* Trans woman
* Transgender
* Transsexual
* Two-spirit

History

|  General

* Timeline
* Same-sex marriage
* Homosexuality
* Movements
* Gay liberation
* Same-sex unions
* Stonewall riots

Identities

* Lesbian
* Bisexual
* Transgender
* Intersex

Culture

* Business
* Coming out
* Community
* African-American
* Dyke March
* Events
* Awareness periods
* Largest events
* Gay village
* Media
* Bury your gays
* Films
* New queer cinema
* Periodicals
* LGBTQ culture
* in New York City
* Pride
* Pride Month
* Parade
* Queer art
* QPR and QPP
* Same-sex relationship
* Cross-sex relationship
* Slang
* Polari
* Socialization
* Subcultures
* Transgender in NYC
* Symbols
* Flags
* Takatāpui
* Moe aikāne
* Tourism

Rights

* Adoption
* Civil union
* Decriminalization
* Gender self-identification
* Intersex
* Legal recognition of non-binary gender
* Marriage
* Military service
* Parenting
* Rights by country or territory
* Sexuality
* Trans rights
* Yogyakarta Principles

Health

* MSM and Blood donation restrictions / HIV
* LGBTQ medical organizations
* Reproduction
* Mental health
* Transgender health care
* Gender-affirming hormone therapy
* Gender-affirming surgery
* Gender transition
* Legal status of gender-affirming healthcare
* Misinformation
* Suicide

Societal attitudes

* Allonormative
* amatonormative
* Cisnormative
* Heteronormative
* Comphet
* Opposition to LGBTQ rights
* 21st century UK anti-trans
* 2020s US anti-LGBTQ
* Grooming conspiracy theory
* Media portrayal
* Religion & LGBTQ
* Homosexuality
* Trans people
* Sexual diversity
* Stereotypes

Issues

* Acephobia
* Arophobia
* AIDS stigma
* Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
* Biphobia
* Bullying
* Censorship
* Closeted
* Outing
* Criminalization
* Domestic violence
* Erasure
* Straightwashing
* Bisexual
* Lesbian
* Trans
* Gay bashing
* Gayphobia
* Heteropatriarchy
* Heterosexism
* Homophobia
* Liberal
* Intersex discrimination
* Legality of conversion therapy
* Lesbophobia
* Suicide
* Youth vulnerability
* Migration
* Mixed-orientation marriage
* Racism
* Sexualism
* Transphobia
* Non-binary people
* Trans men
* Trans women
* Violence
* Trans people

Academic fields and discourse

* Communism & LGBTQ rights
* Gender studies
* Lesbian feminism
* Lavender linguistics
* LGBTQ conservatism
* In the US
* Queer anarchism
* Queer studies
* Queer theory
* Social construction of gender
* Socialism & LGBTQ rights
* Transfeminism
* Transgender studies
* Travesti

LGBTQ portal

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

Discrimination

Forms

* Institutional
* Reverse
* Structural
* Statistical
* Systemic
* Taste-based

Attributes

* Age
* Caste
* Class
* Disability
* Economic
* Genetic
* Hair texture
* Height
* Language
* Dialect
* Looks
* Mental disorder
* Nationality or citizenship
* Race / Ethnicity
* Reverse
* Skin color
* Scientific racism
* Rank
* Sex
* Reverse
* Sexual orientation
* Species
* Size
* Viewpoint

Social

* Arophobia
* Anti-albinism
* Acephobia
* Adultism
* Anti-altruistic
* Anti-autism
* Anti-homelessness
* Anti-drug addicts
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-intersex
* Anti-left handedness
* Anti-Masonry
* Aporophobia
* Audism
* Biphobia
* Clannism
* Elitism
* Endophobia
* Ephebiphobia
* Health
* mental
* in poverty
* Fatphobia
* Gayphobia
* Gerontophobia
* Heterosexism
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* Hypergamy
* Homophobia
* In-group
* Leprosy stigma
* Lesbophobia
* Against men
* Misandry
* Misogyny
* Misogynoir
* Nepotism
* Outgroup
* Perpetual foreigner
* Pregnancy
* Sectarianism
* Supremacism
* Aryanism
* Black
* Hutu
* Chauvinism
* Han
* Female
* Human
* Nordicism
* Male
* Ultranationalism
* White
* Transphobia
* Non-binary
* Transmisogyny
* Trans men
* Vegaphobia
* Xenophilia
* Xenophobia

Religious

* Religious exemption
* Persecution of non-believers
* Atheism
* Blasphemy law
* Religious censorship
* In Islam
* Apostasy
* Religious police
* Jizya
* Religious persecution
* In China
* Exclusivism

* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Persecution
* Catholicism
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Coptic Christianity
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* LDS or Mormon
* Protestantism
* Tewahedo Orthodoxy
* post–Cold War era
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism
* Persecution
* Untouchability
* Islam
* Persecution
* Ahmadiyya
* Shi'ism
* Sufism
* Sunnism
* minority Muslim
* Judaism
* Persecution
* Neopaganism
* Rastafari
* Serers
* Sikhism
* Yazidism
* Zoroastrianism

Race or ethnicity

* Afghan
* Pashtun
* Hazara
* African
* Fulani
* Igbo
* Serers
* Albanian
* Arab
* Armenian
* Asian
* France
* South Africa
* United States
* Assyrian
* Austrian
* Azerbaijani
* Black people
* African American
* China
* South Africa
* Bengali
* Catalan
* Chechen
* Chinese
* Han people
* Colombian
* Croat
* Dutch
* English
* Estonian
* Filipino
* French
* Finnish
* Georgian
* German
* Greek
* Haitian
* Hungarian
* Indian
* Indonesian
* Indigenous people
* Australia
* Canada
* United States
* Iranian
* Irish
* Israeli
* Italian
* Japanese
* Jewish
* Eliminationist
* New
* Religious
* Anti-Yiddish
* Zionist
* Khmer
* Korean
* Kurdish
* Lithuanian
* Malay
* Māori
* Mexican
* Middle Eastern
* Mongolian
* Montenegrin
* Nigerian
* Pakistani
* Palestinian
* Pashtun
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Quebec
* Romani
* Romanian
* Russian
* Scottish
* Serb
* Slavic
* Somali
* Spanish
* Taiwanese
* Tatar
* Thai
* Tibetan
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Venezuelan
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* White people

Manifestations

* Algorithmic bias
* Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
* SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
* Blood libel
* Bullying
* Cancel culture
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Carnism
* Compulsory sterilization
* Corrective rape
* Counter-jihad
* Cultural genocide
* Defamation
* Democide
* Dog whistle
* Domicide
* Economic
* Education
* Academic
* In curricula
* Sexism
* Eliminationism
* Eliminationist antisemitism
* Employment
* Enemy of the people
* Environmental racism
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic joke
* Ethnocide
* Excellence
* Gender-based dress codes
* Cosmetics policy
* High heel policy
* Forced conversion
* Freak show
* Gay bashing
* Gendercide
* Transgender genocide
* Genital modification and mutilation
* Circumcision
* Female genital mutilation
* Intersex medical interventions
* Genocide
* examples
* Glass ceiling
* Hate crime
* Disability hate crime
* Violence against LGBTQ people
* Violence against transgender people
* Hate group
* Hate speech
* Institutional discrimination
* Institutional racism
* Homeless dumping
* Housing
* Hypergamy
* Age disparity
* Indian rolling
* International inequality
* Kill Haole Day
* Lavender scare
* LGBTQ+
* grooming conspiracy theory
* Linguicide
* Lynching
* Media bias
* Minority stress
* Moral exclusion
* Mortgage
* Native American mascots
* Braves
* Blackhawks
* Chiefs
* Occupational
* Apartheid
* Inequality
* Injustice
* Segregation
* Opposition to immigration
* Paper genocide
* Persecution
* Pogrom
* Political
* Political repression
* Ideological repression
* Purge
* Racialization
* Religious persecution
* Religious terrorism
* Religious violence
* Religious war
* Scapegoating
* Selective enforcement
* Selective prosecution
* Sentencing disparity
* Sexual harassment
* Sex-selective abortion
* Slut-shaming
* Structural abuse
* Structural discrimination
* Structural evil
* Structural inequality
* Structural violence
* Untermensch
* Trans bashing
* Victimisation
* Violence against women
* White flight
* White genocide conspiracy theory
* Wife selling
* Witch hunt

Policies

* Algorithmic wage discrimination
* Age of candidacy
* Apartheid
* in South Africa
* in Israel
* Blood purity
* Blood quantum
* Breadwinner model
* Conscription and sexism
* Disabilities
* Catholic
* Jewish
* Disparate impact
* Fagging
* Gender pay gap
* Gender roles
* Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act
* Gerontocracy
* Gerrymandering
* Ghetto benches
* Internment
* Jewish quota
* Opposition to LGBTQ rights
* MSM blood donation restrictions
* No kid zone
* Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)
* One-drop rule
* Racial quota
* Racial steering
* Redlining
* Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
* Segregation
* age
* racial
* Jim Crow laws
* Nuremberg Laws
* Segregation academy
* religious
* sexual
* in Islam
* Social exclusion
* Sodomy law
* State atheism
* State religion
* Ugly law
* Voter suppression
* White Australia policy

Countermeasures

* Affirmative action
* Anti-discrimination law
* Anti-racism
* Audit study
* Autism rights movement
* Gender-blind
* Blind audition
* Constitutional colorblindness
* Cross-sex friendship
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural pluralism
* Diversity, equity, and inclusion
* Diversity training
* Empowerment
* Fat acceptance movement
* Feminism
* Fighting Discrimination
* Golden Rule
* Hate speech laws by country
* Human rights
* Intersex human rights
* Korenizatsiia
* LGBTQ rights
* Mad pride
* Music in the movement against apartheid
* Racial integration
* Reappropriation
* Rock Against Sexism
* Self-determination
* Social integration
* Stop Murder Music
* Toleration
* Transgender rights movement
* Universal suffrage
* Women's rights

Related topics

* Allophilia
* Amatonormativity
* Bias
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Cisnormativity
* Civil liberties
* Criminalization of homosexuality
* Dehumanization
* Diseases of despair
* Ethnic penalty
* Figleaf
* Han chauvinism
* Heteronormativity
* Historical eugenics
* Internalized oppression
* Intersectionality
* Masculism
* Oikophobia
* Oppression
* Police brutality
* Polyculturalism
* Power distance
* Prejudice
* Prisoner abuse
* Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
* Racism by country
* Racial color blindness
* Religious intolerance
* Second-generation gender bias
* Snobbery
* Social equity
* Social exclusion
* Social model of disability
* Social privilege
* Christian
* male
* white
* Social stigma
* Speciesism
* Stereotype
* The talk

* v
* t
* e

Rights affecting lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people vary greatly by country or jurisdiction—encompassing everything from the legal recognition of same-sex marriage to the death penalty for homosexuality.

Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory

Legal identity change, surgery not required

Legal identity change, surgery required

No legal identity change

Unknown/Ambiguous

Notably, as of January 2025[update], 38 countries recognize same-sex marriage.[1][2] By contrast, not counting non-state actors and extrajudicial killings, only two countries are believed to impose the death penalty on consensual same-sex sexual acts: Iran and Afghanistan.[3][4][5][6] The death penalty is officially law, but generally not practiced, in Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Somalia (in the autonomous state of Jubaland) and the United Arab Emirates.[7][8] LGBTQ people also face extrajudicial killings in the Russian region of Chechnya.[9] Sudan rescinded its unenforced death penalty for anal sex (hetero- or homosexual) in 2020. Fifteen countries have stoning on the books as a penalty for adultery, which (in light of the illegality of gay marriage in those countries) would by default include gay sex, but this is enforced by the legal authorities in Iran and Nigeria (in the northern third of the country).[10][11][12][13][14]

In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed its first resolution recognizing LGBTQ rights, following which the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a report documenting violations of the rights of LGBT people, including hate crimes, criminalization of homosexual activity, and discrimination. Following the issuance of the report, the United Nations urged all countries which had not yet done so to enact laws protecting basic LGBTQ rights.[15][16] A 2022 study found that LGBTQ rights (as measured by ILGA-Europe's Rainbow Index) were correlated with less HIV/AIDS incidence among gay and bisexual men independently of risky sexual behavior.[17]

The 2023 Equaldex Equality Index ranks the Nordic countries, Chile, Uruguay, Canada, the Benelux countries, Spain, Andorra, and Malta among the best for LGBTQ rights. The index ranks Nigeria, Yemen, Brunei, Afghanistan, Somalia, Mauritania, Palestine, and Iran among the worst.[18][better source needed] Asher & Lyric ranked Canada, Sweden, and the Netherlands as the three safest nations for LGBTQ people in its 2023 index.[19]

## Scope of laws

[edit]

Laws that affect LGBTQ people include, but are not limited to, the following:

* laws concerning the recognition of same-sex relationships, including same-sex marriage, civil unions, and domestic partnerships
* laws concerning same-sex parenting, including same-sex adoption
* anti-discrimination laws in employment, housing, education, public accommodations
* anti-bullying legislation to protect LGBTQ children at school
* hate crime laws imposing enhanced criminal penalties for prejudice-motivated violence against LGBTQ people
* bathroom bills affecting access to sex-segregated facilities by transgender people
* laws related to sexual orientation and military service
* laws concerning access to assisted reproductive technology
* sodomy laws that penalize consensual same-sex sexual activity that may or may not target homosexuals, males or males and females, or leave some homosexual acts legal
* adultery laws that same-sex couples are subject to
* age of consent laws that may impose higher ages for same-sex sexual activity
* laws regarding donation of blood, corneas, and other tissues by men who have sex with men
* laws concerning access to gender-affirming surgery and gender-affirming hormone replacement therapy
* legal recognition and accommodation of the affirmed gender

## History of LGBT-related laws

[edit]

See also: LGBTQ history, Timeline of LGBTQ history, LGBTQ movements, History of homosexuality, and Sodomy law § History

### Ancient India

[edit]

Ayoni or non-vaginal sex of all types is punishable in the Arthashastra. Homosexual acts are, however, treated as a smaller offence punishable by a fine, while unlawful heterosexual sex carries much harsher punishment. The Dharmsastras, especially the later ones, prescribe against non-vaginal sex like the Vashistha Dharmasutra. The Yājñavalkya Smṛti prescribes fines for such acts including those with other men. Manusmriti prescribes light punishments for such acts.[20][21] Vanita states that the verses about punishment for a sex between female and a maiden is due to its strong emphasis on a maiden's sexual purity.[22]

### Ancient Israel

[edit]

The ancient Law of Moses (the Torah) forbids people from lying with people of the same sex (i.e., from having intercourse) in Leviticus 18 and gives a story of attempted homosexual rape in Genesis 19, in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah, after which the cities were soon destroyed with "brimstone and fire, from the Lord"[23][24] and the death penalty was prescribed to its inhabitants – and to Lot's wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt because she turned back to watch the cities' destruction.[25][26] In Deuteronomy 22:5, cross-dressing is condemned as "abominable".[27][28]

### Assyria

[edit]

In Assyrian society, sex crimes were punished identically whether they were homosexual or heterosexual.[29] An individual faced no punishment for penetrating someone of equal social class, a cult prostitute, or with someone whose gender roles were not considered solidly masculine.[29] Such sexual relations were even seen as good fortune, with an Akkadian tablet, the Šumma ālu, reading, "If a man copulates with his equal from the rear, he becomes the leader among his peers and brothers".[30][31] However, homosexual relationships with fellow soldiers, slaves, royal attendants, or those where a social better was submissive or penetrated, were treated as bad omens.[32][33]

Middle Assyrian Law Codes dating 1075 BC has a particularly harsh law for homosexuality in the military, which reads: "If a man have intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch."[34][35] A similar law code reads, "If a seignior lay with his neighbor, when they have prosecuted him (and) convicted him, they shall lie with him (and) turn him into a eunuch". This law code condemns a situation that involves homosexual rape. Any Assyrian male could visit a prostitute or lie with another male, just as long as false rumors or forced sex were not involved with another male.[36]

### Ancient Rome

[edit]

In ancient Rome, the bodies of citizen youths were strictly off-limits, and the Lex Scantinia imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime (stuprum) against a freeborn male minor.[37] Acceptable same-sex partners were males excluded from legal protections as citizens: slaves, male prostitutes, and the infames, entertainers or others who might be technically free but whose lifestyles set them outside the law.

A male citizen who willingly performed oral sex or received anal sex was disparaged, but there is only limited evidence of legal penalties against these men.[38] In courtroom and political rhetoric, charges of effeminacy and passive sexual behaviors were directed particularly at "democratic" politicians (populares) such as Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.[39]

Roman law addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC when it was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" had the same right as other citizens not to have his body subjected to forced sex.[40] A law probably dating to the dictatorship of Julius Caesar defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law.[41] A male classified as infamis, such as a prostitute or actor, could not as a matter of law be raped, nor could a slave, who was legally classified as property; the slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage.[42]

In the Roman army of the Republic, sex among fellow soldiers violated the decorum against intercourse with citizens and was subject to harsh penalties, including death,[43] as a violation of military discipline.[44] The Greek historian Polybius (2nd century BC) lists deserters, thieves, perjurers, and "...on young men who have abused their persons" as subject to the fustuarium, clubbing to death.[45] Ancient sources are most concerned with the effects of sexual harassment by officers, but the young soldier who brought an accusation against his superior needed to show that he had not willingly taken the passive role or prostituted himself.[46] Soldiers were free to have relations with their male slaves;[47] the use of a fellow citizen-soldier's body was prohibited, not homosexual behaviors per se.[48] By the late Republic and throughout the Imperial period, there is increasing evidence that men whose lifestyle marked them as "homosexual" in the modern sense served openly.[49]

Although Roman law did not recognize marriage between men, and in general Romans regarded marriage as a heterosexual union with the primary purpose of producing children, in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating traditional marriage rites. Juvenal remarks with disapproval that his friends often attended such ceremonies.[50] The emperor Nero had two marriages to men, once as the bride (with a freedman Pythagoras) and once as the groom. His consort Sporus appeared in public as Nero's wife wearing the regalia that was customary for the Roman empress.[51]

Apart from measures to protect the prerogatives of citizens, the prosecution of homosexuality as a general crime began in the 3rd century of the Christian era when male prostitution was banned by Philip the Arab. By the end of the 4th century, after the Roman Empire had come under Christian rule, passive homosexuality was punishable by burning.[52] "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the Theodosian Code.[53] Under Justinian, all same-sex acts, passive or active, no matter who the partners are, were declared contrary to nature and punishable by death.[54]

### British Empire

[edit]

See also: LGBTQ rights in the Commonwealth of Nations

The United Kingdom introduced anti-homosexuality laws throughout its colonies, particularly in the 19th century when the British Empire was at its peak.[55] As of 2018, more than half of the 71 countries that criminalised homosexuality were former British colonies or protectorates.[56]

In 1861, the British Empire introduced Section 377 of the British Colonial Penal Code, outlawing consensual sexual activity between same-sex couples as well as labelling third gender communities such as the apwint people and Hijra as "outlaw tribes". This law was intended to criminalise acts "against the order of nature". Section 377 was used to prosecute people engaging in oral and anal sex along with homosexual activity.

Today, Section 377 still exists in some former British colonies:

* Bangladesh[57]
* Malaysia[57]
* Myanmar[57]
* Pakistan[57]
* Sri Lanka (as Section 365)[57]

In addition to Section 377, the United Kingdom also introduced a number of laws targeting  gender non-conformity throughout its colonies. In 1861, authorities of the North-Western Provinces (NWP) sought to enact a 'special law' against Hijra people in order to criminalise their identity.[58] The Hijra were included in the Criminal Tribes Act (1871)[59][58] and were monitored with the hope of eliminating their culture.[58] Due to the passage of the Criminal Tribes Act (1871), Hijra people could not possess children.[58]

While significant progress has been made to reverse these laws, the majority of the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, formerly known as the British Commonwealth, still criminalise sexual acts between consenting adults of the same sex and other forms of sexual orientation, gender identity and expression. Homosexual activity remains a criminal offence in 29 of the 56 sovereign states of the Commonwealth; and legal in only 27. In 3 of these states, homosexual activity is punishable by death.

LGBTQ communities still face significant discrimination due to the influence of colonialism in former British colonies, despite these communities being accepted prior to British colonialism. In the Indic cultural sphere, references to a third sex can be found throughout the texts of India's religious traditions like Jainism[60] and Buddhism[61] as well as the Kama Sutra.[62] The foundational work of Hindu law, the Manu Smriti (c. 200 BC–200 AD) explains humans as belonging to one of three  biological sexes, indicating a belief that transsexuality was an inherent trait.

### Netherlands

[edit]

In 2001, the Netherlands was the first country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage.[63]

## Global LGBT rights maps

[edit]

Note that for simplicity the table below does not distinguish between 'legal' and 'lawful'. An action can only be legal or illegal where a specific law has been passed.

Laws regarding same-sex sexuality by country or territory

* v
* t
* e

Worldwide laws regarding same-sex intercourse, unions and expression

| Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties:

Death

Prison; death not enforced

Death under militias

Prison, with arrests or detention

Prison, not enforced1

Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions:

Marriage

Extraterritorial marriage2

Civil unions

Limited domestic

Limited foreign

Optional certification

None

Restrictions of expression, not enforced

Restrictions of association with arrests or detention

1No imprisonment in the past three years[timeframe?] or moratorium on law.
2Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.

LGBT rights at the United Nations

Support
Countries which have signed a General Assembly declaration of LGBT rights or sponsored the Human Rights Council's 2011 resolution on LGBT rights (96 members)

Oppose
Countries which signed a 2008 statement opposing LGBT rights (initially 57 members, now 54 members after withdrawal of Fiji, Rwanda and Sierra Leone)

Neither
Countries which, as regards the UN, have expressed neither official support nor opposition to LGBT rights (44 members)

Homosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory

Homosexual "propaganda" and "morality" laws by country or territory

Countries or territories that do not have homosexual "propaganda" or "morality" laws

Fine[64]

Imprisonment

Decriminalization of same-sex sexual intercourse by country or territory

1791–1850

1850–1945

1946–1989

1990–present

Unknown date of legalization of same-sex intercourse

Same-sex sexual intercourse always legal

Still criminalized

Equalization of age of consent laws for same-sex couples by country or territory

1790–1829

1830–1839

1840–1859

1860–1869

1870–1879

1880–1889

1890–1929

1930–1939

1940–19491

1950–1959

1960–1969

1970–1979

1980–1989

1990–1999

2000–2009

2010–2019

2020–present

Unknown date for equal age of consent laws for opposite and same-sex couples

No consent laws/equal age of consent laws always equal for opposite and same-sex couples

Unequal age of consent laws for same-sex couples

Same-sex sexual intercourse illegal

1During World War II, Nazi Germany annexed or occupied territory, extending Germany's laws against same-sex sexual intercourse. Age of consent was previously equalized for same-sex couples in the following countries or territories before the war: Belluno (legal in 1890), Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (legal in 1890), Friuli-Venezia Giulia (legal in 1890),[65][66] and Poland (decriminalized in 1932).[67][68] During World War II Germany did not consistently enforce anti-homosexual laws in all occupied countries.[69][70] All countries and territories listed that were annexed or established into reichskommissariats by Nazi Germany during World War II were restored as independent countries or reincorporated into their previous countries during or after the war and thus re-legalized equal age of consent laws for same-sex couples in those areas.[citation needed]

Legal status of same-sex marriage

Marriage open to same-sex couples

Mixed jurisdiction: marriage recognized by the state but not by tribal government for residents who are members of the tribe

Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but marriage is not yet provided for

Same-sex marriage recognized with full rights when performed in certain other jurisdictions

Civil unions or domestic partnerships

Limited legal recognition

Local certification without legal force

Limited recognition of marriage performed in certain other jurisdictions (residency rights for spouses)

Other countries where same-sex unions are not legally recognized

Legal status of adoption by same-sex couples by country or territory

Joint adoption allowed

Second-parent adoption allowed

No laws allowing adoption by same-sex couples and no same-sex marriage

Same-sex marriage but adoption by married same-sex couples not allowed

LGBTQ service in national militaries by country or territory

All LGBT people can serve

GBT men can serve

LGB people can serve

GB men can serve

Ambiguous/unknown policy

LGBT people are banned from serving

No military

Employment discrimination laws by sexual orientation or gender identity by country or territory

Sexual orientation and gender identity: all employment

Sexual orientation with anti–employment discrimination ordinance and gender identity solely in public employment

Sexual orientation: all employment

Gender identity: all employment

Sexual orientation and gender identity: federal public employment and federal contractors

Sexual orientation and gender identity: public employment

Sexual orientation: public employment

No national-level employment laws covering sexual orientation or gender identity

Anti-discrimination laws covering goods and services by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory

Countries and territories with LGBT anti-discrimination laws in goods and services

Sexual orientation and gender identity covered

Sexual orientation covered

Gender identity covered

No national or local level anti-discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity in goods and services

Constitutional discrimination laws by sexual orientation and/or gender identity by country or territory

Sexual orientation and gender identity covered

Sexual orientation covered

Gender identity covered

No national or local level constitutional discrimination laws covering sexual orientation and/or gender identity

LGBTQ hate crime laws by country or territory

Sexual orientation and gender identity hate crime laws

Sexual orientation hate crime laws

No LGBT hate crime laws

Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by country or territory

Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited

Incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation prohibited

No prohibition on incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation and gender identity

Legal status on conversion therapy for minors on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity by country or territory

Ban on conversion therapy on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity

De facto ban on conversion therapy

No ban on conversion therapy

Immigration equality by country or territory[citation needed]

Recognition of same-sex couples in national immigration laws

Unknown/ambiguous

Bans on same-sex unions by country or territory

No specific prohibition of same-sex marriages or unions

Same-sex marriage banned by secular constitution

Same-sex marriage banned by constitutionally mandated religious law

[original research?]

Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men by country or territory

Blood donation policies for men who have sex with men

Men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral

Men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral

Men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral

No Data

Blood donation policies for female sex partners of men who have sex with men by country or territory[needs update]

Blood donation policies for female sex partners of men who have sex with men

Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; No deferral

Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may donate blood; Temporary deferral

Female sex partners of men who have sex with men may not donate blood; Permanent deferral

No Data

Laws concerning gender identity-expression by country or territory

Legal identity change, surgery not required

Legal identity change, surgery required

No legal identity change

Unknown/Ambiguous

Legal recognition of non-binary genders and third gender

Nonbinary / third gender available as voluntary opt-in

Opt-in for intersex people only

Standard for third gender

Standard for intersex

Nonbinary / third gender not legally recognized / no data

## Timeline

[edit]

Decriminalization of homosexuality timeline  | Countries/Territories/States

|

Never been illegal/Never criminalized  |

List

* Aruba, Netherlands
* Benin
* Burkina Faso
* Cambodia
* Central African Republic
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia
* Congo
* DR Congo
* Christmas Island, Australia
* Curaçao, Netherlands
* Djibouti
* Equatorial Guinea
* French Polynesia, France
* Indonesia[a]
* Ivory Coast
* Laos
* Madagascar
* Mayotte, France
* Micronesia
* New Caledonia, France
* Niger
* North Korea
* Rwanda
* Sint Maarten, Netherlands
* South Korea
* Philippines
* Vietnam
* Wallis and Futuna, France

18th century  |

List

* 1791: Andorra
* Kingdom of France (includes Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Martinique, Réunion, San Barthélemy, Saint Martin, and Saint Pierre and Miquelon)
* Saint-Domingue (Haiti)
* 1793: Monaco
* 1794: Luxembourg
* 1795: Belgium
* 1798: Geneva, Switzerland
* Ticino, Switzerland
* Vaud, Switzerland
* Valais, Switzerland

19th century  |

List

* 1811: Netherlands
* 1822: Dominican Republic
* El Salvador
* 1830: Empire of Brazil
* 1832: Bolivia
* 1853: Argentina
* 1858: Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
* 1864: San Marino
* 1869: Dutch Guiana (Suriname)
* 1871: Guatemala
* Mexico
* 1882: Empire of Japan
* 1890: Kingdom of Italy
* Vatican City
* 1899: Honduras

20th century  |

List

* 1912: Taiwan
* 1924: Peru
* 1933: Denmark (includes  Greenland and the  Faroe Islands)
* 1932: Poland
* 1934: Uruguay
* 1940: Kingdom of Iceland
* 1942: Switzerland (nationwide)
* 1944: Sweden
* 1951: Greece
* Jordan
* West Bank, Palestine
* 1956: Thailand
* 1961: Hungary
* 1962: Czechoslovakia
* Illinois, United States
* 1967: England and Wales, United Kingdom
* 1968: Bulgaria
* East Germany
* 1969: Canada
* West Germany
* 1971: Austria
* Connecticut, United States
* Costa Rica
* Finland
* 1972: Colorado, United States
* Oregon, United States
* Norway
* 1973: Delaware, United States
* Hawaii, United States
* Malta
* North Dakota, United States
* 1974: Massachusetts, United States
* Ohio, United States
* 1975: East Timor
* New Hampshire, United States
* New Mexico, United States
* South Australia, Australia
* 1976: Australian Capital Territory, Australia
* Bahrain
* California, United States
* Indiana, United States
* Maine, United States
* Washington, United States
* West Virginia, United States
* 1977: Socialist Republic of Croatia
* Socialist Republic of Montenegro
* Socialist Republic of Slovenia
* South Dakota, United States
* Vermont, United States
* Wyoming, United States
* 1978: Guam, United States
* Iowa, United States
* Nebraska, United States
* New Jersey, United States
* 1979: Cuba
* Spain
* 1980: Alaska, United States
* American Samoa, United States
* New York, United States
* Pennsylvania, United States
* 1981: Colombia
* Scotland, United Kingdom
* Victoria, Australia
* 1982: Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
* 1983: Guernsey, United Kingdom
* Northern Mariana Islands, United States
* Northern Territory, Australia
* Portugal
* Wisconsin, United States
* 1984: New South Wales, Australia
* 1985: United States Virgin Islands, United States
* 1986: New Zealand
* 1988: Israel
* 1989: Falkland Islands, United Kingdom
* Liechtenstein
* 1990: Jersey, United Kingdom
* Paraguay
* Western Australia, Australia
* 1991: Bahamas
* Abkhazia
* British Hong Kong
* Queensland, Australia
* South Ossetia
* Ukraine
* 1992: Estonia
* Isle of Man, United Kingdom
* Kentucky, United States
* Latvia
* 1993: District of Columbia, United States
* Gibraltar, United Kingdom
* Guinea Bissau
* Ireland
* Lithuania
* Mongolia
* Nevada, United States
* Norfolk Island, Australia
* Russia[b]
* 1994: Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija
* Belarus
* Bermuda, United Kingdom
* Republic of Serbia
* 1995: Albania
* Moldova
* 1996: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Portuguese Macau
* North Macedonia
* Romania
* Tennessee, United States
* 1997: China
* Ecuador
* Montana, United States
* Tasmania, Australia
* Venezuela
* 1998: Cyprus
* Georgia, United States
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Rhode Island, United States
* South Africa
* Tajikistan
* 1999: Chile
* Maryland, United States
* 2000: Akrotiri and Dhekelia, United Kingdom
* Azerbaijan
* Georgia

21st century  |

List

* 2001: Anguilla, United Kingdom
* Arizona, United States
* Brčko District, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* British Virgin Islands, United Kingdom
* Cayman Islands, United Kingdom
* Minnesota, United States
* Montserrat, United Kingdom
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, United Kingdom
* Pitcairn Islands, United Kingdom
* Turks and Caicos Islands, United Kingdom
* 2002: Arkansas, United States
* Transnistria
* 2003: Armenia
* Tokelau, New Zealand
* United States (nationwide)
* 2004: Cape Verde
* 2005: Marshall Islands
* 2007: Nepal
* Vanuatu
* 2008: Nicaragua
* Panama
* 2010: Fiji
* 2012: Lesotho
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* 2014: Northern Cyprus
* Palau
* 2015: Mozambique
* 2016: Belize
* Nauru
* Seychelles
* 2018: India
* 2019: Botswana
* 2020: Gabon
* 2021: Angola
* Bhutan
* 2022: Antigua and Barbuda
* Barbados
* Singapore
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* 2023: Cook Islands, New Zealand
* Mauritius
* 2024: Dominica
* Namibia
* Niue, New Zealand
* 2025: Saint Lucia

Notes

* Note that while this template lists several historical countries, such as the Kingdom of France, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, etc., for the sake of clarity, the flags shown are contemporary flags.
* When a country has decriminalized, re-criminalized, and decriminalized again (e.g. Albania, Bulgaria, Spain, republics of the Soviet Union) only the later decriminalization date is included. Countries which have decriminalized and since re-criminalized (e.g. Iraq) are excluded.

## LGBT-related laws by country or territory

[edit]

Note: A country in this list is to be presumed to have equalized the age of consent at the same time as it decriminalized homosexual acts, unless otherwise noted.

### Africa

[edit]

Main article: LGBTQ rights in Africa

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Africa

This table:

* view
* talk
* edit

#### Northern Africa

[edit]

| LGBTQ rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGB people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Algeria |  Illegal since 1966
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment with fines up to 10,000 dinars.[71][72][73] |  |  |  |  |  |
Canary Islands
(Autonomous community of Spain) |  Legal since 1979
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  De facto unions legal since 2003[75] |  Legal since 2005[76] |  Legal since 2005[77][78] |  Spain responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[79] |  Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[80]
Ceuta
(Autonomous city of Spain) |  Legal since 1979
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  De facto union since 1998[81] |  Legal since 2005[76] |  Legal since 2005[77] |  Spain responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[80]
Egypt | /  Ambiguous. Male de jure legal, but de facto illegal since 2000
Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws.[74][82] |  |  |  |  |  |
Libya |  Illegal since 1953 (as Kingdom of Libya)
Penalty: Up to 5 years in jail.[83][84] |  |  |  |  |  |
Madeira
(Autonomous region of Portugal) |  Legal since 1983
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  De facto union since 2001[85][86] |  Legal since 2010[87] |  Legal since 2016[88][89][90] |  Portugal responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[79] |  Since 2011, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[91]
Melilla
(Autonomous city of Spain) |  Legal since 1979
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  De facto union since 2008[92] |  Legal since 2005[76] |  Legal since 2005[77] |  Spain responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[93] |  Since 2007, all documents can be amended to the recognised gender[80]
Morocco
(including Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara) |  Illegal since 1962
Penalty: Up to 3 to 6 years imprisonment with hard labour.[74][94] |  |  |  |  |  |
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
(Disputed territory; only Free Zone) |  Illegal
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment.[74][95][96] |  |  |  |  |  |
Sudan |  Illegal since 1899 (as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan)
Penalty: Life imprisonment for a third offense of anal sex.[97] |  |  |  |  |  |
Tunisia |  Illegal since 1913 (as the French protectorate of Tunisia)
Penalty: 3 years imprisonment.[74][98]
[99] |  |  |  |  |  |

#### Western Africa

[edit]

LGBTQ rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGB people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Benin |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country);[74][100]
Equal age of consent since 2018.  |  |  |  |  |  |
Burkina Faso |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country, Criminalization pending) [101] |  |  Constitutional ban since 1991  |  |  |  |
Cape Verde |  Legal since 2004
\+ UN decl. sign.[101] |  |  |  |  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[101] |
Gambia |  Illegal since 1888 (as the Gambia Colony and Protectorate)
Penalty: Up to Iife imprisonment.[101][102][103] |  |  |  |  |  |  Forms of gender expression criminalized since 2013[104]
Ghana |  Male illegal since 1892 (as the Gold Coast

Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (repeal proposed)[105][106][107]
Female legal, Criminalization pending 2024[74][103][108][109]

|  |  |  |  |  |
Guinea |  Illegal since 1988
Penalty: 6 months to 10 years imprisonment.[110] (rarely enforced)[111] |  |  |  |  |  |
Guinea-Bissau |  Legal since 1993[101]
\+ UN decl. sign.  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ivory Coast |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country);
Age of consent discrepancy[101] |  |  |  |  |  |
Liberia |  Illegal since 1976
Penalty: 1 year imprisonment.[101][112] (repeal proposed)[113] |  |  |  |  | / Limited protections.  |
Mali |  Illegal since 2024
Penalty: 7 years imprisonment and a fine of 500,000 francs.[114][74] |  |  Constitutional ban since 2023[115] |  |  |  | [116]
Mauritania |  Illegal since 1983
Penalty: Capital punishment for men, (not enforced, de jure); up to 2 years in prison and a fine for women and men (de facto).[101][117] |  |  |  |  |  |
Niger |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country, Criminalization pending);
Age of consent discrepancy[101] |  |  |  |  |  | [116]
Nigeria |  Illegal since 1904 (Northern Region only)
Illegal since 1916 (Region-wide)
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment.
Death in the states of Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Niger, Sokoto, Yobe, and Zamfara. (not enforced)[74][118][103] |  |  Statutory ban since 2013 |  |  |  |  Forms of gender expression criminalized in Sharia provinces.
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) |  Legal since 2001
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Legal since 2017  |  Legal since 2017[119][120] |  Legal since 2017  |  UK responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |
Senegal |  Illegal since 1966
Penalty: 1 to 5 years imprisonment.[74][121] |  |  |  |  |  |
Sierra Leone |  Male illegal since 1861 (as the Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate)
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (not enforced, repeal disputed).
Female always legal
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  |  | / Limited protections.  |
Togo |  Illegal since 1980
Penalty: Fine and 3 years imprisonment [74] (rarely enforced, repeal proposed)[122][123] |  |  |  |  |  |

#### Central Africa

[edit]

LGBTQ rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGB people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Cameroon |  Illegal since 1972
Penalty: Fines to 5 years imprisonment.[74][103][124] (repeal proposed) [125] |  |  |  |  |  |
Central African Republic |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[74]
\+ UN decl. sign.  |  |  Constitutional ban since 2016[126] |  |  |  | [116]
Chad |  Illegal since 2017
Penalty: Between 3 months and 2 years in prison, with fines of 50,000 to 500,000 FCFA. (Penal Code, Chapter 2, Article 354) [127] |  |  |  |  | / Aggravated punishment when the rape is committed because of the sexual orientation of the victim.  | [116]
Democratic Republic of the Congo |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[74] |  |  Constitutional ban since 2006  |  |  |  |
Republic of the Congo |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country);
Age of consent discrepancy[74] |  |  |  |  |  | [116]
Equatorial Guinea |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[74] |  |  |  |  | / Limited protections.  | [116]
Gabon |  Legal since 2020[128];
Age of consent discrepancy,
\+ UN decl. sign.  |  |  Constitutional ban since 2024  |  |  | / Limited protections.  |
São Tomé and Príncipe |  Legal since 2012
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  |  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[129] |

#### Eastern Africa

[edit]

LGBTQ rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGB people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Burundi |  Illegal since 2009
Penalty: fine, and 3 months to 2 years imprisonment. [74][130] (repeal disputed)  |  |  Constitutional ban since 2005  |  |  |  |
Djibouti |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country) [74][131] |  |  |  |  |  | [116]
Eritrea |  Illegal
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment.[74][132][133][134][135] (rarely enforced)[136] |  |  |  |  |  |
Ethiopia |  Illegal
Penalty: Up to 15 years. [74] (repeal disputed) [137] |  |  Statutory ban since 2009[138] |  |  |  |
Kenya |  Illegal since 1897 (as the East Africa Protectorate)
Penalty: up to 14 years imprisonment. (repeal proposed) [74][103][139] |  |  Constitutional ban since 2010[140] |  |  | / Limited protection following legal process by the authorities.[141] | [142]
Rwanda |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)[74]
\+ UN decl. sign.  |  |  Constitutional ban since 2003  |  |  | / Limited protections.[143] |
Somalia |  Illegal
Penalty: Up to 3 years prison.
Jubaland Illegal. Penalty: Up to death in Jubaland.[144] |  |  |  |  |  |
Somaliland
(Disputed territory) |  Illegal
Penalty: Up to 3 years prison, sometimes death sentences.[145] |  |  |  |  |  |
South Sudan |  Illegal since 1899 (as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan)
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment. (not enforced) [74][103] |  |  Constitutional ban since 2011[146] |  |  |  |  Forms of gender expression are criminalized.
Tanzania |  Illegal since 1864 (only Zanzibar)
Illegal since 1899
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment.[74][103][147][148] (repeal disputed)[149] |  |  |  |  |  |
Uganda |  Male illegal since 1902 (as Protectorate)
Female illegal since 2000
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment, Capital punishment for "aggravated homosexuality" (not enforced). [150][151] |  |  Constitutional ban since 2005  |  |  |  |

#### Indian Ocean states

[edit]

LGBTQ rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGB people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Comoros |  Illegal since 1982
Penalty: 5 years imprisonment and fines. (not enforced)[74][152] |  |  |  |  |  | [116]
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
(Overseas territory of France) |  Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the territory)[74] |  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[153] |  Legal since 2013 |  Legal since 2013  |  France responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  Under French law
Madagascar |  Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country);
Age of consent discrepancy[74] |  |  |  |  | / Limited protections.  |
Mauritius |  Legal since 2023[154]
\+ UN decl. sign.  |  |  |  |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[155][156] |
Mayotte
(Overseas region of France) |  Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the region)[74] |  Civil solidarity pact since 2007  |  Legal since 2013 |  Legal since 2013  |  France responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  Under French law
Réunion
(Overseas region of France) |  Legal since 1791[74] |  Civil solidarity pact since 1999  |  Legal since 2013 |  Legal since 2013  |  France responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  Under French law
Seychelles |  Legal since 2016[157]
\+ UN decl. sign.  |  |  |  |  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[74] |

#### Southern Africa

[edit]

LGBTQ rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Angola |  Legal since 2021 [158] |  |  |  |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[159] |  May possibly change gender under the Código do Registro Civil 2015[160]
Botswana |  Legal since 2019 [161] |  |  |  | (Only LGB)  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  Legal gender change recognized as a constitutional right since 2017[162]
Eswatini |  Male illegal since the 1880s (not enforced, repeal proposed)[163]
Penalty: Unknown
Female always legal[74][103] |  |  |  |  | / Hate speech ban, only in broadcasting.  |
Lesotho |  Male legal since 2012
Female always legal[74] |  |  |  |  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[164][165] |  May possibly change gender under the National Identity Cards Act 9 of 2011[166]
Malawi |  Illegal since 1891 (as British Central Africa Protectorate)[103]
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment, with or without corporal punishment for men
up to 5 years imprisonment for women (rarely enforced, repeal proposed)[74][167][103][168][169] |  |  |  |  |  |
Mozambique |  Legal since 2015[170][171] |  |  |  |  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[74][155] |
Namibia |  Legal since 2024[172] | / Foreign same-sex marriages recognised[173] | / Foreign same-sex marriages recognised[173] |  |  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination.[174] |  Under the Births, Marriages and Deaths Registration Act 81 of 1963[175]
South Africa |  Male legal since 1998
Female always legal; equal age of consent since 2007
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Limited recognition of unregistered partnerships since 1998; same-sex marriage since 2006  |  Legal since 2006 |  Legal since 2002 |  Since 1998  |  Constitution bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  Anti-discrimination laws are interpreted to include gender identity[176]; legal gender may be changed after surgical or medical treatment
Zambia |  Illegal since 1911 (as part of the British South Africa Company rule of Rhodesia)
Penalty: up to 15 years to life imprisonment. (repeal proposed)[74][103][177][178] |  |  |  |  |  |
Zimbabwe |  Male illegal since 1891 (as part of the British South Africa Company rule of Rhodesia)
Penalty: up to 1 to 14 years imprisonment. (repeal proposed)[179]
Female always legal[74][103] |  |  Constitutional ban since 2013[180] |  |  |  |

### Americas

[edit]

Main article: LGBTQ rights in the Americas

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in the Americas

Tables:

* view
* talk
* edit

#### North America

[edit]

| LGBTQ rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGB people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Bermuda
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) |  Legal since 1994; equal age of consent since 2019
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Domestic partnerships since 2018[181] |  Was legal between November 2018 and March 2022 and between May 2017 and June 2018 |  Legal since 2015[182] |  UK responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[183] |
Canada |  Legal since 1969; equal age of consent since 1987
\+ UN decl. sign.[74][184] |  Domestic partnerships in Nova Scotia (2001);[185]
Civil unions in Quebec (2002);[186]
Adult interdependent relationships in Alberta (2003);[187]
Common-law relationships in Manitoba (2004)[188] |  Legal in some provinces and territories since 2003, nationwide since 2005[189] |  Legal in some provinces and territories since 1996, nationwide since 2011[190] |  Since 1992[191]; Includes transgender people[192] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination. Ban on conversion therapy since 2022 nationwide | / Transgender people can change their gender and name without completion of medical intervention and human rights protections explicitly include gender identity or expression within all of Canada since 2017.[193][194][195][196] Gender identity change is not recognized for the purpose of inheritance of hereditary peerages and baronetcies, which is subject to Section 16 of the United Kingdom's Gender Recognition Act 2004.
Greenland
(Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark) |  Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1977
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships between 1996 and 2016 (Existing partnerships are still recognised.)[197] |  Legal since 2016  |  Stepchild adoption since 2009;[198]
joint adoption since 2016[199] |  The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[74] |  Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[200][201]
Mexico |  Legal since 1871
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] | / Civil unions in Mexico City (2007), Coahuila (2007),[202] Colima (between 2013 and 2016),[203] Campeche (2013),[204] Jalisco (between 2014 and 2018),[205] Michoacán (2015), Tlaxcala (2017), and Veracruz (2020)  |  Starting in 2010; nationwide since 2022 | / Legal in Mexico City (2010),[206] Coahuila (2014), Chihuahua (2015), Jalisco (2016), Michoacán (2016), Colima (2016), Morelos (2016), Campeche (2016), Veracruz (2016), Baja California (2017), Querétaro (2017), Chiapas (2017), Puebla (2017), Aguascalientes (2018), San Luis Potosi (2019), Hidalgo (2019), Yucatán (2021), Nayarit (2022), Quintana Roo (2022), Baja California Sur (2022), Zacatecas (2023), Tabasco (2024), Durango, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo León (the latter three never had adoption bans)[207][208] |  (ambiguous)  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[209] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal in Mexico City (2020), México (2020), Baja California Sur (2020), Colima (2021), Tlaxcala (2021), Oaxaca (2021), Yucatán (2021), Zacatecas (2021), Baja California (2022), Hidalgo (2022), Jalisco (2022), Puebla (2022), Sonora (2022), Nuevo León (2022), Querétaro (2023), Sinaloa (2023), Quintana Roo (2023), Morelos (2023), Guerrero (2024), Michoacán (2024), and nationwide (2024).  | / Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name in Mexico City (2008),[210] Michoacán (2017), Nayarit (2017), Coahuila (2018), Hidalgo (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Colima (2019), Baja California (2019), Oaxaca (2019), Tlaxcala (2019), Chihuahua (2019), Sonora (2020), Jalisco (2020), Quintana Roo (2020), Puebla (2021), Baja California Sur (2021), México (2021), Morelos (2021), Sinaloa (2022), Zacatecas (2022), Durango (2023), Yucatán (2024), Campeche (2024), and Tabasco (2025).. [211]
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
(Overseas collectivity of France) |  Legal since 1791
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[212] |  Legal since 2013[213] |  Legal since 2013[214] |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[93] |  Under French law[215]
United States |  Legal in some states since 1962, nationwide since 2003
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] | Domestic partnerships in California (1999), the District of Columbia (2002), Maine (2004), Washington (2007), Maryland (2008), Oregon (2008), Nevada (2009) and Wisconsin (2009).
Civil unions in Vermont (2000), Connecticut (2005), New Jersey (2007), New Hampshire (2008), Illinois (2011), Rhode Island (2011), Delaware (2012), Hawaii (2012) and Colorado (2013).  |  Legal in some states since 2004, nationwide since 2015 |  Legal in some states since 1993, nationwide since 2016 | / Lesbians, gays, and bisexuals have been allowed to serve openly in the U.S. military since 2011, following the repeal of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy.
Transgender people previously allowed to serve openly,[216] but restrictions have been placed on those with a history of gender dysphoria.[217]
"Transvestites" are currently banned from the military since 2012.[218]
Most openly Intersex people may be banned from the military under the Armed Forces ban of "hermaphrodites".[218] | / Employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is prohibited nationwide since 2020.
More extensive protections exist in 23 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Conversion therapy for minors is banned in 22 states, DC, and some municipalities.
Sexual orientation is covered by the federal hate crime law since 2009.  | / Gender X became available and recognized formally on US passports in April 2022.[219] This was rescinded in 2025 at the beginning of president Trump's second term.[220] Gender change is legal on birth certificates (under varying conditions by state), in 48 states + DC.
Nonbinary gender markers are available, under varying circumstances, in 25 states + DC.
Employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity is prohibited nationwide since 2020.
More extensive protections exist in 22 states, DC, and some municipalities.

#### Central America

[edit]

LGBT rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGB people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Belize |  Legal since 2016[221] |  |  |  |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[222][223][224] | [225]
Costa Rica |  Legal since 1971
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Unregistered cohabitation since 2014[226][227] |  Legal since 2020  |  Legal since 2020[228] | Has no military |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[74] | / Transgender persons can change their legal name without surgeries or judicial permission since 2018. Legal gender cannot be changed. Sex indicator removed from all ID cards issued since May 2018[229][230][231] One-time sex change allowed for passports. [232]
El Salvador |  Legal since 1822
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  | [233][234] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[233] | [235] Bans discrimination based on gender identity.
Guatemala |  Legal since 1871
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Pending  |  |  |  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination  | [236]
Honduras |  Legal since 1899
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 2005  |  Constitutional ban since 2005;[237][238] court decision pending  |  Constitutional ban since 2005  |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[239] |
Nicaragua |  Legal since 2008
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  |  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[74] |
Panama |  Legal since 2008
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Court decision pending  |  Court decision pending  |  Court decision pending  | Has no military |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[240][241] |  Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name after completion of medical intervention since 2006[242][243]

#### Caribbean

[edit]

Main article: LGBTQ rights in the Caribbean

LGBT rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGB people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Anguilla
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) |  Legal since 2001
Age of consent discrepancy
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  |  UK responsible for defence  |  |
Antigua and Barbuda |  Legal since 2022  |  |  |  |  |  Bans some anti-LGBT discrimination  |
Aruba
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships since 2021[244] |  [245] |  |  The Netherlands responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[246] |
Bahamas |  Legal since 1991;
Age of consent discrepancy
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  | [74] |  |
Barbados |  Legal since 2022.  | / Foreign Domestic Partnerships recognized for immigration purposes "Welcome Stamp"[247]

Civil Unions proposed.[248]

|  |  |  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[249] |
Bonaire
(a special municipality of the Netherlands) |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships since 2012[250] |  Legal since 2012[251] | [252] |  The Netherlands responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[253] |
British Virgin Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) |  Legal since 2001
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  |  UK responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[254] |
Cayman Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) |  Legal since 2001;
Age of consent discrepancy[74]
\+ UN decl. sign.  |  Civil partnerships since 2020[255] |  |  Legal since 2020  |  UK responsible for defence  |  |
Cuba |  Legal since 1979
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Legal since 2022  |  Legal since 2022  |  Legal since 2022  | [74][256] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination [257][258][259] |  Transgender people allowed to change gender after sex change operations[260]
Curaçao
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  [245] |  |  The Netherlands responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[261] |
Dominica |  Legal since 2024[262]
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  | Has no military |  |
Dominican Republic |  Legal since 1822
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  Constitutional ban since 2010[263] |  | [264] |  |
Grenada |  Male illegal
Penalty: 10-year prison sentence (not enforced). [265] Legalization proposed[266]
Female always legal[74] |  |  |  | Has no military |  |
Guadeloupe
(Overseas department of France) |  Legal since 1791
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[212] |  Legal since 2013[213] |  Legal since 2013[214] |  France responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[93] |  Under French law[215]
Haiti |  Legal since 1791 (as Saint-Domingue)[74] |  |  |  | Has no military |  |
Jamaica |  Male illegal
Penalty: 10 years and/or hard labor (Not enforced). Legalization proposed[267]
Female always legal.[74] |  |  Constitutional ban since 2011  |  |  |  |
Martinique
(Overseas department of France) |  Legal since 1791
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[212] |  Legal since 2013[213] |  Legal since 2013[214] |  France responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[93] |  Under French law[215]
Montserrat
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) |  Legal since 2001
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  |  UK responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[268] |
Puerto Rico
(Commonwealth of the United States) |  Legal since 2003  |  Legal since 2015  |  Legal since 2015[269] |  Legal since 2015  |  United States responsible for defense[270][271] |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination  |  Gender change legal since 2018; does not require surgery
Saba
(a special municipality of the Netherlands) |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships since 2012[250] |  Legal since 2012[251] | [252] |  The Netherlands responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[253] | [272]
Saint Barthélemy
(Overseas collectivity of France) |  Legal since 1791
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[212] |  Legal since 2013[213] |  Legal since 2013[214] |  France responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[93] |  Under French law[215]
Saint Kitts and Nevis |  Legal since 2022  |  |  |  |  |  |
Saint Lucia |  Legal since 2025  |  |  |  | Has no military |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination  |
Saint Martin
(Overseas collectivity of France) |  Legal since 1791
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[212] |  Legal since 2013[213] |  Legal since 2013[214] |  France responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[93] |  Under French law[215]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |  Illegal
Penalty: Fine and/or 10-year prison sentence (Not enforced).[74] Legalization proposed[273] |  |  |  | Has no military |  |
Sint Eustatius
(a special municipality of the Netherlands) |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the municipalities)
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships since 2012[250] |  Legal since 2012[251] | [252] |  The Netherlands responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[253] |
Sint Maarten
(Constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) |  Legal (No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the country)
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  | / Same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands recognized[274] |  |  The Netherlands responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[275] |
Trinidad and Tobago |  Male illegal since 2025
Penalty: Up to 5-year prison sentence (not enforced, Court of Appeal ruling that reinstated buggery and gross indecency laws; previously struck down by lower court in 2018; appeal to Privy Council pending.)
Female always legal[129] |  |  |  |  |  |
Turks and Caicos Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) |  Legal since 2001
Age of consent discrepancy
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  |  UK responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[74] |
United States Virgin Islands
(Territory of the United States) |  Legal since 1985  |  Legal since 2015[276] |  Legal since 2015[276] |  Legal since 2015[276] |  United States responsible for defense[270][271] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[277] |  Legislation enacted in 2022, also explicitly includes gender identity.[277]

#### South America

[edit]

LGBT rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGB people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Argentina |  Legal since 1887
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil unions in Buenos Aires (2003),[278] Río Negro Province (2003),[279] Villa Carlos Paz (2007) and Río Cuarto (2009)
Cohabitation unions nationwide since 2015[280] |  Legal since 2010[281] |  Legal since 2010  |  Since 2009[282] | / Legal protection in some cities;[283]
pending nationwide.
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010 |  Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2012[284]

Transgender persons have a law reserving 1% of Argentina's public sector jobs. Economic incentives included in the new law aim to help trans people find work in all sectors. [285]

Bolivia |  Legal since 1832
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] | Free unions officially recognised starting in 2020; nationwide since 2023.[286] |  Constitutional ban since 2009[287] |  Same-sex couples in a free union are permitted to adopt[288] |  Since 2015[289][290][291]; Includes transgender people[192] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[74] |  Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order since 2016[292][293][294]
Brazil |  Legal since 1830
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  "Stable unions" legal and all rights as recognized family entities available nationwide since 2011[295][296] |  Starting in 2011; nationwide since 2013[297][298] |  Legal since 2010[299] | Since 1969[300] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[301]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 1999[302][303] |  Transgender people can change their legal gender and name before a notary without the need of surgeries or judicial order since 2018. The sex reassignment surgery, hormonal and psychological treatment are offered free of charge by the Brazilian Unified Health System (UHS) [304][305][306]
Chile |  Legal since 1999; equal age of consent since 2022
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil unions since 2015[307] |  Legal since 2022[308] |  Legal since 2022[308] |  Since 2012[309]; Includes transgender people[310] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[311]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2021 |  Transsexual persons can change their registral sex and name since 1974.
Transgender persons can change their registral sex and name, no surgeries or judicial order for adults above 18 years old since 2019.[312]
Colombia |  Legal since 1981
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  De facto marital union since 2007[313] |  Legal since 2016[314][315] |  Stepchild adoption since 2014;[316] joint adoption since 2015[317] |  Since 1999[74] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[318] |  Since 2015, transgender persons can change their legal gender and name manifesting their solemn will before a notary, no surgeries or judicial order required[319]
Ecuador |  Legal since 1997
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  De facto unions since 2009[320][321] |  Legal since 2019[322] |  LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[323] | [324] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[325]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2014 |  Since 2016, transgender persons are allowed to change their birth name and gender identity; no surgeries or judicial order required[326][327]
Falkland Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) |  Legal since 1989; equal age of consent since 2006
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil partnerships since 2017[328] |  Legal since 2017[328] |  Legal since 2017  |  UK responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[329] |
French Guiana
(Overseas department of France) |  Legal since 1791
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[212] |  Legal since 2013[213] |  Legal since 2013[214] |  France responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[93] |  Under French law[215]
Guyana |  Male illegal
Penalty: Up to life imprisonment (Not enforced).[74] Legalization proposed[330]
Female always legal[129] |  |  | [331] | [332] |  |
Paraguay |  Legal since 1880; Age of consent discrepancy
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Constitutional ban on de facto unions since 1992[333] |  Constitutional ban since 1992[334] |  | [335] |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination.
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2022 |
Peru |  Legal since 1924; equal age of consent since 2012
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] | / Limited recognition for same-sex partners of health-care workers since 2020.  |  |  |  Since 2009[336] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[337][338][339][340][341] |  Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without the need for the completion of medical intervention since 2016. Judicial order required.[342][343]
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) |  Legal since 2001
\+ UN decl. sign.  |  Legal since 2014[344] |  Legal since 2014[344] |  |  UK responsible for defence  |  |
Suriname |  Legal since 1869 (as Dutch Guiana)  |  |  Since 13 February 2025, Court recognizes 2 same-sex marriages performed abroad  |  |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[345] |  Transgender persons can change their legal gender since 2022. Court order required.[346][347][348]
Uruguay |  Legal since 1934
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Concubinage union since 2008[349] |  Legal since 2013[350] |  Legal since 2009[351] |  Since 2009[352] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[353] Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2017 |  Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name without surgeries or judicial order required since 2009.[354] Self-determination since 2018.
Venezuela |  Legal since 1997
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Constitutional ban on de facto stable unions since 1999  |  Constitutional ban since 1999  |  |  Since 2023[355] |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[74] |

### Antarctica

[edit]

Main article: LGBTQ rights in Antarctica

### Asia

[edit]

Main article: LGBTQ rights in Asia

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Asia

This table:

* view
* talk
* edit

#### North Asia

[edit]

| LGBT rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Russia |  Yes Fully legal nationwide since 1993[356][74]

* * *

(de-facto illegal in Chechnya)  |  No |  No Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples since 2020 |  No |  Yes[357] |  No |  No Gender change has not been legal since 2023[358]

#### Central Asia

[edit]

LGBT rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Kazakhstan |  Yes Legal since 1998[74] |  No |  No |  No |  Yes Since 2022[359] |  No |  Yes[360]
Kyrgyzstan |  Yes Legal since 1998[74] |  No |  No Constitutional ban since 2016[361] |  No | Un­known  |  No |  Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery[362][360]
Tajikistan |  Yes Legal since 1998[74] |  No |  No |  No | Un­known  |  No |  Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery[363][360]
Turkmenistan |  No Male illegal since 1927
Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment.
Yes Female always legal[364] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No
Uzbekistan |  No Male illegal since 1926
Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment.
Yes Female always legal[364] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No

#### West Asia

[edit]

LGBT rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Abkhazia
(Disputed territory) |  Yes Legal  |  No |  No |  No | Un­known  |  No | Un­known
Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) |  Yes Legal since 2000
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Yes Civil partnerships since 2005  |  Yes Legal since 2014  | Un­known  |  Yes UK responsible for defence  |  Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[365] | Un­known
Armenia |  Yes Legal since 2003
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  No |  No Constitutional ban since 2015[366][367] |  No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples.  |  No [368] |  No |  No
Azerbaijan |  Yes Legal since 2000[74] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No
Bahrain |  Yes Legal since 1976[74] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.[369]
Cyprus |  Yes Legal since 1998
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015[370] |  No |  No |  Yes[371] |  Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination[372] |  Yes Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.[373]

* * *

No Gender change is not legal.
Egypt |  Ambiguous Ambiguous. Male de jure legal, but de facto illegal since 2000
Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws.[74][374] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No
Georgia |  Yes Legal since 2000
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  No |  No Constitutional ban since 2018  |  No | Un­known  |  Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[375] |  Yes Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[376]
Iran |  No Illegal
Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men (although there are documented cases of minors executed because of their sexual orientation)[377]. For women, 100 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction.[74] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  Yes Legal gender recognition legal if accompanied by a medical intervention[378]
Iraq |  No Re-criminalized in 2024.[379] Penalty: Prison sentence between 10 and 15 years.  |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No
Israel |  Yes Legal since 1963 (de facto), 1988 (de jure)[380]
\+ UN decl. sign.[74][381] |  Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 1994.  |  No/ Yes Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized and recorded in the population registry |  Yes Permitted by law since 2008.[382] But in practice gay couples were put at the end of the queue for adoption, until the Supreme Court forbade this discrimination in 2023.[383] Legal adoptions by gay couples began in practice in 2025.[384] |  Yes Since 1993; Includes transgender people[385] |  Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[386][387][388] |  Yes Full recognition of gender's ID with or without a surgery or medical intervention;[389][390][391] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identity[392][393][394]
Jordan |  Yes Legal[74] |  No |  No |  No | Un­known  |  No |  Yes Allowed since 2014[395]
Kuwait |

* No Male illegal
* Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence.
* Yes Female always legal[74][396]

|  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No
Lebanon |  Ambiguous Ambiguous. Illegal under Article 534 of the Penal Code. Some judges have ruled not to prosecute individuals based on the law, however, this has not been settled by the Supreme Court and thus homosexuality is still illegal.[397] However, a 2017 court ruling claims that it is legal, but the law against it is still in place.
Penalty: Up to 1 year imprisonment (unenforced).  |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  Yes Legal gender change allowed, but sex reassignment surgery required[398]
Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory) |  Yes Legal since 2014[399][400][74] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination[399][400] |  Yes Legal, requires surgery for change[401]
Oman |  No Illegal
Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (only enforced when dealing with "public scandal").[74] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No Laws against forms of gender expression.
Palestine
| West Bank:
Yes Legal[74]

* * *

Gaza:
No consensus on legal applicability of British 1936 Sexual offences provisions to homosexual conduct[402][403][404][405] | West Bank:

Gaza:

|  No |  No | Un­known  |  No |  No
Qatar |  No Illegal
Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment[74] Death penalty for Muslims.  |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No
Saudi Arabia |

* No Illegal
* Penalty: Capital punishment,[406] prison terms (indeterminate length, max. term unknown),[407][408] flogging, fines, deportation

[74] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No Laws against forms of gender expression.
South Ossetia
(Disputed territory) |  Yes Legal  |  No |  No |  No | Un­known  |  No | Un­known
Syria |  Ambiguous |  No |  No |  | No official military |  |
Turkey |  Yes Legal since 1858[74] |  No |  No |  No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples.  |  No |  No |  Yes Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change[409]
United Arab Emirates |

* No Illegal (unenforced): Prosecution only on complaint of husband or (male) legal guardian[410][411]
* Penalty: Max - no upper limit, sentence at courts' discretion
* Min. - 6 months' imprisonment[410][412]

|  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No Sex reassignment surgery severely restricted to limited circumstances (mainly physical intersex traits), highly regulated by the state.[413][414] Laws used against forms of gender expression.[415]
Yemen |  No Illegal (codified in 1994)
Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, stoning for adultery is not enforced. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment.[74] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No

#### South Asia

[edit]

LGBT rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Afghanistan |  No Illegal
Penalty: Death penalty[416] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No
Bangladesh |  No Illegal since 1862
Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment (Occasionally enforced).[74][417] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  Yes A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available for a certain sect of third genders[418]
Bhutan |  Yes Legal since 2021[419] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination  |  Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender without surgery
British Indian Ocean Territory
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom) |  Yes Legal since 2001
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Yes Civil partnerships since 2005  |  Yes Legal since 2014  | Un­known  |  Yes UK responsible for defense  | Un­known  | Un­known
India |  Yes Legal since 2018[420] |  Yes/  No symbolic live-In relationships exist[421]
On August 28, 2024, India's Ministry of Finance issued an advisory declaring that persons from the LGBTQ community face no restrictions in opening joint bank accounts or nominating their partners as beneficiaries[422] |  No |  No |  No |  Yes/  No Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by court decision. No nationwide law.[423][424][425]

In 2022, National Medical Commission banned conversion therapy[426]

|  Yes A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available; transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender, only after medical/surgical intervention[427][425]
Maldives |  No Illegal (codified in 2014)
Penalty: Up to 8 years imprisonment, house arrest, lashings and fines. (unenforced)[428] LGBTQ welcomed in tourist islands [429] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No
Nepal |  Yes Legal since 2007
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  No |  No |  No |  Yes Since 2007[430] |  Yes Constitutional protections since 2015[431] |  No Change to third gender "O" legal since 2007, unable to change to male or female[432]
Pakistan |  No Illegal since 1862
Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Occasionally enforced).[74][433] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  Yes Transphobia illegal

* * *

No Homophobia/biphobia is not illegal

|  Yes Right to change gender; transgender and intersex citizens have legal protections from all discrimination and harassment[434]
Sri Lanka |  No Illegal since 1885
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment with fines.[74] (Ruled unenforcable by the Supreme Court) Legalization proposed  |  No |  No |  No |  No |  Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination  |  Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender without surgery

#### East Asia

[edit]

LGBT rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of relationships  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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China |  Yes Legal since 1997[74] |  No/ Yes "Legal guardianship" since 2017 |  No |  No |  Yes can openly serve

* * *

No open displays of affection [435][436] | Yes Court has in some cases protected LGBT workers from employment discrimination.[437]

* * *

No protection codified in law  |  Yes

legal gender change possible since 2002.

Since 2022, legal gender change allowed with only partial sex reassignment surgery. Difficulty remains to change gender information on diplomas and degrees.[438][439]

Hong Kong |  Yes Legal since 1991[74] |  No/ Yes Same-sex marriages registered overseas for government benefits and taxation, and limited recognition of local cohabiting partners  |  No |  Yes/ No Stepchild adoption since 2021 [440] | The central government of China is responsible for the defense of Hong Kong.[441] |  Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination (government discrimination only)  |  Yes Following a legal decision, may change gender marker after partial sex reassignment surgery.[442]
Japan |  Yes Legal since 1882
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  No * Symbolic recognition in some jurisdictions.  |  No Proposed in 2023[443] |  No |  Yes The Japan Self-Defense Forces allow gay people to enlist.[444] |  No nationwide protections

* * *

Yes some cities ban some anti-gay discrimination[74] |  Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Macau |  Yes Legal since 1996  |  No |  No |  No | The central government of China is responsible for the defence of Macau.  |  Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination  | Un­known
Mongolia |  Yes Legal since 1993
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  No |  No Constitutional ban since 1992  |  No |  Yes (Only LGB)[445] |  Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery
North Korea |  Yes /  No Ambiguous, punishable through Articles 193 and 262 regarding obscenity and decency laws.[dubious - discuss]
Penalty: Unknown  |  No |  No |  No |  Yes can serve with 10-year celibacy required for all soldiers.[446]

* * *

No open displays of LGBT attitudes.  |  No |  No
South Korea |  Yes Legal
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  No |  No Proposed in 2023[447] |  No |  No |  Yes/ No Protection from discrimination varies by jurisdiction in some areas, including Seoul |  Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but usually requires sex reassignment surgery
Taiwan |  Yes Legal[448] | [449] |  Legal since 2019[450][451][452] |  Yes Stepchild adoption since 2019
Yes Joint adoption legal since 2023[453] |  Yes |  Yes Constitutionally bans all anti-gay discrimination from government[454]; several laws banning anti-gay discrimination regarding education and employment.[455][456] |  Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.[c]

#### Southeast Asia

[edit]

LGBT rights in  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of relationships  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Aceh (autonomous territory of Indonesia)  |  No Illegal
Penalty: 100 strokes of the cane or 8 years in prison[458] |  No |  No |  No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples  |  No The central government of Indonesia is responsible for the defense of Aceh.  |  No |  Yes Follows the law of the central Indonesian government.
Brunei |  No Illegal since 1908
Penalty: Death by stoning (in abeyance), 1 year imprisonment and 100 lashes for men. Caning and 10 years prison for women.[459] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No | Laws prohibit forms of gender expression.
Cambodia |  Yes Legal[74] |  No/ Yes Partnerships recognized in certain cities  |  No Constitutional ban since 1993  |  No | Un­known  |  No |  No[460]
Indonesia |  Ambiguous Not criminalized in private relationship (except in Aceh)[74][461] |  No |  No |  No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples  |  No Not explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto)  | Ambiguous Circular letter bans hate speech based on sexual orientation but enforcement inconsistent[462] [463] |  Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.
Laos |  Yes Legal[74] |  No |  No |  No | Un­known  |  No | Un­known
Malaysia |  No
Federal criminal law: Illegal since 1871, up to 20 years imprisonment and caning for anal sex (male/male or male/female);[74][464]
? Uncertain for lesbian sex.[d]

* * *

State shariah law: Gay sex or lesbian sex, or both, are illegal for Muslims in all states and federal territories, except in Pahang.[e] |  No |  No |  No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples  |  No |  No |  No Generally impossible to change gender. Gender changes was briefly recognized as fundamental rights in a 2014 court ruling,[465][466] but was overturned by the apex court in 2015.[467]
Forms of gender expression are criminalized for Muslims under state shariah law.[468]
Myanmar |  No Illegal since 1886
Penalty: Up to 20 years in prison (unenforced).[74][469] |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No |  No
Philippines |  Yes Legal
\+ UN decl. sign.[470][74][471][472] [f] |  No (Pending) [470] |  No (Pending) [473] |  No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[474][473] |  Yes Since 2009  |  Yes/ No Bans some anti-gay discrimination in certain cities and provinces,[475] including the City of Manila,[476]Cebu City,[477] Quezon City,[478] and Davao City;[479]
Nationwide anti-bullying law for basic education students.[480] |  No Generally impossible to change legal gender. However in Cagandahan vs Philippines, allowed an intersex man to change his legal gender from female to male.
Singapore |  Yes Legal since 2007 (de facto), 2022 (de jure)  |  No |  No | Ambiguous, a gay Singaporean man with a male partner in 2018 won an appeal in court to adopt a child that he fathered through a surrogate.[481] |  Yes |  Yes Protections against anti-gay discrimination, harassment and violence[482] |  Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Thailand |  Yes Legal since 1956
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Yes Since 2025  |  Yes Since 2025[483][484][485] |  Yes Since 2025[483] |  Yes Since 2005 [486] |  Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  No[484][487]

Yes Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression.[464]

Timor-Leste |  Yes Legal since 1975
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  No |  No |  Yes LGBT individuals may adopt

* * *

but same-sex couples can not adopt  | Un­known  |  Yes Bans some anti gay discrimination, Hate crime protections since 2009.[488] | Un­known
Vietnam |  Yes Legal[74]
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  No |  No |  No LGBT individuals may adopt, not same-sex couples[489] |  Yes Irrespective of one's sexual orientation  |  Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination  |  Yes Gender changes recognized and officially practised since 2017[490][491]

### Europe

[edit]

Main article: LGBTQ rights in Europe

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Europe

Tables:

* view
* talk
* edit

#### European Union

[edit]

Main article: LGBTQ rights in the European Union

| LGBT rights in  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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member states of the European Union |  Legal in all 27 member states[492] | / Recognized in 25/27 member states
| / Legal in 16/27 member states
| / Stepchild adoption legal in 19/27 member states;
joint adoption legal in 17/27 member states  |  Legal in all member states  |  Membership requires a state to ban discrimination based on person's sexual orientation in employment.
4/27 states ban some anti-gay discrimination.
23/27 states ban all anti-gay discrimination  | / Legal in 25/27 member states[493]

#### Central Europe

[edit]

LGBT rights in  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Austria |  Legal since 1971; equal age of consent since 2002[74]
\+ UN decl. sign.  |  Registered partnerships since 2010[494] |  Legal since 2019[495] |  Stepchild adoption since 2013;
joint adoption since 2016[496][497][498] |  Includes transgender people[499] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery[501]
Czech Republic |  Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia); equal age of consent since 1990
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships since 2006[502] |  | / Stepchild adoption legal since 2025  |  Includes transgender people[499] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Transgender people allowed to change gender without undergoing surgery
Germany |  Legal in East Germany since 1968
Legal in West Germany since 1969; equal age of consent since 1988 in East Germany and since 1994 in unified Germany
\+ UN decl. sign.[74][503] |  Registered life partnerships from 2001 to 2017 (existing partnerships and new foreign partnerships still recognised)[504][505] |  Legal since 2017[506] |  Stepchild adoption since 2005; successive adoption since 2013; joint adoption legal since 2017[506] |  Includes transgender people[499] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[507] |  Gender self-determination enacted and implemented on a birth certificate since 2024.
Hungary |  Legal since 1962; equal age of consent since 2002
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships since 2009[508] |  Constitutional ban since 2012[509][510][511][512] |  Constitutional ban since 2020[513][510] | [514] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Forbids discrimination based on gender identity

Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2020.[515]

Liechtenstein |  Legal since 1989; equal age of consent since 2001
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships since 2011[516] |  Legal since 2025 [517][518][519][520][521][522] |  Stepchild adoption since 2022;
joint adoption since 2023[523][524] | Has no military |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Gender change is not legal[525]
Poland |  Always legal in Polish legislation (Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia and Austria-Hungary Empire laws criminalizing same-sex intercourse were in force to 1932; German laws criminalizing same-sex intercourse were in force from 1939 to 1945 during Nazi occupation)
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] | / Unregistered cohabitation since 2012;
registered partnership proposed 2019  |  Constitutional ban since 1997[526] (Article 18 of the Constitution is generally interpreted as limiting marriage to opposite-sex couples[527][528][529][530][531][532])[g] |  LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[534] |  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Transgender people allowed to change gender. No provisions for nonbinary people.[535]
Slovakia |  Legal since 1962 (As part of Czechoslovakia); equal age of consent since 1990
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] | / some limited rights for unregistered cohabiting same-sex couples since 2018;
Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018 (Proposed)  |  Constitutional ban since 2014  |  LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[536] | [537] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[538][539] | / Allowed to change legal gender in theory. However because of lack of care and refusal by the state, de facto almost impossible since 2022. See LGBT rights in Slovakia § Gender identity and expression
Slovenia |  Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 1990
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered cohabitation since 2006[540];
Registered partnerships since 2017[541] |  Legal since 2022[542] |  Stepchild adoption since 2011;
joint adoption since 2022[543] |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Gender change is legal[544]
Switzerland |  Legal nationwide since 1942
Legal in the cantons of Geneva (as part of France), Ticino, Valais, and Vaud since 1798; equal age of consent since 1990
\+ UN decl. sign.[74][545] |  Registered partnerships in Geneva (2001),[546] Zürich (2003),[547] Neuchâtel (2004)[548] and Fribourg (2005)[548]
Nationwide from 2007[549] until 2022 (superseded by marriage)  |  Legal since 2022[550] |  Stepchild adoption since 2018;
joint adoption since 2022[550][551] |  Includes transgender people[552] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination [553] |  Change of legal sex by simple declaration (self-determination +16 yo); surgery/sterilisation not required.[554]

#### Eastern Europe

[edit]

LGBT rights in  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Abkhazia
(Disputed territory)  |  Legal after 1991  |  |  |  |  |  |
Armenia |  Legal since 2003
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  Constitutional ban since 2015[555][556] |  | [557] |  |
Azerbaijan |  Legal since 2000[74] |  |  |  |  |  |
Belarus |  Legal since 1994[74] |  |  Constitutional ban since 1994[558] |  | / Banned from military service during peacetime, but during wartime homosexuals are permitted to enlist as partially able[559] |  | / (Highly bureaucratic, lengthy two-stage process: deciding body meets only twice a year; permission for medical or surgical interventions only at the second stage. Flaw in passport conversion whereby passport number may reveal former designation of sex to agencies.)[560]
Georgia |  Legal since 2000
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  Constitutional ban since 2018  |  |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[561] |  Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[525]
Kazakhstan |  Legal since 1998[74] |  |  |  | [562] |  |  Requires sex reassignment surgery, sterilization, hormone therapy and medical examinations[563]
Moldova |  Legal since 1995
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  Constitutional ban since 1994[564] |  | [565] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2017[525]
Russia |  Male legal nationwide since 1993
Female always legal[566][74]
(de-facto illegal in Chechnya)  |  |  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples since 2020 |  | [567] |  |  Gender change has not been legal since 2023[568]
South Ossetia
(Disputed territory)  |  Legal after 1991  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transnistria
(Disputed territory)  |  Legal since 2002[569] |  |  |  |  |  |
Ukraine |  Legal since 1991
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] | /

limited recognition of foreign unions/extraterritorial marriages[570]

|  Constitutional ban since 1996[571] |  LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[572] | [573][574] |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[575] |  No longer requires sterilisation or surgery for change since 2016[576]

#### Northern Europe

[edit]

LGBT rights in  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Denmark |  Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1973
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships from 1989 to 2012 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[577] |  Legal since 2012[578][579] |  Stepchild adoption since 1999;
joint adoption since 2010[580][581] |  Includes transgender people[499] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Legal gender change and recognition possible without surgery or hormone therapy[582]
Estonia |  Legal since 1992
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Cohabitation agreement since 2016[583] |  Legal since 2024[584] |  Stepchild adoption since 2016;
joint adoption since 2024[584] | [585] Includes transgender people[499][586] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Gender reassignment legal; surgery not required[525]
Faroe Islands
(Autonomous Territory within the Kingdom of Denmark)  |  Legal since 1933; equal age of consent since 1977
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  Legal since 2017[587][588] |  Legal since 2017  |  The Kingdom of Denmark responsible for defence  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[589][590] | [591]
Finland
(includes Åland)  |  Legal since 1971; equal age of consent since 1999
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships from 2002 to 2017 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[592] |  Legal since 2017[593] |  Stepchild adoption since 2009;
joint adoption since 2017  |  Includes transgender people[499] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Since 2023, by way of self-determination.[594]
Iceland |  Legal since 1940; equal age of consent since 1992
(As part of Denmark)
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered cohabitation since 2006;[595]
Registered partnerships from 1996 to 2010 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[596] |  Legal since 2010[597][598] |  Legal since 2006[599][600] | No standing army |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[601][525]
Latvia |  Legal since 1992
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships since 2024[602][603] |  Constitutional ban since 2006[604] |  LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples, incl. stepchild adoption[605] | [606] |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[607] | Legal change allowed[608] but requires "full" transition and doctor's or court's approval.[609] Sterilization required.[610]
Lithuania |  Legal since 1993
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships admitted by the judiciary since 2025[611] |  Constitutional ban since 1992[612] | / Stepchild adoption admitted by the judiciary since 2024 [613] | [614] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Since 2022, gender change on legal documents permitted without surgery and no non-binary option available.[615][616]
Norway
(includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen)  |  Legal since 1972
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships from 1993 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[617] |  Legal since 2009[618][619] |  Stepchild adoption since 2002;
joint adoption since 2009[620][621] |  Includes transgender people[499] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[622] |  All documents can be amended to the recognised gender[501]
Sweden |  Legal since 1944; equal age of consent since 1972
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships from 1995 to 2009 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[623] |  Legal since 2009[624] |  Legal since 2003[625][626] | [627] Includes transgender people[499] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  First country within the world in 1972, to allow gender reassignment procedures for individuals. Since July 1, 2025 by “self-determination” for individuals to change gender.[628]

#### Southern Europe

[edit]

LGBT rights in  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)  |  Legal since 2000; equal age of consent since 2003
\+ UN decl. sign.[74][629][630] |  Since 2005, for members of the British Armed Forces[631] |  Since 2014, for members of the British Armed Forces[632] |  |  UK responsible for defence  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[633] |
Albania |  Legal since 1995
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  No legal recognition[525]
Andorra |  Legal since 1791
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Stable unions since 2005[634]; Civil unions from 2014–2023, replaced by civil marriage[635] |  Legal since 2023  |  Legal since 2014[636][635][637] | Has no military |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Since 2023, without SRS and sterilization - but with a mandatory 2-year waiting period.[638]
Bosnia and Herzegovina |  Legal since 1996 in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Republika Srpska since 1998, and in Brčko District since 2003
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  | [639] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Requires surgery for change[640]
Bulgaria |  Legal since 1968; equal age of consent since 2002
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] | / Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018  |  Constitutional ban since 1991[641] |  LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[642] |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.[643][644]

Transgender people are not allowed to change gender since 2017.[645][646]

Croatia |  Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 1998
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Unregistered cohabitation since 2003 [647] Life partnerships since 2014[648] |  Constitutional ban since 2013[649] |  Legal since 2022[650] |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500][651] |  Act on the elimination of discrimination bans all discrimination based on both gender identity and gender expression. Gender change is regulated by special policy issued by Ministry of Health.[652]
Cyprus |  Legal since 1998; equal age of consent since 2002
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil cohabitation since 2015[653] |  |  | [371] |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.[654]
Gender change not legal.
Gibraltar
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)  |  Legal since 1993; equal age of consent since 2012
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil partnerships since 2014[655] |  Legal since 2016[656] |  Legal since 2014  |  UK responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[657] |  Forbids discrimination on the grounds of gender reassignment[657]

Gender change is not legal

Greece |  Legal since 1951; equal age of consent since 2015
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Cohabitation agreements since 2015[658] |  Legal since 2024[659] |  Legal since 2024  |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Under the Legal Gender Recognition Act 2017[660][661]
Italy |  Legal since 1890
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil unions since 2016[662] |  In 2018 the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriages performed abroad must be registered as civil unions. (Proposed) [663] | / Stepchild adoption admitted by the Court of Cassation since 2016[664][665] |  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Legal recognition and documents can be amended to the recognised gender, sterilisation not required[666][667]
Kosovo
(Disputed territory)  |  Legal since 1994
(as part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 2004[74] |  | [668] |  LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[669][670] | [671] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[672] |  Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.

No legal recognition[525]

Malta |  Legal since 1973
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil unions since 2014[673] |  Legal since 2017  |  Legal since 2014  |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016 |  Transgender people allowed to change gender; surgery not required since 2015[674]
Montenegro |  Legal since 1977 (As part of Yugoslavia)
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Life partnership from July 2021[675] |  Constitutional ban since 2007 (Court decision pending)[676][677] |  | [678] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Requires sterilisation and surgery for change[501][525]
North Macedonia |  Legal since 1996
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  (Proposed)  |  |  | [679] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Forbids discrimination based on gender identity.

Gender change is legally recognized since 2021[680]

Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory) |  Legal since 2014[681][682][74] |  |  |  |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[681][682] |  Legal, requires surgery for change[683]
Portugal |  Legal since 1983; equal age of consent since 2007
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  De facto unions since 2001[684][685] |  Legal since 2010[686] |  Legal since 2016[687][688][689] |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  All documents can be amended to the recognised gender since 2011[690]
Romania |  Legal since 1996; equal age of consent since 2002
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] | / Limited residency rights for married same-sex couples since 2018;[691]
|  |  LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[692] |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Legal recognition after sex reassignment surgery (sterilisation mandatory)[525]
San Marino |  Legal since 1865
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil unions since 2019  |  | / Stepchild adoption legal since 2019  |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  No legal recognition[501]
Serbia |  Legal from 1858, when nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire to 1860,[693] and again since 1994 (As part of Yugoslavia); equal age of consent since 2006
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  (Proposed)  |  Constitutional ban since 2006[694] |  LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples  |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Legal after 1 year of hormone therapy, surgery no longer required since 2019[695]
Spain |  Legal since 1979
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  De facto unions in Catalonia (1998),[696] Aragon (1999),[696] Navarre (2000),[696] Castilla–La Mancha (2000),[696] Valencia (2001),[697] the Balearic Islands (2001),[698] Madrid (2001),[696] Asturias (2002),[699] Castile and León (2002),[700] Andalusia (2002),[696] the Canary Islands (2003),[696] Extremadura (2003),[696] Basque Country (2003),[696] Cantabria (2005),[701] Galicia (2008)[702] La Rioja (2010),[703] and Murcia (2018),[704][705] and in both autonomous cities; Ceuta (1998)[706] and Melilla (2008).[707] |  Legal since 2005[708] |  Legal since 2005[709][710] |  Includes transgender people[499] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal nationwide since 2023.[711] |  Since 2023, by way of self-determination[712]
Turkey |  Legal since 1858[74] |  |  |  |  |  |  Legal since 1988, requires sterilisation and surgery for change[713]
Vatican City |  Legal since 1890 (As part of Italy)[74] |  |  |  | Has no military |  |

#### Western Europe

[edit]

LGBT rights in  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Belgium |  Legal nationwide since 1795; equal age of consent since 1985
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Legal cohabitation since 2000[714] |  Legal since 2003[715][716][717] |  Legal since 2006[718][719] |  Includes transgender people[499] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Since 2018, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[720]
France |  Legal nationwide since 1791
Legal in Savoy since 1792; equal age of consent since 1982
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil solidarity pact since 1999[721] |  Legal since 2013[722] |  Legal since 2013[723] |  Includes transgender people[499] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[500] |  Since 2017, sex changes no longer requires sterilisation and surgery[724]
Guernsey
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)  |  Legal since 1983; equal age of consent since 2012
\+ UN decl. sign.[725][726][74] |  Civil partnerships performed in the UK abroad recognised for succession purposes in inheritance and other matters respecting interests in property since 2012[727][728] Legal cohabitation since 2017[729] |  Legal since 2017 in Guernsey, since 2018 in Alderney, and since 2020 in Sark[730]
[731] |  Legal since 2017[732] |  UK responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[733][734] |  Legal gender changes since 2007[735][736]
Ireland |  Male legal since 1993
Female always legal
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil partnerships from 2011 to 2015 (existing partnerships are still recognised)[737] |  Legal since 2015 after a constitutional referendum[738] |  Legal since 2017[739][740][741][742][743][744] |  Includes transgender people[499] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[745][746][747] |  Under the Gender Recognition Act 2015, by self-declaration.[748]
Isle of Man; equal age of consent since 2006
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)  |  Legal since 1992
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil partnerships since 2011[749] |  Legal since 2016[750] |  Legal since 2011  |  UK responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[751] |  Transgender people are allowed to change their legal gender and to have their new gender recognised as a result of the Gender Recognition Act 2009 (c.11)[752][753]
Jersey; equal age of consent since 2006
(Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom)  |  Legal since 1990
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil partnerships since 2012[754] |  Legal since 2018[755][756] |  Legal since 2012  |  UK responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[757] |  Under the Gender Recognition (Jersey) Law 2010[758]
Luxembourg |  Legal since 1795; equal age of consent since 1992
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnerships since 2004[759] |  Legal since 2015[760][761] |  Legal since 2015[762] |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[763] |  No divorce, sterilization and/or surgery legally required since September 2018 for change of gender[764][525]
Monaco |  Legal since 1793
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Cohabitation agreements since 2020  |  (Proposed)  |  |  France responsible for defence  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[74] |
Netherlands |  Legal since 1811; equal age of consent since 1971
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Registered partnership since 1998[765] |  Legal since 2001[766] |  Legal since 2001[767][768] |  Includes transgender people[499] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[769] |  Since 2014, sex changes do not require sterilisation and surgery[770][771]
United Kingdom |  Female always legal. Male legal in England and Wales since 1967, in Scotland since 1981, and in Northern Ireland since 1982; equal age of consent since 2001
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil partnerships since 2005[772] |  Legal in England, Wales, and Scotland since 2014, and Northern Ireland since 2020[773][773] |  Legal in England and Wales since 2005, in Scotland since 2009 and Northern Ireland since 2013[774][775][776] |  Since 2000; Includes transgender people[499] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[777][74][778] | / Under the Gender Recognition Act 2004, except for the purpose of  hereditary peerage inheritance

### Oceania

[edit]

Main article: LGBTQ rights in Oceania

List of countries or territories by LGBT rights in Oceania

Tables:

* view
* talk
* edit

#### Australasia

[edit]

| LGBT rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Australia
(including territories of
Christmas Island, the
Cocos (Keeling) Islands and
Norfolk Island)  |  Always legal for women. Male legal in some states and territories since 1975, nationwide since 1997. Tasmania was the last state to legalise male homosexuality; Equal age of consent in some states and territories since 1975, nationwide since 2016.
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Unregistered cohabitation nationally since 2009;
Domestic partnerships in Tasmania (2004),[779] South Australia (2007),[780] Victoria (2008),[781] New South Wales (2010),[782] and Queensland (2012);[783]
Civil unions in the Australian Capital Territory (2012)[784] |  Legal since 2017[785] |  Legal nationwide since 2018  |  Gay men and lesbians since 1992[786]; Transgender and intersex people since 2010[787] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[788] | / Since 2025, differing regulations within each jurisdiction regarding change of sex on a birth certificate applies - for example some jurisdictions still requires “appropriate clinical treatment” (WA, SA & NT), while others are based on “self-determination” (TAS, VIC, NSW, ACT & QLD).[789][790]. Gender identity change is not recognized for the purpose of inheritance of hereditary peerages and baronetcies, which is subject to Section 16 of the United Kingdom's Gender Recognition Act 2004.
Norfolk Island
(external territory of Australia)  |  Always legal for women. Male legal since 1993.
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Since 2010[791] |  Legal since 2017[792] |  Legal since 2010  |  Australia responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination.[788] | / Based on "self-determination" (New South Wales law).[793][794]. Gender identity change is not recognized for the purpose of inheritance of hereditary peerages and baronetcies, which is subject to Section 16 of the United Kingdom's Gender Recognition Act 2004.
New Zealand |  Legal since 1986
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Unregistered cohabitation since 2002;
Civil unions since 2005  |  Legal since 2013[795] |  Legal since 2013[795] |  Since 1993; Includes transgender people[796] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  Covered under the "sex discrimination" provision of the Human Rights Act 1993; Since July 2023, gender self-determination implemented by legislation on a birth certificate.[797][798]

#### Melanesia

[edit]

LGBT rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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Fiji |  Legal since 2010
\+ UN decl. sign.[799][74] |  |  |  |  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[74]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2010 |
New Caledonia
(Special collectivity of France)  |  Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity)
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil solidarity pact since 2009[800] |  Legal since 2013  |  Legal since 2013  |  France responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  Under French law
Papua New Guinea |  Male illegal
Penalty: 3 to 14 years imprisonment (Rarely enforced, legalization proposed).
Female always legal[74] |  |  |  |  |  |
Solomon Islands |  Illegal
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced, Legalization proposed).[74] |  |  |  | Has no military | [801] |
Vanuatu |  Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed since independence[802])
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  |  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination  |

#### Micronesia

[edit]

LGBT rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression  | Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws

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Guam
(Unincorporated territory of the United States)  |  Legal since 1978  |  Since 2015  |  Legal since 2015  |  Legal since 2002  |  United States responsible for defense[803][804] |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination  |  Allowed to legally change gender, but requires sex reassignment surgery |
Micronesia |  Legal
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  | Has no military |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[805] |  |
Kiribati |  Male illegal
Penalty: 5-14 years imprisonment (Not enforced, Legalization proposed).
Female legal[74] |  |  |  | Has no military |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination  |  |
Marshall Islands |  Legal since 2005
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  | Has no military |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[806] |  |
Nauru |  Legal since 2016[807][808]
\+ UN decl. sign.  |  |  |  | Has no military |
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2016 |  |
Northern Mariana Islands
(Unincorporated territory of the United States)  |  Legal since 1983  |  Since 2015  |  Legal since 2015  |  Legal since 2015  |  United States responsible for defense[803][804] |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[809][810] |  Under the Vital Statistics Act of 2006 |
Palau |  Legal since 2014
\+ UN decl. sign.[811] |  |  Constitutional ban since 2008  |  | Has no military |  |  |
United States Minor Outlying Islands
(Unincorporated territories of the United States)  |  Legal  |  |  Legal  |  Legal  |  United States responsible for defense[803][804] |  |  |

#### Polynesia

[edit]

LGBT rights in:  | Same-sex sexual activity  | Recognition of same-sex unions  | Same-sex marriage  | Adoption by same-sex couples  | LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?  | Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation  | Laws concerning gender identity/expression

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American Samoa
(Unincorporated territory of the United States)[812] |  Legal since 1980  | / Same-sex marriages recognized but not performed under Respect for Marriage Act since 2022.  | / Same-sex marriages recognized but not performed under Respect for Marriage Act since 2022.[813] |  |  United States responsible for defense[803][804] |  | [814]
Cook Islands
(Part of the Realm of New Zealand)  |  Legal since 2023
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  |  New Zealand responsible for defence  |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[815] |
Easter Island
(Special territory of Chile)  |  Legal since 1999
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil unions since 2015[816] |  Since 2022[817] |  Since 2022[817] |  Chile responsible for defence[818][819] |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination[820]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2021 |  Transgender persons can change their legal gender and name since 1974.
No surgeries or judicial order since 2019.[821]
French Polynesia
(Overseas collectivity of France)  |  Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity)
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Since 2013  |  Legal since 2013  |  Legal since 2013  |  France responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  Under French law
Hawaii
(Constituent state of the United States)  |  Since 1972  |  Since 1997  |  Since 2013  |  Since 2012  |  United States responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |
Niue
(Part of the Realm of New Zealand)  |  Legal since 2024
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  |  New Zealand responsible for defence  |  |
Pitcairn Islands
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)  |  Legal since 2001
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Since 2015  |  Legal since 2015[822] |  Legal since 2015[823] |  UK responsible for defence  |  Constitutional ban on all anti-gay discrimination[824] |
Samoa |  Male illegal
Penalty: 5-7 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Legalization proposed
Female always legal
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  | Has no military |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination[825]
Pathologization or attempted treatment of sexual orientation by mental health professionals illegal since 2007 |  Samoa has a large transgender or "third-gender" community called the fa'afafine. They are a recognized part of traditional Samoan customs.
Tokelau
(Dependent territory of the Realm of New Zealand)  |  Legal since 2003[826]
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  |  |  New Zealand responsible for defence  |  |
Tonga |  Male illegal
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment (Not enforced, Legalization proposed).
Female always legal[74] |  |  |  |  |  |
Tuvalu |  Male illegal
Penalty: Up to 14 years imprisonment (Not enforced). Legalization proposed
Female legal
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  |  Constitutional ban since 2023  |  | Has no military |  Bans some anti-gay discrimination  |
Wallis and Futuna
(Overseas collectivity of France)  |  Legal
(No laws against same-sex sexual activity have ever existed in the collectivity)
\+ UN decl. sign.[74] |  Civil solidarity pact since 2009  |  Legal since 2013  |  Legal since 2013  |  France responsible for defence  |  Bans all anti-gay discrimination  |  Under French law

## See also

[edit]

* Geography portal
* Human sexuality portal
* Law portal
* LGBTQ portal
* Politics portal
* World portal

* Capital punishment for non-violent offenses
* Criminalization of homosexuality
* Decriminalization of homosexuality
* Discrimination against LGBTQ people
* Human rights
* Legal status of transgender people
* Legality of conversion therapy
* LGBTQ people in prison
* Minority rights
* Societal attitudes toward homosexuality

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ No spesific laws nationwide, except in the province of Aceh
2. ^ De facto illegal in Chechnya
3. ^ In Taiwan, gender change is not explicitly stated in any law; instead it is permitted by an executive order published by the  Ministry of the Interior, which dictates that sex reassignment surgeries are required before gender change. In 2021 a judgement by the Taipei High Administrative Court[457] ruled that the executive order above was unconstitutional and therefore the defendant (district household registration office) must allow the plaintiff to change their gender. The judgement was finalized since the defendant did not appeal. However, since rulings in Taiwan are generally not precedential, said judgement only applies to the plaintiff and does not bind other cases nor the executive branch.
4. ^ There are no provision that specifically criminalise lesbian sex under Malaysia's federal criminal law, and there's no known case of lesbian being charged for lesbian sex under Section 377D of the Penal Code. See LGBTQ rights in Malaysia § Federal criminal law for details.
5. ^ See LGBTQ rights in Malaysia § State Shariah law for details. Some state shariah law criminalising same-sex intercourse have also been nullified by the Federal Court of Malaysia due to conflicts with federal law and the Malaysian Constitution.
6. ^ Except for the settlements Marawi and M'lang.
7. ^ In January 2019, a lower administrative court in Warsaw ruled that the language in Article 18 of the Constitution does not explicitly ban same-sex marriage.[533]

## References

[edit]

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2. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage Around the World". Pew Research Center. 9 June 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
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4. ^ Ahmady, Kameel (2020). Forbidden Tale (A comprehensive study on lesbian, gay, bisexuals (LGB) in Iran). Germany: AP Lambert Academic Publishing.
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6. ^ "'They Torture And Kill Us': Gay Afghan Men Fear For Lives Under The Taliban". 7 November 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
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9. ^ "He Was Targeted in Chechnya for Being Gay. Now, He's Being Hunted in Europe". Time. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
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32. ^ Pritchard, p. 181.
33. ^ Gay Rights Or Wrongs: A Christian's Guide to Homosexual Issues and Ministry, by Mike Mazzalonga, 1996, p.11
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36. ^ G. R. Driver and J. C. Miles, The Assyrian Laws (Oxford, Clarendon Press [1935]), 71.
37. ^ Plutarch, Moralia 288a; Thomas Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in The Roman Cultural Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 39; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 545–546. Scholars disagree as to whether the Lex Scantinia imposed the death penalty or a hefty fine.
38. ^ Williams, Roman Homosexuality, pp. 214–215; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," passim.
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41. ^ Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal definitions of rape that included boys.
42. ^ Under the Lex Aquilia. See McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 314.
43. ^ McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome, p. 40.
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54. ^ Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193.
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58. ^ a b c d Hinchy 2019, pp. 95–109. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHinchy2019 (help)
59. ^ Reddy 2010, p. 25. sfn error: no target: CITEREFReddy2010 (help)
60. ^ Zwilling, L; Sweet, MJ (1996). ""Like a city ablaze": The third sex and the creation of sexuality in Jain religious literature". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 6 (3): 359–84\. JSTOR 4629615. PMID 11609126.
61. ^ Jackson, Peter A. (April 1996). "Non-normative Sex/Gender Categories in the Theravada Buddhist Scriptures". Australian Humanities Review. hdl:1885/41884.
62. ^ Penrose, Walter (2001). "Hidden in History: Female Homoeroticism and Women of a "Third Nature" in the South Asian Past". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 10: 3–39 [4]. doi:10.1353/sex.2001.0018. S2CID 142955490. "distinct social and economic roles once existed for women thought to belong to a third gender. Hidden in history, these women dressed in men's clothing, served as porters and personal bodyguards to kings and queens, and even took an active role in sex with women."
63. ^ Homosexuality and the Law: A Dictionary. Abc-Clio. 2001. ISBN 9781576072677.
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527. ^ Judgment of the Supreme Court of 7 July 2004, II KK 176/04, "W dotychczasowym orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego, wypracowanym i ugruntowanym zarówno w okresie obowiązywania poprzedniego, jak i obecnego Kodeksu postępowania karnego, a także w doktrynie (por. wypowiedzi W. Woltera, A. Zolla, A. Wąska), pojęcie "wspólne pożycie" odnoszone jest wyłącznie do konkubinatu, a w szczególności do związku osób o różnej płci, odpowiadającego od strony faktycznej stosunkowi małżeństwa (którym w myśl art. 18 Konstytucji jest wyłącznie związek osób różnej płci). Tego rodzaju interpretację Sąd Najwyższy, orzekający w niniejszej sprawie, w pełni podziela i nie znajduje podstaw do uznania za przekonywujące tych wypowiedzi pojawiających się w piśmiennictwie, w których podejmowane są próby kwestionowania takiej interpretacji omawianego pojęcia i sprowadzania go wyłącznie do konkubinatu (M. Płachta, K. Łojewski, A.M. Liberkowski). Rozumiejąc bowiem dążenia do rozszerzającej interpretacji pojęcia "wspólne pożycie", użytego w art. 115 § 11 k.k., należy jednak wskazać na całkowity brak w tym względzie dostatecznie precyzyjnych kryteriów."
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529. ^ "Judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 9 November 2010, SK 10/08". "W doktrynie prawa konstytucyjnego wskazuje się nadto, że jedyny element normatywny, dający się odkodować z art. 18 Konstytucji, to ustalenie zasady heteroseksualności małżeństwa."
530. ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 25 October 2016, II GSK 866/15". "Ustawa o świadczeniach zdrowotnych finansowanych ze środków publicznych nie wyjaśnia, co prawda, kto jest małżonkiem. Pojęcie to zostało jednak dostatecznie i jasno określone we wspomnianym art. 18 Konstytucji RP, w którym jest mowa o małżeństwie jako o związku kobiety i mężczyzny. W piśmiennictwie podkreśla się, że art. 18 Konstytucji ustala zasadę heteroseksualności małżeństwa, będącą nie tyle zasadą ustroju, co normą prawną, która zakazuje ustawodawcy zwykłemu nadawania charakteru małżeństwa związkom pomiędzy osobami jednej płci (vide: L. Garlicki Komentarz do art. 18 Konstytucji, s. 2-3 [w:] Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Komentarz, Wydawnictwo Sejmowe, Warszawa 2003). Jest wobec tego oczywiste, że małżeństwem w świetle Konstytucji i co za tym idzie – w świetle polskiego prawa, może być i jest wyłącznie związek heteroseksualny, a więc w związku małżeńskim małżonkami nie mogą być osoby tej samej płci."
531. ^ "Judgment of the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland of 28 February 2018, II OSK 1112/16". "art. 18 Konstytucji RP, który definiuje małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny, a tym samym wynika z niego zasada nakazująca jako małżeństwo traktować w Polsce jedynie związek heteroseksualny."
532. ^ *Gallo D; Paladini L; Pustorino P, eds. (2014). Same-Sex Couples before National, Supranational and International Jurisdictions. Berlin: Springer. p. 215\. ISBN 978-3-642-35434-2. "the drafters of the 1997 Polish Constitution included a legal definition of a marriage as the union of a woman and a man in the text of the constitution in order to ensure that the introduction of same-sex marriage would not be passed without a constitutional amendment."
* Marek Safjan; Leszek Bosek, eds. (2016). Konstytucja RP. Tom I. Komentarz do art. 1-86. Warszawa: C.H. Beck Wydawnictwo Polska. ISBN 978-83-255-7365-2. "Z przeprowadzonej powyżej analizy prac nad Konstytucją RP wynika jednoznacznie, że zamieszczenie w art. 18 Konstytucji RP zwrotu definicyjnego "związek kobiety i mężczyzny" stanowiło reakcję na fakt pojawienia się w państwach obcych regulacji poddającej związki osób tej samej płci regulacji zbliżonej lub zbieżnej z instytucją małżeństwa. Uzupełniony tym zwrotem przepis konstytucyjny "miał pełnić rolę instrumentu zapobiegającego wprowadzeniu takiej regulacji do prawa polskiego" (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772). Innego motywu jego wprowadzenia do Konstytucji RP nie da się wskazać (szeroko w tym zakresie B. Banaszkiewicz, "Małżeństwo jako związek kobiety i mężczyzny", s. 640 i n.; zob. też Z. Strus, Znaczenie artykułu 18 Konstytucji, s. 236 i n.). Jak zauważa A. Mączyński istotą tej regulacji było normatywne przesądzenie nie tylko o niemożliwości unormowania w prawie polskim "małżeństw pomiędzy osobami tej samej płci", lecz również innych związków, które mimo tego, że nie zostałyby określone jako małżeństwo miałyby spełniać funkcje do niego podobną (A. Mączyński, Konstytucyjne podstawy prawa rodzinnego, s. 772; tenże, Konstytucyjne i międzynarodowe uwarunkowania, s. 91; podobnie L. Garlicki, Artykuł 18, w: Garlicki, Konstytucja, t. 3, uw. 4, s. 2, który zauważa, że w tym zakresie art. 18 nabiera "charakteru normy prawnej")."
* Scherpe JM, ed. (2016). European Family Law Volume III: Family Law in a European Perspective Family. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 121\. ISBN 978-1-78536-304-7. "Constitutional bans on same-sex marriage are now applicable in ten European countries: Article 32, Belarus Constitution; Article 46 Bulgarian Constitution; Article L Hungarian Constitution, Article 110, Latvian Constitution; Article 38.3 Lithuanian Constitution; Article 48 Moldovan Constitution; Article 71 Montenegrin Constitution; Article 18 Polish Constitution; Article 62 Serbian Constitution; and Article 51 Ukrainian Constitution."
* Stewart J, Lloyd KC (2016). "Marriage Equality in Europe". Family Advocate. 38 (4): 37–40\. "Article 18 of the Polish Constitution limits the institution of marriage to opposite-sex couples."
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770. ^ Lavers, Michael K (19 December 2013). "Dutch Transgender Rights Bill Approved By Senate". Huffpost. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
771. ^ J Lester Feder (18 December 2013). "The Netherlands Passes Landmark Gender Identity Law". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
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773. ^ a b "Same-sex marriage now legal as first couples wed". BBC News. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
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775. ^ "United Kingdom". travel.state.gov.
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777. ^ "Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (c. 4)". opsi.gov.uk.
778. ^ "Public Order Act 1986". www.legislation.gov.uk.
779. ^ "Relationships Act 2003". Tasmanian Legislation. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
780. ^ "South Australia gays get new rights by Tony Grew (7 December 2006)". pinknews.com.au. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
781. ^ Relationships Act 2008 (Vic)
782. ^ "Massive support for register". Star Observer. 13 May 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
783. ^ Agius, Kym (1 December 2011). "Bligh asks ALP to support gay marriage". Retrieved 14 September 2012.
784. ^ "Civil Unions Bill 2011". ACT Government. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
785. ^ Chang, Charis (8 December 2017). "Same-sex marriage is now legal in Australia". news.com.au. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
786. ^ "Australia Ends a Prohibition On Homosexuals in Military". query.nytimes.com. 24 November 1992.
787. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
788. ^ a b "Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Bill 2013". aph.gov.au.
789. ^ "Change of sex". NSW Government. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
790. ^ "Equality Legislation Amendment (LGBTIQA+) Bill 2023". Parliament of New South Wales. 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2025.
791. ^ "Massive support for register". Star Observer. 13 May 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
792. ^ Chang, Charis (8 December 2017). "Same-sex marriage is now legal in Australia". news.com.au. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
793. ^ "Change of sex". NSW Government. Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
794. ^ "Equality Legislation Amendment (LGBTIQA+) Bill 2023". Parliament of New South Wales. 2023. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 24 July 2025.
795. ^ a b "Marriage equality Bill officially signed into law". gaynz.com. 19 April 2013.
796. ^ Sweijs, Tim. "LGBT Military Personnel: a Strategic Vision for Inclusion". hcss.nl. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
797. ^ "New Zealand passes law making it easier to change sex on birth certificates". The Guardian. 9 December 2021.
798. ^ "Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Relationships Registration Bill". New Zealand Parliament. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
799. ^ Chand, Shalveen (26 February 2010). "Same sex law decriminalised". Fiji Times. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
800. ^ "NEW CALEDONIA CATCHES UP TO FRANCE". Star Observer. 9 June 2009.
801. ^ Verheyen, Vincent. "Sexual orientation [LGBTQ+] and the draft of the new Solomon Islands Constitution". Retrieved 3 March 2016.
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803. ^ a b c d "In 60 days, gays will be allowed to serve openly in the military". CNN. 23 July 2011.
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808. ^ "Crimes Act 2016". Ronlaw. 2016. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
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811. ^ "Palau decriminalises sex between men". Gay NZ. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
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815. ^ "Employment Relations Act 2012" (PDF). intaff.whupi.com. 2012.
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821. ^ "Chilean President Signs Transgender Rights Law". On Top Magazine.
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826. ^ "Crimes, Procedure and Evidence Rules 2003". PacLii. Retrieved 9 April 2021.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to LGBT rights by country or territory.

* International Lesbian and Gay Association
* State-sponsored Homophobia report (2015 edition)
* Lesbian and Gay Rights in the World map (2015 edition)
* Amnesty International USA: LGBT legal status around the world – interactive map
* Pride Legal Archived 5 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine – information by country
* Human Rights Watch on LGBT Rights
* International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission resource links – for researching legal information
* International Commission of Jurists, Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Justice – A Comparative Law Casebook
* United Nations Human Rights Council, Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, an annual report
* United Nations, Living Free and Equal: What States Are Doing to Tackle Violence and Discrimination against Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex People, November 2016

* v
* t
* e

Criminalization of homosexuality

Death penalty|

* Afghanistan
* Brunei
* Iran
* Mauritania
* Saudi Arabia
* Uganda (Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2023)
* Yemen

Active|

* British colonies (Section 377, 1860–)
* Malaysia (1860–, with caning)
* Uganda (1894–)

Invalidated|

* Ecuador (1871-1997)
* India (Section 377, 1861–2018)
* Sri Lanka (Article 365, 1883–)
* United States

Repealed|

* Australia (1975/1997)
* Brazil (1533–1830)
* Canada (?–1969)
* Cyprus (Section 171, 1929–1998)
* Germany (Paragraph 175, 1871–1969/1994)
* New Zealand (1840–1986)
* Singapore (Section 377A, 1938–2007/2022)
* Norway (Section 213, ?–1972)
* Romania (Article 200, 1968–1996/2001)
* Russia (1832–1917, 1933–1993)
* South Africa (Section 20A, 1969–2007)
* United Kingdom (1533–1967/1982)

Related articles|

* Decriminalization of homosexuality
* Sodomy law
* LGBT rights
* Sharia law

* v
* t
* e

LGBTQ rights overview

* Lesbian
* Gay
* Bisexual
* Transgender
* Intersex rights

General|

* Capital punishment
* Censorship of LGBTQ issues
* Criminalization
* Decriminalization
* Legal status of transgender people
* Legality of conversion therapy
* LGBTQ rights at the United Nations
* Activists
* Movements
* Organizations
* Societal attitudes
* Student movement
* Timeline of LGBTQ history
* Transgender rights movement

By regions (list)|

* Africa
* Americas
* North America
* South America
* Asia
* Europe
* European Union
* Oceania
* Middle East
* Commonwealth
* La Francophonie
* Post-Soviet states

By years (list)|

* 1700s
* 1800s
* 1900–1949
* 1950s
* 1960s

1970s|

* 1970
* 1971
* 1972
* 1973
* 1974
* 1975
* 1976
* 1977
* 1978
* 1979

1980s|

* 1980
* 1981
* 1982
* 1983
* 1984
* 1985
* 1986
* 1987
* 1988
* 1989

1990s|

* 1990
* 1991
* 1992
* 1993
* 1994
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* 1996
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* 1998
* 1999

2000s|

* 2000
* 2001
* 2002
* 2003
* 2004
* 2005
* 2006
* 2007
* 2008
* 2009

2010s|

* 2010
* 2011
* 2012
* 2013
* 2014
* 2015
* 2016
* 2017
* 2018
* 2019

2020s|

* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025

Ideological|

* Communism and LGBTQ rights
* LGBTQ conservatism
* Opposition to LGBTQ rights
* Libertarian perspectives on LGBTQ rights
* New Left
* Queer anarchism
* Queer radicalism
* Socialism and LGBTQ rights

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings

Age of|

* Candidacy for political office
* Consent
* Criminal responsibility
* Drinking
* Smoking
* Gambling
* Driving
* Majority
* Marriage
* in the US
* Retirement
* Mandatory retirement
* School-leaving
* in the US
* Voting
* Suffrage
* Youth suffrage
* Working

Drugs and
alcohol|

* Drug and precursor laws by country or territory
* Alcohol
* Alcohol consumption
* Bath salts
* Legal status of Mephedrone
* Legal status of Methylone
* Legal status of MPDV
* Cocaine use
* Legality
* Methamphetamine
* Legality
* Opiate use
* Psychedelics
* Amanita mushroom
* Legality
* Ayahuasca
* Legality
* Cannabis
* Legality
* Annual use
* Lifetime use
* Ibogaine
* Legality
* LSD
* Legality
* Psilocybin mushroom
* Legality
* Salvia divinorum
* Legality

Death|

* Murder
* Intentional homicide
* By gender
* Legality of euthanasia
* Legality of suicide
* Legality of assisted suicide

Weapons and explosives|

* Air guns
* Guns
* Deaths
* Households
* Laws
* Ownership
* Knives
* Pepper spray
* Tasers

Punishment|

* Death penalty
* Incarceration
* Life imprisonment

Policing|

* Crime statistics
* Size of police forces

Obscenity|

* Incest
* Laws
* Pornography
* Child pornography
* Fictional pornography depicting minors
* Simulated child pornography
* Internet pornography
* Prostitution
* Sex trafficking
* Sexual assault
* Child sexual abuse
* Rape
* Sodomy law

Reproduction|

* Abortion law
* Minors and abortion
* Adoption law
* International adoption
* Human cloning
* Sterilization
* Surrogacy

Marriage|

* Marriage law
* Cousin marriage
* in the US)
* Divorce
* Impotence
* Polygamy
* Same-sex marriage

Human rights|

* Children's rights
* Children in the military
* Intersex rights
* Human trafficking
* Women's rights

Freedom of movement|

* By country
* In the air
* Abode

Property and
environment|

* Air
* Estate
* Land
* Minerals
* Mining
* Mortgage
* Water
* Riparian water

Business|

* Competition
* Mergers and acquisitions
* Monopoly
* Corporate
* Corporate liability
* Legality of cryptocurrency

Violence|

* Corporal punishment
* At home
* At school
* In court
* LGBT rights
* Police misconduct
* Police accountability
* Police brutality
* Annual rates by country
* Prisoner abuse
* Police body camera
* Alcohol law
* Slavery

International
ownership|

* International waters
* Maritime law
* UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
* Antarctic Treaty System
* World Intellectual Property Organization
* World Intellectual Property Indicators
* Foreign ownership
* International copyright treaties

Censorship|

* Censorship by country
* Book censorship
* by country
* Cartographic censorship
* Film censorship
* by country
* Internet censorship
* by country
* Censorship of LGBT issues
* Political censorship
* Television censorship
* by country
* Video gaming censorship
* by country

Other|

* Animal rights
* Immigration law
* National legal systems
* Religious law
* Separation of church and state
* Sharia
* World Justice Project

* List of international rankings
* Lists by country

* v
* t
* e

Substantive human rights

What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

Civil and political|

* Equality before the law
* Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
* Freedom of assembly
* Freedom of association
* Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
* Freedom from discrimination
* Freedom of information
* Freedom of movement
* Freedom of religion
* Freedom from slavery
* Freedom of speech
* Freedom of thought
* Freedom from torture
* LGBT rights
* Liberty
* Nationality
* Personhood
* Presumption of innocence
* Access to justice
* Right of asylum
* Right to die
* Right to a fair trial
* Right to counsel
* Right to family life
* Right to keep and bear arms
* Right to life
* Right to petition
* Right to privacy
* Right to protest
* Right to refuse medical treatment
* Right to resist
* Right of return
* Right of self-defense
* Right to truth
* Security of person
* Speedy trial
* Suffrage
* right to be a candidate
* Right to homeland

Economic, social
and cultural

* Digital rights
* Equal pay for equal work
* Fair remuneration
* Labor rights
* Right to an adequate standard of living
* Right to clothing
* Right to development
* Right to education
* Right to food
* Right to health
* Right to a healthy environment
* Right to housing
* Right to Internet access
* Right to property
* Right to public participation
* Right of reply
* Right to rest and leisure
* Right of return
* Right to science and culture
* Right to social security
* Right to water
* Right to work

Sexual and
reproductive|

* Abortion
* Family planning
* Family rights
* Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
* Freedom from forced circumcision
* Intersex human rights
* LGBT rights
* Sexual and reproductive health
* Right to sexuality

* v
* t
* e

Discrimination

Forms|

* Institutional
* Reverse
* Structural
* Statistical
* Systemic
* Taste-based

Attributes|

* Age
* Caste
* Class
* Disability
* Economic
* Genetic
* Hair texture
* Height
* Language
* Dialect
* Looks
* Mental disorder
* Nationality or citizenship
* Race / Ethnicity
* Reverse
* Skin color
* Scientific racism
* Rank
* Sex
* Reverse
* Sexual orientation
* Species
* Size
* Viewpoint

Social|

* Arophobia
* Anti-albinism
* Acephobia
* Adultism
* Anti-altruistic
* Anti-autism
* Anti-homelessness
* Anti-drug addicts
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-intersex
* Anti-left handedness
* Anti-Masonry
* Aporophobia
* Audism
* Biphobia
* Clannism
* Elitism
* Endophobia
* Ephebiphobia
* Health
* mental
* in poverty
* Fatphobia
* Gayphobia
* Gerontophobia
* Heterosexism
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* Hypergamy
* Homophobia
* In-group
* Leprosy stigma
* Lesbophobia
* Against men
* Misandry
* Misogyny
* Misogynoir
* Nepotism
* Outgroup
* Perpetual foreigner
* Pregnancy
* Sectarianism
* Supremacism
* Aryanism
* Black
* Hutu
* Chauvinism
* Han
* Female
* Human
* Nordicism
* Male
* Ultranationalism
* White
* Transphobia
* Non-binary
* Transmisogyny
* Trans men
* Vegaphobia
* Xenophilia
* Xenophobia

Religious|

* Religious exemption
* Persecution of non-believers
* Atheism
* Blasphemy law
* Religious censorship
* In Islam
* Apostasy
* Religious police
* Jizya
* Religious persecution
* In China
* Exclusivism

* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Persecution
* Catholicism
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Coptic Christianity
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* LDS or Mormon
* Protestantism
* Tewahedo Orthodoxy
* post–Cold War era
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism
* Persecution
* Untouchability
* Islam
* Persecution
* Ahmadiyya
* Shi'ism
* Sufism
* Sunnism
* minority Muslim
* Judaism
* Persecution
* Neopaganism
* Rastafari
* Serers
* Sikhism
* Yazidism
* Zoroastrianism

Race / Ethnicity|

* Afghan
* Pashtun
* Hazara
* African
* Fulani
* Igbo
* Serers
* Albanian
* Arab
* Armenian
* Asian
* France
* South Africa
* United States
* Assyrian
* Austrian
* Azerbaijani
* Black people
* African American
* China
* South Africa
* Bengali
* Catalan
* Chechen
* Chinese
* Han people
* Colombian
* Croat
* Dutch
* English
* Estonian
* Filipino
* French
* Finnish
* Georgian
* German
* Greek
* Haitian
* Hungarian
* Indian
* Indonesian
* Indigenous people
* Australia
* Canada
* United States
* Iranian
* Irish
* Israeli
* Italian
* Japanese
* Jewish
* Eliminationist
* New
* Religious
* Anti-Yiddish
* Zionist
* Khmer
* Korean
* Kurdish
* Lithuanian
* Malay
* Māori
* Mexican
* Middle Eastern
* Mongolian
* Montenegrin
* Nigerian
* Pakistani
* Palestinian
* Pashtun
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Quebec
* Romani
* Romanian
* Russian
* Scottish
* Serb
* Slavic
* Somali
* Spanish
* Taiwanese
* Tatar
* Thai
* Tibetan
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Venezuelan
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* White people

Manifestations|

* Algorithmic bias
* Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
* SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
* Blood libel
* Bullying
* Cancel culture
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Carnism
* Compulsory sterilization
* Corrective rape
* Counter-jihad
* Cultural genocide
* Defamation
* Democide
* Dog whistle
* Domicide
* Economic
* Education
* Academic
* In curricula
* Sexism
* Eliminationism
* Eliminationist antisemitism
* Employment
* Enemy of the people
* Environmental racism
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic joke
* Ethnocide
* Excellence
* Gender-based dress codes
* Cosmetics policy
* High heel policy
* Forced conversion
* Freak show
* Gay bashing
* Gendercide
* Transgender genocide
* Genital modification and mutilation
* Circumcision
* Female genital mutilation
* Intersex medical interventions
* Genocide
* examples
* Glass ceiling
* Hate crime
* Disability hate crime
* Violence against LGBTQ people
* Violence against transgender people
* Hate group
* Hate speech
* Institutional discrimination
* Institutional racism
* Homeless dumping
* Housing
* Hypergamy
* Age disparity
* Indian rolling
* International inequality
* Kill Haole Day
* Lavender scare
* LGBTQ+
* grooming conspiracy theory
* Linguicide
* Lynching
* Media bias
* Minority stress
* Moral exclusion
* Mortgage
* Native American mascots
* Braves
* Blackhawks
* Chiefs
* Occupational
* Apartheid
* Inequality
* Injustice
* Segregation
* Opposition to immigration
* Paper genocide
* Persecution
* Pogrom
* Political
* Political repression
* Ideological repression
* Purge
* Racialization
* Religious persecution
* Religious terrorism
* Religious violence
* Religious war
* Scapegoating
* Selective enforcement
* Selective prosecution
* Sentencing disparity
* Sexual harassment
* Sex-selective abortion
* Slut-shaming
* Structural abuse
* Structural discrimination
* Structural evil
* Structural inequality
* Structural violence
* Untermensch
* Trans bashing
* Victimisation
* Violence against women
* White flight
* White genocide conspiracy theory
* Wife selling
* Witch hunt

Discriminatory
policies|

* Algorithmic wage discrimination
* Age of candidacy
* Apartheid
* in South Africa
* in Israel
* Blood purity
* Blood quantum
* Breadwinner model
* Conscription and sexism
* Disabilities
* Catholic
* Jewish
* Disparate impact
* Fagging
* Gender pay gap
* Gender roles
* Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act
* Gerontocracy
* Gerrymandering
* Ghetto benches
* Internment
* Jewish quota
* Opposition to LGBTQ rights
* MSM blood donation restrictions
* No kid zone
* Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)
* One-drop rule
* Racial quota
* Racial steering
* Redlining
* Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
* Segregation
* age
* racial
* Jim Crow laws
* Nuremberg Laws
* Segregation academy
* religious
* sexual
* in Islam
* Social exclusion
* Sodomy law
* State atheism
* State religion
* Ugly law
* Voter suppression
* White Australia policy

Countermeasures|

* Affirmative action
* Anti-discrimination law
* Anti-racism
* Audit study
* Autism rights movement
* Gender-blind
* Blind audition
* Constitutional colorblindness
* Cross-sex friendship
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural pluralism
* Diversity, equity, and inclusion
* Diversity training
* Empowerment
* Fat acceptance movement
* Feminism
* Fighting Discrimination
* Golden Rule
* Hate speech laws by country
* Human rights
* Intersex human rights
* Korenizatsiia
* LGBTQ rights
* Mad pride
* Music in the movement against apartheid
* Racial integration
* Reappropriation
* Rock Against Sexism
* Self-determination
* Social integration
* Stop Murder Music
* Toleration
* Transgender rights movement
* Universal suffrage
* Women's rights

Related topics|

* Allophilia
* Amatonormativity
* Bias
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Cisnormativity
* Civil liberties
* Criminalization of homosexuality
* Dehumanization
* Diseases of despair
* Ethnic penalty
* Figleaf
* Han chauvinism
* Heteronormativity
* Historical eugenics
* Internalized oppression
* Intersectionality
* Masculism
* Oikophobia
* Oppression
* Police brutality
* Polyculturalism
* Power distance
* Prejudice
* Prisoner abuse
* Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
* Racism by country
* Racial color blindness
* Religious intolerance
* Second-generation gender bias
* Snobbery
* Social equity
* Social exclusion
* Social model of disability
* Social privilege
* Christian
* male
* white
* Social stigma
* Speciesism
* Stereotype
* The talk

* Category
* Commons

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