LandSpace

Chinese commercial space launch company

LandSpace Technology Corporation

Trade name

| LandSpace

Native name

| 蓝箭航天空间科技股份有限公司
Company type| Private
Industry| Aerospace
Founded| June 2015; 10 years ago (2015-06)[1]
Founder| Zhang Changwu (张昌武)[2]
Headquarters|

Beijing

China

Website| landspace.com
Footnotes / references
[3]
LandSpace Technology Corporation

Simplified Chinese| 蓝箭航天空间科技股份有限公司
Traditional Chinese| 藍箭航天空間科技股份有限公司
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Lánjiàn Hángtiān Kōngjiān Kējì Gǔfèn Yǒuxiàngōngsī
LandSpace
Simplified Chinese| 蓝箭航天
Traditional Chinese| 藍箭航天
| Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin| Lánjiàn Hángtiān

LandSpace Technology Corporation (doing business as LandSpace)[4][5] is a Chinese commercial space launch provider based in Beijing.[6] It was founded in 2015 by Zhang Changwu.[6][7]

In July 2023, the company's Zhuque-2 rocket became the world's first methane-fueled launch vehicle to reach orbit after its successful second flight.[8][9] LandSpace plans to conduct three Zhuque-2 launches in 2024 and six in 2025.[10]

## History

[edit]

Landspace Technology Corporation was established in 2015, after a Chinese government policy change in 2014 that allowed private capital into the space industry.[11] Since its founding, the company has established several aerospace infrastructure sites in Zhejiang, including a $1.5 billion medium and large-scale liquid rocket assembly and test plant in Jiaxing and an intelligent manufacturing base in Huzhou.[8]

LandSpace developed its first launch vehicle Zhuque-1, powered by solid-propellant motors. Zhuque-1 was launched on 27 October 2018, however the payload failed to reach orbit due to an issue with the third stage.[12][13] The company also developed the liquid-fueled Zhuque-2, which became the first methalox rocket in the world to reach orbit after a successful second flight on 12 July 2023.[14]

## Launch vehicles

[edit]

### Zhuque-1

[edit]

Zhuque-1

Zhuque-1 (ZQ-1, Chinese: 朱雀一号 or 朱雀·南太湖号), also known as LandSpace-1 or LS-1, is a 19-metre (62 ft) tall, three-stage solid-propellant rocket with a diameter of 1.35 m. It is likely based on the DF-26 missile's rocket motor.[15] Zhuque-1 has a takeoff mass of 27 t (27 long tons; 30 short tons), a thrust of 45 tf (99,000 lbf), and can carry 300 kg (660 lb) of payload into a 300 km (190 mi) low Earth orbit (LEO).[12]

The maiden flight of Zhuque-1 took place on 27 October 2018, from a mobile platform at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, carrying the Weilai-1 satellite for China Central Television. Despite successful first and second stage firings and fairing separation, the payload failed to reach orbit due to a third-stage issue.[12][13] Zhuque-1 was the first Chinese private orbital rocket to attempt an orbital launch.[16]

Following the launch, reports emerged that the solid rocket motor manufacturer had ended its contract with LandSpace, casting doubt on the future of Zhuque-1.[15] Subsequently, LandSpace announced it would shift its focus to developing the methane-fueled Zhuque-2.[8]

### Zhuque-2

[edit]

Main article: Zhuque-2

Zhuque-2 (ZQ-2) is a medium-sized liquid-fuelled rocket powered by liquid oxygen and methane capable of lifting 6,000 kg (13,000 lb) of payload into a 200 km (120 mi) LEO, or 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) of payload into a 500 km (310 mi) sun-synchronous orbit (SSO).[6][9] The rocket was planned to be launched in 2020,[17] however by 2019 this had slipped to 2021,[11] and later to December 2022.[citation needed]

The first flight of Zhuque-2 occurred on 14 December 2022, but the launch vehicle failed to place its payload into orbit due to the failure of its second-stage vernier engines after the second-stage main engine shutdown. Nevertheless, with this maiden launch, Zhuque-2 became the first methane-fueled rocket to reach space. On 12 July 2023, the second flight was successful, making it the first methane-fueled launch vehicle in the world to reach orbit; this flight did not carry an active payload.[9][8] On 8 December 2023, the third Zhuque-2 mission successfully placed three satellites into a 433 by 461 kilometers sun-synchronous orbit. LandSpace plans to launch three Zhuque-2 rockets in 2024 and six in 2025.[10]

### Zhuque-3

[edit]

Zhuque-3 (ZQ-3) is an under-development, two-stage, medium-to-heavy launch vehicle made of stainless steel and powered by liquid methane fuel. The reusable first stage, equipped with nine Tianque-12B engines, is designed to be recoverable and reusable for up to twenty launches. The rocket will be 76.6 meters long, 4.5 meters in diameter, and have a liftoff weight of approximately 660 tonnes. Its planned payload capacity to low Earth orbit is about 21 tonnes in expendable mode, 18.3 tonnes when the first stage is recovered downrange, and 12.5 tonnes when the first stage returns to the launch site. The maiden flight of the rocket is planned for 2025,[10] aiming to achieve the milestone of first-stage recovery within the same year, and progressing towards reusability by 2026.

On 19 January 2024, Landspace conducted a successful vertical takeoff and vertical landing (VTVL) test using the Zhuque-3 VTVL-1 test vehicle at Jiuquan. The test stage, powered by a single Tianque-12 engine, flew for approximately 60 seconds and reached a height of about 350 meters. Landspace reported a landing accuracy of about 2.4 meters and a touchdown speed of approximately 0.75 meters per second.[18] Additionally, the company had previously announced plans to develop a 200-tonne class full-flow staged combustion engine BF-20, which is expected to be ready by 2028 for a future version of Zhuque-3.[10]

On 11 September 2024, the Zhuque-3 VTVL-1 test stage completed another successful vertical-takeoff-vertical-landing test at its Jinquan launch complex. The test flight lasted about 200 seconds and achieved a maximum height in excess of 10 kilometres. The flight also featured a mid-air engine cutoff test at about 113 seconds after liftoff and an engine reignition test about 40 seconds later when the test stage was at a height of about 4,640 metres; this engine cutoff and reignition sequence during a VTVL attempt represented a first for any Chinese rocket manufacturing entities. During the period when its engine was not in active operation, the test stage employed a cold gas attitude control reaction system in addition to four grid fins to control its gliding descent. The test stage completed its landing sequence at a concrete pad located about 3.2 kilometres away from its launch point; the precise landing spot was 1.7 metres away from the nominal center of the landing pad.[19]

The maiden launch of the Zhuque-3 is expected to occur during the fourth quarter of 2025.[20] Also in 2025, according to China National Radio, the Zhuque-3 is expected to launch the new reusable Haolong cargo space shuttle built by the Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute, an arm of the Aviation Industry Corporation (AVIC); the cargo space shuttle is one of two lower cost resupply vehicles selected by CMSA to provide greater cargo-return capabilities and resupply redundancy for the Tiangong Space Station. The Zhuque-3 is also expected to begin launch missions for China's Guowang broadband communications megaconstellation in 2025.[21]

## Launches

[edit]

### Zhuque-1 launches

[edit]

Rocket & serial  | Flight number  | Date  | Payload  | Orbit  | Launch site  | Outcome  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Zhuque-1[12] | Y1  | 27 October 2018,
08:00 UTC | Weilai-1 ('Future-1') satellite  | LEO | Jiuquan | Failure  | 3 solid-fuel stages; 3rd stage anomaly.[13]

### Zhuque-2 launches

[edit]

This section is an excerpt from Zhuque-2 § Launches.[edit]

Flight
No.  | Rocket, serial  | Date and
time (UTC)  | Payload  | Orbit  | Launch site  | Outcome

|
|
|
|
|
|

1  | Zhuque-2 Y1  | 14 December 2022
08:30[22] | Zhixing 1B
Various  | SSO | Jiuquan, Site 96 | Failure
Maiden Flight of Zhuque-2. Vernier engines failed during second-stage main-engine shutdown due to excessive forces damaging liquid-oxygen feed line.
First launch vehicle using liquid methane propellant to reach space (100 km altitude).
2  | Zhuque-2 Y2  | 12 July 2023
01:00[23] | No payload (Flight test)  | SSO | Jiuquan, Site 96 | Success
First launch vehicle using liquid methane propellant to reach orbit.
3  | Zhuque-2 Y3  | 8 December 2023
23:39[24] | Honghu-1
Honghu-2
Tianyi 33  | SSO | Jiuquan, Site 96 | Success
First methane launch vehicle to launch payloads into orbit. Last launch of Zhuque-2, Future launches will happen on upgraded Zhuque-2E.
4  | Zhuque-2E Y1  | 27 November 2024
02:00[25] | Guangchuan 01
Guangchuan 02  | LEO | Jiuquan, Site 96 | Success
Maiden flight of Zhuque-2E, featuring a second stage without vernier thrusters.
5  | Zhuque-2E Y2  | 17 May 2025
04:12[26] | Tianyi-29
Tianyi-34
Tianyi-35
Tianyi-42
Tianyi-45
Tianyi-46  | SSO | Jiuquan, Site 96 | Success
Second flight of Zhuque-2E.

### Zhuque-3 launches

[edit]

Rocket & serial  | Flight number  | Date  | Payload  | Orbit  | Launch site  | Outcome  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Zhuque-3  | Demo flight  | NET Q4 2025[20] |  |  | Jiuquan | TBD  | First flight of Zhuque-3

## Marketplace

[edit]

LandSpace is in competition with several other Chinese space rocket startups, among them LinkSpace, Galactic Energy, ExPace, i-Space, OneSpace and Deep Blue Aerospace.[27]

## References

[edit]

* spaceflight portal

1. ^ 关于我们 [About Us]. landspace.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 8 August 2022.
2. ^ "Zhang Changwu". APSCC Satellite Conference & Exhibition. Asia-Pacific Satellite Communications Council. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
3. ^ "About Us". landspace.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
4. ^ 北京蓝箭空间科技有限公司(landspace) [Beijing Blue Arrow Space Technology Co., Ltd. (landspace)]. China Spaceflight (in Chinese). 30 September 2017. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
5. ^ Kenhmann, Henri (8 October 2016). "LandSpace: le futur SpaceX chinois" [LandSpace: the future Chinese SpaceX]. East Pendulum (in French). Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
6. ^ a b c Lin, Jeffrey; Singer, P. W. (23 January 2017). "A private Chinese space company just scored a foreign contract for the first time". Popular Science. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
7. ^ Dillow, Clay (28 March 2017). "China's secret plan to crush SpaceX and the US space program". CNBC. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
8. ^ a b c d Jones, Andrew (12 July 2023). "China's Landspace reaches orbit with methane-powered Zhuque-2 rocket". SpaceNews. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
9. ^ a b c Beil, Adrian (11 July 2023). "LandSpace claims win in the methane race to orbit via second ZhuQue-2 launch". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
10. ^ a b c d Jones, Andrew (9 December 2023). "Landspace launches third methane Zhuque-2, targets 2025 launch of new stainless steel rocket". spacenews.com. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
11. ^ a b Jones, Andrew (10 December 2019). "Chinese space launch firm Landspace raises $71 million". SpaceNews. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
12. ^ a b c d Barbosa, Rui C. (27 October 2018). "Chinese commercial provider LandSpace launches Weilai-1 on a Zhuque-1 rockets – fails to make orbit". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
13. ^ a b c Jones, Andrew (27 October 2018). "Landspace fails to reach orbit with milestone private Chinese launch". SpaceNews. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
14. ^ Zhao, Lei (12 July 2023). "China launches first globally successful orbital mission for methane-fueled rocket". China Daily. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
15. ^ a b "ZhuQue-1 (ZQ-1, LandSpace-1, LS-1)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
16. ^ Clark, Stephen (28 October 2018). "LandSpace falls short of orbit in private Chinese launch attempt". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
17. ^ "Landspace - ZQ-2 / Suzaku No. 2". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
18. ^ Jones, Andrew (19 January 2024). "China's Landspace conducts first VTVL test for reusable stainless steel rocket". spacenews.com. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
19. ^ Jones, Andrew (11 September 2024). "Landspace completes 10-kilometer reusable rocket test, eyes 2025 orbital launch". spacenews.com. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
20. ^ a b Andrew Jones (12 July 2025). "Chinese company Landspace aims to debut its reusable methane rocket this year". Space.com.
21. ^ Jones, Andrew (4 February 2025). "China to launch 2 new space station cargo spacecraft on commercial rockets in 2025". spacenews.com. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
22. ^ Fernholz, Tim. "The SpaceX of China aims to commercialize a mysterious rocket on the world stage". Quartz (publication).
23. ^ Beil, Adrian (12 July 2023). "LandSpace claims win in the methane race to orbit via second ZhuQue-2 launch". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
24. ^ Beil, Adrian (8 December 2023). "ZhuQue-2 launches on third flight". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
25. ^ Jones, Andrew (27 November 2024). "Landspace puts 2 satellites in orbit with enhanced Zhuque-2 rocket". SpaceNews. Retrieved 27 November 2024.
26. ^ 李, 国利; 王, 晨宇 (17 May 2025). "朱雀二号改进型遥二运载火箭发射成功". XINHUAnet.com. Retrieved 17 May 2025.
27. ^ Messier, Doug (20 December 2017). "EXPACE Raises $182 Million for Small Satellite Launchers". Parabolic Arc. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2023.

## External links

[edit]

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* This template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future
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