Lagomorpha

Order of mammals

Lagomorphs[1]

Temporal range: Late Paleocene – recent

PreꞒ

Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus)
Large-eared pika (Ochotona macrotis)
Scientific classification
Domain:  | Eukaryota
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Mammalia
Grandorder:  | Glires
Mirorder:  | Duplicidentata
Order:  | Lagomorpha
Brandt, 1855
Families

* Leporidae
* Ochotonidae
* †Prolagidae?

Range of Lagomorpha including areas of human introduction
Fossil occurrences of leporids and ochotonids and global environmental change (climate change, C3/C4 plants distribution).[2]

The lagomorphs (/ˈlæɡəmɔːrf/) are the members of the taxonomic order Lagomorpha, of which there are two living families: the Leporidae (rabbits and hares) and the Ochotonidae (pikas). There are 110 recent species of lagomorph of which 109 are extant, including 10 genera of rabbits (42 species), 1 genus of hare (33 species) and 1 genus of pika (34 species). The name of the order is derived from the Ancient Greek lagos (λαγώς, "hare") + morphē (μορφή, "form").

## Taxonomy and evolutionary history

[edit]

Other names used for this order, now considered synonymous, include: Duplicidentata (Illiger, 1811); Leporida (Averianov, 1999); Neolagomorpha (Averianov, 1999); Ochotonida (Averianov, 1999); and Palarodentia (Haeckel, 1895; Lilian, 2016).[1]

The evolutionary history of the lagomorphs is still not well understood. In the late 20th century, it was generally agreed that Eurymylus, which lived in eastern Asia and dates back to the late Paleocene or early Eocene, was an ancestor of the lagomorphs.[3] Examination of the fossil evidence in the 21st century suggested that the lagomorphs may have instead descended from mimotonids, mammals present in Asia during the Paleogene with similar body size and dental structure to early European rabbits such as Megalagus turgidus,[4] while Eurymylus was more closely related to rodents (although not a direct ancestor).[5] The leporids first appeared in the late Eocene and rapidly spread throughout the Northern Hemisphere; they show a trend towards increasingly long hind limbs as the modern leaping gait developed. The pikas appeared somewhat later in the Oligocene of eastern Asia.[6]

Lagomorphs were certainly more diverse in the past than in the present, with around 75 genera and over 230 species represented in the fossil record and many more species in a single biome. This is evidence that lagomorph lineages are declining.[7]

A 2008 study suggests an Indian origin for the order, having possibly evolved in isolation when India was an island continent in the Paleocene.[8]

## Characteristics

[edit]

Lagomorphs are similar to other mammals in that they all have hair, four limbs (i.e., they are tetrapods), and mammary glands and are endotherms. Lagomorphs possess a moderately fused postorbital process to the cranium, unlike other small mammals.[9] They differ in that they have a mixture of "basal" and "derived" physical traits.

### Differences between lagomorphs and other mammals

[edit]

Lagomorphs and rodents form the clade or grandorder Glires. Despite the evolutionary relationship between lagomorphs and rodents, the two orders have some major differences.

Lagomorphs have four incisors in the upper jaw (smaller peg teeth behind larger incisors), whereas rodents only have two. They are similar to rodents in that their incisors grow continuously, thus necessitating constant chewing on fibrous food to prevent the teeth from growing too long.[10][11] In addition, all lagomorph teeth grow continuously,[12] while for most rodents, only the incisors grow continuously.[13] Lagomorph and rodent incisors are structured differently. Lagomorphs have more cheek teeth than rodents. Both have a large diastema.

Lagomorphs are almost strictly herbivorous, unlike rodents, many of which will eat both meat and vegetable matter. Lagomorphs have no paw pads; instead, the bottoms of their paws are entirely covered with fur,[14][15] a trait they share with red pandas.[16] Similar to the rodents, bats, and some mammalian insectivores, they have a smooth-surfaced cerebrum.[17] Lagomorphs are unusual among terrestrial mammals in that the females are larger than males.[18]

### Differences between families of lagomorphs

[edit]

Rabbits and hares move by jumping, pushing off with their strong hind legs and using their forelimbs to soften the impact on landing. Pikas lack certain skeletal modifications present in leporids, such as a highly arched skull, an upright posture of the head, strong hind limbs and pelvic girdle, and long limbs.[19] Also, pikas have a short nasal region and entirely lack a supraorbital foramen, while leporids have prominent supraorbital foramina and nasal regions.[20]

### Pikas

[edit]

Main article: Pika

American pika in Alberta

Pikas, also known as conies,[21] are entirely represented by the family Ochotonidae and are small mammals native to mountainous regions of western North America and Central Asia. They are mostly about 15 cm (6 in) long and have greyish-brown, silky fur, small rounded ears, and almost no tail. Their four legs are nearly equal in length. Some species live in scree, making their homes in the crevices between broken rocks, while others construct burrows in upland areas. The rock-dwelling species are typically long-lived and solitary, having one or two small litters each year contributing to stable populations. The burrowing species, in contrast, are short-lived, gregarious and have multiple large litters during the year. These species tend to have large swings in population size. The gestation period of the pika is around one month long, and the newborns are altricial (eyes and ears closed, no fur).[22] The social behaviour of the two groups also differs: the rock dwellers aggressively maintain scent-marked territories, while the burrowers live in family groups, they interact vocally with each other and defend a mutual territory. Pikas are diurnal and are active early and late in the day during hot weather. They feed on all sorts of plant material. As they do not hibernate, they make "haypiles" of dried vegetation which they collect and carry back to their homes to store for use during winter.[19]

### Hares

[edit]

Main article: Hare

Scrub hare in South Africa

Hares, members of genus Lepus of family Leporidae, are medium size mammals native to Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America. North American jackrabbits are actually hares. Species vary in size from 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in) in length and have long powerful back legs, and ears up to 20 cm (8 in) in length. Although usually greyish-brown, some species turn white in the winter. They are solitary animals. Newborns are precocial (eyes and ears open, fully furred). Several litters are born during the year in a form (a nest above ground, usually under a bush). They are preyed upon by large mammalian carnivores and birds of prey.[23]

### Rabbits

[edit]

Main article: Rabbit

Rabbits, members of the Leporidae family (excluding Lepus (hares)) are generally much smaller than hares and include the rock hares and the hispid hare. They are native to Europe, parts of Africa, Central and Southern Asia, North America and much of South America. They inhabit both grassland and arid regions. They vary in size from 20 to 50 cm (8 to 20 in) and have long, powerful hind legs, shorter forelegs and a tiny tail. The colour is some shade of brown, buff or grey and there is one black species and two striped ones. Domestic rabbits come in a wider variety of colours. Newborn rabbits are altricial (eyes and ears closed, no fur). Although most species live in burrows, the cottontails and hispid hares have forms (nests above ground, usually under a bush). Most of the burrowing species are colonial, and feed together in small groups. Rabbits play an important part in the terrestrial food chain, eating a wide range of forbs, grasses, and herbs, and being part of the staple diet of many carnivorous species. Domestic rabbits can be litter box trained, and—assuming they are given sufficient room to run and a good diet—can live long lives as house pets.

## Distribution

[edit]

Lagomorphs are widespread around the world and inhabit every continent except Antarctica. However, they are not found in most of the southern cone of South America, in the West Indies, Indonesia or Madagascar, nor on many islands. Although they are not native to Australia, humans have introduced them there and they have successfully colonized many parts of the country and caused disruption to native species.[24]

## Biology

[edit]

### Digestion

[edit]

Skeleton of Alaskan hare (Museum of Osteology)

Main article: Cecotrope

Easily digestible food is processed in the gastrointestinal tract and expelled as regular feces. But in order to get nutrients out of hard to digest fiber, lagomorphs ferment fiber in the cecum (in the GI tract) and then expel the contents as cecotropes, which are reingested (cecotrophy). The cecotropes are then absorbed in the small intestine to utilize the nutrients.[25]

Like rodents, they are not able to vomit.[26]

### Birth and early life

[edit]

Many lagomorphs breed several times a year and produce large litters. This is particularly the case in species that live in underground, protective environments, such as burrows. The young of rabbits and pikas (called kits) are born after a short gestation period and the mother can become pregnant again almost immediately after giving birth. The mothers are able to leave these young safely and go off to feed, returning at intervals to feed them with their unusually rich milk. In some species, the mother only visits and feeds the litter once a day but the young grow rapidly and are usually weaned within a month.

Hare young are called leverets. Adults have a strategy to prevent predators from tracking down their litter by following the adults' scent. They approach and depart from the nesting site in a series of immense bounds, sometimes moving at right angles to their previous direction.[27] Each litter of hares have a small number of young and are born after a longer gestation period.[11]

### Sociality and safety

[edit]

Many species of lagomorphs, particularly the rabbits and the pikas, are gregarious and live in colonies, whereas hares are generally solitary species, although many hares travel and forage in groups of two, three, or four. Many rabbits and pikas rely on their burrows as places of safety when danger threatens, but hares rely on their long legs, great speed and jinking gait to escape from predators.

## Classification

[edit]

Alloptox japonicus jaw Palaeolagus skull

See also: List of lagomorphs

### Recent genera

[edit]

* Order Lagomorpha Brandt 1885[1][28]
* Family Leporidae Fischer de Waldheim 1817 (rabbits and hares)
* Subfamily Leporinae Trouessart 1880
* Genus Brachylagus
* Genus Bunolagus
* Genus Caprolagus Blyth 1845
* Genus Lepus Linnaeus 1758 (hare)
* Genus Nesolagus Forsyth Major 1899
* Genus Oryctolagus Lilljeborg 1874
* Genus Pentalagus Lyon 1904
* Genus Poelagus
* Genus Pronolagus Lyon 1904
* Genus Romerolagus Merriam 1896
* Genus Sylvilagus Gray 1867
* Family Ochotonidae Thomas 1897 (pikas)
* Genus Ochotona Link 1795
* Genus †Prolagus Pomel 1853 (considered by some sources to be the sole member of the family Prolagidae)

### Fossil genera

[edit]

* Order Lagomorpha Brandt 1885[1][28]
* Family Leporidae Fischer de Waldheim 1817 (rabbits and hares)
* Subfamily † Archaeolaginae
* Genus †Archaeolagus Dice 1917
* Genus †Hypolagus Dice 1917
* Genus †Notolagus Wilson 1938
* Genus †Panolax Cope 1874
* Subfamily Leporinae Trouessart 1880
* Genus †Alilepus Dice 1931
* Genus †Nuralagus Lilljeborg 1874
* Genus †Pliolagus Kormos 1934
* Genus †Pliosiwalagus Patnaik 2001
* Genus †Pratilepus Hibbard 1939
* Genus †Serengetilagus Dietrich 1941
* Subfamily †Palaeolaginae Dice 1929
* Tribe †Dasyporcina Gray 1825
* Genus †Coelogenys Illiger 1811
* Genus †Agispelagus Argyropulo 1939
* Genus †Aluralagus Downey 1968
* Genus †Austrolagomys Stromer 1926
* Genus †Aztlanolagus Russell & Harris 1986
* Genus †Chadrolagus Gawne 1978
* Genus †Gobiolagus Burke 1941
* Genus †Lagotherium Pictet 1853
* Genus †Lepoides White 1988
* Genus †Nekrolagus Hibbard 1939
* Genus †Ordolagus de Muizon 1977
* Genus †Paranotolagus Miller & Carranza-Castaneda 1982
* Genus †Pewelagus White 1984
* Genus †Pliopentalagus Gureev & Konkova 1964
* Genus †Pronotolagus White 1991
* Genus †Tachylagus Storer 1992
* Genus †Trischizolagus Radulesco & Samson 1967
* Genus †Veterilepus Radulesco & Samson 1967
* Tribe incertae sedis
* Genus †Litolagus Dawson 1958
* Genus †Megalagus Walker 1931
* Genus †Mytonolagus Burke 1934
* Genus †Palaeolagus Leidy 1856
* Family Ochotonidae Thomas 1897 (pikas)
* Genus †Alloptox Dawson 1961
* Genus †Amphilagus Tobien 1974
* Genus †Bellatona Dawson 1961
* Genus †Cuyamalagus Hutchison & Lindsay 1974
* Genus †Desmatolagus Matthew & Granger 1923
* Genus †Gripholagomys Green 1972
* Genus †Hesperolagomys Clark et al. 1964
* Genus †Kenyalagomys MacInnes 1953
* Genus †Lagopsis Schlosser 1894
* Genus †Ochotonoides Teilhard de Jardin & Young 1931
* Genus †Ochotonoma Sen 1998
* Genus †Oklahomalagus Dalquest et al. 1996
* Genus †Oreolagus Dice 1917
* Genus †Piezodus Viret 1929
* Genus †Russellagus Storer 1970
* Genus †Sinolagomys Bohlin 1937
* Genus †Titanomys von Meyer 1843
* Family incertae sedis
* Genus †Eurolagus Lopez Martinez 1977
* Genus †Hsiuannania Xu 1976
* Genus †Hypsimylus Zhai 1977
* Genus †Lushilagus Li 1965
* Genus †Shamolagus Burke 1941

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d Hoffman, R.S.; Smith, A.T. (2005). "Order Lagomorpha". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 185–211. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
2. ^ Ge, Deyan; Wen, Zhixin; Xia, Lin; Zhang, Zhaoqun; Erbajeva, Margarita; Huang, Chengming; Yang, Qisen (April 3, 2013). "Evolutionary History of Lagomorphs in Response to Global Environmental Change". PLoS ONE. 8 (4:e59668): e59668. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...859668G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059668. PMC 3616043. PMID 23573205.
3. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 285\. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
4. ^ Fostowicz-Frelik, Łucja; Li, Chuankui; Mao, Fangyuan; Meng, Jin; Wang, Yuanqing (2015-03-30). "A large mimotonid from the Middle Eocene of China sheds light on the evolution of lagomorphs and their kin". Scientific Reports. 5 (1). doi:10.1038/srep09394. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4377629. PMID 25818513.
5. ^ Rose, Kenneth David (2006). The Beginning of the Age of Mammals. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 315\. ISBN 0-8018-8472-1.
6. ^ Savage, RJG (1986). Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. Illustrated by Long, MR. New York: Facts on File. pp. 128–129. ISBN 0-8160-1194-X.
7. ^ Lopez-Martinez, Nieves (2008). "The Lagomorph Fossil Record and the Origin of the European Rabbit". In Alves, Paulo C.; Ferrand, Nuno; Hackländer, Klaus (eds.). Lagomorph Biology: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 27–46. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72446-9. ISBN 978-3-540-72445-2. OCLC 166358165. "[...] which denotes that lagomorph lineages are also declining in recent times."
8. ^ Rose, K.D.; Deleon, V.B.; Mmissian, P.; Rana, R.S.; Sahni, A.; Singh, L.; Smith, T. (2008). "Early Eocene lagomorph (Mammalia) from western India and the early diversification of Lagomorpha". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 275 (1639): 1203–1208. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1661. PMC 2602686. PMID 18285282.
9. ^ Wible, John R. (January 2007). "On the Cranial Osteology of the Lagomorpha". Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 2007 (39): 213–234. doi:10.2992/0145-9058(2007)39[213:OTCOOT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0145-9058. S2CID 85766674.
10. ^ Best, T. L.; Henry, T. H. (1994-06-02). "Lepus arcticus". Mammalian Species (457): 1–9. doi:10.2307/3504088. ISSN 0076-3519. JSTOR 3504088. S2CID 253989268.
11. ^ a b Smith, Andrew T. "Lagomorph". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
12. ^ Myers, Phil. "Lagomorpha; hares, pikas, and rabbits". Animal Diversity (ADW). Retrieved 2024-01-03.
13. ^ "Structure and placement of individual teeth". Animal Diversity (ADW). Retrieved 2024-01-03.
14. ^ "Pika; mammal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
15. ^ Macdonald, David W. (David Whyte) (1984). The Encyclopedia of mammals. Internet Archive. New York, NY : Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-87196-871-5.
16. ^ Fisher, Rebecca E. (2021). "Red Panda Anatomy". In Glatston, Angela R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (2nd ed.). London: Academic Press. pp. 81–93. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-823753-3.00030-2. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3. S2CID 243824295.
17. ^ Ferrer, I.; Fabregues, I.; Condom, E. (1986). "A Golgi study of the sixth layer of the cerebral cortex I: The lissencephalic brain of Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Chiroptera, and Insectivora" (PDF). Journal of Anatomy. 145: 217–234. PMC 1166506. PMID 3429306. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-11.[need quotation to verify]
18. ^ Ralls, Katherine (June 1976). "Mammals in Which Females are Larger Than Males". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 51 (2): 245–276. doi:10.1086/409310. PMID 785524. S2CID 25927323.
19. ^ a b Smith, Andrew T. "Pika". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
20. ^ "IUCN - Lagomorph specialist group". www.iucn.org. Archived from the original on 2015-08-03. Retrieved 2015-08-18.
21. ^ "Lagomorphs - EnchantedLearning.com". www.enchantedlearning.com. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
22. ^ "American Pika". National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
23. ^ Smith, Andrew T. "Hare". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
24. ^ Klappenbach, Laura. "Hares, Rabbits and Pikas". About.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
25. ^ "Exploring a Rabbit's Unique Digestive System". Rabbits for Dummies. Retrieved 2013-08-14.
26. ^ Horn, C. C.; Kimball, B. A.; Wang, H.; Kaus, J.; Dienel, S.; Nagy, A.; Gathright, G. R.; Yates, B. J.; Andrews, P. L. (2013). "Why Can't Rodents Vomit? A Comparative Behavioral, Anatomical, and Physiological Study". PLOS ONE. 8 (4): e60537. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...860537H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060537. PMC 3622671. PMID 23593236.
27. ^ Burton, Maurice (1971). The Observer's Book of British Wild Animals. Frederick Warne & Co. pp. 109–112. ISBN 9780723215035.
28. ^ a b "Lagomorpha". Fossilworks. Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 13 May 2010.

* v
* t
* e

Extant mammal orders

* Kingdom Animalia
* Phylum Chordata
* Subphylum Vertebrata
* (unranked) Amniota

Yinotheria|

| Australosphenida|

* Monotremata (Platypus and echidnas)

|

Theria|

| Metatheria
(Marsupial inclusive)|

| Ameridelphia|

* Paucituberculata (Shrew opossums)
* Didelphimorphia (Opossums)

|

Australidelphia|

* Microbiotheria (Monito del monte)
* Notoryctemorphia (Marsupial moles)
* Dasyuromorphia (Quolls and dunnarts)
* Peramelemorphia (Bilbies and bandicoots)
* Diprotodontia (Kangaroos and relatives)

Eutheria
(Placental inclusive)|

| Xenarthra|

* Cingulata (Armadillos)
* Pilosa (Anteaters and sloths)

|

Afrotheria|

* Afrosoricida (Tenrecs and golden moles)
* Macroscelidea (Elephant shrews)
* Tubulidentata (Aardvarks)
* Hyracoidea (Hyraxes)
* Proboscidea (Elephants)
* Sirenia (Dugongs and manatees)

Boreoeutheria|

| Laurasiatheria|

* Eulipotyphla (Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
* Chiroptera (Bats)
* Pholidota (Pangolins)
* Carnivora (Dogs, cats and relatives)
* Perissodactyla (Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
* Artiodactyla (Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives)

|

Euarchontoglires|

* Rodentia (Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)
* Lagomorpha (Rabbits, hares and pikas)
* Scandentia (Treeshrews)
* Dermoptera (Colugos)
* Primates (Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives)

* v
* t
* e

Extant Lagomorpha species

* Kingdom Animalia
* Phylum Chordata
* Class Mammalia
* Infraclass Eutheria
* Superorder Euarchontoglires

Family Ochotonidae (Pikas)

| Ochotona|

* Subgenus Pika: Alpine pika (O. alpina)
* Helan Shan pika (O. argentata)
* Collared pika (O. collaris)
* Korean pika (O. coreana)
* Hoffmann's pika (O. hoffmanni)
* Northern pika (O. hyperborea)
* Manchurian pika (O. mantchurica)
* Kazakh pika (O. opaca)
* Pallas's pika (O. pallasi)
* American pika (O. princeps)
* Turuchan pika (O. turuchanensis)

* Subgenus Ochotona: Gansu pika (O. cansus)
* Plateau pika (O. curzoniae)
* Daurian pika (O. dauurica)
* Nubra pika (O. nubrica)
* Steppe pika (O. pusilla)
* Qionglai pika (O. qionglaiensis)
* Afghan pika (O. rufescens)
* Sijin pika (O. sikimaria)
* Tsing-ling pika (O. syrinx)
* Moupin pika (O. thibetana)
* Thomas's pika (O. thomasi)

* Subgenus Conothoa: Chinese red pika (O. erythrotis)
* Forrest's pika (O. forresti)
* Glover's pika (O. gloveri)
* Ili pika (O. iliensis)
* Koslov's pika (O. koslowi)
* Ladak pika (O. ladacensis)
* Large-eared pika (O. macrotis)
* Royle's pika (O. roylei)
* Turkestan red pika (O. rutila)

* Subgenus Alienauroa: Yellow pika (O. huanglongensis)
* Sacred pika (O. sacraria)
* Flat-headed pika (O. flatcalvariam)

|

Family Leporidae (Rabbits and Hares)

| Pentalagus|

* Amami rabbit (P. furnessi)

|

Bunolagus|

* Riverine rabbit (B. monticularis)

Nesolagus|

* Sumatran striped rabbit (N. netscheri)
* Annamite striped rabbit (N. timminsi)

Romerolagus|

* Volcano rabbit (R. diazi)

Brachylagus|

* Pygmy rabbit (B. idahoensis)

Sylvilagus
(Cottontail rabbits)|

* Subgenus Tapeti: Andean tapeti (S. andinus)
* Bogota tapeti (S. apollinaris)
* Swamp rabbit (S. aquaticus)
* Common tapeti (S. brasiliensis)
* Ecuadorian tapeti (S. daulensis)
* Dice's cottontail (S. dicei)
* Fulvous tapeti (S. fulvescens)
* Central American tapeti (S. gabbi)
* Northern tapeti (S. incitatus)
* Omilteme cottontail (S. insonus)
* Nicefor's tapeti (S. nicefori)
* Marsh rabbit (S. palustris)
* Suriname tapeti (S. parentum)
* Colombian tapeti (S. salentus)
* Santa Marta tapeti (S. sanctaemartae)
* Western tapeti (S. surdaster)
* Coastal tapeti (S. tapetillus)
* Venezuelan lowland rabbit (S. varynaensis)

* Subgenus Sylvilagus: Desert cottontail (S. audubonii)
* Mexican cottontail (S. cunicularis)
* Eastern cottontail (S. floridanus)
* Tres Marias rabbit (S. graysoni)
* Mountain cottontail (S. nuttallii)
* Appalachian cottontail (S. obscurus)
* Robust cottontail (S. holzneri)
* New England cottontail (S. transitionalis)

* Subgenus Microlagus: Brush rabbit (S. bachmani)

Oryctolagus|

* European rabbit (O. cuniculus)

Poelagus|

* Bunyoro rabbit (P. marjorita)

Pronolagus
(Red rock hares)|

* Natal red rock hare (P. crassicaudatus)
* Jameson's red rock hare (P. randensis)
* Smith's red rock hare (P. rupestris)
* Hewitt's red rock hare (P. saundersiae)

Caprolagus|

* Hispid hare (C. hispidus)

Lepus
(Hares)|

* Subgenus Macrotolagus: Antelope jackrabbit (L. alleni)

* Subgenus Poecilolagus: Snowshoe hare (L. americanus)

* Subgenus Lepus: Arctic hare (L. arcticus)
* Alaskan hare (L. othus)
* Mountain hare (L. timidus)

* Subgenus Proeulagus:
* Black jackrabbit (L. insularis)
* Desert hare (L. tibetanus)
* Tolai hare (L. tolai)

* Subgenus Eulagos: Broom hare (L. castroviejoi)
* Yunnan hare (L. comus)
* Korean hare (L. coreanus)
* European hare (L. europaeus)
* Manchurian hare (L. mandshuricus)
* Ethiopian highland hare (L. starcki)

* Subgenus Sabanalagus: Ethiopian hare (L. fagani)
* African savanna hare (L. victoriae)

* Subgenus Indolagus: Hainan hare (L. hainanus)
* Indian hare (L. nigricollis)
* Burmese hare (L. peguensis)

* Subgenus Sinolagus: Chinese hare (L. sinensis)

* Subgenus Tarimolagus: Yarkand hare (L. yarkandensis)

* Subgenus incertae sedis: Tamaulipas jackrabbit (L. altamirae)
* Japanese hare (L. brachyurus)
* Black-tailed jackrabbit (L. californicus)
* White-sided jackrabbit (L. callotis)
* Cape hare (L. capensis)
* Corsican hare (L. corsicanus)
* Tehuantepec jackrabbit (L. flavigularis)
* Granada hare (L. granatensis)
* Abyssinian hare (L. habessinicus)
* Woolly hare (L. oiostolus)
* Scrub hare (L. saxatilis)
* White-tailed jackrabbit (L. townsendii)

Portal:

* Lagomorpha

Taxon identifiers

Lagomorpha|

* Wikidata: Q25401
* Wikispecies: Lagomorpha
* ADW: Lagomorpha
* AFD: Lagomorpha
* BOLD: 375
* CoL: 8ZXXM
* EoL: 1686
* EPPO: 1LAGOO
* Fauna Europaea: 12657
* Fauna Europaea (new): 0ccd733d-6f24-4911-a60c-05ecfe48114e
* GBIF: 785
* iNaturalist: 43094
* IRMNG: 10844
* ITIS: 180105
* MSW: 13500001
* NBN: NBNSYS0000160265
* NCBI: 9975
* NZOR: 25beba49-dc03-48f0-9ec2-0bc1934d023c
* Open Tree of Life: 644242
* Paleobiology Database: 42151
* Plazi: 03A0BE3B-6403-FFB6-FF4F-FA06FCB751C9
* WoRMS: 993617

Authority control databases: National |

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Czech Republic
* Israel

|

*[†]: Extinct
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